Article(id=1201096924268028595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201096916940579367, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1372, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1701792000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-06, revisedDate=1705420800000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764293422047, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1712851200000, pubDateStr=2024-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764293422047, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764293422047, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764293422047, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201096916940579367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='4', pageStart='789', pageEnd='1100', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764293420298, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764293534792, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201097397242912862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201096916940579367, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201097397242912863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201096916940579367, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=822, endPage=830, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201096925123666680, articleId=1201096924268028595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Correlation of CD200-CD200R axis and diseases and its research progress, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

CD200 and its receptor CD200R constitute an endogenous inhibitory signal. The binding of CD200 and CD200R can regulate the immune response to pathogenic stimuli, which has received much attention in recent years. It has been found that CD200-CD200R is involved in the regulation of many kinds of pathological inflammation, including autoimmune diseases, cardiac cerebrovascular disease, infection and tumor. This paper reviews the protein structure, distribution, expression, biological function of CD200-CD200R and the correlation with diseases, and analyses the current status and development ideas of CD200-CD200R as drug targets. It aims to provide theoretical support for new drug research and development based on this target.

, correspAuthors=Fei LI, Gen-bei WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Han XU, Yu-xin BI, Gui-xia LI, Jian LI, Liu-li WANG, Rui-jia HAO, Xue-min ZHENG, Rui-jing HUANG, Jin HAN, Fei LI, Gen-bei WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201096927577334650, articleId=1201096924268028595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=CD200-CD200R轴与疾病的相关性及其研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

CD200及其受体CD200R构成一种内源性抑制信号, CD200与CD200R的结合能够调节对致病刺激的免疫反应, 近年来备受研究人员广泛关注。研究发现CD200-CD200R轴参与包括自身免疫性疾病、心脑血管疾病、感染和肿瘤等多种病理炎症的调控, 该轴被认为是多种疾病潜在的治疗靶点。本文从CD200和CD200R的蛋白结构、分布表达、生物学功能以及与疾病的相关性进行了系统阐述, 并对其作为药物靶标开发的研发现状和研发思路进行分析, 以期为基于该靶点的新药研发提供理论支持。

, correspAuthors=李飞, 王根辈, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李飞, Tel: 15895829227, E-mail: ;
王根辈, Tel: 15122109531, E-mail:
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Model-informed drug development for immune checkpoint inhibitors [J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2021, 56: 734-742., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1201096927862547343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096924268028595, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201096927866741648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096924268028595, companyId=1201096927862547343, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201096927887713169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096924268028595, companyId=1201096927862547343, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国药科大学, 江苏 南京 211198)]), AuthorCompany(id=1201096928055485345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096924268028595, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201096928063873954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096924268028595, companyId=1201096928055485345, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. TASLY Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201096928076456868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096924268028595, companyId=1201096928055485345, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.