Article(id=1200860513656762432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200860506031518620, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1404, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1702569600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-15, revisedDate=1711036800000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764237057364, onlineDateStr=2025-11-27, pubDate=1715443200000, pubDateStr=2024-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764237057364, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764237057364, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764237057364, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200860506031518620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='5', pageStart='1101', pageEnd='1508', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764237055547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764241222263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200877982563824311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200860506031518620, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200877982563824312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200860506031518620, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1449, endPage=1457, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200860515359649901, articleId=1200860513656762432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Loong oil-lyotropic liquid crystals for the treatment of combined radiation and burn injury, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Combined radiation and burn injury (CRBI) is a severe syndrome, which is induced by the simultaneous or successive radiation and burn; but no appropriate clinical therapies are available. Loong oil (LO) is a traditional Chinese medicine oil composed of the oil extracts of cuttlebone, safflower, walnut oil, and rapeseed oil, which has been demonstrated to own anti-radiation and tissue healing functions. In this study, glyceryl monostearate (GMO) was used for the preparation of lyotropic liquid crystals that loaded LO to obtain Loong oil-lyotropic liquid crystals (LOL) for the treatment of skin CRBI. The hexagonal phase structure of LOL was proved by small X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis with an approximate $ \sqrt[]{7}:\sqrt[]{9}:\sqrt[]{11} $ ratio of peaks and under the polarizing microscope with the birefringence phenomenon. LOL had a high LO loading capacity (4%) and good bio-adhesive force, favoring skin administration. Animal experiments were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences and the experiments were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations (approval number: IACUC-DWZX-2022-834). Compared to triethanolamine creams, LOL had higher skin permeability with total skin penetration within 1 h, benefiting the treatment of deep CRBI. A deep Ⅱ degree burn CRBI mouse model was established after whole-body irradiation with 5 Gy 60Co γ-ray and the next 6-second 100 ℃ burn injury. LOL promoted LO skin penetration, improved epithermal cell proliferation and the formation of hair follicles, accelerated wound healing, and inhibited scarring, which benefitted the therapy of CRBI. In this study, LO application fields are expanded and LO is a promising medication for the treatment of CRBI.

, correspAuthors=Yi-guang JIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wan-ting GUO, Xue-li JIA, Yan LIU, Ya-dan HU, Ke WANG, Lei ZHANG, Yong ZHANG, Yi-guang JIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200860521923736113, articleId=1200860513656762432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=治疗放烧复合伤的龙油溶致液晶研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

