Article(id=1200500172267581663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200500165426672625, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1373, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1701878400000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-07, revisedDate=1713628800000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764151145282, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1718121600000, pubDateStr=2024-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764151145282, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764151145282, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764151145282, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200500165426672625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='6', pageStart='1509', pageEnd='1896', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764151143651, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225143180, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810542001680840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200500165426672625, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810542001680841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200500165426672625, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1828, endPage=1840, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200500172766703876, articleId=1200500172267581663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Based on supramolecular chemistry to explore the scientific connotation of predecocting gypsum in Maxingshigan decoction preliminarily, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

It has gradually become a consensus in the industry that the traditional Chinese medicine gypsum should be decocted first, but the understanding of decocting method is not completely unified in the works of doctors since ancient times, and there are occasional disputes about whether it is necessary to decocting first. In this study, the phase determination, physical and chemical characterization, qualitative and quantitative analysis of inorganic and organic components of the decoctions of herbal pairs and the whole prescription Maxingshigan decoction with gypsum as the center, and the pre-decoctions and co-decoctions of them were carried out to explore the scientific connotation of the pre-decoctions of gypsum. Results show that decoction phases were different between the co-decoctions and pre-decoctions of licorice-gypsum (Gancao-Shigao, GC-SG), ephedra-gypsum (Mahuang-Shigao, MH-SG) and almond-gypsum (Xingren-Shigao, XR-SG). The results of the micromorphology, particle size and zeta potential of herbal pairs and prescription (Quanfang, QF) showed that the supramolecular particles in pre-decoctions were smaller, more uniform and more stable than the co-decoctions. The results of organic components analysis showed that different cooking methods did not change the organic composition and content. ICP-OES results showed that the content of inorganic components in pre-decoctions was higher than in co-decoctions for the same boiling time of gypsum. The IR results showed that the pre-decoctions had stronger chemical functional group effect than the co-decoctions. To sum up, compared with the co-decoction, the pre-decoction of gypsum has different phase state and chemical composition interaction, and the difference of inorganic composition is an important material basis affecting the change of phase state compared with the co-decoction. It indicates that the material basis of traditional Chinese medicine decoction is indeed different whether gypsum is decocted first or not, which can provide a basis for the clinical application of decocted gypsum.

, correspAuthors=Xue-mei HUANG, Peng-long WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yao-zhi ZHANG, Shu-chang YAO, Lu-ping YANG, Yi-hang ZHAO, An-qi XU, Xue-mei HUANG, Peng-long WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200500176952619499, articleId=1200500172267581663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于中药超分子化学初探麻杏石甘汤中石膏先煎入药的科学内涵, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

中药生石膏先煎入药逐渐成为行业共识, 但自古至今医家著作中关于其煎煮方法的认识并不完全统一, 现代关于其是否有必要先煎也偶有争议。本研究通过对麻杏石甘汤以生石膏为中心的拆方药对及全方的先煎、共煎物进行汤剂相态观察、物理化学表征、有机和无机成分定性定量分析研究, 初步探讨生石膏先煎入药的科学内涵。结果表明, 通过对甘草-石膏(Gancao-Shigao, GC-SG)、麻黄-石膏(Mahuang-Shigao, MH-SG)、杏仁-石膏(Xingren-Shigao, XR-SG)3个药对各自的先煎、共煎物进行对比研究, 发现二者汤剂相态不同; 药对及全方(Quanfang, QF)的微观形貌、粒径及电位结果显示先煎物较共煎物中的超分子颗粒以更小、更均匀和更稳定的状态存在; 液质结果显示石膏先煎与否对有机成分的组成及含量影响较小; ICP-OES结果显示同样的生石膏煎煮时间, 先煎中无机成分含量较共煎高; IR结果显示先煎物具有较共煎物更明显的化学官能团相互作用。综上所述, 生石膏先煎的汤剂较共煎汤剂存在相态和化学成分间相互作用的不同, 无机成分差异是影响相态变化的重要物质基础, 表明石膏是否先煎, 中药汤剂物质基础确有不同, 该研究可为生石膏先煎入药的临床应用提供依据。

