Article(id=1200500166760461305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200500165426672625, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1389, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1702396800000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-13, revisedDate=1708272000000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764151143970, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1718121600000, pubDateStr=2024-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764151143970, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764151143970, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764151143970, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200500165426672625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='6', pageStart='1509', pageEnd='1896', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764151143651, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225143180, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810542001680840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200500165426672625, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810542001680841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200500165426672625, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1616, endPage=1626, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200500167163114496, articleId=1200500166760461305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=A comprehensive review of chemicals and biosynthetic pathways in toad (Bufo) bile, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The toad, known for its various medicinal properties including parotid gland secretion (toad venom), dried skin, and gallbladder (toad bile), holds considerable medicinal applications as a valuable traditional Chinese animal medicine. Currently, in-depth attentions have been paid to the chemical composition and pharmacological properties of toad venom and skin; however, a lesser number of detailed analyses were concentrated on the toad bile. This review provides an overview of the chemical constituents in the bile of the Bufo genus, with a special focus on the cholestane and bufadienolides, and highlights the progress in their biosynthetic pathway and pharmacological activities. The analysis uncovers a distinct category of unsaturated Δ22 or Δ23-C27/C28 bile acids in the toad gallbladder, potentially acting as key intermediaries in forming C-17 α-pyrone of bufadienolides. Furthermore, the high presence of 3α-OH configured bufadienolides in toad bile, in contrast to the common 3β-OH configured found in toad venom or skin, indicates a possible link between their minimal toxicity and the toad's self-defensive or physiological control. This review provides scientific basis for the development and utilization of toad bile resources, and provides useful reference for the discovery of lead compounds, analysis of the biosynthetic pathway of bufadienolides, and research on toad physiology.

, correspAuthors=Zhi-jun SONG, Ren-wang JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li-jun RUAN, Bing-xiong YAN, Yun-qiu WU, Cai-yun YAO, Xiao-nan YANG, Zhi-jun SONG, Ren-wang JIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200500168282992673, articleId=1200500166760461305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=蟾蜍胆的化学成分及其生物合成研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

蟾蜍是一种药用价值很高的经济动物, 其耳后腺分泌物(蟾酥)、干燥皮(蟾皮)、胆汁(蟾胆) 等部位皆可入药, 是名贵的传统动物类中药材。目前, 关于蟾酥和蟾皮的化学成分及药效活性已有较多报道, 而对蟾胆化学成分的综述报道相对较少。本文综述了蟾蜍属(Bufo) 胆汁的化学成分, 特别关注了胆甾烷类和蟾毒内酯类成分, 并报道了这些成分的生物合成途径及药理活性研究进展。综述发现蟾胆存在一类特异的不饱和Δ22Δ23-C27/C28胆甾酸, 这类成分可能是蟾毒内酯C-17位α-吡喃酮形成的重要中间体。此外, 还发现蟾胆中存在丰富的3α-OH构型蟾毒内酯, 与以往从蟾酥或蟾皮分离的3β-OH构型不一致, 这类成分的低毒性可能与蟾蜍的自我防御或生理调节相关。本综述为蟾胆资源的开发和利用提供科学依据, 对药物先导化合物的发现、蟾毒内酯生物合成途径的解析和蟾蜍生理学研究提供有用借鉴。

, correspAuthors=宋志军, 江仁望, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*宋志军, E-mail: ;
江仁望, E-mail:
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Proc Royal Soc B Bio Sci, 2012, 279: 3436-3442., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201118443698353135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[68], rfOrder=67, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ye M, Qu G, Guo H, et al. Novel cytotoxic bufadienolides derived from bufalin by microbial hydroxylation and their structure-activity relationships [J]. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 2004, 91: 87-98., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201118443815793651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[69], rfOrder=68, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ding JS, Huang L, Jia W, et al. Metabolism of ursodeoxycholic acid in human raises challenges to its bioequivalence studies [J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2020, 55: 2070-2079., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201118443933234168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[70], rfOrder=69, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Deng LJ, Li Y, Qi M, et al. Molecular mechanisms of bufadienolides and their novel strategies for cancer treatment [J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 2020, 887: 173379., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201118444042286074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[71], rfOrder=70, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qi FH, Li AY, Zhao L, et al. Apoptosis-inducing effect of cinobufacini on human hepatoma cell line HepG2 and its mechanism of action [J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2010, 45: 318-323., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201118444168115200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[72], rfOrder=71, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang HQ, Huo JG. Research progress on antitumor effect of Bufonis Venenum [J]. Asia-Pacific Tradit Med (亚太传统医药), 2023, 19: 204-209., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201118444314914819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[73], rfOrder=72, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Puschett JB, Agunanne E, Uddin MN. Emerging role of the bufadienolides in cardiovascular and kidney diseases [J]. Am J Kidney Dis, 2010, 56: 359-370., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201118444461715460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[74], rfOrder=73, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xue KX. Experimental reseach on the effects of resibufogenin and neostigminum on the respiratory depression caused by anabasine [J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 1979, 12: 738-741., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1201118430037504516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, awardId=2021GXNSFBA220068, language=CN, fundingSource=广西自然科学基金资助项目(2021GXNSFBA220068), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1201118430180110865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, awardId=81872760, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(81872760), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1201118430314328604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, awardId=2021A1515011251, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省自然科学基金资助项目(2021A1515011251), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1201118430473712170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, awardId=2021A0505030032, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省科学计划项目(2021A0505030032), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1201118420847784873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201118420856173482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, companyId=1201118420847784873, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. National Engineering Research Center for Southwest Endangered Medicinal Materials Resources Development, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201118420864562091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, companyId=1201118420847784873, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.