放烧复合伤(combined radiation and burn injury, CRBI) 是在受到放射性损伤的同时或相继发生烧伤的一种复合伤, 临床缺乏有效治疗药物。龙油(Loong oil, LO) 是由海螵蛸、红花、核桃油和菜籽油组成的中药油浸物, 具有抗辐射和促进组织生长的作用。本研究使用单油酸甘油酯制备溶致液晶并包载LO, 得到龙油溶致液晶(Loong oil-lyotropic liquid crystals, LOL), 用于皮肤CRBI的治疗。LOL在X射线小角散射中的峰值比约$ \sqrt[]{7}:\sqrt[]{9}:\sqrt[]{11} $, 偏光显微镜下呈现双折射现象, 为六角相液晶结构。LOL中LO含量为4%, 载药量高, 生物黏附性好, 适合皮肤给药。所有动物实验经军事科学院军事医学研究院辐射医学研究所伦理委员会批准且实验均按照相关指导原则和规定进行(批准号: IACUC-DWZX-2022-834)。与三乙醇胺乳膏相比, LOL皮肤渗透性显著增加, 皮肤滞留性强, 有利于深度CRBI的治疗。小鼠5 Gy 60Co γ射线全身辐照后100 ℃烫伤6 s, 成功构建深Ⅱ度CRBI模型。LOL促进表皮细胞增殖及毛囊生成, 加速伤口愈合并抑制瘢痕的发生, 对CRBI有良好的治疗效果。本研究扩大了LO的应用范围, LOL是一种潜在的CRBI治疗药品。

, correspAuthors=金义光, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*金义光, Tel: 86-10-66931220, E-mail:
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治疗放烧复合伤的龙油溶致液晶研究
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郭婉婷 1, 2 , 贾学丽 2 , 刘岩 2 , 胡亚丹 2 , 王可 2 , 张蕾 3 , 张勇 3 , 金义光 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(5): 1449-1457
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(5): 1449-1457
治疗放烧复合伤的龙油溶致液晶研究
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郭婉婷1, 2, 贾学丽2, 刘岩2, 胡亚丹2, 王可2, 张蕾3, 张勇3, 金义光1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.广东药科大学药学院, 广东 广州 510006
  • 2.军事科学院军事医学研究院辐射医学研究所, 北京 100850
  • 3.安徽龙纪元生物科技有限公司, 安徽 宿州 234000

通讯作者:

*金义光, Tel: 86-10-66931220, E-mail:
Loong oil-lyotropic liquid crystals for the treatment of combined radiation and burn injury
Wan-ting GUO1, 2, Xue-li JIA2, Yan LIU2, Ya-dan HU2, Ke WANG2, Lei ZHANG3, Yong ZHANG3, Yi-guang JIN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 2. Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
  • 3. Anhui Longjiyuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Suzhou 234000, China
出版时间: 2024-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1404
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放烧复合伤(combined radiation and burn injury, CRBI) 是在受到放射性损伤的同时或相继发生烧伤的一种复合伤, 临床缺乏有效治疗药物。龙油(Loong oil, LO) 是由海螵蛸、红花、核桃油和菜籽油组成的中药油浸物, 具有抗辐射和促进组织生长的作用。本研究使用单油酸甘油酯制备溶致液晶并包载LO, 得到龙油溶致液晶(Loong oil-lyotropic liquid crystals, LOL), 用于皮肤CRBI的治疗。LOL在X射线小角散射中的峰值比约$ \sqrt[]{7}:\sqrt[]{9}:\sqrt[]{11} $, 偏光显微镜下呈现双折射现象, 为六角相液晶结构。LOL中LO含量为4%, 载药量高, 生物黏附性好, 适合皮肤给药。所有动物实验经军事科学院军事医学研究院辐射医学研究所伦理委员会批准且实验均按照相关指导原则和规定进行(批准号: IACUC-DWZX-2022-834)。与三乙醇胺乳膏相比, LOL皮肤渗透性显著增加, 皮肤滞留性强, 有利于深度CRBI的治疗。小鼠5 Gy 60Co γ射线全身辐照后100 ℃烫伤6 s, 成功构建深Ⅱ度CRBI模型。LOL促进表皮细胞增殖及毛囊生成, 加速伤口愈合并抑制瘢痕的发生, 对CRBI有良好的治疗效果。本研究扩大了LO的应用范围, LOL是一种潜在的CRBI治疗药品。

放烧复合伤  /  龙油  /  溶致液晶  /  电离辐射  /  皮肤损伤

Combined radiation and burn injury (CRBI) is a severe syndrome, which is induced by the simultaneous or successive radiation and burn; but no appropriate clinical therapies are available. Loong oil (LO) is a traditional Chinese medicine oil composed of the oil extracts of cuttlebone, safflower, walnut oil, and rapeseed oil, which has been demonstrated to own anti-radiation and tissue healing functions. In this study, glyceryl monostearate (GMO) was used for the preparation of lyotropic liquid crystals that loaded LO to obtain Loong oil-lyotropic liquid crystals (LOL) for the treatment of skin CRBI. The hexagonal phase structure of LOL was proved by small X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis with an approximate $ \sqrt[]{7}:\sqrt[]{9}:\sqrt[]{11} $ ratio of peaks and under the polarizing microscope with the birefringence phenomenon. LOL had a high LO loading capacity (4%) and good bio-adhesive force, favoring skin administration. Animal experiments were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences and the experiments were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations (approval number: IACUC-DWZX-2022-834). Compared to triethanolamine creams, LOL had higher skin permeability with total skin penetration within 1 h, benefiting the treatment of deep CRBI. A deep Ⅱ degree burn CRBI mouse model was established after whole-body irradiation with 5 Gy 60Co γ-ray and the next 6-second 100 ℃ burn injury. LOL promoted LO skin penetration, improved epithermal cell proliferation and the formation of hair follicles, accelerated wound healing, and inhibited scarring, which benefitted the therapy of CRBI. In this study, LO application fields are expanded and LO is a promising medication for the treatment of CRBI.