, correspAuthors=黄雪梅, 王鹏龙, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*黄雪梅, E-mail: ;
王鹏龙, E-mail:
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Progresses on metal-organic framework materials for bacterial infection treatment [J]. Chin Sci Bull (科学通报), 2023, 68: 1677-1688., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201118444168115201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu QL, Xu Q. Metal-organic framework composites [J]. Chem Soc Rev, 2014, 43: 5468-5512., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201118444310720513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cai MR, Yao Y, Yin DG, et al. Progress in application of metal organic frameworks in traditional Chinese medicine [J]. Chin Tradit Herb Drugs (中草药), 2021, 52: 5028-5038., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1201118436731614017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, awardId=82274072, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(82274072), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1201118436849054532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, awardId=7242221, language=CN, fundingSource=北京市自然科学基金面上项目(7242221), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1201118438069597006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, awardId=2023-JYB-JBZD-049, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基金科研业务项目(2023-JYB-JBZD-049), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1201118438212203349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, awardId=2024-JYB-XJSJJ004, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基金科研业务项目(2024-JYB-XJSJJ004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1201118438371586909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, awardId=2022-XJ-KYQD-008, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基金科研业务项目(2022-XJ-KYQD-008), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1201118438489027424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家级高层次青年人才支持计划, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1201118426325545256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201118426338128170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, companyId=1201118426325545256, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201118426359099692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, companyId=1201118426325545256, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1201118434064036525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=eYcvHO+aCp7LBgooHzVeAw==, figureFileBig=nWjZoOwUrQNyDT5lEPYuzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118434185671348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Phase characterization of GG and GX. A: Determination of macroscopic phenomena and turbidity of GG and GX; B: SEM image of GG and GX; C: Particle size of GG and GX; D: Zeta potential of GG and GX. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. SEM: Scanning electron microscopy; PDI: Polymer dispersity index; GG: Gypsum and licorice (Gancao) co-decoction, abbreviation of Gan-Gong; GX: After predecoct gypsum, gypsum and licorice co-decoction, abbreviation of Gan-Xian , figureFileSmall=eYcvHO+aCp7LBgooHzVeAw==, figureFileBig=nWjZoOwUrQNyDT5lEPYuzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118434340860610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=4pDgjfF1TQZc9HIuuQagfg==, figureFileBig=XvGs/MzFJx19G8715BaTRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118434449912519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Phase characterization of MG and MX. A: Determination of macroscopic phenomena and turbidity of MG and MX; B: SEM image of MG and MX; C: Particle size of MG and MX; D: Zeta potential of MG and MX. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. MG: Gypsum and ephedra (Mahuang) co-decoction, abbreviation of Ma-Gong; MX: After predecoct gypsum, gypsum and ephedra co-decoction, abbreviation of Ma-Xian , figureFileSmall=4pDgjfF1TQZc9HIuuQagfg==, figureFileBig=XvGs/MzFJx19G8715BaTRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118434588324558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=DjOkAPwtK8kbtJntLHaOkQ==, figureFileBig=1wnpML+nrG6LKsgbl0XT7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118434772873943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Phase characterization of XG and XX. A: Determination of macroscopic phenomena and turbidity of XG and XX; B: SEM image of XG and XX; C: Particle size of XG and XX; D: Zeta potential of XG and XX. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. XG: Gypsum and almond (Xingren) co-decoction, abbreviation of Xing-Gong; XX: After predecoct gypsum, gypsum and almond co-decoction, abbreviation of Xing-Xian , figureFileSmall=DjOkAPwtK8kbtJntLHaOkQ==, figureFileBig=1wnpML+nrG6LKsgbl0XT7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118434915480288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=RZlXobbFRYZ5wsKZ/aqYng==, figureFileBig=sD0nBNm4V4roy1GhCDvhiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118435053892328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Phase characterization of QG and QX. A: SEM image of QG and QX; B: Particle size of QG and QX; C: Zeta potential of QG and QX. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. QG: Gypsum, licorice, ephedra and almond (Quanfang) co-decoction, abbreviation of Quan-Gong; QX: After predecoct gypsum, gypsum, licorice, ephedra and almond co-decoction, abbreviation of Quan-Xian , figureFileSmall=RZlXobbFRYZ5wsKZ/aqYng==, figureFileBig=sD0nBNm4V4roy1GhCDvhiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118435204887275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LnWapnK7aA96DK+7nzQ/8A==, figureFileBig=AiOF3kRXsx1cwr4Jci8dpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118435330716404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= The signals recorded of co-decoction and pre-decoction of GC-SG (A), MH-SG (B), XR-SG (C) and QF (D). Total ion current chromatograms of co-decoction and pre-decoction were plotted in red and blue, respectively. GC: Licorice (abbreviation of Gancao); SG: Gypsum (abbreviation of Shigao); MH: Ephedra (abbreviation of Mahuang); XR: Almond (abbreviation of Xingren); QF: Maxingshigan decoction prescription (abbreviation of Quanfang) , figureFileSmall=LnWapnK7aA96DK+7nzQ/8A==, figureFileBig=AiOF3kRXsx1cwr4Jci8dpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118435469128441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=IQM2OI1o87Rhcxcereg/6g==, figureFileBig=jmYuWUfojNISc481Lw/5/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118435615929090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Peak area of glycyrrhizic acid, <i>L</i>-ephedrine, amygdalin in herbal pairs (A) and the whole prescription of Maxingshigan decoction (B). The G and X in the pictures stand for co-decocting and pre-decocting gypsum, respectively , figureFileSmall=IQM2OI1o87Rhcxcereg/6g==, figureFileBig=jmYuWUfojNISc481Lw/5/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118435712398090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=XAo6vfsP8dT/kucGGvTjDA==, figureFileBig=/XdOxu37bAiEdytyenGhPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118435825644306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Inorganic component content of GC-SG (A), MH-SG (B), XR-SG (C) and the infrared spectrum of GC-SG (D), MH-SG (E), XR-SG (F) , figureFileSmall=XAo6vfsP8dT/kucGGvTjDA==, figureFileBig=/XdOxu37bAiEdytyenGhPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118435980833560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=DBCOhYqBhAjjLAB1BU3m+A==, figureFileBig=SNjfId65b49IyNL3O8DWIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118436119245599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= ICP-OES and IR determination of QG and QX. A: The inorganic component content of QG and QX; B: The infrared spectrum of QG and QX , figureFileSmall=DBCOhYqBhAjjLAB1BU3m+A==, figureFileBig=SNjfId65b49IyNL3O8DWIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118436291212074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NO.CompoundFormulaIdentitytR
/min
Precursor ionppmFragment ion (m/z)
Theoretical
(m/z)
Experimental
(m/z)
G1DaidzeinC15H10O4[M+H]+7.67255.065 2255.065 6-1.57162.998 4 [M+H-C6H4O]+
G2Licoflavone AC20H18O4[M+H]+8.26323.127 7323.127 40.93205.086 1 [M+H-C8H6O]+
163.038 7 [M+H-C11H12O]+
161.096 7 [M+H-C9H6O3]+
G3LiquiritinC21H22O9[M+H]+8.27419.133 7419.133 50.48257.080 9 [M+H-C6H10O5]+
285.075 4 [M+H-C8H6O2]+
137.023 2 [M+H-C6H10O5-C8H8O]+
