Article(id=1200394159245881562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200394147019477416, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0121, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1707235200000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-07, revisedDate=1713888000000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764125869809, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1720713600000, pubDateStr=2024-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764125869809, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764125869809, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764125869809, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200394147019477416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='7', pageStart='1897', pageEnd='2182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764125866894, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225115484, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810425920115296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200394147019477416, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810425920115297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200394147019477416, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1993, endPage=2001, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200394160743248121, articleId=1200394159245881562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Cloning and functional characterization of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor molecular chaperone Tmem35a, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) belong to ligand-gated ion channel receptors, of which α7 nAChR subtype is widely distributed in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, hippocampus, and also identified in microglia, macrophages, bone marrow cells, etc. Previous studies revealed that α7 nAChR is closely related to the function of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, and is a vital target for drug development of Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. The establishment of a stable α7 nAChR in vitro drug screening system is crucial for the efficient screening of novel drugs targeting this target. Recombinant expression of different subtypes of nAChRs on Xenopus laevis oocyte membranes and current detected by two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) is an advanced and complex model for novel drug screening. Molecular chaperones can assist the assembly of some nAChR subunits to form functional receptors, providing a stable expression model for the screening of compounds targeting this receptor. In this study, a molecular chaperone gene of α7 nAChR, transmembrane protein 35A (Tmem35a), was isolated and cloned from rats. We constructed the recombinant expression vector and obtained the cRNA of Tmem35a by in vitro transcription technique. Two cRNAs (Tmem35a and α7) were mixed and injected into X. laevis oocytes for expression. Then, the effects of this molecular chaperone on the current expression and pharmacological properties of α7 nAChR were evaluated by the TEVC. The results revealed that TMEM35A, also known as novel acetylcholine receptor chaperone (NACHO) could effectively increase the expression of α7 nAChR protein on oocyte membranes, and the amount of α7 nAChR protein was increased about 1-fold. The peak current induced by agonist acetylcholine (ACh) was increased about 10-fold. After injection of Tmem35a cRNA, the median effect concentration (EC50) value of α7 nAChR to agonist ACh is 228.5 μmol·L-1, which shows almost no difference from native α7 nAChR (EC50: 223.3 μmol·L-1), indicating the preservation of the normal properties of α7 nAChR. The results of this investigation indicate that the molecular chaperone NACHO effectively assists the heterologous expression of α7 nAChR in X. laevis oocytes, which provides a model for screening the potency of lead compounds targeting α7 nAChR. All animal experiments in this study were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Guangxi University (approval number: GXU-2023-0249).

, correspAuthors=Xiao-peng ZHU, Su-lan LUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zi-han WANG, Jin-peng YU, Dong-ting ZHANGSUN, Xiao-peng ZHU, Su-lan LUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200394165054992872, articleId=1200394159245881562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体分子伴侣Tmem35a的克隆及其功能研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, nAChRs) 属于配体门控离子通道受体, 其中α7 nAChR亚型广泛分布于大脑皮层、丘脑和海马体等区域。此外, 在小胶质细胞、巨噬细胞、骨髓细胞等也有分布, 研究发现其与胆碱能抗炎通路的功能密切相关, 是阿尔茨海默症和精神分裂症药物开发的重要靶标。建立稳定的体外药物筛选体系, 对于靶向α7 nAChR新药的高效筛选至关重要。在非洲爪蟾卵母细胞膜上, 重组表达nAChRs的不同亚型, 并通过电生理技术进行电流检测, 是一种先进而复杂的新药筛选模型。分子伴侣可以协助部分nAChRs亚基组装形成功能性受体, 为靶向该受体的化合物筛选提供稳定表达的模型。为此, 本研究从大鼠体内分离克隆了α7 nAChR的一个分子伴侣基因, 其名称为Tmem35a (transmembrane protein 35A), 进一步构建了该基因的重组表达载体, 再利用体外转录技术获得了该基因的cRNA, 将之与α7 nAChR的cRNA混合后同时注射到非洲爪蟾卵母细胞中进行表达。然后, 利用双电极电压钳检测该分子伴侣对α7 nAChR电流表达和通道药理活性的影响。结果显示, TMEM35A (也被称为novel acetylcholine receptor chaperone, NACHO) 可有效提高α7 nAChR蛋白在卵母细胞膜上的表达, 受体蛋白表达量提高了约1倍; 其配体乙酰胆碱(acetylcholine, ACh) 刺激诱发的峰值电流提高了约10倍。注入Tmem35a cRNA后的卵母细胞, 其表达的α7 nAChR对激动剂ACh的半数效应浓度为228.5 μmol·L-1, 和本体223.3 μmol·L-1基本一致, 维持了α7受体正常功能特性。研究结果表明, 分子伴侣NACHO有效协助了α7 nAChR在非洲爪蟾卵母细胞的异源表达, 稳定表达的α7 nAChR可以为靶向该受体的先导化合物活性筛选提供模型。本研究所有动物实验过程经广西大学伦理委员会审查批准(批准号: GXU-2023-0249)。