combined radiation and burn injury  /  Loong oil  /  lyotropic liquid crystals  /  ionizing radiation  /  skin wound
郭婉婷, 贾学丽, 刘岩, 胡亚丹, 王可, 张蕾, 张勇, 金义光. 治疗放烧复合伤的龙油溶致液晶研究. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (5) : 1449 -1457 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1404
Wan-ting GUO, Xue-li JIA, Yan LIU, Ya-dan HU, Ke WANG, Lei ZHANG, Yong ZHANG, Yi-guang JIN. Loong oil-lyotropic liquid crystals for the treatment of combined radiation and burn injury[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (5) : 1449 -1457 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1404
放烧复合伤(combined radiation and burn injury, CRBI) 是指放射性损伤与烧伤同时或相继发生的复合型损伤[1]。CRBI在战争时期和平时都有可能发生。1945年日本广岛和长崎原子弹事件中, 约40%的伤者在遭受辐射损伤的同时伴随其他损伤[2]。1986年切尔诺贝利核电站事故的初次爆炸造成早期死亡29人, 其中有19例属于放烧复合伤[3]。民用工厂、实验室或医院的辐射暴露也是生活中的辐射损伤原因, 其中放疗造成的皮肤损伤最为常见, 也可能产生CRBI[4]。CRBI与单纯辐射损伤和烧伤不同, 具有辐射损伤和烧伤的复合效应, 机体造血与免疫功能受到严重影响, 其损伤难以愈合, 甚至产生休克和死亡[5]。因此CRBI的治疗是战时和平时都需要重点关注的问题。CRBI主要发生在肠、肺、皮肤等部位, 其中皮肤直接暴露在外, 是最易发生CRBI的部位[6]。目前手术是CRBI的主要治疗方法, 特别是针对深度或大面积烧伤患者, 但其操作复杂、患者顺应性差, 有时会贻误治疗, 造成病情恶化[7]。三乙醇胺乳膏(triethanolamine creams, TEA) 是皮肤辐射损伤治疗药, 也用于CRBI治疗, 但其刺激性较大, 仅适用于Ⅰ度和浅Ⅱ度烧伤, 不能满足深度烧伤及感染性伤口的治疗需求[8]。针对CRBI治疗药物匮乏的问题, 亟需研究新的治疗方法。
龙油(Loong oil, LO) 商品名为蛸红敛疮油, 是一种医疗机构制剂, 主要由海螵蛸和红花组成, 具有收湿敛疮、活血生肌的作用, 用于消渴病脱疽的辅助治疗。已有研究发现, LO对于治疗急性肺损伤、慢性难愈创面和放射性肠炎具有明显的疗效。本研究团队制备了LO的O/W型乳剂用于肺吸入, 可有效减轻脂多糖造成的急性肺损伤[9]。LO临床已用于治疗糖尿病足, 外用后明显促进糖尿病足溃疡的疮面愈合[10]。口服LO通过减轻肠组织炎症、调节肠道菌群有效发挥防治放射性肠炎的作用[11]。但LO作为一种易流动的油脂类药物, 难以在皮肤或伤口滞留, 不利于皮肤或伤口给药[12]
溶致液晶(lyotropic liquid crystals, LLC) 是由两亲性分子溶解于溶剂后形成的介于液体和固体的有机中间相, 内部有序性高, 可同时用于递送亲水性、亲脂性或两亲性分子[13]。与乳膏等传统载油制剂相比, LLC能包裹不同极性的药物, 提高药物载药量、渗透性、稳定性及生物利用度[14]。根据LLC内部结构的不同可分为层状液晶、立方液晶和六角相液晶, 其中立方液晶或六角相液晶生物黏附性及稳定性好, 在皮肤给药中常作为药物载体[15]。单油酸甘油酯(glyceryl monooleate, GMO) 是具有两亲性的非离子表面活性剂, 性质稳定, 安全无毒, 可在人体内完全降解[16]。以GMO为基质的立方液晶可治疗激光引起的皮肤损伤[17]