G4Licochalcone BC16H14O5[M+H]+8.33287.091 4287.091 40167.070 7 [M+H-C7H6O2]+
193.049 5 [M+H-C6H4O]+
G5LiquiritigeninC15H12O4[M+H]+8.38257.080 8257.080 9-0.39229.085 5 [M+H-CO]+
137.023 2 [M+H-C8H8O]+
123.044 1 [M+H-C8H6O2]+
G6IsoliquiritigeninC15H12O4[M+H]+8.38257.080 8257.080 9-0.39137.023 2 [M+H-C8H6O]+
119.049 3 [M+H-C7H6O3]+
G7LicoisoflavanoneC20H18O6[M+H]+8.53355.117 6355.117 11.41203.143 6 [M+H-C7H4O4]+
G8LicoflavonolC20H18O6[M+H]+8.53355.117 6355.117 11.41177.091 0 [M+H-C9H6O4]+
G9IsolicoflavonolC20H18O6[M+H]+8.53355.117 6355.117 11.41177.091 0 [M+H-C9H6O4]+
G10GlycycoumarinC21H20O6[M+H]+10.55369.133 3369.135 1-4.88339.123 2 [M+H-CO]+
G11Glycyrrhizic acidC42H62O16[M+H]+14.62823.411 1823.409 81.58647.378 2 [M+H-C6H8O6]+
471.346 1 [M+H-2C6H8O6]+
453.336 1 [M+H-2C6H8O6-H2O]+
317.210 9 [M+H-C10H18O]+
235.169 0 [M+H-C10H18O-C5H6O]+
G11Glycyrrhizic acidC42H62O16[M+H]-14.50821.396 5821.394 03.04645.360 6 [M-H-C6H8O6]-
233.153 5 [M-H-C10H18O-C5H6O]-
G12Glycyrrhetinic acidC30H46O4[M+H]+14.62471.346 9471.346 11.70453.336 1 [M+H-H2O]+
425.339 9 [M+H-CH2O2]+
407.329 6 [M+H-CH2O2-H2O]+
317.210 9 [M+H-C10H18O]+
235.169 0 [M+H-C10H18O-C5H6O]+
M1L-ephedrineC10H15NO[M+H]+4.68166.122 6166.122 60148.111 9 [M+H-H2O]+
133.088 7 [M+H-H2O-CH3]+
117.070 1 [M+H-H2O-CH5N]+
M2D-PseudoephedrineC10H15NO[M+H]+4.82166.122 6166.122 7-0.60148.111 8 [M+H-H2O]+
133.088 7 [M+H-H2O-CH3]+
117.070 1 [M+H-H2O-CH5N]+
M3MethylephedrineC11H17NO[M+H]+5.21180.138 3180.138 30148.107 7 [M+H-H2O]+
133.083 8 [M+H-H2O-CH3]+
117.070 0 [M+H-H2O-CH5N]+
M4RutinC27H30O16[M+H]+6.21611.160 7611.161 8-1.80465.104 0 [M+H-C6H10O4]+
303.050 8 [M+H-C12H20O9]+
M5ApigeninC15H10O5[M+H]+8.17271.060 1271.060 2-0.37241.144 0 [M+H-CO]+
176.971 9 [M+H-C6H4O]+
X1AmygdalinC20H27NO11[M+H]+6.26458.165 7458.165 30.87325.112 6 [M+H+CH2O2-C6H11O6]+
X1AmygdalinC20H27NO11[M-H]-6.09456.151 1456.149 82.85502.155 2 [M-H+CH2O2]-
263.076 1 [M-H+CH2O2-C6H11O6-C2H4O2]-
221.065 4 [M-H+CH2O2-C6H11O6-C7H4N]-
179.054 5 [M-H+CH2O2-C15H17NO7]-
161.044 0 [M-H+CH2O2-C15H17NO7-H2O]-
131.035 0 [M-H+CH2O2-C15H17NO7-H2O-C2H2O]-
119.033 5 [M-H+CH2O2-C15H17NO7-H2O-C2H2O]-
101.022 8 [M-H+CH2O2-C15H17NO7-H2O-C2H2O-H2O]-
89.022 8 [M-H+CH2O2-C15H17NO7-H2O-C2H2O-H2O-C]-
X2PrunasinC14H17NO6[M+H]+6.26296.112 9296.112 61.01180.086 5 [M+H+CH2O2-C9H7NO2]+
X2PrunasinC14H17NO6[M-H]-6.96294.098 3294.097 72.04340.103 2 [M-H+CH2O2]-
178.976 7 [M-H+CH2O2-C9H7NO2]-
161.044 3 [M-H+CH2O2-C9H7NO2-H2O]-
), ArticleFig(id=1201118436433818416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500172267581663, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The identified of herbal pairs and whole prescription of Maxingshigan decoction

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NO.CompoundFormulaIdentitytR
/min
Precursor ionppmFragment ion (m/z)
Theoretical
(m/z)
Experimental
(m/z)
G1DaidzeinC15H10O4[M+H]+7.67255.065 2255.065 6-1.57162.998 4 [M+H-C6H4O]+
G2Licoflavone AC20H18O4[M+H]+8.26323.127 7323.127 40.93205.086 1 [M+H-C8H6O]+
163.038 7 [M+H-C11H12O]+
161.096 7 [M+H-C9H6O3]+
G3LiquiritinC21H22O9[M+H]+8.27419.133 7419.133 50.48257.080 9 [M+H-C6H10O5]+
285.075 4 [M+H-C8H6O2]+
137.023 2 [M+H-C6H10O5-C8H8O]+
G4Licochalcone BC16H14O5[M+H]+8.33287.091 4287.091 40167.070 7 [M+H-C7H6O2]+
193.049 5 [M+H-C6H4O]+
G5LiquiritigeninC15H12O4[M+H]+8.38257.080 8257.080 9-0.39229.085 5 [M+H-CO]+
137.023 2 [M+H-C8H8O]+
123.044 1 [M+H-C8H6O2]+
G6IsoliquiritigeninC15H12O4[M+H]+8.38257.080 8257.080 9-0.39137.023 2 [M+H-C8H6O]+
119.049 3 [M+H-C7H6O3]+
G7LicoisoflavanoneC20H18O6[M+H]+8.53355.117 6355.117 11.41203.143 6 [M+H-C7H4O4]+
G8LicoflavonolC20H18O6[M+H]+8.53355.117 6355.117 11.41177.091 0 [M+H-C9H6O4]+
G9IsolicoflavonolC20H18O6[M+H]+8.53355.117 6355.117 11.41177.091 0 [M+H-C9H6O4]+
G10GlycycoumarinC21H20O6[M+H]+10.55369.133 3369.135 1-4.88339.123 2 [M+H-CO]+
G11Glycyrrhizic acidC42H62O16[M+H]+14.62823.411 1823.409 81.58647.378 2 [M+H-C6H8O6]+
471.346 1 [M+H-2C6H8O6]+
453.336 1 [M+H-2C6H8O6-H2O]+
317.210 9 [M+H-C10H18O]+
235.169 0 [M+H-C10H18O-C5H6O]+
G11Glycyrrhizic acidC42H62O16[M+H]-14.50821.396 5821.394 03.04645.360 6 [M-H-C6H8O6]-
233.153 5 [M-H-C10H18O-C5H6O]-
G12Glycyrrhetinic acidC30H46O4[M+H]+14.62471.346 9471.346 11.70453.336 1 [M+H-H2O]+
425.339 9 [M+H-CH2O2]+
407.329 6 [M+H-CH2O2-H2O]+
317.210 9 [M+H-C10H18O]+
235.169 0 [M+H-C10H18O-C5H6O]+
M1L-ephedrineC10H15NO[M+H]+4.68166.122 6166.122 60148.111 9 [M+H-H2O]+
133.088 7 [M+H-H2O-CH3]+
117.070 1 [M+H-H2O-CH5N]+