天士力医药集团股份有限公司, 天津 300000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1201096936481841570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096924268028595, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=kFLWtTzRpCnaS2pujhOjlA==, figureFileBig=Fq8+LJMbjoDrHi4gzoaK/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096936574116264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096924268028595, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= CD200-CD200R axis. CD200 binds its inhibitory receptor CD200R, phosphorylating three tyrosine in the CD200R cytosolic tail, which subsequently recruits the inhibitory docking protein Dok-1 and Dok-2. Dok-1 and Dok-2 bind to SHIP and RasGAP, respectively, and inhibit downstream signaling pathways, negatively regulating immune responses. Dok-1/2: Docking protein-1/2; Erk: Extracellular regulated protein kinases; Tyr: Tyrosine; P: Phosphorylation; CrkL: V-crk sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene; SHIP: Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol 5′-phosphatase; RasGAP: RAS p21 protein activator; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; NF-<i>κ</i>B: Nuclear transcription factor-<i>κ</i>B; Ras: Rat sarcoma; D1/2: Immunologlobin domain , figureFileSmall=kFLWtTzRpCnaS2pujhOjlA==, figureFileBig=Fq8+LJMbjoDrHi4gzoaK/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096936829968833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096924268028595, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=qYWeN91P4t0mxATUqBHN0w==, figureFileBig=tVRfKLD6DiNPHZLL8z3QrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096936951603657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096924268028595, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Correlation between CD200-CD200R axis and diseases. TNF-<i>α</i>: Tumor necrosis factor <i>α</i>; IL: Interleukin; PBMC: Peripheral blood mononuclear cell; Th17: T helper cell 17; Treg: Regulatory T cells; STAT1: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; VLA-4: Very late antigen-4; LFA-1: Leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 , figureFileSmall=qYWeN91P4t0mxATUqBHN0w==, figureFileBig=tVRfKLD6DiNPHZLL8z3QrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096937064849873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096924268028595, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TargetMedicineCorporationType of medicineDisease indicationStatus
CD200SamalizumabAlexionAntagonistChronic lymphocytic leukemiaPhase Ⅰ
termination
CD200AR-LUniversity of MinnesotaPeptidesGlioblastomaPhase Ⅰ
CD200R1LY-3453738LillyAgonistAtopic dermatitisPhase Ⅱ
23Me-0061023andMe Inc.AntagonistSolid tumorsPhase Ⅰ
), ArticleFig(id=1201096937186484700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096924268028595, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Drugs developed for the CD200/CD200R axis (as of November 2023)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TargetMedicineCorporationType of medicineDisease indicationStatus
CD200SamalizumabAlexionAntagonistChronic lymphocytic leukemiaPhase Ⅰ
termination
CD200AR-LUniversity of MinnesotaPeptidesGlioblastomaPhase Ⅰ
CD200R1LY-3453738LillyAgonistAtopic dermatitisPhase Ⅱ
23Me-0061023andMe Inc.AntagonistSolid tumorsPhase Ⅰ
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CD200-CD200R轴与疾病的相关性及其研究进展
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徐晗 1 , 毕宇鑫 2 , 李桂霞 2 , 李剑 2 , 王琉丽 2 , 郝瑞家 2 , 郑学敏 2 , 黄瑞晶 2 , 韩进 2 , 李飞 1, * , 王根辈 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2024,59(4): 822-830
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药学学报 | 综述 2024, 59(4): 822-830
CD200-CD200R轴与疾病的相关性及其研究进展
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徐晗1, 毕宇鑫2, 李桂霞2, 李剑2, 王琉丽2, 郝瑞家2, 郑学敏2, 黄瑞晶2, 韩进2, 李飞1, * , 王根辈2, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国药科大学, 江苏 南京 211198
  • 2.天士力医药集团股份有限公司, 天津 300000

通讯作者:

*李飞, Tel: 15895829227, E-mail: ;
王根辈, Tel: 15122109531, E-mail:
Correlation of CD200-CD200R axis and diseases and its research progress
Han XU1, Yu-xin BI2, Gui-xia LI2, Jian LI2, Liu-li WANG2, Rui-jia HAO2, Xue-min ZHENG2, Rui-jing HUANG2, Jin HAN2, Fei LI1, * , Gen-bei WANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
  • 2. TASLY Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300000, China
出版时间: 2024-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1372
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CD200及其受体CD200R构成一种内源性抑制信号, CD200与CD200R的结合能够调节对致病刺激的免疫反应, 近年来备受研究人员广泛关注。研究发现CD200-CD200R轴参与包括自身免疫性疾病、心脑血管疾病、感染和肿瘤等多种病理炎症的调控, 该轴被认为是多种疾病潜在的治疗靶点。本文从CD200和CD200R的蛋白结构、分布表达、生物学功能以及与疾病的相关性进行了系统阐述, 并对其作为药物靶标开发的研发现状和研发思路进行分析, 以期为基于该靶点的新药研发提供理论支持。

CD200  /  CD200R  /  疾病  /  靶向药物  /  免疫检查点

CD200 and its receptor CD200R constitute an endogenous inhibitory signal. The binding of CD200 and CD200R can regulate the immune response to pathogenic stimuli, which has received much attention in recent years. It has been found that CD200-CD200R is involved in the regulation of many kinds of pathological inflammation, including autoimmune diseases, cardiac cerebrovascular disease, infection and tumor. This paper reviews the protein structure, distribution, expression, biological function of CD200-CD200R and the correlation with diseases, and analyses the current status and development ideas of CD200-CD200R as drug targets. It aims to provide theoretical support for new drug research and development based on this target.