本研究用GMO制备得到LO溶致液晶(Loong oil lyotropic liquid crystals, LOL), 通过X射线小角散射(small angle X-ray scattering, SAXS) 及偏光显微镜表征其性质, 在动物皮肤上考察其皮肤渗透性和皮肤滞留效果, 在小鼠CRBI模型上进行药效学研究, 通过外观及病理切片等评价效果, 探讨治疗机制。本研究为CRBI的治疗提供了一种方便快捷的局部治疗制剂。
药物与试剂   龙油(批号: 20211103, 安徽龙纪元生物科技有限公司); GMO (批号: 4014084307, 丹麦Danisco公司); 三乙醇胺乳膏(批号: 1731V A, 法国JANSSEN CILAG公司); 无水乙醇(批号: 20210513, 上海沃凯生物技术有限公司); 罗丹明B (rhodamine B, RhB) (批号: KYFL906, 北京伊诺凯生物科技有限公司); 组织固定液(批号: GP2212019, 武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司)。所用水为去离子水。
仪器   60Co γ辐射装置(军事医学研究院辐射医学研究所); 电动搅拌器(型号: SENCO, 上海申生科技有限公司); 超纯水仪(型号: Smart-N15, 上海力康科学仪器有限公司); 倒置荧光显微镜(型号: U-LH100G, 日本Olympus有限公司); 偏光显微镜(型号: GX71, 日本Olympus有限公司); X射线小角散射仪(型号: Xeuss 2.0, 法国Xenocs公司, ); 台式超级控温烫伤仪(型号: YLS-5Q, 上海科隆科技发展有限公司); 透皮扩散实验仪(型号: TK-24BL)、电动测试仪(型号: DG-200A) (上海锴凯科技贸易有限公司); 多功能酶标仪(型号: SPARK, 奥地利Tecan有限公司); 高速组织研磨仪(型号: KZ-Ⅲ, 武汉索莱宝生物科技有限公司)。
动物   ICR小鼠, SPF级, 雄性, 体质量22~24 g, 购于北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司, 许可证号: SCXK (京) 2021-0006。SD大鼠, SPF级, 雄性, 体质量200~220 g, 购于斯贝福(北京) 生物技术有限公司, 许可证号: SCXK (京) 2019-0010。实验期间自由给予水和食物。动物实验经军事科学院军事医学研究院辐射医学研究所伦理委员会批准, 且实验均按相关指导原则和规定进行, 批准号: IACUC-DWZX-2022-834。
龙油溶致液晶的制备与表征   取12.8 g GMO于55 ℃水浴至完全熔化, 加入1.2 g无水乙醇搅拌混匀, 加入0.8 g LO搅拌混匀, 边搅拌边滴入5.2 mL 55 ℃的去离子水, 得到LOL。同上操作, 不加入LO, 滴入6 mL去离子水, 得到空白液晶LLC。取适量样品在偏光显微镜下室温观察并拍照。样品在室温下用SAXS检测, 条件为: Cu-Ka辐射, 光管功率30 W, 波长1.541 89 Å, 检测器到样本距离为1 185 mm, 曝光时间300 s, 从0~3 nm-1的矢量范围q, 散射矢量Q = 10 q。将散射强度对散射矢量(Q) 作图得到SAXS谱图。
初黏力的测定   参考本实验室前期工作[18], 取约2 g溶致液晶置于电动测试仪台面上, 在感应器底部悬挂一个100 g的砝码, 将砝码调节至与液晶表面直接完全接触, 停留5 s后, 感应头自动向上移动, 至拉力值不变后停止移动, 按下传感器的“PEAK”键, 可得到传感器运动的极值, 以极值减去最后的拉力值作为初黏力值, 重复3次。
制剂的渗透   取1 mg罗丹明B粉末分别与1 g TEA、LLC及LOL混匀得载罗丹明B的不同制剂。各取0.25 g载罗丹明B的制剂涂于同一只健康SD大鼠背部脱毛后3个直径为1 cm的圆形皮肤表面, 观察制剂皮肤渗透情况, 记录渗透时间, 待LOL完全渗透后, 立即擦去所有皮肤表面残留制剂, 麻醉处死, 手术取下给药处皮肤, 置于4%多聚甲醛中固定, 包埋、切片进行DAPI标记荧光检测, 考察染料渗透深度。