M2D-PseudoephedrineC10H15NO[M+H]+4.82166.122 6166.122 7-0.60148.111 8 [M+H-H2O]+
133.088 7 [M+H-H2O-CH3]+
117.070 1 [M+H-H2O-CH5N]+
M3MethylephedrineC11H17NO[M+H]+5.21180.138 3180.138 30148.107 7 [M+H-H2O]+
133.083 8 [M+H-H2O-CH3]+
117.070 0 [M+H-H2O-CH5N]+
M4RutinC27H30O16[M+H]+6.21611.160 7611.161 8-1.80465.104 0 [M+H-C6H10O4]+
303.050 8 [M+H-C12H20O9]+
M5ApigeninC15H10O5[M+H]+8.17271.060 1271.060 2-0.37241.144 0 [M+H-CO]+
176.971 9 [M+H-C6H4O]+
X1AmygdalinC20H27NO11[M+H]+6.26458.165 7458.165 30.87325.112 6 [M+H+CH2O2-C6H11O6]+
X1AmygdalinC20H27NO11[M-H]-6.09456.151 1456.149 82.85502.155 2 [M-H+CH2O2]-
263.076 1 [M-H+CH2O2-C6H11O6-C2H4O2]-
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基于中药超分子化学初探麻杏石甘汤中石膏先煎入药的科学内涵
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张瑶芝 , 姚舒畅 , 杨璐平 , 赵一航 , 徐安琪 , 黄雪梅 * , 王鹏龙 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(6): 1828-1840
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(6): 1828-1840
基于中药超分子化学初探麻杏石甘汤中石膏先煎入药的科学内涵
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张瑶芝, 姚舒畅, 杨璐平, 赵一航, 徐安琪, 黄雪梅* , 王鹏龙*
作者信息
  • 北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488

通讯作者:

*黄雪梅, E-mail: ;
王鹏龙, E-mail:
Based on supramolecular chemistry to explore the scientific connotation of predecocting gypsum in Maxingshigan decoction preliminarily
Yao-zhi ZHANG, Shu-chang YAO, Lu-ping YANG, Yi-hang ZHAO, An-qi XU, Xue-mei HUANG* , Peng-long WANG*
Affiliations
  • School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
出版时间: 2024-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1373
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中药生石膏先煎入药逐渐成为行业共识, 但自古至今医家著作中关于其煎煮方法的认识并不完全统一, 现代关于其是否有必要先煎也偶有争议。本研究通过对麻杏石甘汤以生石膏为中心的拆方药对及全方的先煎、共煎物进行汤剂相态观察、物理化学表征、有机和无机成分定性定量分析研究, 初步探讨生石膏先煎入药的科学内涵。结果表明, 通过对甘草-石膏(Gancao-Shigao, GC-SG)、麻黄-石膏(Mahuang-Shigao, MH-SG)、杏仁-石膏(Xingren-Shigao, XR-SG)3个药对各自的先煎、共煎物进行对比研究, 发现二者汤剂相态不同; 药对及全方(Quanfang, QF)的微观形貌、粒径及电位结果显示先煎物较共煎物中的超分子颗粒以更小、更均匀和更稳定的状态存在; 液质结果显示石膏先煎与否对有机成分的组成及含量影响较小; ICP-OES结果显示同样的生石膏煎煮时间, 先煎中无机成分含量较共煎高; IR结果显示先煎物具有较共煎物更明显的化学官能团相互作用。综上所述, 生石膏先煎的汤剂较共煎汤剂存在相态和化学成分间相互作用的不同, 无机成分差异是影响相态变化的重要物质基础, 表明石膏是否先煎, 中药汤剂物质基础确有不同, 该研究可为生石膏先煎入药的临床应用提供依据。

麻杏石甘汤  /  矿物药  /  生石膏  /  超分子  /  先煎  /  相互作用

It has gradually become a consensus in the industry that the traditional Chinese medicine gypsum should be decocted first, but the understanding of decocting method is not completely unified in the works of doctors since ancient times, and there are occasional disputes about whether it is necessary to decocting first. In this study, the phase determination, physical and chemical characterization, qualitative and quantitative analysis of inorganic and organic components of the decoctions of herbal pairs and the whole prescription Maxingshigan decoction with gypsum as the center, and the pre-decoctions and co-decoctions of them were carried out to explore the scientific connotation of the pre-decoctions of gypsum. Results show that decoction phases were different between the co-decoctions and pre-decoctions of licorice-gypsum (Gancao-Shigao, GC-SG), ephedra-gypsum (Mahuang-Shigao, MH-SG) and almond-gypsum (Xingren-Shigao, XR-SG). The results of the micromorphology, particle size and zeta potential of herbal pairs and prescription (Quanfang, QF) showed that the supramolecular particles in pre-decoctions were smaller, more uniform and more stable than the co-decoctions. The results of organic components analysis showed that different cooking methods did not change the organic composition and content. ICP-OES results showed that the content of inorganic components in pre-decoctions was higher than in co-decoctions for the same boiling time of gypsum. The IR results showed that the pre-decoctions had stronger chemical functional group effect than the co-decoctions. To sum up, compared with the co-decoction, the pre-decoction of gypsum has different phase state and chemical composition interaction, and the difference of inorganic composition is an important material basis affecting the change of phase state compared with the co-decoction. It indicates that the material basis of traditional Chinese medicine decoction is indeed different whether gypsum is decocted first or not, which can provide a basis for the clinical application of decocted gypsum.

Maxingshigan decoction  /  mineral medicine  /  gypsum  /  supermolecule  /  pre-decoction  /  interaction
