Article(id=1201096923244618365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201096916940579367, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1344, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1701100800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-28, revisedDate=1710518400000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764293421803, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1712851200000, pubDateStr=2024-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764293421803, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764293421803, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764293421803, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201096916940579367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='4', pageStart='789', pageEnd='1100', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764293420298, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764293534792, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201097397242912862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201096916940579367, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201097397242912863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201096916940579367, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1067, endPage=1078, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201096924167365292, articleId=1201096923244618365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Rhamnose-analogues mediated liposomal drug delivery system for pancreatic cancer target therapy, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, we have firstly investigated the feasibility of rhamnolipids as targeting ligands to develop drug delivery systems for active targeting of pancreatic cancer. Rhamnolipid-modified liposomes (RhaL-Lip) were prepared by a thin film hydration method, and were evaluated preliminarily for RhaL-Lip physicochemical properties, in vitro release characteristics, ex/in vivo targeting, and in vitro pharmacodynamics. RhaL-Lip exhibited excellent targeting ability of human pancreatic cancer (BxPC-3) cells and enhanced anti-tumor effects. On this basis, the natural structural analogue of rhamnolipid, Polyphyllin Ⅶ (PPVⅡ), as the targeting material and active ingredient, we explored the targeting and anti-tumor activity of Polyphyllin Ⅶ modified liposomes (PPVⅡ-Lip). The results showed that PPVⅡ-Lip has a homogeneous particle size and has a more robust targeting ability for solid tumor in vivo, which can achieve more enrichment at the tumor site. Compared with gemcitabine, the first-line chemotherapy drug for pancreatic cancer, PPVⅡ-Lip showed a stronger inhibitory effect. In conclusion, this targeted drug delivery strategy is expected to provide beneficial ideas for drug delivery studies in targeted therapy for pancreatic cancer. Animal experiments were conducted with approval from the Animal Ethics Committee of southwest university (approval number: IACUC-20210130-2).

, correspAuthors=Yan ZHANG, Chong LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Fei-yan GAO, Xin-long LIU, Shan PENG, Yan ZHANG, Chong LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201096929951309887, articleId=1201096923244618365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=鼠李糖类似物介导的脂质体递药系统及其靶向抗胰腺癌的研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文初步探究了鼠李糖类似物作为靶向配体构建递药系统, 实现胰腺癌主动靶向治疗的可行性。采用薄膜水化法成功制备了鼠李糖脂脂质体, 并对其理化性质、体外释放特性、体内外靶向性及体外药效学进行了初步评价。鼠李糖脂脂质体在体内外均能表现出针对人胰腺癌(BxPC-3) 细胞的良好靶向性, 且具有更强的抗肿瘤效果。基于此, 进一步以鼠李糖脂天然结构类似物重楼皂苷Ⅶ (Polyphyllin Ⅶ, PPVⅡ) 为靶向材料及活性成分, 探索重楼皂苷Ⅶ脂质体(Polyphyllin Ⅶ modified liposomes, PPVⅡ-Lip) 对BxPC-3细胞的靶向性及抗肿瘤活性研究。结果表明, PPVⅡ-Lip粒径均一, 在体内对BxPC-3实体瘤有较强的靶向能力, 能够提高药物在胰腺癌肿瘤部位选择性富集。在体内、外药效评价中, 相比胰腺癌一线化疗药物吉西他滨, PPVⅡ-Lip对胰腺癌细胞也表现出更强的抑制效果。综上所述, 该靶向递药策略有望为靶向治疗胰腺癌的药物递送研究提供有益的思路。本研究体内动物实验得到了西南大学动物伦理委员会的批准(批准号: IACUC-20210130-2)。

, correspAuthors=张焱, 李翀, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张焱, E-mail: ;
李翀, E-mail:
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Nat Commun, 2021,12: 7336., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1201096940625814116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, awardId=32201086, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年基金(32201086), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1201096940768420462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, awardId=cstc2021jcyj-bshX0125, language=CN, fundingSource=重庆市自然科学基金博士后科学基金项目(cstc2021jcyj-bshX0125), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1201096930257494102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201096930265882711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, companyId=1201096930257494102, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201096930270077016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, companyId=1201096930257494102, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.西南大学药学院, 重庆 400715)]), AuthorCompany(id=1201096930349768800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201096930353963105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, companyId=1201096930349768800, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. School of Pharmacy, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201096930362351715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, companyId=1201096930349768800, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.重庆大学药学院, 重庆 401331)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1201096934858645880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=0ypMLVLEAc1JSZxz9iJ4fw==, figureFileBig=WpW/YXCe7XnpT5LRKSa9zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096934997057917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Investigation of <i>in vitro</i> stability and release. A: <i>In vitro</i> PTX cumulative profiles of RhaL-Lip/PTX and Lip/PTX; B: The stability of RhaL-Lip/PTX. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. PTX: Paclitaxel; RhaL-Lip: Rhamnolipid-modified liposomes , figureFileSmall=0ypMLVLEAc1JSZxz9iJ4fw==, figureFileBig=WpW/YXCe7XnpT5LRKSa9zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096936305680791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=8V95GqGr3+XdRpBk6eoXlw==, figureFileBig=OxSnuy6I45PrwwrsRYzZOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096936444092834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Competitive inhibition experiments. A: Confocal observation of rhamnose-QD on various cancer cell lines (BxPC-3 and MCF-7); B: Confocal microscopic view of rhamnose-QD localized on the BxPC-3 cell surface. The binding of rhamnose-QD was blocked by rhamnose. Scale bar, 20 µm , figureFileSmall=8V95GqGr3+XdRpBk6eoXlw==, figureFileBig=OxSnuy6I45PrwwrsRYzZOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096936578310569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=DFNXYNgBk+pM97ejbN+y8w==, figureFileBig=H517d+K9bR5DzUaUrqNlFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096936683168181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Confocal microscopic view of endogenous glucose competitive inhibition in BxPC-3 (A) and MCF-7 (B) cells. Scale bar, 20 µm , figureFileSmall=DFNXYNgBk+pM97ejbN+y8w==, figureFileBig=H517d+K9bR5DzUaUrqNlFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096936800608701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=6hbd06auf05f2xnxHtsI3g==, figureFileBig=JPqMHr7QZ83yegYtaiQwDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096936930632133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Quantitative cellular uptake of RhaL-Lip in BxPC-3 cells pre-incubation with different endocytosis inhibitors. <i>n</i> = 3, <i>x</i> ± s. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 vs control group , figureFileSmall=6hbd06auf05f2xnxHtsI3g==, figureFileBig=JPqMHr7QZ83yegYtaiQwDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096937073238483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=VT4gUK1DOT2kh7OkziRNZw==, figureFileBig=SsnCJfmqAYCzyGeCzRpS4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096937194873308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Different cancer cell lines cell uptake of RhaL-Lip by fluorescence microscope. A: BxPC-3 cells; B: MCF-7 cells; C: BGC-823 cells; D: 3T3 cells. Scale bar, 1 mm. Flow cytometry analysis and quantification of cellular uptake by BxPC-3 cells (E), MCF-7 cells (F), and quantification of mean fluorescence intensity of the histograms. MFI: Mean fluorescence intensity. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=VT4gUK1DOT2kh7OkziRNZw==, figureFileBig=SsnCJfmqAYCzyGeCzRpS4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096937320702439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ygjPT0gvb9v0KIj8ZStvJg==, figureFileBig=C3H0zAbma4przscIeW/3BA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096937454920176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= <i>In vivo</i> fluorescence imaging of BxPC-3 tumor-bearing mice (A), MCF-7 tumor-bearing mice (B) after treatment with RhaL-Lip/DiR and Lip/DiR. DiR: 1,1-Dioctadecyl-3,3, 3,3-tetramethylindotricarbocyaine iodide , figureFileSmall=ygjPT0gvb9v0KIj8ZStvJg==, figureFileBig=C3H0zAbma4przscIeW/3BA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096937563972085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=jm4djHaEy7cHNTHb5WSZ3g==, figureFileBig=sMvtpN63e86KyF63wvyeCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096937710772734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= <i>In vitro</i> cytotoxicity of RhaL-Lip/PTX and Lip/PTX. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> Lip/PTX group , figureFileSmall=jm4djHaEy7cHNTHb5WSZ3g==, figureFileBig=sMvtpN63e86KyF63wvyeCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096937849184776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vzEPXhWWHFgijANL+FhCtA==, figureFileBig=9kIz6F8D8A1e53/EgzOtig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096938037928463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= <i>In vitro</i> cytotoxicity of PPVⅡ and GEM. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. PPVⅡ: Polyphyllin Ⅶ; GEM: Gemcitabine , figureFileSmall=vzEPXhWWHFgijANL+FhCtA==, figureFileBig=9kIz6F8D8A1e53/EgzOtig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096938226672150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=pDcWz1jByoOuWnoO204TwA==, figureFileBig=XOSO0f8ZsSYdhkbhO3QH0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096938407027231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=CN, label=Figure 9, caption= Effects of PPVⅡ on the BxPC-3 cells cycle and apoptosis. A: Flow cytometric analysis of PPVⅡ induced cell apoptosis; B: PPVⅡ induced cell cycle changes in BxPC-3 cells , figureFileSmall=pDcWz1jByoOuWnoO204TwA==, figureFileBig=XOSO0f8ZsSYdhkbhO3QH0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096938490913317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=fVtYNTxq93XWfR62wkEGXg==, figureFileBig=HQXKo8udmBtbnQJyaBG9KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096938646102576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=CN, label=Figure 10, caption= Characterization of the physicochemical properties of PPVⅡ-Lip. A: Size distribution of PPVⅡ-Lip; B: DSC scans during the interactions of PPVⅡ and lipid material; C: <i>In vitro</i> PTX cumulative profiles of PPVⅡ-Lip; D: Separation of protein corona by SDS-PAGE; E: BxPC-3 cell uptake of PPVⅡ-Lip by fluorescence microscope; F: Flow cytometry, and quantification of mean fluorescence intensity of the histograms. Scale bar, 1 mm. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. DSC: Differential scanning calorimetry , figureFileSmall=fVtYNTxq93XWfR62wkEGXg==, figureFileBig=HQXKo8udmBtbnQJyaBG9KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096938780320313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=tvVJdHjRsPjUllT0bQZM1g==, figureFileBig=gc+x/NVMtgHgK52abjNWBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096938889372224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=CN, label=Figure 11, caption= Tumor targeting and penetration of PPVⅡ-Lip. A: <i>In vivo</i> fluorescence imaging of BxPC-3 tumor-bearing mice after treatment with PPVⅡ-Lip/DiR and Lip/DiR; B: <i>In vitro</i> penetration efficiency of PPVⅡ-Lip/C6 and Lip/C6 into tumor spheroids. Scale bar, 100 µm, Z-axis depth 150 µm; C: Evaluation of the tumour permeability of PPVⅡ-Lip. Scale bar, 200 µm , figureFileSmall=tvVJdHjRsPjUllT0bQZM1g==, figureFileBig=gc+x/NVMtgHgK52abjNWBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096939036172872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=tbY3U8MNPgrXem5Yfmsr2Q==, figureFileBig=eaAjMD9raK+C/pY08D2McA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096939153613389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=CN, label=Figure 12, caption= Efficacy and safety assessment of PPVⅡ-Lip. A: In vitro cytotoxicity of PPVⅡ-Lip and Lip/GEM; B: Tumor growth curves of PPVⅡ-Lip, Lip/GEM and PBS; C: Photographs of tumors dissected on the day 24. Scale bar, 10 mm; D: Levels of serum biochemical indicators of mice after administration. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=tbY3U8MNPgrXem5Yfmsr2Q==, figureFileBig=eaAjMD9raK+C/pY08D2McA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096939266859605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LiposomesSize/nmPDIZeta potential/mVEntrapment efficiency/%