体外透皮特性研究   用生理盐水溶解罗丹明B并稀释到80~0.128 μg·mL-1质量浓度范围, 采用358 nm激发波长和575 nm发射波长, 建立标准曲线。将ICR小鼠皮肤固定于加有搅拌子的扩散池上, 角质层面向上, 接收池中加入8 mL生理盐水作为接收液。将1 g (载10 mg罗丹明B) 的TEA、LLC、LOL及0.04 g (载10 mg罗丹明B) 的LO加至内径为1.48 cm的供给池中, 使其完全覆盖皮肤。在37 ℃、300 r·min-1避光条件下进行透皮实验, 平行3组。在2~84 h区间内间隔一定时间取出1 mL接收液, 补加等量等温的新鲜接收液。将取出的接收液测定荧光强度, 并根据公式(1) 计算累积透皮量Q
$ Q=\frac{{C}_{n}\times {V}_{0}+{\sum }_{i=1}^{n-1}{C}_{i}\times {V}_{i}}{A} $
其中, CnCin个和第i个取样点测得的罗丹明B浓度, V0为接收池中接收液的体积, Vi为每次取样的体积, A为有效透皮面积。
在透皮实验84 h时, 取下皮肤, 并将接触药物部分剪下, 用生理盐水浸湿的棉球将表面残留物清除, 吸除多余水分, 称量, 剪碎后加入10倍质量的生理盐水, 用高速组织研磨仪60 Hz研磨240 s, 在5 000× g、4 ℃条件下离心10 min, 取上清液测定荧光强度。
放烧复合伤动物模型建立及药效学评价   ICR小鼠背部脱毛后, 使用烫伤仪, 金属柱直径1 cm, 设置烫伤温度为100 ℃, 烫伤时间为2、4、6、8 s, 金属柱平面直接接触皮肤, 建立深Ⅱ度烧伤模型。将小鼠随机分为6组: 正常组、模型组、TEA组、LO组、LLC组、LOL组, 每组12只。采用60Co γ射线全身照射, 剂量为5 Gy, 剂量率为0.72 Gy·min-1, 辐照后立即用烫伤仪实施背部皮肤烫伤, 建立深Ⅱ度烧伤复合电离辐射损伤的CRBI动物模型[19]。造模后立即给药, 药物均匀涂抹至完全覆盖伤口, 每2天给药1次至第21天。正常组不做任何处理。
皮肤伤口闭合率的计算   以第1次给药时间作为第0天, 拍照记录第0、3、7、14天的小鼠伤口外观, 利用ImageJ软件计算面积并根据公式(2) 计算伤口闭合率进行比较分析。
$ \mathrm{伤}\mathrm{口}\mathrm{闭}\mathrm{合}\mathrm{率}=\frac{\mathrm{第}0\mathrm{天}\mathrm{面}\mathrm{积}-\mathrm{第}n\mathrm{天}\mathrm{面}\mathrm{积}}{\mathrm{第}0\mathrm{天}\mathrm{面}\mathrm{积}}\times 100\mathrm{\%} $
病理切片及免疫组化考察   分别于小鼠造模和第1次给药后第7、14、21天麻醉处死小鼠, 以伤口中心为圆心取直径1 cm的皮肤组织, 置于4%的多聚甲醛中固定24 h, 常规脱水、包埋、切片后进行苏木素-伊红(hematoxylin and eosin, H & E) 及Masson染色, 以及免疫组化标记增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen, PCNA), 显微镜下进行组织病理学观察并拍照。
统计学分析   采用GraphPad Prism 8.0.2软件通过单因素方差分析对数据进行统计学分析。数据以均数±标准差($ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s) 表示; 比较组间差异, P < 0.05表示具有显著性差异。
LOL外观呈微黄色透明凝胶状。当LO在液晶中含量≤ 4%时, LOL的黏度随LO含量增加而增大(图 1AB), 可能为黏度较高的立方液晶或六角相液晶; 但当LO含量 > 4%时, LOL的黏度随LO含量增加而降低(图 1AB), 可能转变为黏度较低的层状液晶甚至非液晶状态, 不再适合皮肤给药。因为皮肤给药制剂尽量保证较高黏度和足够的药物含量, 所以选择LO含量为4%的LOL进行后续研究。