广西壮族自治区药用植物园, 西南濒危药材资源开发国家工程研究中心, 广西 南宁 530023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1201118420998779829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201118421007168438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, companyId=1201118420998779829, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Draggability Assessment, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201118421019751352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, companyId=1201118420998779829, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.暨南大学药学院, 生物活性分子和成药性评价全国重点实验室, 广东 广州 510632)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1201118427374121357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Ia7zuJJBa6KQhvv75g3ekA==, figureFileBig=4Lk1RiRvrC2Fg7KrpPv4MQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118427491561881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= The cholestane structures from the bile of <i>Bufo</i> genus , figureFileSmall=Ia7zuJJBa6KQhvv75g3ekA==, figureFileBig=4Lk1RiRvrC2Fg7KrpPv4MQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118427621585315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=1+5fNxIrLyL06WGU2/pN6w==, figureFileBig=xfG0h0YVG4RMfU4/HyQsvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118427722248624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= The bufadienolides structures from the bile of <i>Bufo</i> genus , figureFileSmall=1+5fNxIrLyL06WGU2/pN6w==, figureFileBig=xfG0h0YVG4RMfU4/HyQsvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118427902603706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=eIOVss3XRkrco6zLegqCTA==, figureFileBig=M/FwzqEigAyoPpnkh/+hzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118429144117700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= The plausible biosynthesis pathway of <i>Δ</i><sup>22</sup>-C<sub>28</sub> and <i>Δ</i><sup>22</sup>-C<sub>27</sub> bile acid <sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b12')" rid="b12">12</a>]</sup>, the blue line highlights the structural change of the side chain in C-17. This figure is modified with permission from reference [<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b12')" rid="b12">12</a>], which is openly licensed under CC BY 4.0, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="mag-xml-ext-link">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a> , figureFileSmall=eIOVss3XRkrco6zLegqCTA==, figureFileBig=M/FwzqEigAyoPpnkh/+hzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118429299306960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.Component nameSpeciesClassReference
1(22E, 20R, 24R, 25R)-3α, 12α-Dihydroxy-5β-cholest-22-ene-24-carboxylic lactone (bufolic acid A)aC28[12]
2(22E, 20R, 24R)-3α, 7α, 12α-Trihydroxy-5β-cholest-22-ene-24-carboxylic acid (bufolic acid B)a, bC28[12-14]
3(22E, 20R, 24R)-3α, 7α, 12α-Trihydroxy-5α-cholest-22-ene-24-carboxylic acid (bufolic acid C)a, bC28[12-14]
4(22E, 20R, 24R)-3α, 12α-Dihydroxy-5β-cholest-7-oxo-22-ene-24-carboxylic acid (bufolic acid D)aC28[12]
53α, 12α, 24-Trihydroxy-24-methyl-7-oxo-22-ene-5β-cholestan-26-oic acid (bufolic acid E)aC28[12]
63α, 7α, 12α, 24-Tetrahydroxy-24-methyl-5β-cholestan-26-oic acidbC28[13, 14]
7(22E, 20R, 25S)-3α, 7α, 12α-Trihydroxy-5β-cholest-22-ene-26-oic acid (bufonic acid Ⅱ)aC27[12]
83α, 7α, 12α-Trihydroxy-5β-cholest-23-en-26-oic acid (Δ23-3α, 7α, 12α-trihydroxycoprostenic acids)b, c, dC27[13-15]
93α, 7α, 12α, 26-Tetrahydroxy-5β-cholest-23-en-27-oiccC27[13]
103α, 7α, 12α-Trihydroxy-5α-cholest-23-en-26-oic acidb, cC27[13, 14]
113α, 7α, 12α-Trihydroxy-5α-cholestan-26-oic acidb, cC27[13, 14]
123α, 7α, 12α, 26-Tetrahydroxy-5α-cholestan-27-oiccC27[13]