, correspAuthors=朱晓鹏, 罗素兰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*朱晓鹏, E-mail: ;
罗素兰, Tel: 86-771-3949335, E-mail:
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A: <i>α</i>7 subunit and <i>Tmem35a</i> plasmids, linear DNA electropherograms. M: DNA Marker DL 10 000; 1: <i>α</i>7 plasmid; 2: <i>α</i>7 plasmid after <i>Sma</i> Ⅰ digestion; 3: <i>Tmem35a</i> plasmid; 4: <i>Tmem35a</i> plasmid after <i>Nhe</i> Ⅰ digestion; B: <i>α</i>7 subunit and <i>Tmem35a</i> cRNA. 1: <i>α</i>7 cRNA; 2: <i>Tmem35a</i> cRNA , figureFileSmall=V+mjPx106GmjgufBGWS1hw==, figureFileBig=LWoGcrNKRGGzoLZOwdPeRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106974004965773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394159245881562, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=na6yWNv+0/w4aLT7yPOCmw==, figureFileBig=gYAErisWDCRZvPVZFnVQ5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106974084657549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394159245881562, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= TMEM35A (also known as novel acetylcholine receptor chaperone, NACHO) assisted <i>α</i>7 nAChR expression in <i>Xenopus laevis</i> oocytes. A: Quantification of current amplitude in oocytes stimulated with 200 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> acetylcholine (ACh) within 3 days after injection (<i>n</i> = 10); B: Current traces from <i>X. laevis</i> oocytes injected with indicated cRNA; C: Quantification of peak currents in response to ACh in oocytes injected with different amounts of cRNA 3 days after injection (<i>n</i> ≥ 10 oocytes). <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 , figureFileSmall=na6yWNv+0/w4aLT7yPOCmw==, figureFileBig=gYAErisWDCRZvPVZFnVQ5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106974181126543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394159245881562, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=oNptDoeDBPjzSWk5bA2C8w==, figureFileBig=UXH9yUoUGzF5NJ6CvBoEuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106974285984146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394159245881562, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Current trace and dose-response curve of <i>α</i>7 nAChR expressed in <i>X. laevis</i> oocytes against agonist ACh. A: Current trace of <i>α</i>7 nAChR without NACHO; B: Current trace of <i>α</i>7 nAChR with NACHO; C: Dose-response curve of <i>α</i>7 nAChR expressed in <i>X. laevis</i> oocytes against agonist ACh, data are normalized to 5 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup>ACh. <i>n</i> = 8, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± SEM (from 3 different batches of oocytes) , figureFileSmall=oNptDoeDBPjzSWk5bA2C8w==, figureFileBig=UXH9yUoUGzF5NJ6CvBoEuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106974378258834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394159245881562, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=yYecScUijtAF2UKssKQgFQ==, figureFileBig=3oO3vESb38AFco5KxMyKjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106974462144917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394159245881562, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= The expression of <i>α</i>7 nAChR was analyzed by Western blot. A: Bands from Western blot: the oocytes injected <i>α</i>7 cRNA and mixture (<i>α</i>7 cRNA + <i>Tmem35a</i>) were represented as wt and + NACHO, respectively. ck indicates blank oocytes without injection. GAPDH was used as the internal control; B: Quantification of grayscale analysis of protein bands. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 , figureFileSmall=yYecScUijtAF2UKssKQgFQ==, figureFileBig=3oO3vESb38AFco5KxMyKjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106974546031001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394159245881562, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
nAChREC50a/μmol·L-1Hill slope
α7223.3 (205.7-270.6)1.13 (1.05-1.36)
α7 + NACHO228.5 (214.4-248.1)1.36 (1.31-1.55)
), ArticleFig(id=1201106974625722777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394159245881562, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The median effect concentration (EC50) and Hill slope values of rat α7 nAChR with and without NACHO. a95% confidence intervals of EC50 shown in parentheses