SAXS能在纳米尺度范围检测物质内部电子密度不均匀区的几何结构, 物质电子密度不同, 散射强度不同, 通过布拉格峰的相对位置可判断物质的结构[20]。LLC的3个峰值分别为0.111 493 Å-1、0.128 646 Å-1、0.138 109 Å-1, 比值约$ \sqrt[]{6}:\sqrt[]{14}:\sqrt[]{16} $ (图 1C)。LOL相对LLC布拉格峰峰位右移(图 1C), 3个峰值分别为0.123 914 Å-1、0.142 841 Å-1、0.157 628 Å-1, 比值约$ \sqrt[]{7}:\sqrt[]{9}:\sqrt[]{11} $。据文献[21]报道, LLC符合螺旋型晶格(Ia3d) 立方液晶的峰值比特征, 而LOL符合六角相液晶的峰值比特征。采用偏光显微镜观察LLC和LOL, 进一步确认二者结构。立方液晶和六角相液晶的光学特性不同, 立方液晶为各向同性, 在偏光显微镜下为单折射全黑暗视野, 而六角相液晶为各向异性, 在偏光显微镜下为扇形双折射结构纹理[22]。LLC在偏光显微镜下呈全黑暗视野, 为立方液晶(图 1D); 而LOL呈现扇形双折射现象, 为六角相液晶(图 1D)。载LO后, LLC的结构发生改变, 由立方液晶转变为六角相液晶。
提高经皮给药系统的皮肤渗透性, 能使药物更快到达皮肤病灶部位, 有效增加活性成分在皮肤深层的分布, 提高药物生物利用度, 及时发挥治疗作用[23]。罗丹明B标记的TEA涂抹于健康大鼠背部皮肤后, 逐渐干燥并附着于皮肤表面, 涂抹1 h后皮肤表面还存在载罗丹明B的乳膏(图 2A), 而LLC组表面残留较少, 特别是LOL组几乎无残留, 说明液晶结构易渗透进皮肤, 其中LOL中的六角相液晶皮肤渗透性最大, 1 h的皮肤组织切片的荧光显微镜进一步证明了该结果(图 2B)。
LO在CRBI伤口组织内浓度越大, 越有利于伤口修复。在考察期间内, TEA组的罗丹明B累积透皮量最大, 其次为LO组, 并且随时间延长而增加(图 2C), 但二者在皮肤组织内的罗丹明B浓度比LLC组和LOL组小(图 2C)。LLC组和LOL组的透皮和皮肤滞留行为与TEA组和LO组有较大差异。LLC组和LOL组的罗丹明B累积透皮量在实验期间一直很少, 在84 h时仅有约100 μg·cm-2 (图 2C), 远远低于TEA组和LO组; 而前二者的罗丹明B皮肤滞留在84 h时显著高于后二者(图 2D)。因此, 液晶剂型可增强药物皮肤滞留性, 适合于皮肤给药, 有利于CRBI伤口修复。
烧伤是由摩擦、冷、热、辐射、化学或电击等方式引起的, 临床上根据三度四分法分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ度烧伤, 其中Ⅱ度烧伤分为浅Ⅱ度烧伤和深Ⅱ度烧伤[24]。小鼠背部皮肤在100 ℃烫伤不同时间后均可见上层表皮坏死(图 3)。烫伤2 s和4 s后皮肤组织损伤程度较浅, 主要是表皮层和少部分真皮层受损, 毛囊结构较完整, 为浅Ⅱ度烧伤; 烫伤6 s皮肤组织损伤程度加深, 主要为真皮深层受损, 但未完全坏死, 毛囊结构不完整, 为深Ⅱ度烧伤; 烫伤8 s后, 伤及全皮, 表皮至真皮层完全坏死, 无毛囊等皮肤附件存在, 为Ⅲ度烧伤。Ⅰ度和浅Ⅱ度烧伤机体能自行修复愈合, 无需干预。深Ⅱ度烧伤及Ⅲ度烧伤机体难以自愈, 其中深Ⅱ度烧伤临床病例多[25]。本研究选用直接接触皮肤烫伤6 s建立深Ⅱ度CRBI模型。
伤口创面大小直接反映伤口愈合程度。本研究中, 小鼠深Ⅱ度CRBI造模后, 模型组小鼠伤口修复速度较慢。第3天时各组伤口处出现红色硬质焦痂(图 4A); 模型组伤口闭合率仅9% (图 4B), LO组和LOL组均显示和模型组比较有非常显著的差异(P < 0.001), 并且LOL组显示和TEA组比较有显著差异(P < 0.01), 空白液晶LLC组也和模型组比较有显著差异(P < 0.01), 而TEA组和模型组比较无差异。第7天时各组伤口处仍呈现红色硬质焦痂(图 4A); 模型组伤口闭合率仅24% (图 4B), LO组和LOL组均显示和模型组比较有非常显著的差异(P < 0.001), 空白液晶LLC组和模型组比较无差异, LOL组和TEA组比较有非常显著的差异(P < 0.001)。第14天时各组伤口面积明显变小, 除LOL组焦痂几乎消失外, 其余各组仍有可见焦痂(图 4A); 模型组伤口闭合率已经达到86% (图 4B), LOL组伤口闭合率最高, 已达到95%, 同时, 与模型组及LO组比较具有统计学差异(P < 0.05)。上述结果证明, TEA治疗效果不明显, CRBI伤口修复速率和程度与模型组相近, 可能和TEA皮肤渗透性差、难以渗透进入皮肤深部有关, 因此TEA不适合作为深Ⅱ度CRBI治疗用药。空白液晶LLC也呈现一定治疗效果, 可能和其具有一定保湿性能、封闭伤口有关。其他研究也证明, 溶致液晶具有一定伤口修复效果[26]。LO和LOL均显示较好的CRBI伤口修复效果, 但LOL的效果更明显, 特别是在修复后期, 几乎没有焦痂和形成完整皮肤。这与LOL生物黏附性及皮肤渗透性较好有关。