133α, 7α, 12α, 26-Tetrahydroxy-5β-cholestan-27-oiccC27[13]
143α, 7α, 12α-Trihydroxy-Δ16 (or Δ14)-25α-coprostenic acid (bufonic acid Ⅰ)bC27[16]
153α, 7α, 12α-Trihydroxy-5β-cholestan-26-oic acidb, cC27[13, 14]
163α, 7α, 12α, 24-Tetrahydroxy-5β-cholestan-26-oic acid (varanic acid)b, cC27[13, 14]
175β-Cholestane-3α, 7α, 12α, 26-tetrolsb, cC27[13]
185β-Cholestane-3α, 7α, 12α, 25, 26-pentol (5β-bufol)cC27[13, 17]
195β-Cholestane-3α, 7α, 12α, 25, 26, 27-hexolbC27[13, 16]
205α-Cholestane-3α, 7α, 12α, 26-tetrolsb, cC27[13]
215β-Bufol sulfateb, cC27[13, 17]
22Bufospirostenin AaC27[18]
233α, 12α-Dihydroxy-15-oxo-5β, 14α-cholan-24-oic acid (cholicone A)aC24[12]
243α, 12α-Dihydroxy-15-oxo-5β, 14α-cholan-24-oic acid ester (cholicone B)aC24[12]
253α, 12α, 15α-Trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acidaC24[12]
26Cholic acidb, cC24[12-14]
27Allocholic acidb, cC24[13, 14]
), ArticleFig(id=1201118429458690524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Cholestane constituents from the bile of Bufo genus. a: Bufo bufo gargarizans; b: Bufo vulgaris formosus; c: Bufo marinus; d: Bufo vulgaris japonicus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.Component nameSpeciesClassReference
1(22E, 20R, 24R, 25R)-3α, 12α-Dihydroxy-5β-cholest-22-ene-24-carboxylic lactone (bufolic acid A)aC28[12]
2(22E, 20R, 24R)-3α, 7α, 12α-Trihydroxy-5β-cholest-22-ene-24-carboxylic acid (bufolic acid B)a, bC28[12-14]
3(22E, 20R, 24R)-3α, 7α, 12α-Trihydroxy-5α-cholest-22-ene-24-carboxylic acid (bufolic acid C)a, bC28[12-14]
4(22E, 20R, 24R)-3α, 12α-Dihydroxy-5β-cholest-7-oxo-22-ene-24-carboxylic acid (bufolic acid D)aC28[12]
53α, 12α, 24-Trihydroxy-24-methyl-7-oxo-22-ene-5β-cholestan-26-oic acid (bufolic acid E)aC28[12]
63α, 7α, 12α, 24-Tetrahydroxy-24-methyl-5β-cholestan-26-oic acidbC28[13, 14]
7(22E, 20R, 25S)-3α, 7α, 12α-Trihydroxy-5β-cholest-22-ene-26-oic acid (bufonic acid Ⅱ)aC27[12]
83α, 7α, 12α-Trihydroxy-5β-cholest-23-en-26-oic acid (Δ23-3α, 7α, 12α-trihydroxycoprostenic acids)b, c, dC27[13-15]
93α, 7α, 12α, 26-Tetrahydroxy-5β-cholest-23-en-27-oiccC27[13]
103α, 7α, 12α-Trihydroxy-5α-cholest-23-en-26-oic acidb, cC27[13, 14]
113α, 7α, 12α-Trihydroxy-5α-cholestan-26-oic acidb, cC27[13, 14]
123α, 7α, 12α, 26-Tetrahydroxy-5α-cholestan-27-oiccC27[13]
133α, 7α, 12α, 26-Tetrahydroxy-5β-cholestan-27-oiccC27[13]
143α, 7α, 12α-Trihydroxy-Δ16 (or Δ14)-25α-coprostenic acid (bufonic acid Ⅰ)bC27[16]
153α, 7α, 12α-Trihydroxy-5β-cholestan-26-oic acidb, cC27[13, 14]
163α, 7α, 12α, 24-Tetrahydroxy-5β-cholestan-26-oic acid (varanic acid)b, cC27[13, 14]
175β-Cholestane-3α, 7α, 12α, 26-tetrolsb, cC27[13]
185β-Cholestane-3α, 7α, 12α, 25, 26-pentol (5β-bufol)cC27[13, 17]
195β-Cholestane-3α, 7α, 12α, 25, 26, 27-hexolbC27[13, 16]
205α-Cholestane-3α, 7α, 12α, 26-tetrolsb, cC27[13]
215β-Bufol sulfateb, cC27[13, 17]
22Bufospirostenin AaC27[18]
233α, 12α-Dihydroxy-15-oxo-5β, 14α-cholan-24-oic acid (cholicone A)aC24[12]
243α, 12α-Dihydroxy-15-oxo-5β, 14α-cholan-24-oic acid ester (cholicone B)aC24[12]
253α, 12α, 15α-Trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acidaC24[12]
26Cholic acidb, cC24[12-14]
27Allocholic acidb, cC24[13, 14]
), ArticleFig(id=1201118429609685477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.Component nameSpeciesClassReference
283-epi-Bufolienea3α-OH[43]
293-epi-6β-Hydroxycinobufagina3α-OH[43]
303-epi-Cinobufotalina3α-OH[43]
313-epi-19-Hydroxyresibufogenina3α-OH[43]
323-epi-Arenobufagina3α-OH[43]
333-epi-ψ-Bufarenogina3α-OH[43]
343-epi-Bufalina3α-OH[43]
353-epi-7β-Hydroxybufalina3α-OH[43]
363-epi-Bufotalina3α-OH[43]
373-epi-Gambufotalina3α-OH[43]
383-epi-Desacetylbufotalina3α-OH[43]
393-epi-Resibufogenina3α-OH[43]
403-epi-Desacetylcinobufagina3α-OH[43]
413-epi-12β-Hydroxyresibufogenina3α-OH[43]
423-epi-Argentinogenina3α-OH[43]
435β,12α-Dihydroxy-3-epi-resibufogenin 3-O-β-D-xylo-pentodialdosidec3α-OH[44]
445β-Hydroxy-3-epi-resibufogenin 3-O-β-D-xylo-pentodialdosidec3α-OH[44]