张瑶芝, 姚舒畅, 杨璐平, 赵一航, 徐安琪, 黄雪梅, 王鹏龙. 基于中药超分子化学初探麻杏石甘汤中石膏先煎入药的科学内涵. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (6) : 1828 -1840 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1373
Yao-zhi ZHANG, Shu-chang YAO, Lu-ping YANG, Yi-hang ZHAO, An-qi XU, Xue-mei HUANG, Peng-long WANG. Based on supramolecular chemistry to explore the scientific connotation of predecocting gypsum in Maxingshigan decoction preliminarily[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (6) : 1828 -1840 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1373
中药复方是配伍理论指导下的中医临床用药主要形式, 在几千年的临床使用中已被证明其疗效确切[1-3]。汤剂是中药复方发挥临床药效的重要剂型之一, 明代李时珍曰: “凡服汤药, 虽品物专精, 修治如法, 而煎药者鲁莽造次, 水火不良, 火候失度, 则药亦无功”[4], 由此可见, 煎药方法的正确与否, 与药效作用的发挥密切相关, 故为确保中药复方最大程度煎出有效成分, 最大化发挥临床疗效, 必须掌握正确的煎药方法。而正确的煎药方法在以石膏为代表的难溶性矿物药方面尤为重要, 尤其石膏是否先煎对于中药复方中分子间相互作用及汤剂相态的影响鲜有人研究。笔者前期研究甘草-石膏药对发现: 若以可溶性钙盐代替石膏, 将破坏汤剂相态的稳定性, 表明金属元素含量不同对植物药药效成分的存在状态具有重要影响, 初步揭示配伍难溶性石膏的科学内涵[5]。但是石膏不同的煎煮方法对植物药与矿物药相互作用的影响有待研究。
麻杏石甘汤源自《伤寒论》, 由麻黄、苦杏仁、炙甘草、生石膏4味中药组成, 在新冠疫情期间以其为重要基础方的“清肺排毒汤”在治愈新冠肺炎方面临床疗效显著[6-8]。生石膏具有清热泻火、除烦止渴功效, 在方中常以君药或臣药存在, 用量最大, 在各版《中药学》教材中都提到“生石膏入汤剂宜先煎”, 先煎原因在《方剂学》中讲到: “矿石类药物, 因质坚而难煎出味, 应打碎先煎, 以便有效成分溶出”, 逐渐成为行业内共识。国家中医药管理局在抗击新冠肺炎期间曾两次发文强调清肺排毒汤中“生石膏须先煎”、“生石膏先煎入药对于药效发挥具有直接影响”[9], 在治疗新冠临床实例中, 发现生石膏先煎与共煎相比, 退热效果差别明显, 主要体现在退热速度上。但关于石膏的煎煮方法在古今医家的认识中并不完全统一。石膏先煎最先记载于《本草备要》, 谓之: “味淡难出, 若入煎剂, 须先煎数十沸”; 余师愚在《温病学全书》“疫疹一得”所用清瘟败毒饮中要求: “先煎石膏数十沸”; 唐代王焘在《外台秘要》中要求“先煮五种金石药(含石膏)”。但关于其未先煎的记载如经典名方麻杏石甘汤, 张仲景在此方中要求麻黄“先煎去沫”, 并未言明生石膏先煎入药, 在其所著《伤寒论》中含有石膏的方剂也都未提到先煎; 孙思邈多将石膏棉裹入药; 张锡纯多直接服用生石膏粉末等。笔者在古方调研中发现诸多医家所著含石膏的方剂虽未要求先煎, 但也多标注“石膏, 碎”或“研细”等字眼, 故推测要求“碎”石膏入汤剂也是促进其成分溶出的手段。现今关于石膏是否先煎也有探讨, 对石膏先煎持反对意见者多以张仲景等古代先贤方中未采用先煎为由, 亦有学者考虑单味石膏溶解性低, 不随着煎煮温度和煎煮时间的改变影响溶解度, 由此推论共同煎煮不影响其溶出, 因此无须先煎[10-12]。坚持先煎法入药者认为石膏自身成分复杂多样, 先煎可促进微量元素溶出; 亦有学者认为矿物药石膏与植物药共煎, 而植物药常含黏液质、淀粉等物质, 若石膏非先煎则会与这些成分互相阻碍彼此药效成分溶出[13-15]。石膏是否先煎, 尚未形成共识。
本文以石膏是否先煎为切入点, 以临床验证石膏先煎有助于药效发挥的麻杏石甘汤为研究载体, 通过对麻杏石甘汤拆方药对及全方研究探讨石膏是否先煎对汤剂相态的影响, 借助超分子化学和多学科技术来探究石膏煎煮方法对该方物质基础组成的影响, 旨在初步揭示石膏在中药复方中先煎的科学内涵, 为生石膏先煎入药的临床应用提供科学依据。
药品与材料  生石膏、炙甘草、麻黄和苦杏仁均购自北京同仁堂, 经北京中医药大学任广喜老师鉴定分别为硫酸盐类矿物硬石膏族石膏、豆科植物甘草Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.的干燥根及根茎的蜜炙品、麻黄科植物草麻黄Ephedra sinica Stapf的干燥草质茎、蔷薇科植物杏Prunus armeniaca L.的炒用种子; 无纺布煎药袋(安国市欣昌堂生物科技实力工厂); 单面抛光硅片(北京博凝生物科技有限公司); 注射式微孔滤膜(0.22 μm, 天津市津腾实验设备有限公司); 色谱级乙腈及甲酸(美国Fisher公司); ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(美国Waters科技有限公司); 浓硝酸(批号: 20171106, 北京化工厂)。
仪器  十万分之一电子天平(BSA224S-CW型, 德国Sartorius公司); 电热套(KDM型, 北京博凝生物科技有限公司); 马尔文粒度仪(Zetasizer Nano ZS 90型, 英国Malvern仪器有限公司); 场发射扫描电子显微镜(ZEISS SUPRA55型, 德国ZEISS公司); 真空冷冻干燥机(Beta 2-8 LDplus型, 德国Christ公司); 浊度仪(上海佑科仪器仪表有限公司); 傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(ALPHA Ⅱ型, 美国Bruker有限公司); 电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(Agilent 5800型, 美国Agilent科技有限公司); 四极杆-Orbitrap高分辨质谱UHPLC-Q-Exactive (美国Thermo Scientific公司); 超高效液相色谱系统UltiMate 3000 (美国Dionex公司)。
样品制备
共煎(Gong, G)方法  石膏及其他中药各装入无纺布煎药袋, 加入总质量10倍量去离子水, 浸泡0.5 h后, 同时置于500 mL圆底烧瓶, 采用冷凝回流提取法, 大火煮沸后, 调为中火微沸煎煮1 h, 趁热过滤, 得到共煎汤剂。
先煎(Xian, X)方法  石膏及其他中药各装入无纺布煎药袋, 分别10倍量水浸泡0.5 h, 采用冷凝回流提取法, 石膏先置500 mL圆底烧瓶, 煮沸后微沸煎煮0.5 h, 再加入其他中药及其浸泡液, 煮沸后微沸, 合煎0.5 h, 趁热过滤, 得到先煎汤剂。
甘草-石膏(Gancao-Shigao, GC-SG)药对共煎、先煎汤剂制备  称量生石膏18 g、炙甘草6 g, 按以上煎煮方法分别得到甘共(Gan-Gong, GG)、甘先(Gan-Xian, GX)汤剂。
麻黄-石膏(Mahuang-Shigao, MH-SG)药对共煎、先煎汤剂制备  称量生石膏18 g、麻黄9 g, 按以上煎煮方法分别得到麻共(Ma-Gong, MG)、麻先(Ma-Xian, MX)汤剂。
苦杏仁-石膏(Xingren-Shigao, XR-SG)药对共煎、先煎汤剂制备  称量生石膏18 g、苦杏仁9 g, 按以上煎煮方法分别得到杏共(Xing-Gong, XG)、杏先(Xing-Xian, XX)汤剂。
麻杏石甘汤全方(Quanfang, QF)共煎、先煎汤剂制备  称量生石膏18 g、炙甘草6 g、麻黄9 g、苦杏仁9 g, 按以上煎煮方法分别得到全共(Quan-Gong, QG)、全先(Quan-Xian, QX)汤剂。
相态表征
浊度测定  采用浊度仪对各药对的共煎、先煎汤剂进行浊度测定, 对比浊度值, 单位为比浊度(nephelometric turbidity units, NTU), 每组平行3次。
扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)观察  取各组汤剂分别取2.5 μL滴到硅片上, 待水分挥干, 表面喷金, 置SEM下观察其微观形貌。
粒径测定  取各药对、复方的共煎、先煎汤剂1.2 mL, 加入比色皿, 采用马尔文粒度仪测量各组粒径大小及分散性系数(polymer dispersity index, PDI), 每组平行3次。
电位测定  取各药对、复方的共煎、先煎汤剂0.8 mL, 加入电位池, 测定各组电位值, 每组平行3次。
超高效液相色谱-质谱联用法(UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS)测定  精密称取同质量各药对、复方的共煎、先煎冻干粉, 用超纯水超声加热溶解后过0.22 μm滤膜, 上机测定。
色谱条件  色谱柱为ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(150 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm), 流动相为乙腈(A)-0.1%甲酸水(B), 洗脱梯度: 0~30 min, 2%~98% A; 30~33 min, 98% A; 33~34 min, 98%~2% A; 34~40 min, 2% A。流动相流速: 0.3 mL·min-1, 柱温: 35 ℃, 进样量: 5 μL。
质谱条件  离子源采用电喷雾离子源, 正负离子切换模式。喷雾电压: 正离子模式下3.8 kV, 负离子模式下-3.0 kV; 透镜电压: 正离子模式下50 V, 负离子模式下-50 V; 鞘气(N2)压力40 arb; 辅助气(N2)压力10 arb; 离子传输管温度320 ℃; 辅助气温度350 ℃; 扫描模式为Full MS/dd-MS2, Full MS分辨率为70 000, dd-MS2分辨率为17 500, 扫描范围为125~1 500 m/z; 碰撞模式为高能碰撞诱导解离(HCD); 碰撞能量为阶梯能量: 20、40、60 eV。