CD200  /  CD200R  /  disease  /  targeted drug  /  immune checkpoint
徐晗, 毕宇鑫, 李桂霞, 李剑, 王琉丽, 郝瑞家, 郑学敏, 黄瑞晶, 韩进, 李飞, 王根辈. CD200-CD200R轴与疾病的相关性及其研究进展. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (4) : 822 -830 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1372
Han XU, Yu-xin BI, Gui-xia LI, Jian LI, Liu-li WANG, Rui-jia HAO, Xue-min ZHENG, Rui-jing HUANG, Jin HAN, Fei LI, Gen-bei WANG. Correlation of CD200-CD200R axis and diseases and its research progress[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (4) : 822 -830 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1372
机体受到外界病原体侵害时, 免疫系统会被激活, 同时激活一系列的免疫调节信号, 它们通过相互作用来维持免疫系统的平衡。免疫调节蛋白CD200通过与其受体CD200R结合, 引发免疫抑制信号, 调控髓系细胞活化以及辅助性T淋巴细胞1 (helper T cell 1, Th1) 向辅助性T淋巴细胞2 (helper T cell 2, Th2) 的转化。近年来的研究发现, CD200和CD200R在多种肿瘤中异常表达, 抑制抗肿瘤免疫反应, 促进肿瘤转移和发展; CD200和CD200R的表达失调也与自身免疫性疾病、感染类疾病、移植排斥、心脑血管疾病、神经类疾病的病情进展和预后不良相关。目前, 针对CD200和CD200R靶点已有多种药物处于发现和在研状态。本文从CD200-CD200R的蛋白结构、分布表达、生物学功能以及与疾病的相关性进行了系统阐述, 并对其作为药物靶标开发的研发现状和研发思路进行分析, 以期为基于该靶点的新药研发提供理论支持。
CD200, 也称为OX-2, 是I型跨膜糖蛋白分子, 与B7家族结构相似, 属于免疫球蛋白超家族(immunoglobulin superfamily, IgSF)。CD200含有两个胞外免疫球蛋白(immunoglobulin, Ig) 结构域、单个跨膜区域和含19个氨基酸的短胞质尾。不同于多数抑制性受体的胞质尾部, CD200分子的胞质区域不含免疫受体酪氨酸抑制基序(immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif, ITIM), 也缺乏典型的能与接头分子结合的锚定位点。因此在信号传递的级联反应中, CD200分子不能直接与其他蛋白激酶/磷酸酯酶相互作用。CD200分子胞外区域具有配体识别作用, 通过与其受体CD200R结合传递抑制信号[1]
CD200在多种正常组织中广泛表达, 包括但不限于活化的B和T细胞、神经元、内皮细胞、上皮细胞、树突状细胞、胸腺细胞[2]、视网膜、毛囊[3]。最近研究显示, CD200不仅在正常细胞表达, 也在多种人类肿瘤细胞上表达, 已发现的有黑色素瘤、卵巢癌、髓系和淋巴细胞白血病、肺癌、胰腺癌和头颈癌等[4]
CD200的受体CD200R与CD200结构相似, 同属于IgSF。CD200R胞外区域含有2个Ig结构域、跨膜区和胞质尾。不同于大多数的IgSF受体, CD200R缺乏ITIM基序, 但其胞质尾含有3个带电荷的酪氨酸残基Y286、Y289和Y297, 且其第3个酪氨酸位于NPXY基序(Asn-Pro-x-Tyr) 内, 该基序可与含磷酸化酪氨酸结合结构域等抑制性结构域的蛋白分子相结合, 从而发挥负向调控作用[5]
CD200R基因家族在小鼠中存在5种不同的亚型, 分别为CD200R1~R5, CD200R1是具有免疫抑制作用的主要功能性受体。在人体内存在2种不同的亚型, 即CD200R1和CD200R2[6]
CD200R的表达分布与CD200不同, 表达相对局限, 主要表达在髓系来源的细胞, 如巨噬细胞、树突状细胞(dendritic cell, DC)、中性粒细胞、肥大细胞及T细胞亚型等[1], 且在肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞中高表达[7]