45Argentinogenina3β-OH[43]
46Bufotalina3β-OH[43]
47Telocinobufagina3β-OH[43]
48Hellebrigenina3β-OH[43]
49Desacetylcinobufotalina3β-OH[43]
50Cinobufotalina3β-OH[43]
51Marinobufagin-3-sulfatec3β-OH[45]
52Resibufogenin-3-sulfatec3β-OH[45]
5312β-Hydroxytetrahydroresibufogeninc3β-OH[45]
5412β-Hydroxytetrahydroresibufogenin-3-sulfatec3β-OH[45]
), ArticleFig(id=1201118429743903215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166760461305, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Bufadienolide constituents from the bile of Bufo genus. a: Bufo bufo gargarizans; c: Bufo marinus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.Component nameSpeciesClassReference
283-epi-Bufolienea3α-OH[43]
293-epi-6β-Hydroxycinobufagina3α-OH[43]
303-epi-Cinobufotalina3α-OH[43]
313-epi-19-Hydroxyresibufogenina3α-OH[43]
323-epi-Arenobufagina3α-OH[43]
333-epi-ψ-Bufarenogina3α-OH[43]
343-epi-Bufalina3α-OH[43]
353-epi-7β-Hydroxybufalina3α-OH[43]
363-epi-Bufotalina3α-OH[43]
373-epi-Gambufotalina3α-OH[43]
383-epi-Desacetylbufotalina3α-OH[43]
393-epi-Resibufogenina3α-OH[43]
403-epi-Desacetylcinobufagina3α-OH[43]
413-epi-12β-Hydroxyresibufogenina3α-OH[43]
423-epi-Argentinogenina3α-OH[43]
435β,12α-Dihydroxy-3-epi-resibufogenin 3-O-β-D-xylo-pentodialdosidec3α-OH[44]
445β-Hydroxy-3-epi-resibufogenin 3-O-β-D-xylo-pentodialdosidec3α-OH[44]
45Argentinogenina3β-OH[43]
46Bufotalina3β-OH[43]
47Telocinobufagina3β-OH[43]
48Hellebrigenina3β-OH[43]
49Desacetylcinobufotalina3β-OH[43]
50Cinobufotalina3β-OH[43]
51Marinobufagin-3-sulfatec3β-OH[45]
52Resibufogenin-3-sulfatec3β-OH[45]
5312β-Hydroxytetrahydroresibufogeninc3β-OH[45]
5412β-Hydroxytetrahydroresibufogenin-3-sulfatec3β-OH[45]
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蟾蜍胆的化学成分及其生物合成研究进展
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阮丽君 1, 2 , 闫炳雄 1 , 吴云秋 1 , 姚彩云 1 , 杨晓男 1 , 宋志军 1, * , 江仁望 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2024,59(6): 1616-1626
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药学学报 | 综述 2024, 59(6): 1616-1626
蟾蜍胆的化学成分及其生物合成研究进展
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阮丽君1, 2, 闫炳雄1, 吴云秋1, 姚彩云1, 杨晓男1, 宋志军1, * , 江仁望2, *
作者信息
  • 1.广西壮族自治区药用植物园, 西南濒危药材资源开发国家工程研究中心, 广西 南宁 530023
  • 2.暨南大学药学院, 生物活性分子和成药性评价全国重点实验室, 广东 广州 510632

通讯作者:

*宋志军, E-mail: ;
江仁望, E-mail:
A comprehensive review of chemicals and biosynthetic pathways in toad (Bufo) bile
Li-jun RUAN1, 2, Bing-xiong YAN1, Yun-qiu WU1, Cai-yun YAO1, Xiao-nan YANG1, Zhi-jun SONG1, * , Ren-wang JIANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. National Engineering Research Center for Southwest Endangered Medicinal Materials Resources Development, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
  • 2. State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Draggability Assessment, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
出版时间: 2024-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1389
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蟾蜍是一种药用价值很高的经济动物, 其耳后腺分泌物(蟾酥)、干燥皮(蟾皮)、胆汁(蟾胆) 等部位皆可入药, 是名贵的传统动物类中药材。目前, 关于蟾酥和蟾皮的化学成分及药效活性已有较多报道, 而对蟾胆化学成分的综述报道相对较少。本文综述了蟾蜍属(Bufo) 胆汁的化学成分, 特别关注了胆甾烷类和蟾毒内酯类成分, 并报道了这些成分的生物合成途径及药理活性研究进展。综述发现蟾胆存在一类特异的不饱和Δ22Δ23-C27/C28胆甾酸, 这类成分可能是蟾毒内酯C-17位α-吡喃酮形成的重要中间体。此外, 还发现蟾胆中存在丰富的3α-OH构型蟾毒内酯, 与以往从蟾酥或蟾皮分离的3β-OH构型不一致, 这类成分的低毒性可能与蟾蜍的自我防御或生理调节相关。本综述为蟾胆资源的开发和利用提供科学依据, 对药物先导化合物的发现、蟾毒内酯生物合成途径的解析和蟾蜍生理学研究提供有用借鉴。

蟾蜍属  /  蟾胆  /  胆甾烷  /  蟾毒内酯  /  生物合成