数据处理  使用Thermo Scientific科技有限公司的Xcalibur 4.1软件对药对及全方各共煎、先煎物的质谱数据进行分析, 结合相关文献结果, 对化学成分的一级、二级碎片离子的裂解途径进行分析鉴定, 所有化合物的鉴定结果均符合质谱偏差范围|δ| ≤ 5×10-6
电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定(inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer, ICP-OES)  精密称取同质量各药对、复方的共煎、先煎冻干粉, 用超纯水超声加热溶解后置500 mL圆底烧瓶, 加入浓硝酸后于电热套内高温消解, 至白烟渐少, 液体澄清时转移至25 mL量瓶, 用2%稀硝酸定容, 终质量浓度为2 mg·mL-1, 采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪对共煎、先煎物中的金属离子进行定性定量测定。
红外吸收光谱法测定(infrared absorption spectroscopy, IR)  采用傅里叶红外光谱仪, 扣除空气背景后, 取各药对、复方的共煎、先煎冻干粉, 在4 000~400 cm-1下扫描各自红外吸收图谱。
本研究首先观察3个药对中石膏两种煎煮方式所得汤剂的差异, 再对药对及全方的共煎、先煎汤剂进行SEM观察及粒径、电位等相态表征测定, 这有助于对不同煎煮方法是否影响汤剂微观形貌差异、稳定性有所认识。
GC-SG共煎、先煎汤剂相态如图 1A所示, GX汤剂较GG更均一稳定, 浊度测定后发现GX为475.33 NTU, 较GG 293.73 NTU大, 二者有较明显差别。将两种汤剂同条件冻干, 所得冻干粉等质量复溶后, 可见GG体系较澄清, 溶液底部有明显未溶冻干粉, 而GX冻干粉复溶液的分散性和稳定性更好。表明虽同为GC、SG及同体积水煎煮, 但石膏共煎、先煎两种煎煮方法所得到的物质溶解性和相态有所不同。对两汤剂进行SEM观察, 如图 1B可见二者均形成超分子颗粒, GX的颗粒较GG颗粒更小且分布更均匀。DLS结果如图 1C所示, 二者粒径分布均呈单峰, 粒径集中分布, 且GX粒径分布范围更窄; GG平均粒径为(317.77 ± 14.42) nm, PDI值为0.44 ± 0.02, GX对应为(270.67 ± 10.43) nm, 0.34 ± 0.04, 进一步证实GX较GG的粒径更小、分散度更均匀。Zeta电位如图 1D, GX为(-7.58 ± 0.28) mV, GG为(-6.55 ± 0.29) mV, 表明GX汤剂体系较GG有更高的稳定性。
MH-SG共煎、先煎汤剂观察现象如图 2A所示, 二者体系较均一稳定, MG汤剂较MX颜色稍深。将汤剂静置后可见二者体系中均出现析出物, 且MG中析出物更多, 提示MX整体较MG体系稳定均一。对此进行浊度测定可见MG平均浊度值为1 554.67 NTU, MX为1 360.00 NTU, 析出的较多成分物质是GG更浑浊、浊度更大的主要原因, 表明MG中成分在汤剂体系中存在状态的稳定性较差。进一步说明SG先煎后再与MH合煎, 成分间的相互作用较共煎能更稳定存在于汤剂体系中, 先煎对成分间的相互作用或有更大的影响。进一步证实共煎、先煎两种煎煮方法可造成汤剂相态差异的推断。SEM结果(图 2B)显示二者汤剂中均混合存在着片层状及颗粒状超分子物质, MG中为微米级, 尺度较大, 且片层状物质多于颗粒状, 而MX中普遍存在着纳米级颗粒状物质, 片层状物质较少且尺度明显小于MG。对二者汤剂的粒径及电位进行检测, 如图 2C可见MG平均粒径为(1 456.33 ± 142.83) nm, 粒径分布为双峰, 分布范围更宽, MX平均粒径为(936.10 ± 26.34) nm, 仅有单峰, PDI值结果也显示MX分布较MG更均匀, 进一步印证了电镜结果。如图 2D, MX电位为(-12.40 ± 1.54) mV, MG为(-10.01 ± 0.59) mV, 表明粒径更小、尺度更均一分布的MX具有更好的稳定性。
XR-SG共煎、先煎汤剂的宏观现象如图 3A所示, 可见XX较XG汤剂体系更浑浊, 放置后显示XX浑浊体系仍可稳定存在, 对汤剂进行浊度测定发现XX为153.57 NTU, XG为75.79 NTU, 二者具有较明显差异, 符合宏观现象结果。冻干粉复溶后也可看出XX体系较XG均一, 存在状态更稳定, 二者相态具有差别。SEM下的微观形貌如图 3B所示, XX中颗粒状物质均匀分布, 而XG中除含较XX大的颗粒状物质外, 还含有大尺度片层状物质。粒径测定结果(图 3C)显示二者尺度均为2 000 nm以上, 推测XR水煎出的多为油脂类物质, 与石膏中金属元素反应后, 在测量过程中会随着汤剂温度的下降致复合物体系易聚集, 使粒径结果呈微米级, 但趋势仍为XG粒径尺度较XX稍大, PDI也稍大于XX, 表明XX较XG聚集作用稍弱。电位测定结果如图 3D, XX电位为(-3.94 ± 0.25) mV, XG为(-2.12 ± 0.16) mV, 表明XG汤剂体系稳定性较XX差。
综上, 在3个药对中均发现SG先煎后汤剂的电镜形貌较共煎颗粒更小、分布更均匀, 粒径测定也显示先煎汤剂较共煎粒度更小、更集中分布, 汤剂稳定性也更好。进一步地, 笔者对麻杏石甘汤中SG先煎、共煎进行观察研究以验证SG先煎是否可在全方层面形成不同于共煎的相态变化, 更利于对SG先煎方法存在的合理性、必要性有清晰认识。
图 4所示, 在SEM下观察可以看到QG中具有较QX普遍更大的球状颗粒; 粒径检测结果显示QG的粒径分布有3个峰, 粒径分布范围较大, 而QX具有两个峰, 体系粒径较QG会更趋于向小粒径方向集中分布; QG平均粒径(647.17 ± 9.83) nm, QX为(528.17 ± 16.88) nm, 在先煎后平均粒径有所减小, 印证电镜结果, PDI结果显示QX汤剂体系分散性较QG更好; 电位测定显示QG为(-9.45 ± 0.94) mV, QX为(-10.73 ± 0.29) mV, 上述指标均呈现出与药对趋势一致的结果, 表明在QF汤剂中, SG先煎也可以增强体系的稳定性。
综上所述, 无论是在3个药对还是全方中, 均发现SG先煎后汤剂体系能够以更小超分子颗粒、更均一分散且稳定性更好的相态存在, 表明同样为SG煎煮了1 h, 但SG先煎对体系的相态影响有别于共煎, 从微观角度可说明SG先煎入药不同于共煎。
采用UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS技术分别对麻杏石甘汤以SG为中心的各拆方药对及全方的共煎、先煎物在正、负离子模式下进行定性及半定量分析, 用以探究不同煎煮方法对药效成分组成及含量的影响及共煎、先煎相态差异的有机物质基础。
图 5为3组药对及全方共煎、先煎物在正、负离子模式下的总离子流图。对比离子流图可见两种煎煮方法下药对及全方中的成分种类几乎一致。结合相关文献[16]及质谱偏差范围要求对其中的主要成分进行解析并确认, 结果如表 1。对3个单味药各自的指标性成分进行解析: G11鉴定为GC中的指标性成分甘草酸(glycyrrhizic acid), 分子式为C42H62O16, 正离子模式下, 其保留时间为14.62 min, 产生5个主要的碎片离子, 在离子峰m/z 823.409 8处观察到质子化分子[M+H]+, 随后产生m/z 647.378 2、471.346 1、453.336 1、317.210 9、235.169 0, 分别为[M+H-C6H8O6]+、[M+H-2C6H8O6]+、[M+H-2C6H8O6-H2O]+、[M+H-C10H18O]+、[M+H-C10H18O-C5H6O]+等碎片离子; M1经鉴定为MH中的指标性活性成分L-麻黄碱(L-ephedrine), 保留时间为4.68 min, m/z 166.122 6为其准分子离子峰, 裂解为m/z 148.111 9、133.088 7、117.070 1, 即[M+H-H2O]+、[M+H-H2O-CH3]+、[M+H-H2O-CH5N]+等碎片离子; X1为苦杏仁苷(amygdalin)是XR中的指标性成分, 在负离子模式下, 准分子离子峰为m/z 456.149 8, 产生了9个碎片离子, 特征碎片为m/z 502.155 2 [M-H+CH2O2]-、263.076 1 [M-H+CH2O2-C6H11O6-C2H4O2]-、221.065 4 [M-H+CH2O2-C6H11O6-C7H4N]-、179.054 5 [M-H+CH2O2-C15H17NO7]-、161.044 0 [M-H+CH2O2-C15H17NO7-H2O]-、131.035 0 [M-H+CH2O2-C15H17NO7-H2O-C2H2O]-、119.033 5 [M-H+CH2O2-C15H17NO7-H2O-C2H2O]-、101.022 8 [M-H+CH2O2-C15H17NO7-H2O-C2H2O-H2O]-、89.022 8 [M-H+CH2O2-C15H17NO7-H2O-C2H2O-H2O-C]-
上述结果明确了药对及全方在共煎、先煎两种煎煮方法下有机成分的组成基本相同, 初步表明煎煮方法不会影响药效成分的种类。进一步对药对及全方中GC、MH、XR各自指标性药效成分glycyrrhizic acid、L-ephedrine、amygdalin进行了半定量分析, 结果如图 6所示, 本研究中先煎组植物中药的煎煮时间为0.5 h, 共煎组植物中药累计煎煮时间为1 h, 即先煎中药比共煎少煎0.5 h, 从结果看先煎和共煎药效成分差异不明显, 并未因为少煎的0.5 h含量明显降低, 即先煎组虽然煎煮时间较短, 但药效成分溶出并未受影响, 故煎煮方法对药效成分的含量影响较小, 表明石膏煎煮方法对有机成分影响不大, 这与文献报道的麻杏石甘汤中SG先煎与其他煎煮方式对苦杏仁苷、甘草苷、甘草酸成分等含量比较差异无统计学意义结果一致[17, 18], 即说明共煎、先煎相态差异与药效有机成分的种类及含量改变关系不大。