CD200主要通过N-末端免疫球蛋白样结构域的GFCC α面与CD200R1相互作用[1, 8], 引起酪氨酸残基磷酸化, 募集并磷酸化抑制性衔接蛋白停靠蛋白(docking protein, Dok) 1/2, Dok-1和Dok-2分别结合含肌醇磷酸酶的SH2 (Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol 5′- phosphatase, SHIP)、鸟苷酸激活蛋白(RAS p21 protein activator, RasGAP), 抑制下游细胞外调节蛋白激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinases, Erk) 和应激活化蛋白激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase, JNK) 的磷酸化, 从而影响细胞因子和/或其他免疫相关分子的表达[2]。Zhang等[5]研究发现, Dok-2与酪氨酸亲和力更高, 且Dok-2与磷酸化Y297的结合以及募集的RasGAP对于CD200R的抑制信号传导必不可少。此外, 研究发现Dok-1与Dok-2可能存在竞争关系, Dok-1的磷酸化可募集激活V-crk肉瘤病毒CT10癌基因同源物(V-crk sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene, CrkL), 进而抑制Dok-2介导的CD200R信号传导[1, 9] (图 1)。
当抗原提呈细胞识别入侵病原体, 随即提呈T细胞, 激活免疫系统开始清除病原体。生理条件下, 免疫细胞上CD200表达较低, CD200-CD200R的这种负向调控免疫作用作为一种屏障, 来防止自身免疫系统的过度活化, 保护正常细胞。
但肿瘤细胞会利用这一点来实现“免疫逃逸”。肿瘤微环境中, 肿瘤表面过表达的CD200与CD200R相互作用诱导CD4+CD25+Foxp3+调节性T细胞增加[2, 10]; 上调Fas、Fas配体和Fas相关死亡结构域等促进自然杀伤细胞凋亡[1]。两者结合可下调白介素(interleukin, IL)-2、干扰素-γ (interferon-γ, IFN-γ) 和肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor α, TNF-α) 水平[11], 增加IL-10和IL-4, 导致Th1向Th2细胞转化, 诱导骨髓来源抑制性细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cells, MDSC) 产生[8], 抑制细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic lymphocyte, CTL), 进一步抑制抗肿瘤免疫应答[1]。其他疾病情况下, 存在CD200-CD200R轴表达失调, 会引起小胶质细胞过度激活; 上调IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α和巨噬细胞, 下调IL-4水平, 促进了疾病部位炎症反应; 导致体内调节性T细胞与辅助性T细胞17 (T helper cell 17, Th17) 失衡, 可能影响自身免疫性疾病进展。
小胶质细胞和巨噬细胞是脱髓鞘和神经退行性病变的重要效应器, 多发性硬化症(multiple sclerosis, MS) 的进展和形成与斑块内和白质中活化的小胶质细胞和巨噬细胞有关。越来越多的研究表明, CD200-CD200R通路在髓系功能调节中发挥关键作用, 研究发现阻断CD200R可加重实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, EAE) 诱导的MS疾病, 敲除CD200可诱导中枢神经系统激活的小胶质细胞数量增加, 从而加重EAE。CD200-/-缺陷小鼠中同样可以观察到小胶质细胞激活, 表明CD200/CD200R信号缺失使得小胶质细胞和巨噬细胞自发激活和增殖。多发性硬化症模型的慢性病变期, CD200和其他免疫抑制分子的表达减少, 促进了巨噬细胞和小胶质细胞的激活, 使病变范围扩大。多项数据说明, CD200/CD200R轴的免疫抑制能够减缓神经类疾病中小胶质细胞过度激活引起的病情发展, 上调相关细胞表面CD200或是CD200R表达是治疗该类疾病的一种思路[12, 13]
阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer disease, AD) 形态特征是大脑中存在老年斑, 聚集的Aβ斑块激活小胶质细胞, 增强巨噬细胞和溶酶体活性, 并产生多种神经毒性介质。CD200-CD200R轴在小胶质细胞活化中发挥负调控作用。研究发现, 在AD大脑海马区和下颞回区CD200和CD200R表达下调, 给予AD小鼠CD200R1激动剂CD200-Fc能减少小胶质细胞产生促炎细胞因子, 降低长时程增强。表明CD200-CD200R信号对Aβ的去除至关重要, 且通过抑制小胶质细胞活化缓解AD[9]
在一项帕金森病(Parkinson′s disease, PD) 研究中, 阻断CD200R诱导小胶质细胞数量增加, 促炎细胞因子TNF-α和IL-6的水平增加, 从而导致更严重的PD样运动功能障碍和黑质中酪氨酸羟酶阳性多巴胺能神经元的损失[9]。在32例晚期PD患者的单核细胞源性巨噬细胞中, 也证实了通过抗CD200R抗体阻断CD200-CD200R相互作用导致PD小胶质细胞活化和神经退行性症状加剧[14]。深入探究CD200-CD200R轴与PD的相关性有助于研究者更好地了解其发病机制, 这一免疫检查点可作为潜在的临床治疗策略, 减轻患者病痛, 延缓疾病进展。
综上分析, 阻断CD200-CD200R信号会使小胶质细胞激活并导致神经元损伤, 加快MS、AD和PD等病情发展。CD200与CD200R的相互作用在保护神经元、调控小胶质细胞方面起到关键作用, 可增强中枢神经抗炎因子的分泌, 降低小胶质细胞活性, 维持小胶质细胞静息状态和抑制神经炎症。