The toad, known for its various medicinal properties including parotid gland secretion (toad venom), dried skin, and gallbladder (toad bile), holds considerable medicinal applications as a valuable traditional Chinese animal medicine. Currently, in-depth attentions have been paid to the chemical composition and pharmacological properties of toad venom and skin; however, a lesser number of detailed analyses were concentrated on the toad bile. This review provides an overview of the chemical constituents in the bile of the Bufo genus, with a special focus on the cholestane and bufadienolides, and highlights the progress in their biosynthetic pathway and pharmacological activities. The analysis uncovers a distinct category of unsaturated Δ22 or Δ23-C27/C28 bile acids in the toad gallbladder, potentially acting as key intermediaries in forming C-17 α-pyrone of bufadienolides. Furthermore, the high presence of 3α-OH configured bufadienolides in toad bile, in contrast to the common 3β-OH configured found in toad venom or skin, indicates a possible link between their minimal toxicity and the toad's self-defensive or physiological control. This review provides scientific basis for the development and utilization of toad bile resources, and provides useful reference for the discovery of lead compounds, analysis of the biosynthetic pathway of bufadienolides, and research on toad physiology.

Bufo  /  toad bile  /  cholestane  /  bufadienolides  /  biosynthesis
阮丽君, 闫炳雄, 吴云秋, 姚彩云, 杨晓男, 宋志军, 江仁望. 蟾蜍胆的化学成分及其生物合成研究进展. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (6) : 1616 -1626 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1389
Li-jun RUAN, Bing-xiong YAN, Yun-qiu WU, Cai-yun YAO, Xiao-nan YANG, Zhi-jun SONG, Ren-wang JIANG. A comprehensive review of chemicals and biosynthetic pathways in toad (Bufo) bile[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (6) : 1616 -1626 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1389
胆汁是一种传统中药, 在我国具有悠久的使用历史, 如牛胆、鹅胆、熊胆和蛇胆等动物胆汁, 被广泛应用于中医药领域, 以清热解毒、利湿、止咳和通便等功效而闻名[1, 2]。胆汁是由肝细胞不断分泌并储藏于胆囊的具有苦味的有色混合液汁, 胆汁排泄至肠道后, 对于促进食物的消化发挥着重要作用, 为脾胃的正常消化吸收提供必要条件, 具有重要的生理学意义[3]。胆汁是由86%的水和14%的其他物质组成, 主要成分涵盖了胆甾烷类、胆色素、脂肪酸、氨基酸以及无机盐。其中, 胆汁的颜色主要来源于胆色素, 苦味则来自于胆汁酸, 而黏稠性则由粘蛋白的含量决定[4]。这些成分不仅赋予胆汁其特有的性质, 还使其在中药治疗中发挥重要的价值。
蟾蜍科(Bufonidae) 现存有54属609种(https://www.catalogueoflife.org/), 其中蟾蜍属(Bufo genus) 为蟾蜍科下的重要类群, 分布于广大的热带和温带地区。在中国, 蟾蜍属包括19种, 遍布全国各地。我国常见的蟾蜍属动物主要有中华大蟾蜍(Bufo bufo gargarizans)、中华蟾蜍华西亚种(Bufo gargarizans andrewsi)、黑眶蟾蜍(Bufo melanostictus) 等, 这些物种的皮肤、蟾蜕和耳后腺分泌物都被用作药材。其中, 蟾酥也被称为蟾蜍眉脂或蟾蜍眉酥, 是由蟾蜍耳后腺分泌的一种名贵中药材。此外, 其干燥皮肤(蟾皮)、蟾蜍蜕下的角质衣膜(蟾衣)、舌头(蟾舌)、肝脏(蟾肝)、胆囊(蟾胆) 等皆有用药记载[5, 6]
蟾蜍胆是蟾蜍属动物的胆囊, 具有苦味, 呈黄绿或绿色。根据《吉林中草药》记载[6], 蟾胆性寒、味苦, 归肝经, 具有镇咳、祛痰、解毒和散结等功效, 主要治疗气管炎、小儿失音、早期淋巴结结核、鼻疔等疾病。鉴于动物胆汁的重要价值和蟾胆广泛的传统应用, 本综述报道了蟾蜍属胆汁的化学成分、生物合成及药理活性研究进展, 为蟾蜍胆关键成分的生物合成和药用资源的开发利用提供科学依据。
蟾蜍胆因丰富的化学成分而备受关注, 据国内外研究报告, 蟾蜍属胆囊的主要成分包括胆甾烷类(cholestane)、蟾毒内酯类(bufadienolide)、胆绿素以及其他类。其中, 胆甾烷类是胆汁中主要成分之一, 蟾毒内酯则是蟾蜍属中一类独特成分, 以下将详细综述蟾蜍属胆囊中胆甾烷和蟾毒内酯类成分的结构。
胆汁酸的化学研究可以追溯到19世纪初, 但对其精确的化学结构分析直到20世纪才取得重大突破。1917年, Wieland首次从公牛胆中分离出胆酸(cholic acid)[7]。然而, 受限于当时的研究技术, 胆酸的确切的化学结构一直未能确定。直到1932年, Bernal采用X-射线衍射法成功解析了胆酸的环戊烷多氢菲结构, Rosenheim和King则确定了其正确的化学结构式[8]。这一重要发现引领了动物胆甾酸成分研究的热潮, 科学家开始探索不同物种胆汁的化学成分。对于蟾蜍胆的化学成分研究, 始于上世纪30年代, 最早由日本的Shimizu和Oda等研究者展开, 至今已有近90年的历史[7]
胆甾烷类化合物包括一个环戊烷多氢菲母核, 以及与C-17位相连的脂肪侧链[9]。这些化合物根据侧链取代基的不同, 分为胆甾醇和胆甾酸。或根据C-17位脂肪链长度的差异, 又可分为C24胆甾烷、C27胆甾烷、C28胆甾烷和其他类(如C30、C29、C26等)[7, 8]。胆甾烷的结构在不同物种间存在显著多样性, 主要体现在①侧链结构的不同; ② A/B环骈合方式的多样性; ③羟基的数量、位置和构型的差异[8]。这些差异不仅表明了不同动物中胆汁酸的化学多样性, 同时也反映了物种之间的进化关系, 呈现出C27胆甾醇→C27胆甾酸→C24胆甾酸的进化规律[9, 10]。例如, 低等动物如鱼类、爬行类和两栖类主要含有C27胆甾醇和C27胆甾酸, 而哺乳类等高等脊椎动物的胆汁主要是C24胆甾酸。
目前, 蟾胆的化学成分研究主要集中在蟾蜍属Bufo bufo gargarizansBufo japonicus (包括Bufo vulgaris formosusBufo vulgaris japonicus) 和Bufo marinus (海蟾蜍) 品种。早前研究多是通过LC-MS、TLC对比、GC-MS衍生化确定结构[11]表 1[12-18]图 1中列出了蟾蜍胆中已报道的胆甾烷类成分,根据结构类型, 进一步分为C28胆甾烷、C27胆甾烷和C24胆甾酸。
具有28个碳原子, C-17位连有一个C9单元的脂肪链, 侧链羟基或羧酸化位置常位于脂肪链的C-24或C-26位。与胆固醇相比, 其结构在C-24位多了一个甲基或羧基, 具有与菜油甾醇(campesterol) 相似的骨架结构。已报道从Bufo bufo gargarizansBufo vulgaris formosus的胆中共分离得到了5个C28胆甾酸(1~5) 和1个C28胆甾醇(6)[12-14], 见图 1
C28胆甾烷在自然界中较少见, 目前仅在两栖科无尾目[19]和棘皮动物[20]中发现, 如蟾蜍属、蛙属(Rana) 以及海星(starfish)。蟾蜍体内的C28胆甾酸与其他科属的C28胆甾烷具明显差异, 即蟾蜍属中的C28胆甾酸的C9单元常具有Δ22Δ23双键结构; 而其他科属动物的侧链通常是饱和的C9单元, 如蛙属牛蛙(R. catesbeiana) 胆汁中饱和的C28胆甾酸—3α, 7α, 12α-trihydroxy-24-methyl-5β-cholestan-26-oic acid [21]。猜测这类特异的不饱和Δ22/Δ23-C28胆甾烷很可能与蟾蜍体内蟾毒内酯的生物合成密切相关, 可能是蟾毒内酯C-17位α-吡喃(α-pyrone) 合成的关键中间体[12]
具有27个碳原子, C-17位连有一个C8单元的脂肪链, 根据侧链的取代基又可进一步分为C27胆甾醇和C27胆甾酸, 侧链羟基化或羧酸化位置常位于C-26/C-27位。C27胆甾烷主要存在进化初期原始的脊椎动物中, 如鱼类、两栖类, 以及一些进化原始鸟类[22]。此外, 在一些进化高级的物种中, 常以中间体的形式痕量存在, 如哺乳动物。