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
nAChREC50a/μmol·L-1Hill slope
α7223.3 (205.7-270.6)1.13 (1.05-1.36)
α7 + NACHO228.5 (214.4-248.1)1.36 (1.31-1.55)
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α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体分子伴侣Tmem35a的克隆及其功能研究
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王紫涵 , 于津鹏 , 长孙东亭 , 朱晓鹏 * , 罗素兰 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(7): 1993-2001
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(7): 1993-2001
α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体分子伴侣Tmem35a的克隆及其功能研究
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王紫涵, 于津鹏, 长孙东亭, 朱晓鹏* , 罗素兰*
作者信息
  • 广西大学医学院, 广西特色生物医药重点实验室, 广西 南宁 530004

通讯作者:

*朱晓鹏, E-mail: ;
罗素兰, Tel: 86-771-3949335, E-mail:
Cloning and functional characterization of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor molecular chaperone Tmem35a
Zi-han WANG, Jin-peng YU, Dong-ting ZHANGSUN, Xiao-peng ZHU* , Su-lan LUO*
Affiliations
  • Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
出版时间: 2024-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0121
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烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, nAChRs) 属于配体门控离子通道受体, 其中α7 nAChR亚型广泛分布于大脑皮层、丘脑和海马体等区域。此外, 在小胶质细胞、巨噬细胞、骨髓细胞等也有分布, 研究发现其与胆碱能抗炎通路的功能密切相关, 是阿尔茨海默症和精神分裂症药物开发的重要靶标。建立稳定的体外药物筛选体系, 对于靶向α7 nAChR新药的高效筛选至关重要。在非洲爪蟾卵母细胞膜上, 重组表达nAChRs的不同亚型, 并通过电生理技术进行电流检测, 是一种先进而复杂的新药筛选模型。分子伴侣可以协助部分nAChRs亚基组装形成功能性受体, 为靶向该受体的化合物筛选提供稳定表达的模型。为此, 本研究从大鼠体内分离克隆了α7 nAChR的一个分子伴侣基因, 其名称为Tmem35a (transmembrane protein 35A), 进一步构建了该基因的重组表达载体, 再利用体外转录技术获得了该基因的cRNA, 将之与α7 nAChR的cRNA混合后同时注射到非洲爪蟾卵母细胞中进行表达。然后, 利用双电极电压钳检测该分子伴侣对α7 nAChR电流表达和通道药理活性的影响。结果显示, TMEM35A (也被称为novel acetylcholine receptor chaperone, NACHO) 可有效提高α7 nAChR蛋白在卵母细胞膜上的表达, 受体蛋白表达量提高了约1倍; 其配体乙酰胆碱(acetylcholine, ACh) 刺激诱发的峰值电流提高了约10倍。注入Tmem35a cRNA后的卵母细胞, 其表达的α7 nAChR对激动剂ACh的半数效应浓度为228.5 μmol·L-1, 和本体223.3 μmol·L-1基本一致, 维持了α7受体正常功能特性。研究结果表明, 分子伴侣NACHO有效协助了α7 nAChR在非洲爪蟾卵母细胞的异源表达, 稳定表达的α7 nAChR可以为靶向该受体的先导化合物活性筛选提供模型。本研究所有动物实验过程经广西大学伦理委员会审查批准(批准号: GXU-2023-0249)。

α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体  /  分子伴侣NACHO  /  基因克隆  /  双电极电压钳  /  药物筛选模型

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) belong to ligand-gated ion channel receptors, of which α7 nAChR subtype is widely distributed in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, hippocampus, and also identified in microglia, macrophages, bone marrow cells, etc. Previous studies revealed that α7 nAChR is closely related to the function of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, and is a vital target for drug development of Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. The establishment of a stable α7 nAChR in vitro drug screening system is crucial for the efficient screening of novel drugs targeting this target. Recombinant expression of different subtypes of nAChRs on Xenopus laevis oocyte membranes and current detected by two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) is an advanced and complex model for novel drug screening. Molecular chaperones can assist the assembly of some nAChR subunits to form functional receptors, providing a stable expression model for the screening of compounds targeting this receptor. In this study, a molecular chaperone gene of α7 nAChR, transmembrane protein 35A (Tmem35a), was isolated and cloned from rats. We constructed the recombinant expression vector and obtained the cRNA of Tmem35a by in vitro transcription technique. Two cRNAs (Tmem35a and α7) were mixed and injected into X. laevis oocytes for expression. Then, the effects of this molecular chaperone on the current expression and pharmacological properties of α7 nAChR were evaluated by the TEVC. The results revealed that TMEM35A, also known as novel acetylcholine receptor chaperone (NACHO) could effectively increase the expression of α7 nAChR protein on oocyte membranes, and the amount of α7 nAChR protein was increased about 1-fold. The peak current induced by agonist acetylcholine (ACh) was increased about 10-fold. After injection of Tmem35a cRNA, the median effect concentration (EC50) value of α7 nAChR to agonist ACh is 228.5 μmol·L-1, which shows almost no difference from native α7 nAChR (EC50: 223.3 μmol·L-1), indicating the preservation of the normal properties of α7 nAChR. The results of this investigation indicate that the molecular chaperone NACHO effectively assists the heterologous expression of α7 nAChR in X. laevis oocytes, which provides a model for screening the potency of lead compounds targeting α7 nAChR. All animal experiments in this study were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Guangxi University (approval number: GXU-2023-0249).