小胶质细胞激活是引起脑缺血卒中炎症反应的关键, CD200-CD200R轴的相互作用对于促炎途径下游的抑制至关重要, 并保证小胶质细胞在生理状态下处于静止状态。研究发现, CD200R1敲除的小鼠缺血脑组织中TNF-α和IL-1β表达升高。脑缺血小鼠给予CD200-Fc可显著促进神经恢复, 改善行为功能, 下调IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α和巨噬细胞, 上调IL-4。通过激活CD200-CD200R免疫抑制信号通路不仅可抑制小胶质细胞的激活, 也可减少炎症因子的释放, 二者相互作用能改善脑卒中后的病理、生理特征, 促进脑卒中运动功能恢复, 并增强突触重塑性[15]
动脉粥样硬化是心血管疾病的主要原因, 心血管疾病患者外周血中的CD200水平与心肌梗死、脑卒中、心力衰竭风险性有一定的相关性, 且冠状动脉粥样硬化高负荷患者经典单核细胞CD200R表达下调。研究发现, 敲除CD200 (CD200-/-) 载脂蛋白E缺陷(ApoE-/-) 小鼠主动脉根部病变面积增大, 病变坏死区域显著增加, 病变区巨噬细胞含量显著增加, CD200缺乏促进动脉粥样硬化病变发展和斑块形成。腹腔注射给予ApoE-/-动脉粥样硬化模型小鼠CD200-Fc融合蛋白, 小鼠新生内膜形成显著减少, 病变区巨噬细胞含量显著下降。CD200通过调节信号传导及转录激活蛋白1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, STAT1) 磷酸化从而调节单核细胞生成及局部单核细胞的募集, 下调巨噬细胞迁移所必需的黏附分子极迟抗原-4 (very late antigen-4, VLA-4)、白细胞功能相关分子1 (leukocyte function-associated antigen-1, LFA-1), 限制主动脉经典单核细胞和趋化因子C-C-基元受体2阳性巨噬细胞的蓄积, 最终减少动脉粥样硬化斑块的进展、炎症和坏死病灶形成[16]
系统性红斑狼疮(stochastic loewner evolution, SLE) 是一种典型的自身免疫性疾病, 其主要特征包括免疫调控缺陷以及细胞因子失衡和炎症, 有研究指出SLE患者体内免疫耐受的关键调节因子CD4+CD25high FoxP3+调节性T细胞生成缺陷, 可能导致疾病的发展。Li等[17]发现SLE患者外周血单核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell, PBMC) 中CD200+细胞数量显著高于健康人群, 而CD200R1反之, 运用anti-CD200R1抗体和激动剂CD200-Fc分别与SLE患者CD4+ T和CD4+CD25- T细胞作用, 发现激动剂CD200-Fc能挽救CD4+CD25highFoxP3+调节性T细胞生成缺陷, 减少CD4+ T分化为Th17; anti-CD200R1抗体能剂量依赖性增强CD4+ T细胞增殖能力。病理条件下CD200/CD200R的表达异常对SLE疾病进展有着关键作用, 可能是SLE患者免疫异常机制的一部分, 进一步明确CD200-CD200R在SLE中的作用机制能帮助自身免疫类疾病的治疗。
类风湿性关节炎也是一种常见的自身免疫性疾病, Simelyte等[18]研究指出CD200R1在关节炎小鼠关节和淋巴结中大量富集, 聚合酶链式反应结果也说明了CD200/CD200R1表达随关节炎发展而逐渐增加。利用激动剂CD200-Fc可减轻DBA/1小鼠胶原诱导型类风湿性关节炎严重程度, CD200R-/-小鼠关节炎严重程度明显高于野生型小鼠进一步说明了CD200R1能在减轻关节炎方面发挥生理性作用。
炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel diseases, IBD) 是影响肠道的慢性自身免疫性疾病, 主要包括克罗恩病(Crohn′s disease, CD) 和溃疡性结肠炎。Th17细胞在自身免疫性疾病和机体防御方面至关重要, 近年来研究显示, 机体Th17细胞表达上调可导致IBD形成。Elshal等[19, 20]利用流式细胞术分析发现, CD患者Th17表达明显增加, 同时与健康人群相比, IBD患者CD200R1+ DC表达水平低于CD200+ DC细胞, 说明CD200/CD200R1表达失调与IBD的相关性; 且CD200R+ DC的比例与CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞呈显著正相关, 与Th17细胞呈显著负相关; CD200+ DC与Th17显著正相关。先前研究也指出, 调节性T细胞的减少使得IL-1β和IL-6分泌增加, 介导免疫炎症应答, 进而促进Th17生成。因此, CD200/CD200R1表达异常会引起调节性T细胞与Th17平衡失调, 可导致炎症和自身免疫, 这可能是IBD的主要原因。
综上分析认为, CD200-CD200R相互作用失衡以及CD200/CD200R1表达异常与多种自身免疫性疾病的过度免疫应答有关, 通过药物调控二者表达在一定程度上具有缓解疾病进展的潜能。