C27胆甾烷是蟾胆中种类最丰富且含量较高的有机小分子化合物, 同时也是两栖类动物胆汁主要的结构类型[19]。根据文献报道, 已从蟾胆中分离了10个C27胆甾酸(7~16) 和6个C27胆甾醇(17~22), 见图 1。有趣的是, 有4个C27胆甾酸(7~10) 的C-17位脂肪链具有Δ22Δ23双键结构, 这个与Δ22Δ23-C28胆甾酸极为相似, 这些不饱和侧链成分可能具有相似的合成途径。
此外, 从Bufo bufo gargarizans胆囊中分离了一个具有5/7/6/5/5/6环的螺甾烷醇类bufospirostenin A成分(22) [18], 这是首次在动物体内发现的一个螺甾烷醇骨架, 目前该化合物的生物来源、生理功能及药理活性尚未充分挖掘。该结构推测以体内胆固醇作为起始原料, 经一系列的氧化、羟基化、羟醛缩合等反应过程, 形成普通的螺甾烷中间体, 随后其C-1位羟基脱水, 发生Wagner-Meerwein重排, A/B环开环后发生重排, 最后形成终产物bufospirostenin A。该化合物特殊的骨架类型引起化学家的兴趣, 已有报道实现了该结构高效的不对称全合成[23]
具有24个碳原子, C-17位连有一个C5单元的脂肪链, 羧酸化位置常位于侧链末端(C-24位)。这类胆甾酸最为常见, 几乎分布在所有的高等脊椎动物的胆汁中, 如哺乳动物、大多数的鳍鱼类、蛇类和鸟类等[10]。蟾蜍属中C24胆甾酸含量较低, 种类较少, 比较特征的是从Bufo bufo gargarizans的胆囊分离到了3个含量较高的C-15位氧化的C24胆甾酸(23~25)[12], 见图 1。而这类具有C-15羟基化的C24胆甾酸在脊椎动物中并不常见, 虽然在袋熊、天鹅、树鸭和鹅发现有少量存在[24, 25]。有推测蟾蜍体内C-15位氧化的C24胆甾酸可能是蟾毒内酯生物合成的重要中间体, 对蟾毒内酯中14β-OH或14β, 15β-环氧结构的形成有关键作用[12]
蟾毒内酯又称蟾蜍二烯内酯, 是一类具有强心活性的C24甾体化合物, 广泛分布在植物和动物中[26], 如植物的景天科[27]和风信子科[28]等, 动物的蟾蜍属[5]、Rhabdophis属蛇[29]和萤火虫[30]中, 此外在哺乳动物甚至人体中也发现微量的内源性蟾毒内酯[31]。其结构特征是甾体的C-17位上连有一个六元不饱和内酯环—α-吡喃酮, 属于乙型强心甾; 其C-3位羟基存在苷元和酯化衍生物两种形式, 与3位成酯的单元常有氨基酸、脂肪二酸, 脂肪二酸的氨基酸酯、糖、硫酸盐、铵盐、钠盐等[32], 其中根据C-3位羟基构型不同, 可分为3β-OH构型蟾毒内酯和3α-OH构型蟾毒内酯。
蟾毒内酯来源最丰富的是蟾蜍腺体分泌物(蟾酥) 和皮肤(蟾皮)[33-35], 此外其他组织也有发现蟾毒内酯的存在, 如蟾蜍肉[36]、血液[37, 38]、卵巢[39]、受精卵[40-42]等。蟾蜍胆同样存在丰富的蟾毒内酯[43-45], 该特征有别于其他动物胆汁的化学成分。现已从Bufo bufo gargarizansBufo marinus的胆囊中共分离了27个蟾毒内酯成分, 包括17个3α-OH构型(28~44) 和10个3β-OH蟾毒内酯(45~54), 见表 2[43-45]图 2。有趣的是, 蟾蜍胆中蟾毒内酯的结构与体表组织(毒腺、皮肤) 的结构特征略有不同, 主要差异为3-OH取代构型不同, 如毒腺分泌的主要为3β-OH蟾毒内酯苷元, 而蟾胆及体内组织主要是3α-OH构型或3β-OH酯化衍生物[43-45]
目前, 蟾蜍组织内蟾毒内酯C-3位-OH构型变化的生物学意义尚不清楚。有研究显示3α-OH构型蟾毒内酯与腺苷三磷酸酶钠钾泵(Na+, K+-ATPase) 的结合活性显著弱于3β-OH苷元[45-47], 推断蟾蜍体内的3α-OH蟾毒内酯可能与蟾蜍自身水盐代谢及渗透压调节相关[48], 或与自身的防御解毒相关[43]
蟾蜍体内同时存在C24、C27和C28三类胆甾烷结构。对于蟾胆中C24、C27胆甾烷的生物合成途径, 与哺乳动物的合成方式基本相同, 都是胆固醇→C27胆甾醇→C27胆甾酸→C24胆甾酸的生物转化过程[8, 10, 22]。首先, 胆固醇在细胞色素P450酶的催化下, 发生C-7位羟基化, 形成7α-羟基胆固醇; 接下来, 进行C-3羟基异构化(3β-OH→3α-OH) 和Δ5-双键异构化(Δ5Δ4, 并形成5β-H); 同时侧链C-27位羟基化, 形成C27胆甾醇, 进一步氧化形成C27胆甾酸; 最后侧链裂解, 生成C24胆甾酸[49]
对于C28胆甾烷的生物合成过程, 合成前体被认为是C28菜油甾醇, 并非像其他胆甾烷是由胆固醇转化而来。这个结论得到了三方面研究的支持: 首先, Hoshita等[50, 51]Bufo vulgaris formosus体内注射[4-14C] 胆固醇, 在胆汁中不能检测到标记的C28胆甾酸25, 而该成分是Bufo vulgaris formosus的主要成分, 这一结果证实了胆固醇不能合成C28胆甾烷。其次, 在Bufo bufo gargarizansBufo vulgaris formosus肝脏和胆汁中均检测到较丰富的菜油甾醇和C28胆甾酸, 这间接说明菜油甾醇可能是C28胆甾烷的生物合成前体化合物[12, 52, 53]。相反的, Yoshii等[13]Bufo marinus并未分离获得C28胆甾酸, 同时也未检测到菜油甾醇, 这说明C28胆甾酸的形成与体内菜油甾醇密切相关; 即便蟾蜍体内注射[2-14C] mevalonate (甲羟戊酸), 仍未能检测到标记的C28胆甾酸的生成, 这表明蟾蜍自身不能合成C28甾醇, 也不能进一步氧化生成C28胆甾酸。而关于菜油甾醇的生物来源, 更多的学者认为这种化合物不是由蟾蜍自身合成的, 而是通过食物获取[12]。但主要以昆虫、蠕虫和蜥蜴等肉食为主的蟾蜍, 体内存在丰富的植物甾醇(菜油甾醇) 着实令人疑惑。
此外, 还比较有争议的是蟾胆不饱和Δ22/Δ23-C27胆甾酸的合成方式, 其合成前体有不饱和Δ22-C28胆甾酸和饱和C27胆甾酸两种说法。Hoshita等[50]研究发现, 在Bufo vulgaris formosus体内注射[4-14C] 胆固醇后, 可以检测到被标记的饱和C27胆甾烷151720, 但未能检测到不饱和C27胆甾酸8和不饱和C28胆甾酸2, 而这类不饱和胆甾烷是该蟾蜍胆的主要成分, 推测不饱和C27胆甾酸的合成前体并非胆固醇, 是由不饱和的Δ23-C28胆甾烷转化而来。然而, Yoshii等[13]Bufo marinus体中发现大量的不饱和的Δ23-C27胆甾酸, 并未检测到Δ22-C28胆甾酸成分, 认为Δ22/Δ23-C27胆甾酸可以直接由胆固醇途径生物转化而来, 不需经Δ22-C28胆甾酸转化。Ruan等[12]Bufo bufo gargarizans体内同时分离到不饱和的Δ22-C28胆甾酸和Δ22-C27胆甾酸, 推测Δ22-C27的来源方式可能同时存在上述两种模式, 见图 3[12], 但仍需进一步实验证实。
蟾毒内酯在植物和动物中广泛分布, 但这两个生物界的生物合成途径有所不同。在植物中, 蟾毒内酯化合物以胆固醇为起始原料, 其侧链裂解形成一个关键的中间体—孕烯酮醇, 随后结合一个C3片段(草酰辅酶A), 最终形成蟾毒内酯[35, 54]。在动物体中, 蟾蜍和萤火虫是目前被认为唯一可以自身合成蟾毒内酯的物种[55, 56], 大多数文献[57-61]支持蟾蜍体内的胆甾酸是蟾毒内酯的合成前体, 不同于植物合成中需要经过孕烯酮醇中间体过程。关于蟾毒内酯的生物合成, 关注重点有C-17位六元内酯环和3β-OH构型蟾胆内酯的形成。
关于C-17位六元内酯环的形成, 主要观点认为是由C24胆甾酸的侧链转化而来。Porto等[60-62]研究发现, 与植物不同, 蟾蜍中的蟾毒内酯化合物不能由孕烯酮醇过程转化合成, 他们在蟾蜍体内注射具有放射性标记的孕烯醇酮, 饲养2~6月后, 蟾蜍的毒腺未能检测到放射性标记蟾毒内酯; 然而采用红海葱(Scilla maritima) 的鳞茎与孕烯醇酮孵育14天后, 可以明显检测到标记的蟾毒内酯。此外, Chen等[57]研究发现, 通过皮下注射14C标记的不同构型的C24胆甾酸, 经过几周的饲养, 可以在蟾蜍的毒腺中检测到放射性标记的蟾毒内酯, 并且当底物为3β-OH胆甾酸时, 蟾毒内酯合成产率远高于底物为胆固醇或3α-OH胆甾酸。随后, Garraffo等[58]研究认为胆固醇或者具有类似胆固醇的C27甾体均能成为蟾毒内酯的合成前体化合物。最近, 文献[12]报道了从Bufo bufo gargarizans的胆囊中分离出了一系列C-17位脂肪链不饱和的Δ22/Δ23-C28/C27胆甾酸(目前仅在蟾蜍属中分离到), 这类不饱和的Δ22/Δ23-脂肪链似乎更有利形成蟾毒内酯C-17位的α-吡喃酮, 因此, 有理由推断蟾蜍体内可能广泛存在Δ22/Δ23烯基化酶, 对于蟾毒内酯中α-吡喃酮的形成至关重要。