RhaL-Lip81.16 ± 1.240.23 ± 0.01-8.31 ± 0.2598.24 ± 1.06
RhaL-Lip/PTX79.92 ± 2.480.21 ± 0.02-11.53 ± 0.1284.13 ± 4.85
Lip/PTX99.45 ± 1.390.18 ± 0.02-13.53 ± 0.3483.79 ± 5.28
RhaL-Lip/C684.23 ± 1.730.25 ± 0.01-12.82 ± 0.2198.78 ± 1.25
Lip/C685.74 ± 1.460.19 ± 0.01-11.53 ± 0.3798.83 ± 1.77
RhaL-Lip/DiR85.85 ± 2.040.24 ± 0.02-15.42 ± 0.2893.72 ±1.14
Lip/DiR86.82 ± 1.630.21 ± 0.01-14.74 ± 0.1992.58 ± 1.08
), ArticleFig(id=1201096939388494428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096923244618365, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Size, PDI and zeta potential of different liposomes. n = 3, x ± s. PDI: Polydispersity index

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LiposomesSize/nmPDIZeta potential/mVEntrapment efficiency/%
RhaL-Lip81.16 ± 1.240.23 ± 0.01-8.31 ± 0.2598.24 ± 1.06
RhaL-Lip/PTX79.92 ± 2.480.21 ± 0.02-11.53 ± 0.1284.13 ± 4.85
Lip/PTX99.45 ± 1.390.18 ± 0.02-13.53 ± 0.3483.79 ± 5.28
RhaL-Lip/C684.23 ± 1.730.25 ± 0.01-12.82 ± 0.2198.78 ± 1.25
Lip/C685.74 ± 1.460.19 ± 0.01-11.53 ± 0.3798.83 ± 1.77
RhaL-Lip/DiR85.85 ± 2.040.24 ± 0.02-15.42 ± 0.2893.72 ±1.14
Lip/DiR86.82 ± 1.630.21 ± 0.01-14.74 ± 0.1992.58 ± 1.08
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鼠李糖类似物介导的脂质体递药系统及其靶向抗胰腺癌的研究
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高飞燕 1 , 刘鑫龙 1 , 彭珊 1 , 张焱 2, * , 李翀 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(4): 1067-1078
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(4): 1067-1078
鼠李糖类似物介导的脂质体递药系统及其靶向抗胰腺癌的研究
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高飞燕1, 刘鑫龙1, 彭珊1, 张焱2, * , 李翀1, *
作者信息
  • 1.西南大学药学院, 重庆 400715
  • 2.重庆大学药学院, 重庆 401331

通讯作者:

*张焱, E-mail: ;
李翀, E-mail:
Rhamnose-analogues mediated liposomal drug delivery system for pancreatic cancer target therapy
Fei-yan GAO1, Xin-long LIU1, Shan PENG1, Yan ZHANG2, * , Chong LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
  • 2. School of Pharmacy, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
出版时间: 2024-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1344
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本文初步探究了鼠李糖类似物作为靶向配体构建递药系统, 实现胰腺癌主动靶向治疗的可行性。采用薄膜水化法成功制备了鼠李糖脂脂质体, 并对其理化性质、体外释放特性、体内外靶向性及体外药效学进行了初步评价。鼠李糖脂脂质体在体内外均能表现出针对人胰腺癌(BxPC-3) 细胞的良好靶向性, 且具有更强的抗肿瘤效果。基于此, 进一步以鼠李糖脂天然结构类似物重楼皂苷Ⅶ (Polyphyllin Ⅶ, PPVⅡ) 为靶向材料及活性成分, 探索重楼皂苷Ⅶ脂质体(Polyphyllin Ⅶ modified liposomes, PPVⅡ-Lip) 对BxPC-3细胞的靶向性及抗肿瘤活性研究。结果表明, PPVⅡ-Lip粒径均一, 在体内对BxPC-3实体瘤有较强的靶向能力, 能够提高药物在胰腺癌肿瘤部位选择性富集。在体内、外药效评价中, 相比胰腺癌一线化疗药物吉西他滨, PPVⅡ-Lip对胰腺癌细胞也表现出更强的抑制效果。综上所述, 该靶向递药策略有望为靶向治疗胰腺癌的药物递送研究提供有益的思路。本研究体内动物实验得到了西南大学动物伦理委员会的批准(批准号: IACUC-20210130-2)。

鼠李糖脂  /  重楼皂苷Ⅶ  /  靶向递药系统  /  胰腺癌

In this study, we have firstly investigated the feasibility of rhamnolipids as targeting ligands to develop drug delivery systems for active targeting of pancreatic cancer. Rhamnolipid-modified liposomes (RhaL-Lip) were prepared by a thin film hydration method, and were evaluated preliminarily for RhaL-Lip physicochemical properties, in vitro release characteristics, ex/in vivo targeting, and in vitro pharmacodynamics. RhaL-Lip exhibited excellent targeting ability of human pancreatic cancer (BxPC-3) cells and enhanced anti-tumor effects. On this basis, the natural structural analogue of rhamnolipid, Polyphyllin Ⅶ (PPVⅡ), as the targeting material and active ingredient, we explored the targeting and anti-tumor activity of Polyphyllin Ⅶ modified liposomes (PPVⅡ-Lip). The results showed that PPVⅡ-Lip has a homogeneous particle size and has a more robust targeting ability for solid tumor in vivo, which can achieve more enrichment at the tumor site. Compared with gemcitabine, the first-line chemotherapy drug for pancreatic cancer, PPVⅡ-Lip showed a stronger inhibitory effect. In conclusion, this targeted drug delivery strategy is expected to provide beneficial ideas for drug delivery studies in targeted therapy for pancreatic cancer. Animal experiments were conducted with approval from the Animal Ethics Committee of southwest university (approval number: IACUC-20210130-2).