皮肤烧伤后在修复过程中, 伤口会逐渐加深并形成焦痂, 然后焦痂逐渐脱落, 皮肤组织逐渐修复[27]。上皮、毛囊、皮脂腺的形成是皮肤修复的重要指标[28]。第7天各组伤口处皮肤均呈现坏死并出现焦痂, 其中LOL组焦痂下方出现炎性浸润带, 其余各组未观察到此现象, 说明LOL组最早到达伤口愈合炎症期(图 5, H & E)。第14天, TEA组、LLC组及LOL组焦痂下方均出现完整表皮结构, 但仅LOL组可见新生毛囊, 表明LOL组伤口修复较完整, 处于细胞增殖期(图 5, H & E)。第21天TEA组形成少量皮脂腺, LO组出现少量毛囊, LOL组形成大量毛囊及少量皮脂腺, 最接近正常皮肤的形态。TEA和LO对CRBI伤口皮肤组织修复有一定的促进作用, 但其作用效果显著弱于LOL。然而, LOL组皮肤厚度仍大于正常皮肤组织。因此, 需要进一步考察其内部胶原沉积情况以判断皮肤增厚的原因。
Masson染色可用于表征组织中的胶原沉积, 染色后肌纤维呈红色, 胶原纤维呈蓝色, 伤口修复前期蓝色区域越大, 修复情况越好[29]。给药后第7天, 模型组、TEA组、LO组、LLC组及LOL组均出现大面积红色坏死组织, LO组、LLC组及LOL组均出现少量蓝色胶原纤维, 其中LOL组胶原沉积面积最大(图 5, Masson); 第14天, 模型组、TEA组、LO组、LLC组及LOL组均出现上皮化和明显增加的胶原纤维, 伴有纤维肿胀, 处于疤痕增生期, LOL组胶原排列疏松, 肌纤维排列最有序; 第21天, 各组蓝染增加, CRBI模型组及TEA组胶原纤维明显增厚, 胶原纤维过度增生, 易形成瘢痕, LO组有单个新生毛囊, 但胶原纤维占比小。LOL组在毛囊和皮脂腺周围的乳头真皮和网状真皮中修复正常排列的交织胶原纤维, 与正常真皮结构相似, 但仍较正常组织排列紧密。因此, LOL能促进皮肤胶原纤维形成, 预防瘢痕形成, 促进CRBI伤口愈合。
PCNA用于识别细胞周期处于S期的细胞, 是反映细胞增殖状态的指标[30]。给药后第7天, 仅LOL组坏死组织下方PCNA表达增加, 说明LOL可刺激坏死组织部位细胞增殖, 出现大量新生细胞, 预示有上皮生成; 第14天, LO、LLC及LOL组PCNA表达量急剧增加, 进入增殖期, 而TEA组几乎没有PCNA表达; 第21天, 所有组PCNA均有表达, 但LOL组PCNA主要集中在表皮下层及毛囊周围, 最接近正常组织(图 5, PCNA)。LOL加速细胞增殖的进程, 从而促进伤口愈合。伤口修复初期, PCNA越早出现, 且表达量越高伤口修复越好, 而伤口修复后期, 皮肤组织基本结构形成后, 增殖细胞主要分布在表皮基底层和毛囊周围。
轻度烧伤机体能自愈, 深度烧伤通常需手术切痂治疗, 除引起身体疼痛外, 还会造成睡眠障碍等问题[31]。辐射引起DNA损伤和活性氧自由基产生, 导致细胞周期停滞、衰老或细胞死亡, 延缓伤口愈合[32]。已有研究证明, CRBI自行愈合速率和皮肤再生程度明显低于普通烧伤[33]。CRBI兼具深度烧伤和辐射损伤的特征, 容易引发伤后休克, 伤口不及时处理还会造成感染甚至引发菌血症危及性命[34]。市售处方药TEA虽已被用于治疗辐射引起的各种皮肤损伤, 但其皮肤渗透性差, 仅能渗透至真皮层, 无法满足深度CRBI的治疗需求。亟需开发能适用于深度及大面积CRBI的药物。
LO中海螵蛸含有脂肪酸、固醇、磷脂、脂溶性维生素和微量挥发性成分, 可促进伤口愈合[35]。红花中红花醌、红花苷和黄酮类成分使LO具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗辐射及免疫调节等功效, 其油浸物凝胶被用于治疗皮肤感染并有良好的抗氧化抗菌活性[36]。核桃油富含脂肪酸、酚类、甾醇、角鲨烯、褪黑素、维生素和矿物质, 具有抗辐射作用[37]。菜籽油含丰富的亚油酸和维生素E, 在我国民间与其他中药联用以治疗烧伤等外伤[38]。在各组分协同作用下, LO具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗辐射等功效。LO直接涂布于患处可治疗糖尿病足[10], 口服可用于防治放射性肠炎[11], 制备成纳米乳吸入后可治疗急性肺损伤[9]。本研究进一步将LO用于CRBI的治疗, 单独LO治疗CRBI前期药效较好, 但后期伤口修复缓慢, 其原因为伤口皮肤修复过程中先形成表皮, 而新形成的表皮成为一道皮肤屏障, 阻碍LO的渗透。提高伤口修复过程中LO的皮肤渗透性是将其用于CRBI治疗的关键。