由于蟾蜍毒腺和体内组织器官的蟾毒内酯C-3位-OH的构型差异较大, 关于体内3α-OH蟾毒内酯来源有毒腺中3β-OH蟾毒内酯合成中间体和代谢解毒两种学说。一种观点认为蟾蜍内脏3α-OH蟾毒内酯是体表 3β-OH蟾毒内酯的合成前体, 因为目前蟾蜍报道的胆甾酸其C-3位皆为3α-OH构型, 从生物合成角度来说, 3α-OH构型胆甾酸更容易转化生成3α-OH构型蟾毒内酯[57], 内脏中3α-OH蟾毒内酯再经异构化酶作用生成3β-OH蟾毒内酯。另一种观点是内脏蟾毒内酯是体表的代谢产物, 主要是基于目前报道的3α-OH构型蟾毒内酯主要来源于动物(小鼠、蛇等) 肝脏等组织的降解代谢产物[63, 64], 其活性、毒性皆远低于3β-OH构型, 因而该观点认为蟾毒内酯是胆甾酸直接在蟾蜍腺体中合成[58], 而后转运到内脏组织后发生代谢解毒[45, 65]。最近研究发现蟾蜍体内组织可以将3β-OH蟾毒内酯不可逆地转化成3α-OH, 似乎更能支持后者蟾蜍体内蟾毒内酯的代谢解毒学说[43]
在探究蟾毒内酯具体合成部位时, Santa Coloma等[59]发现蟾蜍的腺体虽不能以甲羟戊酸为合成底物进行从头合成, 但能够通过其他方式吸收大量的胆固醇, 而胆固醇又是甾醇合成的重要前体, 因此推测蟾蜍的腺体组织是蟾毒内酯的重要合成部位。
综述文献研究, 本文推测了蟾蜍体内蟾毒内酯的可能来源方式: 肝组织存在极其重要的甾醇Δ22/Δ23烯基化酶, 能将初级胆甾酸转化成Δ22/Δ23-胆甾酸, 并经血液运转至皮肤/腺体[59]; 随后, 在皮肤/腺体中将Δ22/Δ23-胆甾酸的不饱和侧链发生裂解或重排, 形成α-吡喃酮, 并发生3α-OH→3β-OH异构化, 最终实现3β-OH蟾毒内酯的合成[57, 58]。此过程经历了胆固醇/菜油甾醇→Δ22/Δ23-C27/C28胆甾酸→3β-OH蟾毒内酯的转化, 肝脏是重要的前体化合物甾醇Δ22/Δ23烯基化酶合成部位, 而3β-OH和α-吡喃酮主要在腺体细胞形成。从腺体中合成的3β-OH蟾毒内酯便成为了蟾蜍的化学防御物质, 用以抵御捕食者或潜在的病原生物[66]。以上推测仍需进一步证实, 需要结合现代先进的分析技术, 如基因组学、转录组学和蛋白组学技术, 通过对蟾蜍组织的基因组、转录组和蛋白组进行分析, 识别潜在的生物合成途径关键基因及蛋白酶。
关于蟾蜍体内3α-OH蟾毒内酯的来源, 可能是由于腺体中3β-OH蟾毒内酯经血液运转至蟾蜍体内, 通过以下三种途径在各组织发生代谢: 一是在体内组织的3(βα)-OH氧化还原酶作用下, 代谢生成3α-OH构型蟾毒内酯[43]; 二是3β-OH酯化形成硫酸酯、氨基酸酯或脂肪酸酯结构[39, 45]; 三是将不饱和内酯环氢化后形成蟾毒内酯衍生物。蟾蜍体内3α-OH蟾毒内酯存在, 可能与维持生理功能相关[67], 也可能与自身解毒机制相关[43, 68]
蟾胆作为一种传统中药备受关注, 以其镇咳祛痰、解毒散结的功效而闻名, 常用于治疗气管炎、小儿失音、早期淋巴结结核、鼻疔等疾病。然而, 蟾胆多是民间用药记载, 而现代药理学和毒性研究却十分少, 且时有食用蟾胆而引发中毒事件的报道。以下就蟾胆主要成分胆甾烷和蟾毒内酯的药效研究进行分析。
胆甾烷是动物胆汁的主要成分, 也是药效活性成分。如牛胆和羊胆中的牛磺胆酸, 熊胆中的熊去氧胆酸和鹅去氧胆酸等成分[69]。不同动物胆汁中胆汁酸的组成成分大多类似, 胆汁酸的共同成分涉及的药理作用也基本相同。这类成分从中医理论上多具清热解毒、止咳平喘的功效, 现代药理学研究显示有保肝、利胆、溶胆结石、抗癌、调节肠道功能、调节血糖等多种功效, 广泛应用于医药行业[1, 2, 7]
关于蟾胆中胆甾烷的活性研究, 相关文献研究较少。Ruan等[12]对蟾胆中C28和C27胆甾烷进行抗炎活性和免疫调节活性筛选, 其中化合物25对LPS诱导的RAW264.7具有较好的保护活性, 化合物24能够一定程度上抑制Th17细胞中IL-17和Foxp3的表达, 调节免疫反应。基于蟾胆镇咳止痰的功效以及部分胆甾烷的抗炎和免疫活性调节潜力, 推测蟾胆中的胆甾烷可能在气管炎等呼吸道疾病的治疗上具有潜在活性。
蟾毒内酯是一种有效的Na+, K+-ATPase抑制剂, 对全身各细胞的Na+, K+-ATPase均能有一定的抑制效果。这类成分具有广谱药理活性, 包括抗肿瘤、强心、杀虫、镇痛、抗菌、抗炎、抗病毒、抗氧化和抗血吸虫作用, 其中以抗肿瘤和强心活性最为显著[27, 70]。研究显示, 蟾毒内酯对超过65种的人类癌细胞系显示广谱抑制效果, 在临床上广泛用于不同种类癌症的治疗, 如蟾皮水提物制剂华蟾素注射液用于肝癌或胃癌等癌症的治疗[71]; 蟾酥制剂蟾酥注射液对晚期非小细胞肺癌的治疗具有辅助作用[72]。此外, 在强心研究上, 蟾毒内酯能够抑制心脏上的Na+, K+-ATPase, 产生血管收缩导致高血压, 并充当强心剂[73], 如酯蟾毒配基(商品名: 蟾力苏) 临床上用于心力衰竭、呼吸抑制、外伤性休克等[73, 74]
蟾胆中的3α-OH蟾毒内酯与蟾酥中3β-OH蟾毒内酯的活性有较大差异, 构效关系研究显示, 3α-OH构型的活性显著低于3β-OH构型。如研究报道的3-epi-蟾毒灵(3α-OH构型) 对Na+, K+-ATPase-apha 1抑制活性远弱于蟾毒灵(3β-OH构型); 并且分子对接也显示蟾毒灵的3β-OH可与E117残基形成氢键, 而3-epi-蟾毒灵的3α-OH却不能与E117残基形成氢键, 也证明了蟾毒灵与Na+, K+-ATPase-apha 1结合吻合度高于3-epi-蟾毒灵[48]。目前这种3α-OH构型蟾毒内酯广泛存在动物代谢转化和微生物发酵中, 推测这类成分可能具有较低毒性, 是否具有药物开发价值有待进一步研究。
蟾蜍是一种具有重要药用价值的动物, 其全身各个部位均有药用价值。研究较为深入的是蟾酥和蟾皮的化学成分及药效活性, 而其他组织部位的研究相对较少。本文综述了蟾蜍属胆囊中的化学成分、生物合成途径及药理药效研究, 揭示了蟾蜍胆囊中胆甾烷和蟾毒内酯类结构类型。
其中, 蟾毒内酯因突出的临床应用价值和资源匮乏的问题, 一直是研究者关注的重点, 主要涵盖合成方式、构效关系阐释以及药理活性机制挖掘等方面。关于蟾毒内酯的合成, 一直以来都是化学合成家或生物学家攻克的难点。尽管有文献报道已实现了蟾毒内酯的全化学合成[47], 但离产业化应用还有较大距离。通过生物合成方式实现蟾毒内酯的合成是近年来的热点。综述研究发现, 蟾胆中的不饱和Δ22/Δ23-C28/C27胆甾酸和C-15位氧化胆甾酸可能是蟾毒内酯的重要合成前体, 期望未来的研究能深入探讨Δ22/Δ23-烯基化酶和C-15位氧化酶的结构类型及在蟾蜍体内的分布, 解析蟾毒内酯的产生途径。
此外, 蟾胆中的药效活性及药用价值尚未充分挖掘, 特别是不饱和Δ22/Δ23-C28/C27胆甾酸和3α-OH蟾毒内酯活性, 由于这类物质是蟾胆的主要成分, 基于蟾胆的传统应用, 未来可能在镇咳祛痰、解毒散结等功效上具有较好的潜力。
本文全面分析了蟾胆的化学成分、生物合成来源和药理药效, 为传统中药材的现代化开发和利用提供更多科学依据, 更好地保护野生资源和促进蟾蜍的可持续利用。
作者贡献: 阮丽君为本文第一作者, 负责查找文献、数据汇总和论文撰写; 闫炳雄和吴云秋负责文献收集; 杨晓楠和姚彩云对论文语言修改提供了一定帮助; 宋志军和江仁望负责论文整体设计及修改指导。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 广西自然科学基金资助项目(2021GXNSFBA220068)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81872760)
  • 广东省自然科学基金资助项目(2021A1515011251)
  • 广东省科学计划项目(2021A0505030032)
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2024年第59卷第6期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1389
  • 接收时间:2023-12-13
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-13
  • 修回日期:2024-02-19
基金
广西自然科学基金资助项目(2021GXNSFBA220068)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81872760)
广东省自然科学基金资助项目(2021A1515011251)
广东省科学计划项目(2021A0505030032)
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    1.广西壮族自治区药用植物园, 西南濒危药材资源开发国家工程研究中心, 广西 南宁 530023
    2.暨南大学药学院, 生物活性分子和成药性评价全国重点实验室, 广东 广州 510632

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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