rhamnolipid  /  polyphyllin Ⅶ  /  targeted drug delivery system  /  pancreatic cancer
高飞燕, 刘鑫龙, 彭珊, 张焱, 李翀. 鼠李糖类似物介导的脂质体递药系统及其靶向抗胰腺癌的研究. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (4) : 1067 -1078 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1344
Fei-yan GAO, Xin-long LIU, Shan PENG, Yan ZHANG, Chong LI. Rhamnose-analogues mediated liposomal drug delivery system for pancreatic cancer target therapy[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (4) : 1067 -1078 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1344
胰腺癌是恶性程度非常高的肿瘤之一, 具有病程进展快, 易转移, 且预后极差等特点, 其5年生存率仅为12.5%[1]。胰腺癌被称为“沉默的杀手”, 因其早期特征性症状不明显, 使其临床确诊通常发生在晚期[2]。此外, 胰腺癌肿瘤外基质细胞还形成致密的生物屏障, 阻碍大多数化疗药物进入深层肿瘤组织, 使胰腺癌细胞对化疗药物敏感性降低及耐药性升高, 这也是作为胰腺癌临床一线化疗药物的吉西他滨化疗效果不理想的主要原因[3]。因此, 亟需开发治疗胰腺癌的新型药物。
相对于正常细胞, 肿瘤细胞因其糖代谢旺盛, 其细胞表面往往高表达糖蛋白受体, 糖基及其衍生物作为配体可实现药物对肿瘤的主动靶向[4, 5]。近年来, 以葡萄糖为代表的糖基化合物修饰的肿瘤靶向递药系统的相关研究被研究人员广泛关注[6]。然而, 人体体内存在大量的内源性葡萄糖, 有可能通过竞争性结合作用抑制靶向基团与肿瘤细胞表面的糖蛋白受体的结合, 最终使递药系统“脱靶”进而影响药效[7]
凝集素(Lectin) 是一种存在于动植物中的非免疫来源的糖结合蛋白, 其具有多个糖结合位点, 在细胞的识别和黏附反应中发挥着重要作用。不同种类的凝集素可与特定的糖基结构发生特异性结合[8]。鼠李糖结合凝集素(rhamnose-binding lectin, RBL) 可选择性识别和结合鼠李糖[9]。研究表明RBL在多种肿瘤细胞表面表达, 并且鼠李糖基在这些细胞功能中发挥重要作用[10]。此外, 由于人体自身不存在内源性鼠李糖, 所以鼠李糖为靶向分子的递药系统在体内不存在内源性竞争抑制[11]。但是, 到目前为止尚未发现以鼠李糖为靶向材料构建靶向递药系统的相关研究。
本研究构建了一种以鼠李糖基团作为靶向配体, 针对人胰腺癌BxPC-3细胞表面RBL受体的靶向递药系统。本文首先探讨了以鼠李糖脂作为靶向材料, 构建能特异性识别人胰腺癌BxPC-3的靶向递药系统的可行性。以紫杉醇作为模型药物, 鼠李糖脂修饰脂质体能显著提高紫杉醇对胰腺癌的疗效。基于此, 选取鼠李糖脂天然结构类似物重楼皂苷Ⅶ (polyphyllin Ⅶ, PPVⅡ) 作为靶向材料及活性成分, 进一步探索了重楼皂苷Ⅶ脂质体(PPVⅡ-Lip) 对BxPC-3细胞的靶向性及抗肿瘤活性作用。
材料与试剂  大豆卵磷脂(EPC, 艾伟拓上海医药科技有限公司); 鼠李糖脂(rhamnolipid, 四川三森生物科技有限公司); PPVⅡ (95%, 成都普瑞法科技开发有限公司); DiR (1,1-dioctadecyl-3,3, 3,3-tetramethylindotricarbocyaine iodide-)、香豆素6 (coumarin 6, C6) (Sigma, USA); 胎牛血清(FBS)、RPMI 1640培养基(Gibco, USA); 0.25% 胰蛋白酶(北京鼎国昌盛生物技术有限公司); 细胞周期试剂盒、细胞凋亡试剂盒(万类生物科技有限公司); TUNEL试剂盒(南京凯基生物技术有限公司)。
实验仪器  激光粒度仪(Nano ZS, Malven, UK); 酶标仪(BIO-RAD MODEL 680, BIO-RAD, USA); 荧光倒置显微镜(IX-73, Olympus, Japan); 流式细胞仪(NovoCyte, ACEA, USA); 激光共聚焦显微镜(LSM700, Zessi, Germany); 小动物活体成像仪(FX PRO, Carestream, USA)。