Petermann等[21]利用RNA微阵列发现CD200是黑色素瘤中Ras/RAF/MEK/Erk激活的一个高活性下游靶点, 在黑色素瘤细胞系和原发肿瘤中高表达, 且CD200的表达与疾病进展相关, 内源性表达CD200的黑色素瘤细胞系可抑制DC对原代T细胞的激活, 而敲除CD200可消除这种免疫抑制作用。其他学者[22-27]还发现CD200在结直肠癌、皮肤鳞状细胞癌、膀胱癌、卵巢癌、肾癌、神经内分泌肿瘤等实体瘤中高表达, 转移患者CD200表达更高, 患者的生存期与CD200负相关, 且CD200的表达受肿瘤分化程度和临床分期的影响显著。Zhang等[22]发现高表达的CD200可能通过上调β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)、低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白(LDL receptor related protein, LRP)、蓬乱蛋白Dsh同源物2 (dishevelled, Dsh homolog 2, DVL2) 信号通路参与肿瘤相关的免疫抑制。在血液瘤, 如B细胞慢性淋巴细胞性白血病、毛细胞白血病、纵隔大B细胞白血病、经典霍奇金淋巴瘤和多发性骨髓瘤中均可检测到CD200表达升高, 并且与多发性骨髓瘤的发展相关[28-31]。临床前肿瘤模型动物给予CD200单抗能够阻断免疫抑制信号, 显著降低肿瘤浸润MDSC, 增加CD4+ T细胞浸润, 显著抑制肿瘤生长[32]
Fenaux等[33]采用乳腺癌、肾癌、黑色瘤、卵巢癌和子宫内膜癌患者的肿瘤组织及PBMC进行单细胞测序, 发现CD200R1在肿瘤浸润性CD4+ T和CD8+ T细胞和B细胞中表达较PBMC中显著升高, 且主要集中在耗竭T细胞和淋巴细胞, 尤其在接受抗程序性死亡受体1 (programmed cell death protein 1, PD-1) 和抗细胞毒T淋巴细胞相关抗原4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4, CTLA-4) 抗体无应答的患者中CD200R1表达更高, 证明CD200R1可能在肿瘤免疫治疗中发挥代偿性免疫抑制作用。体外采用阻断型CD200R1的抗体23ME-0060可以挽救被抑制的T细胞, 抑制肿瘤细胞生长。体内给予荷瘤小鼠CD200R阻断型抗体OX110能够显著抑制黑色素瘤肺转移[3]。研究还发现[34, 35], CD200R1与其他免疫检查点可能存在相互作用, CD200R信号传导导致CD8+ T细胞上PD-1表达上调, 非小细胞肺癌患者肿瘤浸润性T细胞同时过表达CD200R1和其他免疫检查点PD-1、CTLA4和免疫球蛋白黏液素3 (T cell immunoglobulin mucin3, Tim-3)。同时在动物荷瘤模型中, CD200R1抗体与PD-1抗体或Toll样受体7 (Toll-like receptors 7, TLR7) 激动剂联用的抗肿瘤作用增强[36-38]
综上所述, CD200/CD200R与其他免疫检查点分子具有相似性, CD200在多种实体瘤及血液瘤中异常高表达, 与抑制性受体CD200R结合调控免疫抑制, 并与肿瘤侵袭、转移和患者预后密切相关, CD200表达水平可作为潜在的预测因子, 阻断CD200-CD200R轴的靶向药物有望成为肿瘤免疫治疗的潜在方向。
CD200和CD200R相互作用可抑制巨噬细胞的功能和活化, 减轻流感病毒感染后期的炎性损伤, 同时在感染早期CD200缺失诱导肺部中性粒细胞募集, 增强小鼠清除病毒的能力[39]。而Rygiel等[40]发现CD200-/-小鼠在流感感染期间肺部损伤加剧, 呼吸道淋巴细胞以及感染特异性CD8+ T细胞浸润明显增加, T细胞表面CD200R表达上调。对于CD200-CD200R轴在流感感染期间所起到的具体作用还需研究探明。
新型冠状病毒肺炎(corona virus disease 2019, COVID-19) 入侵所导致的肺部炎症因子过度反应造成的急性肺损伤(acute lung injury, ALI) 是患者死亡的主要原因。Lv等[41]采用高通量转录组测序技术分析包括COVID-19感染在内的急性肺损伤发现, 肺泡巨噬细胞(alveolar macrophages, AM) CD200R1表达显著上调, ALI小鼠肺部CD200Rhigh/CD11chigh AMs高浸润, 另外ALI患者的肺内皮细胞CD200低表达, 提示肺泡巨噬细胞CD200-CD200R1存在失调。恢复患者肺内皮细胞上CD200表达, 维持肺部免疫抑制平衡, 从而抑制AMs活化, 避免过度炎症反应, 这一思路可为COVID-19临床治疗提供新策略。
Stack等[42]发现, 在小鼠巨细胞病毒模型中, 与野生型小鼠相比, CD200R-/-小鼠在感染后14天可限制巨细胞病毒的持续复制, 黏膜病毒特异性CD4+ T细胞应答增强, 且第33天多数CD200R-/-小鼠体内已清除巨细胞病毒, 研究指明CD200R可能促进病毒的持续复制; 同时, 巨细胞病毒可在感染期间主动诱导CD200的表达, 二者结合传递免疫抑制信号使病毒持续复制, 通过CD200/CD200R通路限制黏膜抗病毒免疫反应。