α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor  /  molecular chaperone NACHO  /  gene cloning  /  two-electrode voltage clamp  /  drug screening model
王紫涵, 于津鹏, 长孙东亭, 朱晓鹏, 罗素兰. α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体分子伴侣Tmem35a的克隆及其功能研究. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (7) : 1993 -2001 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0121
Zi-han WANG, Jin-peng YU, Dong-ting ZHANGSUN, Xiao-peng ZHU, Su-lan LUO. Cloning and functional characterization of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor molecular chaperone Tmem35a[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (7) : 1993 -2001 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0121
烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, nAChRs) 是配体门控离子通道超家族中重要成员之一, 主要分为肌肉型受体和神经型受体[1-4]。神经型nAChRs是由αβ亚基以同型或异型构成的五聚体通道蛋白, 不同的亚基组成使受体表现出不同的生理功能和通道特性, 包括通道打开时间、离子渗透性、通道脱敏和失活速率以及激动剂敏感性等[5-7]。建立不同nAChRs亚型的异源表达的模型有助于体外研究受体的功能。目前, 常用的异源表达系统有非洲爪蟾卵母细胞、哺乳动物细胞系等, 体外模型为受体通道功能的研究和靶向受体候选药物先导化合物的鉴定提供了条件[8, 9]。作为多亚基、跨膜通道蛋白, nAChRs的组装是一个复杂且低效的过程, 亚基首先要在内质网折叠组装, 没有组装的亚基中间体在泛素化后被蛋白酶降解, 成功组装的亚基通过囊泡运输到高尔基体最后到达细胞膜表面, 不同nAChRs亚型在不同细胞、组织中组装和运输的效率差异很大, 只有大约30%新合成的亚基可以形成功能性五聚体, 因此nAChRs的体外异源表达具有一定的难度[3, 10, 11]
α7 nAChR是由α7亚基组成的同型五聚体, 在大脑的海马体、皮层和丘脑等区域广泛表达, 与认知、记忆等精神类行为密切相关, 对Ca2+有较高的渗透性, 可以快速脱敏[12-14]。研究发现, 增强α7 nAChR的功能是治疗阿尔茨海默病和精神分裂症等神经系统疾病的一种新型治疗策略, 它的下调可以抑制胰腺癌和肺癌中癌细胞的增殖[13, 15-19]; 此外它也存在于一些非神经元细胞中, 如内皮细胞、骨髓细胞, 通过调节骨髓内红细胞的生成从而参与血管生成, 被认为是缺血性心脏病血运重建的新内皮靶标[20, 21]; 在巨噬细胞、小胶质细胞中也有α7 nAChR的分布, 它们通过参与胆碱能抗炎途径抑制细胞因子合成, 从而在免疫、抗炎等方面发挥作用[22-24]; α7 nAChR在生理、病理过程中扮演了重要角色, 因此成为相关靶向药物开发关注的重点。先前研究发现α7选择性激动剂, 如GTS-21 (也称为DMBX-anabaseine) 和EVP-6124 (encenicline) 通过激活α7 nAChR, 在改善记忆方面表现出一定效果, 后者在临床试验中也表现出较好的作用, 被认为是与胆碱酯酶抑制剂联合治疗阿尔茨海默症的良好候选药物[25-28]。因此, 建立α7 nAChR体外表达模型, 开展药物先导化合物高通量筛选对新药发现和相关疾病治疗具有重要意义。
α7 nAChR的异源表达存在一定的困难, 在不同表达系统中情况不尽相同, 如在哺乳动物细胞系中, α7的功能表达严重依赖宿主细胞的类型; 在非洲爪蟾卵母细胞中表达不稳定, 表达天数久, 并且依赖cRNA质量和卵母细胞状态[29]。研究发现, 细胞内存在分子伴侣, 参与众多细胞代谢过程, 如蛋白折叠、组装、转运和降解, 此外分子伴侣还可以通过调节蛋白构象变化、寡聚状态等来影响功能蛋白的活性[30, 31]。通过文库高通量筛选发现的TMEM35A (transmembrane protein 35A) 是一种神经元特异性的跨膜蛋白, 由167个氨基酸所组成, 由于功能未知曾被称为TUF1 (termed the unknown factor-1), 2016年Gu等将其命名为NACHO (novel acetylcholine receptor chaperone)[32, 33]。基因水平的研究表明, NACHO在大脑中富集, 主要在海马体、大脑皮层和嗅球等特定区域表达。对其蛋白结构进行预测, 结果显示NACHO中包含4个α-螺旋的跨膜结构域、1个胞质N端及C末端。研究表明, NACHO可以介导非神经元细胞系中α7 nAChR的组装, 通过共转染增加了人胚胎肾293T细胞(human embryonic kidney 293T cells, HEK293T cells) 上α7的表达, 且乙酰胆碱(acetylcholine, ACh) 诱发的电流也显著增加。NACHO在非洲爪蟾卵母细胞表达系统中是否协助α7 nAChR表达, 为体外模型的构建提供帮助, 有待进一步探索。本研究从大鼠中克隆了Tmem35a基因, 体外构建重组载体, 利用非洲爪蟾卵母细胞表达体系和双电极电压钳技术检测NACHO对α7 nAChR表达的影响, 为构建稳定的体外药筛模型提供基础。