细胞培养  人胰腺癌细胞株BxPC-3购自南京凯基生物有限公司, 培养于含10% 胎牛血清的RPMI 1640培养基中, 置于饱和湿度的细胞培养箱中培养(37 ℃、5% CO2), 汇合度达到约60%~80%时, 使用含EDTA的0.25% (w/v)胰蛋白酶消化传代。
实验动物  无胸腺裸鼠(雌性, 6周龄) 由湖南斯莱克景达实验动物有限责任公司提供, 实验动物质量合格证编号: 4303455942。实验按照西南大学实验动物伦理委员会及国际动物实验的指导原则进行, 所有动物实验均获得了西南大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(批准号: IACUC-20210130-2)。
鼠李糖脂脂质体(RhaL-Lip) 制备及表征  采用薄膜水化法制备RhaL-Lip[7]。经过筛选, 鼠李糖与大豆卵磷脂药脂比为1∶30 (w/w)。精密称取大豆卵磷脂30 mg和鼠李糖脂1 mg, 充分溶解于2 mL甲醇: 氯仿(1∶1)溶液中, 并转入洁净干燥的茄形瓶。使用旋转蒸发仪在37 ℃条件下减压蒸发除去有机溶剂, 并加入1 mL PBS缓冲液, 置于37 ℃恒温水浴振荡器进行水化。收集水化后溶液, 使用超声波细胞粉碎仪进行超声, 600 W超声2 min。收集溶液即得RhaL-Lip。精密称取紫杉醇1 mg, 上述材料成膜前加入并混合均匀, 最终得到RhaL-Lip/PTX, 药脂比为1∶10。将制得的紫杉醇脂质体破乳后, 用HPLC法测定其包封率。按相同方法制备含胆固醇的紫杉醇空白脂质体(Lip/PTX), 其中胆固醇药脂比与鼠李糖脂相同, 并对其进行表征。
按上述方法制备包载荧光素香豆素6脂质体(RhaL-Lip/C6、Lip/C6) 和DiR的脂质体(RhaL-Lip/DiR、Lip/DiR), 其药脂比均为1∶200 (w/w), 并对其进行表征。马尔文激光粒度仪对脂质体的粒径大小、zeta电位分布进行测定。
体外释放  分别取1 mL RhaL-Lip/PTX和1 mL Lip/PTX, 分别装入截留分子量为8 000~14 000 Da的透析袋中, 封口, 释放介质为50 mL含0.1% Tween 80的PBS缓冲液(pH 7.4), 置于37 ℃恒温振荡器中缓慢振摇[12]。分别于15 min、0.5、1、2、4、6、12、24 h等不同时间点各取样1 mL透析液, 同时补充1 mL新鲜释放介质。使用HPLC测定不同时间点的释放介质中PTX的含量, 计算累积释放率。
稳定性考察  将RhaL-Lip/PTX置于37 ℃环境中, 分别在0、6、12、24、36、48、72 h取部分脂质体测定其粒径, 初步考察体外稳定性。
BxPC-3、MCF-7细胞与鼠李糖荧光探针的特异性结合  按文献[11]方法, 利用生物素-亲和素系统的独特性质, 使鼠李糖、葡萄糖上标记量子点(quantum dots, QD), 观察肿瘤细胞表面鼠李糖受体的表达。分别将鼠李糖、葡萄糖与预先活化的生物素结合, 再与量子点QD标记的链霉亲和素共同孵育, 4 ℃避光保存, 备用。
分别将BxPC-3细胞、MCF-7接种于激光共聚焦培养皿中, 过夜培养。将细胞与鼠李糖探针在37 ℃下孵育30 min, PBS浸洗去除未结合的探针, 4%多聚甲醛固定后, DAPI染色细胞核避光孵育5 min, 使用荧光共聚焦显微镜下观察。
RhaL-Lip与不同细胞相互作用实验
竞争性抑制验证  将BxPC-3细胞接种于激光共聚焦培养皿中, 在与鼠李糖-QD探针孵育之前, BxPC-3细胞先分别与过量的鼠李糖、葡萄糖于37 ℃预孵育l h, 以使BxPC-3细胞先被游离的糖所结合, 加入PBS浸洗去除未结合的糖。然后, 将BxPC-3细胞与鼠李糖探针孵育30 min, PBS浸洗后使用荧光共聚焦显微镜观察。
入胞机制研究  将BxPC-3细胞按每孔1×104个细胞接种于48孔板中, 过夜培养后, 向各实验孔组中加入不同的入胞抑制剂: 氯丙嗪、非律平、秋水仙碱、莫能星、布雷非德菌素A、甲基-β-环糊精[13, 14]。37 ℃孵育0.5 h后, 再分别加入50 µL RhaL-Lip/C6或50 µL Lip/C6 (C6浓度为0.06 mol·L-1), 37 ℃孵育2 h。PBS浸洗3次, 使用胰蛋白酶细胞消化液对孔中细胞进行消化, 收集于2 mL EP管中, 加入0.5 mL PBS重悬细胞, 使用流式细胞仪检测各组的荧光强度。