初步已知煎煮方法对药对及全方中的有机成分影响较小, 进一步地, 采用ICP-OES对药对及全方共煎、先煎物中的无机金属元素进行定性定量分析, 以探究影响共煎、先煎相态差异的无机成分物质基础, 并采用IR表征SG不同煎煮方法对体系官能团特征吸收峰的变化情况, 以此来确定不同煎煮方法对药效成分间相互作用的影响。
笔者首先采用ICP-OES方法对药对中的共煎、先煎物金属离子种类及含量进行了研究。如图 7A~C, 3个药对中均含有Ca、Mg、Al、Fe、Zn等金属离子, 符合相关文献[19]结果, 且其中以Ca含量为最高; 但伴随着共煎、先煎对汤剂相态的影响, 不同相态的微量元素含量亦有区别: GX中Ca含量为49 345 ng·mg-1, GG中为34 280 ng·mg-1, 先煎较共煎多15 065 ng·mg-1; MX中Ca含量为66 754 ng·mg-1, MG中为60 175 ng·mg-1, 先煎较共煎多6 579 ng·mg-1; XX中Ca含量为92 010 ng·mg-1, XG中为80 683 ng·mg-1, 先煎较共煎多11 327 ng·mg-1, 表明汤剂相态中超分子粒度更小、更均匀、更稳定的先煎汤剂确实会促进SG中以Ca为代表的成分溶出, 且共煎、先煎溶出的含量差异在不同药对间为GC > XR > MH。GC-SG (图 7D)、MH-SG (图 7E)、XR-SG (图 7F)3个药对共煎、先煎的IR谱图均分别表现出GC、MH、XR 3个单味药的红外吸收峰形, 虽各药对均为同质量药材同体积水煎煮, 但SG共煎、先煎样品的峰位移动各有不同。① GC-SG: 3 670~3 200 cm-1为-OH的伸缩振动特征吸收区, GG的-OH吸收峰为GC受SG成分影响由3 262 cm-1蓝移8 cm-1至3 254 cm-1所形成, 而GX红移16 cm-1, 提示共煎、先煎两方法所溶出的微量元素更容易与-OH位置发生作用, ICP-OES分析显示先煎较共煎更多的Ca是影响二者与-OH作用差异的重要物质基础; GC的1 606 cm-1处C = C的伸缩振动峰、1 409 cm-1处C-H的弯曲振动峰及1 026 cm-1处C-O-C的伸缩振动峰, 在SG共煎和先煎影响下移动程度各有不同。② MH-SG: 在SG成分影响下, MG的3 222 cm-1、MX的3 230 cm-1均为MH 3 237 cm-1向低波数移动所形成, 表明两种煎煮方法都使SG溶出的微量元素影响MH成分间的-OH作用; 1 026 cm-1为MH碳水化合物、脂肪酸分子中醚键C-O-C的反对称伸缩振动, 在MG、MX中均未检测到该峰位, 表明SG溶出的微量元素可能与此部位相互作用, 掩盖或改变此官能团吸收峰; MH 1 068 cm-1处峰在MG中移至1 078 cm-1、MX中移至1 079 cm-1, 且MX峰强增加, 表明MH、SG间产生相互作用, 不同煎煮方式使得成分间结合强度不同。③ XR-SG: XR的-OH的伸缩振动峰为3 278 cm-1、XG为3 279 cm-1、XX为3 288 cm-1, 可看出XR、SG二者共煎后对-OH影响较弱, 而先煎SG, 却可以显著影响二者-OH间作用, 提示先煎较共煎使微量元素更容易与-OH络合, 而这种结合可印证相态研究结果: 先煎汤剂中超分子颗粒更小、分散更稳定的现象。除此之外, 在3个药对共煎、先煎红外谱图上均出现SG 595 cm-1处的峰, 表明SG确实参与中药超分子形成, 而先煎谱图上还出现了共煎所没有的SG中667 cm-1处SO42-振动吸收峰, 尤其GX中还出现了SG 1 107 cm-1处SO42-弯曲振动吸收峰, 表明先煎较共煎多溶出的微量元素, 与药效成分间的作用更强。
综上, 药对合煎后, SG金属元素与有机成分间均会产生相互作用, 尤其是共煎、先煎不同煎煮方式显示出的相互作用不仅体现在相态不同, 还体现在与成分特征官能团位点的相互作用及影响程度不同, 在谱图上表现为先煎影响作用更强, 表明SG先煎的汤剂物质基础确有不同。
继而笔者在全方层面进行了测定, 如图 8A所示, ICP-OES显示出同拆方研究相同的结果, SG先煎可以使全方体系中Ca2+溶出增多。进一步可说明SG虽然溶解度有限, 但先煎再与群药共煎可以增加其在水中的溶解度, 这与超分子颗粒更细腻均匀、体系更稳定均一的相态改变息息相关。对去SG组(Gancao-Mahuang-Xingren, GMX)、QG及QX冻干粉进行红外光谱扫描(图 8B), 发现GMX的吸收峰较QG、QX多, 表明在无SG作用下此三药合煎官能团多以游离态存在, 而SG参与可使体系成分间相互作用更紧密。QG、QX谱图中均表现出SG 594 cm-1处峰, 且QG 3 269 cm-1与QX 3 282 cm-1峰位、QG 1 027 cm-1与QX 1 041 cm-1彼此峰位差别较大, 较GMX 3 184 cm-1与1 019 cm-1峰位移动明显, 且先煎移动峰位最大, 表明两种煎煮方法下的SG对其他3味药的影响作用不同, 先煎作用更强, 这与体系中微量元素含量提高、相态改变相关。
综上所述, SG先煎可以溶出更多以Ca为代表的金属离子, 多煎出的Ca2+是影响汤剂相态和红外官能团变化的重要物质基础。本课题组前期研究发现若Ca2+过量将与药效成分形成难溶性聚沉物, 甘草酸与不同浓度钙盐形成的超分子物质随着钙盐浓度升高粒径愈大, 而适度的钙盐含量可形成粒径小于有机成分的大小[5]; 从本文研究可看出SG先煎多溶出的钙盐恰到好处, 可与其他成分适度结合, 并以更利于药效发挥的相态存在。
石膏先煎与否自古以来众说纷纭, 尤其是在新冠期间国家中医药管理局发文强调清肺排毒汤中石膏必须先煎入药, 再次引起公众关注。本研究对清肺排毒汤重要基础方且为经典名方的麻杏石甘汤进行以石膏为中心的拆方及全方先煎、共煎研究, 从观察药对先煎、共煎的相态变化出发, 发现石膏在方中先煎、共煎, 无论是汤剂相态还是冻干粉的表观及复溶, 现象均有差异, 表明石膏先煎与共煎确有不同。进一步地, 从微观角度的电镜观察、粒径和电位测试结果也显示石膏先煎体系无论是在药对还是全方中均表现出较共煎更小的粒径、更均匀的分散度及更稳定存在的相态, 而当前诸多研究已表明以更均一和稳定形式存在的药物相态, 可以更好地被机体吸收、分布以发挥药效, 这一论点已在药物科学和制剂领域得到了广泛的研究和支持[20-22]。中药汤剂包含真溶液、纳米相态、乳浊液和混悬液等, 是一种复杂的多分散相态体系, 研究报道中药汤剂的不同相态可以直接影响其生物利用度和药理毒理表现[23-25], 有效成分主要存在于纳米相态中, 具有溶解性大、稳定性高、药效好等特点[26-28]; 汤剂中的微粒粒径越小, 对有效成分的促吸收效果越明显[29-31]。随后, 笔者运用UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS、ICP-OES及IR等多种技术手段对药对、全方的先煎、共煎物进行研究, 发现煎煮方法对药效成分的组成及含量影响较小, 在IR谱图上, 石膏先煎较共煎具有更明显的药效成分官能团变化的作用, 而无机成分测定出的先煎中更高且较共煎更恰好的Ca2+等金属元素含量可能是影响红外变化及相态变化的重要因素。当前已有研究报道金属元素不仅可以直接发挥药效作用[32, 33], 还可与有机配体形成金属有机骨架材料[34], 在中药领域表现出对有效成分的缓控释放、靶向递送、改善药物的溶解性、增加药物的稳定性、降低药物的毒副作用等[35]。综上, 本研究不仅体现了中药复方中石膏金属元素与有机成分的相互作用, 还显示了其先煎后以更小更均匀分布的纳米形貌存在的中药汤剂体系, 可以通过影响相态的改变提高其溶解性并增强体系的稳定性, 结合既往文献报道, 可能更利于机体吸收利用。进一步证明了纳米相态及颗粒存在于中药汤剂中的重要性。通过此研究可初步解释清肺排毒汤中石膏为何要求先煎入药及其先煎后可发挥出较共煎更快退热速度的原因。综上所述, 石膏先煎的物质基础不同于共煎, 本研究从超分子化学角度揭示石膏先煎入药的科学内涵, 以期为石膏临床应用提供依据, 为以石膏为代表的矿物药研究提供参考。
作者贡献: 张瑶芝完成实验内容及论文撰写工作; 姚舒畅、杨璐平辅助完成部分实验内容; 赵一航、徐安琪参与论文格式修改工作; 黄雪梅指导论文修改; 王鹏龙设计方案、提供研究经费并指导论文的撰写和修改。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82274072)
  • 北京市自然科学基金面上项目(7242221)
  • 中央高校基金科研业务项目(2023-JYB-JBZD-049)
  • 中央高校基金科研业务项目(2024-JYB-XJSJJ004)
  • 中央高校基金科研业务项目(2022-XJ-KYQD-008)
  • 国家级高层次青年人才支持计划
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2024年第59卷第6期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1373
  • 接收时间:2023-12-07
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-07
  • 修回日期:2024-04-21
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82274072)
北京市自然科学基金面上项目(7242221)
中央高校基金科研业务项目(2023-JYB-JBZD-049)
中央高校基金科研业务项目(2024-JYB-XJSJJ004)
中央高校基金科研业务项目(2022-XJ-KYQD-008)
国家级高层次青年人才支持计划
作者信息
    北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488

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*黄雪梅, E-mail: ;
王鹏龙, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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