实验动物   实验所用雌性非洲爪蟾(Xenopus laevis) 购自中国科学院昆明动物研究所, 实验室17 ℃饲养, 水温12~25 ℃, 人工照明昼夜交替各12 h。实验所用大鼠购于斯贝福生物技术有限公司, 动物许可证号为SCXK (京) 2019-0010。所有动物实验过程经广西大学伦理委员会审查批准(批准号: GXU-2023-0249)。
实验材料   包含大鼠α7 nAChR基因的质粒和pGEMHE载体(载体大小3 030 bp) 获赠于美国犹他大学。2×Taq Master Mix (Dye Plus) (#7E562A1)、胶回收试剂盒(FastPure Gel DNA Extraction Mini Kit, #017E2272EA)、同源重组酶(ClonExpress Ultra One Step Cloning Kit, #007E2211BA)、质粒小提试剂盒(FastPure Plasmid Mini Kit, #017E2210FA)、DH5α化学感受态细胞(#7E570A1) 购于南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司; 限制性核酸内切酶Sma Ⅰ (#AK21416A)、Hind Ⅲ (#AGY0906A) 和Nhe Ⅰ (#AM50990A)、DNA片段纯化试剂盒(MiniBEST DNA Fragment Purification Kit Ver.4.0, #AL61457A) 购于宝日医生物技术(北京) 有限公司; 体外转录试剂盒(mMESSAGE mMACHINETM T7, #2760935)、RNA纯化试剂盒(MEGAclearTM Transcription Kit, #2776183) 购于Thermo Fisher Scientific (美国); 氨苄青霉素钠(#3230810001) 购于北京索莱宝科技有限公司; ACh (#0001433126) 购于Sigma-Aldrich (美国); 牛血清白蛋白(#G2322070)、十二烷基-β-D-麦芽糖苷(#A2203359)、三(羟甲基) 氨基甲烷Tris (#F2206400) 购于上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司; 氯化钠(#2303151)、氯化钾(#2107101)、六水合氯化镁(#2103041)、无水氯化钙(#2104211) 购于西陇科学股份有限公司; HEPES (#J413BA0011) 购于生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司; PMSF (#ST505) 购于上海碧云天生物技术有限公司; PVDF膜(#CR2305015) 购于武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司; α7抗体(#00096475)、GAPDH抗体兔源IgG (#00136428) 购于Proteintech (美国); 山羊抗兔IgG H & L (HRP) (#GR3357864-9) 购于Abcam (美国); ECL化学发光底物(#23166455) 购于合肥Biosharp生物公司; 引物由生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司合成; ND96溶液组分浓度(96 mmol·L-1 NaCl, 2 mmol·L-1 KCl, 1 mmol·L-1 MgCl2·6H2O, 1.8 mmol·L-1 CaCl2, 5 mmol·L-1 HEPES, pH7.5)。
实验仪器   卧式振荡培养箱MQD-B3 (上海旻泉仪器有限公司); KCL-2000W恒温恒湿培养箱(EYELA, 日本); Biometra TAdvanced 96 PCR仪(Jena, 德国); 多功能离心机CF16RN (Eppendorf, 德国); FluorChem E化学发光凝胶成像仪(Proteinsimple, 美国); 超微量分光光度计DS-11 (DeNovix, 美国); P1000微电极拉制仪(Sutter, 美国); 纳升级微量注射器主机Nanoject Ⅱ (DRUMMOND, 美国); OC-725D卵母细胞钳制放大器(Warner, 美国); Axon Digidata 1550B数模转化器(Molecular Devices, 美国); PowerPac Basic (Bio-Rad, 美国)。
Tmem35a基因的克隆和表达载体构建  解剖大鼠获取大脑, 提取大脑总RNA, 反转录获得对应的cDNA。Tmem35a (NCBI: NM_001001799.1), Primer Premier5软件设计正向引物(5′-GGGCTTCTTTTAACTTCTGCACG-3′) 和反向引物(5′-GAATGAGCGAAAGAAGACAAGT-3′), 目的基因理论长度1 893 bp, 其中编码区长度为504 bp。使用2×Taq Master Mix (Dye Plus) 进行PCR, 扩增基因全长。PCR反应条件: 95 ℃变性, 57 ℃退火, 72 ℃延伸, 设置35个循环。胶回收PCR产物并进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳鉴定。利用限制性内切酶Sma Ⅰ和Hind Ⅲ对质粒载体pGEMHE双酶切, 获取线性化质粒。将目的基因片段与线性化载体进行重组连接, 线性载体与基因片段的摩尔比为1∶2。同源重组的反应条件如下: 50 ℃加热5 min, 随后冰上冷却。重组产物转化大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞, 涂布在含氨苄青霉素钠的LB固体平板上, 37 ℃, 过夜培养16 h。挑取单菌落进行菌液PCR验证后, 送至生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司测序, 确定目的基因的正确性。