体外靶向性评价  分别将BxPC-3细胞按每孔1×104个细胞、MCF-7细胞按每孔5×103个细胞、BGC-823细胞按每孔1×104个细胞、3T3细胞按每孔1×104个细胞均匀接种于48孔细胞培养板中, 置于细胞培养箱中过夜培养。待细胞贴壁后, 实验组各孔加入50 µL RhaL-Lip/C6, 对照组各孔分别加入50 µL Lip/C6 (C6浓度为0.06 mol·L-1), 37 ℃孵育2 h后。PBS浸洗3次后, 除去未结合的脂质体。加入4%多聚甲醛溶液固定0.5 h, PBS浸洗3次。加入DAPI染色细胞核避光孵育5 min, PBS浸洗3次, 置于荧光显微镜下观察各组细胞中的荧光。或在孵育结束后使用胰蛋白酶消化并收集细胞, 使用流式细胞仪检测不同孔中细胞的荧光强度。
BxPC-3/3T3、MCF-7皮下瘤模型建立  6周龄雌性裸鼠在动物房适应环境1周后, 选取体重为18~20 g的裸鼠用于后续实验。将BxPC-3和3T3细胞分别进行消化, 并离心收集细胞。细胞计数, 调整每毫升细胞数为: BxPC-3细胞2×106个、3T3细胞为1×106个, 充分混合后制备细胞悬液。使用500 µL注射器吸取100 µL细胞悬液, 经皮下注射于小鼠前肢腋窝。按时检测肿瘤增长状态, 待皮下瘤体积在100 mm3左右时, 即可用于后续实验。MCF-7皮下瘤模型按上述方法建立。肿瘤体积(V) 根据公式(1) 计算:
$ V (\text{mm}^{3}) = (a×b^{2})/2$
其中, ab分别为肿瘤最宽处和最窄处。
BxPC-3/3T3、MCF-7皮下瘤模型小鼠体内靶向性评价  将BxPC-3/3T3皮下瘤模型小鼠随机分为两组, 分别经尾静脉注射RhaL-Lip/DiR和Lip/DiR各100 µL (DiR浓度为0.1 mol·L-1), 分别在0.5、1、2、4、8 h等时间点, 使用小动物活体成像仪观察制剂在裸鼠体内的分布情况。在8 h后, 脱颈处死模型小鼠, 解剖收集裸鼠的心、肝、脾、肺、肾等主要脏器和肿瘤组织, 拍摄并记录荧光标记脂质体在各离体器官中的分布情况。
RhaL-Lip/PTX细胞药效评价  将5×103个BxPC-3细胞均匀接种于96孔板中, 每孔200 µL, 边缘孔加入无菌PBS。将96孔板置于细胞培养箱中培养过夜, 待细胞贴壁后, 分别将Lip/PTX和RhaL-Lip/PTX以无血清培养基稀释后加入各孔中, 每个浓度设置3个复孔, 同时设置不加药的培养基的对照组, 37 ℃、5% CO2、饱和湿度条件下培养24 h。孵育结束后去除各孔的培养基, 加入200 µL PBS和20 µL MTT溶液(5 mg·mL-1), 并继续孵育4 h。小心吸取各孔内溶液, 每孔加入150 µL DMSO, 置于37 ℃恒温摇床低速振荡15 min, 待甲瓒结晶充分溶解后, 使用酶标仪于490 nm处检测各孔的OD值, 记录结果, 计算细胞存活率及IC50值。
重楼皂苷Ⅶ抗胰腺癌活性评价
细胞毒性检测  将5×103个人胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3均匀接种于96孔板中并培养至贴壁。分别加入系列浓度的PPVⅡ和吉西他滨(gemcitabine, GEM) 孵育24 h, 以空白培养基孔作为对照。孵育结束后, 每孔加入MTT溶液(5 mg·mL-1) 孵育4 h, 吸取后每孔加入150 µL DMSO溶解, 置于37 ℃恒温摇床低速振荡15 min, 使用酶标仪于490 nm处检测各孔OD值, 计算细胞存活率。
细胞凋亡  使用Annexin V双染法检测PPVⅡ对BxPC-3细胞凋亡的影响[15]。将BxPC-3细胞均匀接种于12孔板中培养至贴壁, 分别加入不同浓度的PPVⅡ孵育24 h。使用胰蛋白酶消化并收集细胞, PBS浸洗后加入Binding buffer重悬, 小心吹打并混合均匀。加入Annexin V-FITC和Propidium Iodide, 充分混匀后室温条件下避光孵育15 min, 使用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况。
细胞周期  通过Propidium Iodide染色法研究PPVⅡ对BxPC-3细胞周期的影响[16]。将BxPC-3细胞均匀接种于6孔板中培养至贴壁, 加入不同浓度的PPVⅡ溶液孵育24 h。孵育结束后使用胰酶消化细胞, 加入PBS浸洗并重悬, 缓慢逐滴加入70%乙醇溶液, 4 ℃固定过夜。加入PBS浸洗后, 加入RNase A酶, 37 ℃孵育30 min, 再加入Propidium Iodide染色液避光孵育30 min。使用流式细胞仪检测细胞周期, 分析PPVⅡ对BxPC-3细胞周期的影响。