移植排斥是器官移植的关键性问题, 提高同种异体移植物存活率的关键在于增加调节性T细胞和耐受性树突状细胞数量, 减少自体T和B细胞反应。Yu等[43]发现CD200有助于移植物存活时间的延长, 能够增加调节性T细胞基因表达; 野生型(wild type, Wt)、CD200+、CD200R1KO、CD200KO小鼠分别接受来自CD200+和Wt小鼠皮肤移植物后, CD200+小鼠皮肤移植物在Wt、CD200+受体中存活时间大于Wt, 排异率相对较低, 转化生长因子-β (transforming growth factor β, TGF-β) 等可诱导调节性T细胞的分子基因表达显著上调, 与免疫调节相关基因表达显著增加; 缺少CD200R1表达时, 移植物CD200表达情况并不是存活时间的关键, 表明宿主中CD200R1以及移植物自身CD200表达同时影响着移植物存活时间, 并涉及调节性T细胞的诱导。
Rygiel等[44]在C57BL/6至BALB/c小鼠的心脏同种异体移植模型中观察到, 使用anti-CD200抗体可降低促炎因子释放, 抑制DC细胞活化, 上调调节性T细胞、巨噬细胞、Gr-1+CD11b+ MDSCs和CD200R+ T细胞数量; 与对照抗体组相比, anti-CD200抗体可减少B细胞和活化的T细胞数量, 显著提高肾和心脏移植物的存活率。研究分析, 可能与anti-CD200通过阻断CD200-CD200R1结合, 减少下游SHIP募集有关。
特应性皮炎(atopic dermatitis, AD) 是一种复发性、慢性、炎性皮肤病, 患者通常本身具有“特应性”特点, 会出现皮肤屏障紊乱以及体内特异性炎症的症状, 临床表现往往不同, 一般需要长期用药。前期多数文献探索了AD与T细胞之间的关系, 但有证据表明B细胞可能也促进该类疾病的发展。
Boudkova等[45]指出研究B细胞上低亲和力lgE受体(CD23) 和CD200表达水平有助于评估AD的严重程度。与对照组相比, 接受和未接受度匹鲁单抗(dupilumab) 治疗的患者B细胞上CD200表达更高。虽然Celakovska等[46]得出了同样的结果, 但进一步发现与对照组相比, 未接受dupilumab治疗的患者中记忆、初始和非转换B细胞上CD200表达更显著; 在接受dupilumab治疗的患者中, 转换B淋巴细胞上CD200表达更高, 二者存在明显的B细胞亚群差异。探明B细胞表面CD23和CD200的表达水平与其特定亚群以及与AD其他相关免疫细胞之间的关系, 有助于后续评估AD患者严重程度、生物疗法成效, 更好地了解该类疾病的免疫机制。
综上所述, CD200-CD200R轴表达失调所引发的病理性炎症可能是自身免疫性疾病、心脑血管疾病、感染、神经类疾病等的发展机制, 而CD200-CD200R轴的存在或许是减少移植物免疫排斥的关键(图 2)。
CD200-CD200R轴参与多种病理炎症的调控, 包括自身免疫性疾病、心脑血管疾病、感染和癌症等, 该轴也被认为是多种疾病潜在的治疗靶点。通过药融云数据库检索CD200/CD200R靶点的药物仅有4个, 其中基于CD200靶点的有2个, 基于CD200R1靶点的有2个, 均处于早期临床研究, 适应症为自身免疫性疾病和肿瘤。表 1列出了已经进入临床阶段的针对CD200/CD200R轴靶点开发的药物, 后文将对这些药物进行逐一介绍。
沙马组单抗(samalizumab) 为Alexion开发的抗CD200单克隆抗体, Ⅰ期临床研究共招募23名晚期慢性淋巴细胞白血病(chronic lymphocytic leukemia, CLL) 患者和3名多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma, MM) 患者, 研究发现samalizumab在3名MM患者中未观察到疗效, 但在CLL患者中观察到CD200表达降低, 客观缓解率(objective response rate, ORR) 为1/23, 16名患者病情基本得到控制。但在研究中发现, samalizumab在下调肿瘤CD200表达的同时, 也引起表达CD200的CD4+效应T细胞的耗竭; 该药物已于2010年因有效性不佳而终止开发[47]
CD200通过结合抑制性受体CD200R诱导免疫抑制信号。相反, 配体结合CD200活化受体CD200AR (CD200 activation receptor, CD200AR) 会引发活化信号。CD200AR-L (a peptide ligand to the CD200 activation receptor) 为明苏尼达大学开发的以胶质母细胞瘤为适应症的结合CD200激活受体的肽配体, 体外研究证实CD200AR-L可有效结合激活受体, 激活自然杀伤激活受体相关蛋白10 (DNAX activation protein 10, DAP10)/自然杀伤激活受体相关蛋白12 (DNAX activation protein 12, DAP12) 并下调CD200R1表达来阻断CD200抑制信号的传导。该项目于2010年进入临床Ⅰ期研究, 截至目前已有13年, 进展缓慢, 仍处于招募状态[48, 49]
LY-3453738为礼来公司开发的治疗特应性皮炎的CD200R激动性抗体, 已进入临床Ⅱ期研究阶段。临床前研究结果显示, 单次给予接触性皮炎小鼠LY-3453738能够长久缓解皮炎症状, 且效果优于Janus激酶2抑制剂ruxolitinib; 同时在Ⅰ期临床研究的患者中已发现对特应性皮炎症状缓解的有效性。
23Me-00610为23andMe Inc.开发的靶向CD200R1的阻断型抗体, 适应症为实体瘤, 正在进行Ⅰ/Ⅱ期临床研究。临床前体外研究结果显示, 23Me-00610可完全挽救CD200引起的免疫抑制, 促进IL-2和IFN-γ的分泌, 显著增强PBMC介导的肿瘤细胞杀伤作用, 具有良好的抗肿瘤活性[33]