cRNA的制备与显微注射  包含大鼠α7和Tmem35a基因的质粒分别用限制性内切酶Sma Ⅰ和Nhe Ⅰ进行酶切, 获得线性化DNA模板。使用mMESSAGE mMACHINETM T7试剂盒进行体外转录, 在20 μL的反应体系中, 添加线性化DNA模板1 μg, 2×NTP/CAP 10 µL, 10×Reaction Buffer 2 µL, Enzyme Mix 2 µL, 37 ℃反应5 h; 利用MEGAclear™ Transcription Kit纯化cRNA, 分别利用紫外分光光度计和琼脂糖凝胶电泳对浓度和纯度进行鉴定, 每管2 μL分装后-80 ℃保存。
显微注射前将α7与Tmem35a的cRNA按质量比1∶1混合, 对照组加入与Tmem35a等体积的RNase-free ddH2O, 以保证实验组和对照组中α7 cRNA浓度相同。注射用硅酸盐玻璃针(内径0.69 mm, 外径1.20 mm) 灌满矿物油, 排出气泡后, 将1.5 μL cRNA吸入注射针中, 针尖斜45°扎入卵母细胞进行显微注射(卵母细胞获取方法如前所述[34])。通过调整注射体积分别注射8、12、16、22、27 ng的α7 cRNA到卵母细胞中, 对照组按照相同体积注射。注射后的卵母细胞置于含抗生素的ND96溶液中17 ℃培养, 每天更换新鲜的培养液。培养2~5天, 可以进行电生理检测。
电生理检测和受体药理活性分析   使用双电极电压钳对受体的表达情况进行检测(放大器OC-725D)。电生理实验中, 用3 mol·L-1 KCl溶液灌注电极针, 电阻在0.5~2 MΩ之间。ND96灌流液(含0.1 mg·mL-1牛血清白蛋白) 脱气处理, 流速4 mL·min-1。电极针入液后调零, 进入卵母细胞后, 切换TEVC模式, 钳制电压-70 mV。利用pCLAMP软件进行数据的采集, 在1 min的灌流时间内, 给予2 s ACh刺激, 每个程序3次重复[35]。利用Clampfit11.0.3软件进行数据处理和分析。
α7 nAChR蛋白水平表达量检测   提取X. laevis卵母细胞膜蛋白, 鉴定分子伴侣Tmem35aα7 nAChR蛋白表达水平的影响。收集注射cRNA后培养3~4天的卵母细胞于离心管中, 加入30~50 μL缓冲液(0.1 mol·L-1 NaCl; 1%十二烷基-β-D-麦芽糖苷; 1 mmol·L-1 PMSF; 20 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl; pH 7.6) 并破碎细胞, 冰上孵育1 h后10 000 ×g离心10 min, 收集上清进行蛋白免疫印迹实验。制备5%浓缩胶、10%分离胶进行电泳, 再将蛋白电转至PVDF膜, 分离目的蛋白和内参蛋白条带, 用5%脱脂奶粉封闭。封闭结束后用1×TBST清洗, 然后将含目的蛋白和内参蛋白的膜分别放置于α7抗体溶液(1∶2 000稀释) 和GAPDH抗体溶液(1∶5 000稀释) 中4 ℃孵育过夜。在TBST中洗涤3次, 每次10 min, 然后与二抗山羊抗兔IgG H & L (HRP) (1∶5 000稀释) 孵育1 h, 彻底洗涤后添加化学发光底物, 在发光凝胶成像仪上测量化学发光。
数据分析   使用Clampfit11.0.3对记录到的电流进行分析, 使用Graphpad Prism9.5.1软件进行数据处理与作图。通过非线性拟合: Response%=100/[1+(EC50/[ACh])nH] (nH代表Hill系数) 获得受体对ACh的半数效应浓度(median effect concentration, EC50)。实验中的数据以平均值±标准误(mean ± SEM) 表示, 组间比较采用单因素方差分析, 电生理实验数据来自于不少于6个蛙卵细胞的结果, 取自3个不同批次的非洲爪蟾。使用ImageJ软件对免疫印迹条带进行灰度分析, 将目的蛋白的灰度值除以内参蛋白的灰度值, 进行归一化处理。
基因克隆和重组载体构建流程如图 1所示。分光光度计测得大脑总RNA浓度为1.57 g·L-1; PCR扩增后胶回收获取目的基因片段的浓度为0.33 g·L-1; pGEMHE质粒双酶切后胶回收获取线性载体, 浓度为64 g·L-1。取1 μL线性载体和0.24 μL目的基因片段添加同源重组体系进行反应, 转化过夜培养后重组产物转化的LB固体培养基长出了较为密集的菌落, 而对照组几乎没有菌落长出。
选取菌液PCR产物分子量大小与理论一致的重组载体进行测序, 测序结果与Tmem35a理论序列对比分析, 结果如图 2所示, 除了第300位的碱基由T (胸腺嘧啶) 变为A (腺嘌呤) 之外, 其他碱基与NCBI序列一致。对比氨基酸序列, 发现该位点的变化不影响翻译后的氨基酸序列, 克隆所得Tmem35a基因翻译后对应的氨基酸序列与理论值一致, 长度为167个氨基酸, 对应Tmem35a基因编码区长度504 bp。