本研究使用GMO制备的LLC刺激性小, 内部水/脂交互结构有利于LO的包载, 同时LLC具有与生物膜相似的双分子层结构, 可松弛皮肤角质层, 增加皮肤表面裂缝, 保持皮肤内部结构湿润, 有利于LO渗透。LOL使用方便, 伤口处外敷即可实现LO的深度皮肤渗透, 刺激细胞增殖, 促进胶原纤维的生成, 加速皮肤附属器形成, 促进CRBI伤口愈合, 避免手术切痂风险。
LOL的皮肤渗透性优于空白LLC (图 2A), 这与二者的结构有关。立方液晶是由球状胶束紧密堆积融合而成的具有各向同性的立方体, 而六角相液晶是由柱状胶束排列成的具有各向异性的六边形阵列[39]。龙油为脂溶性药物, 当其溶解在液晶疏水区时, 根据临界堆积参数公式[40], 亲油部分逐渐增加, 临界堆积参数增大, 影响脂质双分子层的界面曲率, 使液晶发生从立方相到六角相的相变。已有报道六角相液晶的皮肤渗透性较立方液晶高[41], 这可能与前者层状结构比后者网格状结构更易进入皮肤组织有关。另有研究表明溶致液晶能够负载药物透过皮肤角质层, 自身良好的生物黏附性使其进入真皮层后具有较强的亲和性, 可提高药物的皮肤滞留效果[42]。本研究进一步证明了液晶剂型促进药物的皮肤滞留效果, LOL渗透进入皮肤后可使药物长时间滞留于皮肤组织, 使得CRBI伤口组织中在较长一段时间内保持高浓度LO含量, 更利于深度CRBI伤口修复。
上皮再生是伤口愈合的关键指标。伤口愈合过程中先形成表皮, 然后向下增生形成毛囊, 再进一步分化形成皮肤附件(图 5, H & E), LOL能促进此过程, 加速CRBI伤口愈合。胶原纤维的合成是伤口愈合的指标之一, 但其过度增生易形成瘢痕[43]。LOL可促进胶原修复并调控胶原增生, 抑制瘢痕形成。PCNA是一种存在于细胞核内的DNA聚合酶辅助蛋白, 在DNA复制期高表达, 可反映细胞增殖状态[30]。LOL在CRBI伤口修复初期可有效促进PCNA表达, 加速细胞增殖, 促进伤口愈合; 当伤口逐渐愈合并形成皮肤附件后, PCNA主要集中于表皮及毛囊等干细胞周围, 有利于皮肤结构的修复。
深度CRBI病症复杂, 临床无有效治疗方法。LO具良好的抗辐射和促进细胞增殖作用, 有治疗CRBI的潜力, 但由于皮肤渗透性和皮肤滞留效果差, 不利于用于深度CRBI的治疗。本研究制备的LOL解决了LO组织渗透性和滞留性差的问题。伤口处外敷LOL使LO渗透进入皮肤深部, 降低伤口炎症, 促进皮肤胶原修复和细胞增殖, 具有良好的CRBI治疗效果, 为深度CRBI的临床治疗提供了依据。
作者贡献: 郭婉婷负责实验设计、实验操作、数据分析和文章撰写; 贾学丽和刘岩负责实验设计、结果分析和文章修改; 胡亚丹和王可参与实验并进行文章修改; 张蕾和张勇参与部分实验设计; 金义光负责课题设计、实验指导、数据分析、文章写作与修改。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 北京市自然科学基金面上项目(7192148)
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2024年第59卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1404
  • 接收时间:2023-12-15
  • 首发时间:2025-11-27
  • 出版时间:2024-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-15
  • 修回日期:2024-03-22
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北京市自然科学基金面上项目(7192148)
作者信息
    1.广东药科大学药学院, 广东 广州 510006
    2.军事科学院军事医学研究院辐射医学研究所, 北京 100850
    3.安徽龙纪元生物科技有限公司, 安徽 宿州 234000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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