针对CD200/CD200R开发的药物主要集中在肿瘤和自身免疫性疾病方向。目前靶向CD200的2个药物开发已终止或无实际进展, 分析可能与CD200在正常组织中广泛表达, 脱靶毒性较高有关; 因此以CD200为靶点开发肿瘤药物的困难较高。而受体CD200R在正常组织中表达有限, 但在肿瘤微环境中表达较高, 肿瘤特异性更强, 可能是适合开发肿瘤药物的靶点[46]; 同时在自身免疫疾病领域, CD200R1激动性抗体已在临床前阶段均取得治疗效果, 但仍需在临床阶段进一步探索有效性和安全性。
过去10年免疫疗法迅速发展, PD-1/程序性死亡受体1配体(programmed death ligand 1, PD-L1)、CTLA-4等免疫检查点成为研究热点, 已然成为临床恶性肿瘤治疗的有力手段。但仍有一部分患者无应答, 部分患者也在后续治疗中获得继发性耐药, 免疫检查点疗法的整体有效性目前仍然不佳。研究人员除了关注CD200-CD200R轴已有药物的药效评价外, 可同步开展临床研究探索阻断CD200-CD200R轴是否与其他免疫检查点产生了协同效应; 或是引起了PD-1/PD-L1、CTLA-4等免疫检查点表达上调, 从而触发代偿性途径, 可能导致临床患者的继发性耐药问题。在肿瘤微环境中, 多种免疫检查点受体的过度表达可能是阻断单个免疫检查点靶标的结果。肿瘤类型众多, 代偿性机制的特异性、共享性仍需进一步研究。这些结果可作为药物设计优化, 如特异性双抗的开发, 以及临床联合用药组合的参考, 有望解决免疫疗法治疗局限性问题, 提高免疫疗法效果。另外, 研究人员还需寻找能准确识别临床阶段患者获益的可靠生物标志物, 从而对免疫检查点阻断疗法的最终结果进行有效分析。
目前, 临床阶段的药物以单克隆抗体为主, 但靶向CD200-CD200R轴新药开发不应局限于抗体类药物。Li等[50]开发的DNA编码的单克隆抗体(DNA-encoded monoclonal antibody, DMAb) 技术平台适用于免疫检查点抑制剂基因药物的研发, 药物具有靶向特异性并可长久有效地在体内发挥生物效应, 也解决了单克隆抗体多次给药的局限性。靶向CD200-CD200R轴的新药开发可以此思路为参考, 结合药效实验探索新型药物形式的可能性。
随着定量药理学逐步发展, 模型引导的药物研发(model informed drug development, MIDD) 已在国内新药研发中得到应用, 贯穿新药研发全流程。将MIDD技术融入靶向CD200-CD200R轴药物研发, 从研发早期的药效剂量确定到晚期的获益风险探究, MIDD技术一方面可提高靶向CD200-CD200R轴新药研发效率, 另一方面也可最大程度减少研发成本[51]
通过系统梳理文献分析, CD200-CD200R轴在免疫调节中功能作用已经得到证实, 通过激活或抑制信号通路参与了肿瘤和多种自身免疫疾病的发生发展, CD200-CD200R轴可作为开发肿瘤和自身免疫疾病的潜在靶点。目前, 已有分别针对CD200和CD200R1为靶点的新药开发, 但整体项目数量较少, 研发阶段最早也仅处于Ⅰ/Ⅱ期, 尚需有更多的临床研究进行靶点和机制的成药性概念验证。另外, 基于CD200-CD200R轴开发药物的适应症主要聚焦在自身免疫疾病和肿瘤, 而在CD200-CD200R轴参与的感染、器官移植、心脑血管等疾病领域尚未探索。对于心脑血管疾病, CD200-CD200R相互作用能够减少疾病部位炎症或是病灶形成, 开发针对CD200-CD200R轴的激动剂有望延缓该类疾病发展。但CD200-CD200R轴与移植物存活时间、感染的机制关系似乎仍不明确, 今后需要更多的可靠实验来探索和验证二者相互作用或是各自表达水平对疾病进展的影响, 通过积累丰富的实验数据来分析如何就病情程度或阶段类型开发CD200-CD200R轴抑制剂或激动剂。相信随着CD200-CD200R轴在各类免疫相关的疾病病理机制不断阐明和新技术发展, 以CD200和CD200R为靶点的免疫疗法, 将会为更多未被满足临床需求的疾病提供新的治疗手段和解决思路, 为广大疾病患者提供更多的用药选择。
作者贡献: 王根辈、李飞、韩进提供课题和论文思路; 徐晗和毕宇鑫负责全文的撰写; 李桂霞对论文进行整体的指导; 李剑、王琉丽对论文进行修改; 黄瑞晶、郝瑞家和郑学敏查找部分相关文献。
利益冲突: 作者声明本文不存在利益冲突。
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1372
  • 接收时间:2023-12-06
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-06
  • 修回日期:2024-01-17
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    1.中国药科大学, 江苏 南京 211198
    2.天士力医药集团股份有限公司, 天津 300000

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*李飞, Tel: 15895829227, E-mail: ;
王根辈, Tel: 15122109531, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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