提取大鼠α7 nAChR质粒和包含Tmem35a基因的重组质粒, 分光光度计测得质粒浓度分别为0.45和0.43 g·L-1, 酶切纯化后的线性化DNA浓度为0.30和0.28 g·L-1, 电泳条带位置指示正确且环状质粒已完全线性化(图 3A)。体外转录获取大鼠α7和Tmem35a的cRNA, 其浓度分别为0.50和0.47 g·L-1, 电泳结果如图 3B所示, 图中可见cRNA主条带清晰, 符合后续实验要求。
用电生理检测α7 nAChR在非洲爪蟾卵母细胞中的电流表达。实验组取0.7 μL α7 cRNA和0.8 μL Tmem35a cRNA, 混合均匀后显微注射入卵母细胞中, 单个蛙卵细胞注射69 nL, 此时α7和Tmem35a cRNA注射质量均为16 ng; 对照组将0.7 μL α7 cRNA和0.8 μL RNase-free ddH2O混合, 单个蛙卵注射体积和实验组保持一致, 即每个细胞69 nL, 此时对照组α7 cRNA的注射质量也为16 ng。在注射培养后的第1天、第2天、第3天分别用200 μmol·L-1 ACh给予蛙卵2 s的刺激, 用双电极电压钳检测ACh诱发的峰值电流。在实验组(α7 + NACHO) 和对照组(α7 + RNase-free ddH2O) 蛙卵状态、cRNA注射质量、培养天数、培养环境等实验条件一致的情况下, 检测结果显示分子伴侣组的α7 nAChR表达更快, 在显微注射后第1天即检测到电流, 此时对照组尚未表达(n = 10)。随着培养天数的增加, 和NACHO共表达的α7 nAChR在第3天电流已经超过1 000 nA。但是相同条件下的对照组电流依旧较小(图 4A)。如图 4B所示, 在相同浓度的ACh (200 μmol·L-1) 刺激下, 注射Tmem35a cRNA的蛙卵细胞诱发产生的电流较对照组大约提高了10倍, 分别为4 447和339 nA。在保持α7和Tmem35a cRNA以质量比1∶1混合的条件下, 通过改变注射体积, 分别检测了8、12、16、22、27 ng α7 cRNA注射质量下NACHO作用效果的差异, 注射培养3天后, 电生理检测结果如图 4C所示, 电流值较对照组都有较大幅度增加。单因素方差分析和组间比较的结果显示, 不同注射体积下实验组和对照组的电流峰值均有显著性差异。其中, 在α7 nAChR的cRNA注射量为8 ng的条件下, 对照组几乎检测不到电流, 但是NACHO组依然能有效协助α7 nAChR的表达, 在蛙卵细胞上针对ACh的峰值电流能够达到2 000 nA以上(n ≥ 10, 图 4C)。
利用不同浓度的ACh诱导非洲爪蟾卵母细胞产生的内向电流如图 5A (对照组)、图 5B (实验组) 所示。在不同的浓度ACh刺激下, NACHO都有效提高了α7 nAChR电流响应的大小, 但没有改变电流峰型。从电流轨迹图中可以看出, 实验组和对照组呈现出了相同的特性, 即在低浓度下电流较小, 随着浓度增大电流也逐渐增加, 在5 mmol·L-1时达到最大电流, 当浓度进一步增加到10 mmol·L-1时, 电流呈现下降趋势。为了评估α7 nAChR对ACh的敏感性是否会随分子伴侣发生变化, 本研究绘制了它对ACh的剂量效应曲线。如图 5C所示, 在注射分子伴侣NACHO的条件下, α7 nAChR对ACh的EC50为228.5 μmol·L-1。与对照组(EC50值223.3 μmol·L-1) 相比, 基本保持一致, 统计学上无差异显著性(表 1)。
电生理结果显示分子伴侣NACHO对α7 nAChR经激动剂ACh诱发的电流有很大提高, 推测分子伴侣可能有效协助了α7 nAChR的组装, 提高了它的表达量。为了进一步验证该结果, 本研究利用蛋白免疫印迹技术检测了NACHO对α7 nAChR蛋白表达量的影响。分别收集了来自同一批次的空白蛙卵(ck)、只注射α7 nAChR cRNA的蛙卵(wt) 以及α7与Tmem35a cRNA共同注射的蛙卵(+ NACHO), 保证实验条件一致, 对3组蛙卵(n = 13) 提取的膜蛋白进行免疫印迹实验。结果如图 6A所示, 在55 kDa的位置附近有明显条带, 其分子量大小与α7 nAChR蛋白理论分子量基本一致。利用ImageJ软件对3组蛋白表达量进行分析, 将目的蛋白的灰度值除以内参蛋白的灰度值得到归一化的表达量, 其中ck组、wt组和分子伴侣组分别在0.2、0.9和1.7左右, 加入分子伴侣后, α7 nAChR蛋白表达量较wt组提高了约1倍, 表达量具有差异显著性(图 6B)。
α7 nAChR作为同源五聚体配体门控离子通道之一, 广泛分布在中枢和外周神经系统以及一些非神经元细胞中, 参与认知、记忆、神经保护等生理过程, 是阿尔茨海默症等一些神经系统疾病的潜在靶点[36]。随着神经内分泌免疫调控研究的深入, α7 nAChR在胆碱能抗炎通路中的作用被逐渐解析, 它是外周介导胆碱能抗炎作用的重要靶标[37]。除此之外, α7 nAChR还参与促进血管生成, 介导尼古丁诱导的肺癌细胞增殖过程。因此, 阻断α7 nAChR或成为治疗尼古丁相关肺癌的新策略[18]。基于α7 nAChR的生理和药理功能, 探索发现靶向该受体的先导化合物具有重要意义[38]
随着分子生物技术和电生理技术的发展, 以离子通道为药物靶点的研究逐渐深入。异源表达模型的建立打破了天然受体研究的局限性, 通过在宿主细胞中表达外源基因蛋白质实现了在体外对离子通道结构、生物学活性和药理学特性的研究, 也为靶向药物的筛选与发现创造了条件[39]。哺乳动物细胞系和非洲爪蟾卵母细胞是目前常用的两大类异源表达系统, 其体外异源表达模型的构建存在一定的难度, 主要是因为不同亚型之间亚基构成的差异和受体组装的低效性[40]
分子伴侣作为辅助蛋白可以促进亚基的正确组装和转运, 或可以充当辅助亚基, 通过与离子通道亚基相互作用调节通道的组装和表达[41, 42]。目前许多和nAChRs功能表达相关的分子伴侣已被发现, 如β锚定和调节蛋白(β-anchoring and regulatory protein, BARP), 它是电压依赖型钙通道的辅助亚基, 可以促进α6β4 nAChR的功能表达。它的解析也有助于探索α6β4亚型在镇痛中药理活性的研究[43]; 2002年Halevi等的研究发现抗胆碱酯酶的抑制剂-3 (resistance to inhibitors of cholinesterase 3, RIC-3) 可以调节神经元和其他细胞中多种nAChRs的表达, 其中包括α7 nAChR, 但是对于α7受体的组装或功能表达来说, 它并非必需条件[44-46]。NACHO作为神经元内质网上的驻留蛋白, 在内质网中协助介导α7 nAChR的折叠、组装与表达, 但NACHO不会参与α7 nAChR的组成, 因此对α7 nAChR的通道功能没有影响。NACHO在大脑中分布广泛, 还介导了其他几种nAChRs亚型的组装和表达, 包括在大脑中分布较多的α4β2 nAChR亚型, 以及在外周分布的α3β2和α3β4两种亚型, 但对谷氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸等其他配体门控离子通道的功能未有显著影响[32, 47]
本研究成功克隆了大鼠Tmem35α基因, 构建了它的表达载体, 通过体外转录获得Tmem35α基因的cRNA, 并与α7 nAChR的cRNA共注射实现了二者在非洲爪蟾卵母细胞上的共表达, 成功解决了α7 nAChR在非洲爪蟾卵母细胞中表达天数久、表达不稳定的问题。结果表明, NACHO不仅提高了ACh诱发的电流幅度, 还减少了培养天数, 加快了受体表达的效率。从α7 nAChR对激动剂ACh响应的电流轨迹和EC50结果来看, 和NACHO共表达不会改变受体对激动剂ACh的敏感性, 这表明NACHO或许不会影响α7的空间构象和激动剂结合位点。免疫印迹结果也验证了NACHO增加了α7在卵母细胞膜表面蛋白的表达量。本研究采用Tmem35aα7 nAChR的cRNA以质量比1∶1的方式注射入非洲爪蟾卵母细胞, 但课题组也尝试了2∶1、1∶2和1∶5等注射比例, 结果发现这几种注射比例都可以有效提高ACh诱发的电流, 后续可以通过优化分子伴侣和受体cRNA的注射比例, 以获取最适合药理活性研究和多肽药物筛选的电流表达。
不同的nAChRs位置分布不同, 具有独特的药理和生理特性, 亚基的不同组装形式以及表达系统的差异使受体的异源表达面临不同的问题。本研究利用分子伴侣NACHO实现了α7 nAChR在非洲爪蟾卵母细胞表达系统中稳定高效表达, 有效提高了蛋白表达量和表达效率, 为基于α7 nAChR的靶向药物发现提供了基础, 但涉及分子伴侣结构以及作用机制的研究还有待进一步探索, 相信随着全基因组筛选、电生理技术、冷冻电镜技术的发展, 相关研究一定会取得进一步的突破。
作者贡献: 罗素兰、朱晓鹏、长孙东亭负责实验设计、实验指导和论文审阅修改; 于津鹏负责电生理平台搭建及技术指导; 王紫涵负责实验研究过程、数据分析、论文撰写。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者明确声明研究内容无任何利益冲突。
  • 国家重点研发计划政府间国际科技创新合作重点专项(2022YFE0132700)
  • 广西科技基地和人才专项(桂科AD22035948)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42376112)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82320108019)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82360698)
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2024年第59卷第7期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0121
  • 接收时间:2024-02-07
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-07
  • 修回日期:2024-04-24
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国家重点研发计划政府间国际科技创新合作重点专项(2022YFE0132700)
广西科技基地和人才专项(桂科AD22035948)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(42376112)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82320108019)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82360698)
作者信息
    广西大学医学院, 广西特色生物医药重点实验室, 广西 南宁 530004

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*朱晓鹏, E-mail: ;
罗素兰, Tel: 86-771-3949335, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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