PPVⅡ-Lip的制备  采用薄膜水化法制备PPVⅡ-Lip脂质体[7]。按药脂比为1∶30精密称取大豆卵磷脂和PPVⅡ, 并充分溶解于甲醇∶氯仿(1∶1) 混合溶液后, 使用旋转蒸发仪在37 ℃条件下减压蒸发除去有机溶剂, 并加入1 mL 5%葡萄糖水溶液, 置于37 ℃恒温水浴振荡器进行水化。收集水化后溶液, 使用超声波细胞粉碎仪进行超声, 600 W超声2 min, 透析除去未包载药物, 即得澄清透明的PPVⅡ-Lip。制备荧光素标记PPVⅡ-Lip脂质体(PPVⅡ-Lip/C6, PPVⅡ-Lip/DiR) 时, 在上述膜材料成膜前分别加入香豆素6或DiR并混匀, 按以上相同步骤制备。
PPVⅡ-Lip的表征
粒径及电位  使用马尔文激光粒度仪对脂质体的粒径大小、分散性、zeta电位进行表征。使用HPLC测定脂质体的载药量, 流动相为乙腈-水(40∶60) (v/v), 检测波长203 nm。载药量及包封率分别按公式(2)、(3) 计算:
$\;\;\;\;\;\;载药量 (\%)=透析后脂质体含药量/药物及辅料 \\ 总量 \times 100 \%$
$\;\;\;\;\;包封率 (\%)= 透析后脂质体含药量/药物投料量 \times \\100 \%$
体外释放  吸取1 mL PPVⅡ-Lip脂质体, 装入截留分子量为8 000~14 000 Da的透析袋中, 使用50 mL含0.1% Tween 80的PBS缓冲液(pH 7.4) 作为释放介质, 置于37 ℃恒温振荡器中缓慢振摇。分别于15 min、0.5、1、2、4、6、12、24 h等时间点各吸取1 mL释放介质, 同时补充1 mL新鲜释放介质。使用HPLC测定不同时间点的释放介质中PPVⅡ的含量, 计算累积释放率。
差示扫描量热(differential scanning calorimetry, DSC) 通过差示扫描量热仪研究PPVⅡ-Lip热力学变化[17], 每个样品15 mg, 扫描速度为5 ℃·min-1, 每个样品重复3次以确保重复性。所有样品完全干燥后, 分别转移至预称重的铝盘中, 氮气保护下, 温度范围设置为25~300 ℃, 使用DSC 200PC软件绘制并分析曲线。
蛋白冠吸附实验  将浓度相同的Lip和PPVⅡ-Lip与血清按1∶1的比例混合, 37 ℃孵育2 h。12 000 r·min-1高速离心20 min去上清, 纯水洗3次, 保留沉淀。测定蛋白含量后, 将样品按4∶1 (v/v) 与SDS蛋白上样缓冲液(5×) 混合, 置于沸水中加热10 min, 使蛋白充分变性。分别取等量样品进行SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳, 10%浓缩胶电泳电压为80 V, 电泳30 min后, 10% 分离胶电泳电压为120 V, 至溴酚蓝到达分离胶底部后停止电压。考马斯亮蓝染1 h后, 一级水洗至背景无色, 暗室显影拍照。
PPVⅡ-Lip体内外靶向性考察
体外靶向性评价  分别将BxPC-3细胞按每孔1×104个细胞均匀接种于48孔板中培养过夜。待细胞贴壁后, 分别加入Lip/C6、PPVⅡ-Lip/C6, 于37 ℃下孵育2 h。孵育结束后, PBS漂洗3次, 加入4%多聚甲醛溶液固定0.5 h后用DAPI染色细胞核, 使用荧光显微镜观察摄取情况; 或在孵育结束后使用胰酶消化并收集细胞, 流式细胞仪检测不同孔中细胞的荧光量。
体内靶向性评价  将人胰腺癌(BxPC-3/3T3) 皮下瘤模型小鼠随机分为两组, 分别尾静脉注射100 µL PPVⅡ-Lip/DiR或Lip/DiR (DiR浓度为0.1 mol·L-1), 于0.5、1、2、4和8 h, 使用小动物活体成像仪观察荧光在裸鼠体内的分布情况。在8 h后, 解剖收集裸鼠的心、肝、脾、肺、肾和肿瘤, 记录荧光在离体器官中的分布情况。
PPVⅡ-Lip渗透性考察
3D肿瘤球实验  将BxPC-3细胞和3T3细胞分别以1×106个的量接种于低吸附的96孔板中, 低速离心, 使细胞聚集于孔板底部, 于37 ℃、5% CO2、饱和湿度条件下培养, 每隔2天换液1次, 观察肿瘤球的形成及其大小。待肿瘤球长至300 µm以上, 即可用于后续试验。将等量的PPVⅡ-Lip/C6、Lip/C6小心加入到肿瘤球孔中, 37 ℃孵育1、2、4、8、12、24 h后, PBS小心洗去上清液, 使用共聚焦荧光显微镜观察不同时间点荧光渗透深度, Z轴固定在150 µm。
肿瘤免疫荧光切片  分别将制备的PPVⅡ-Lip/RhB、Lip/RhB经尾静脉注射入BxPC-3/3T3皮下瘤模型裸鼠体内, 并以游离的RhB为对照。4 h后将小鼠脱颈处死并取出肿瘤。冰冻切片制成6 mm的切片, 使用荧光共聚焦显微镜下观察各组荧光在肿瘤组织中的渗透深度。
PPVⅡ-Lip抗胰腺癌体内外药效评价及安全性考察
PPVⅡ-Lip细胞药效评价  将BxPC-3细胞按每个孔5×103个细胞均匀接种于96孔板中, 置于细胞培养箱中过夜培养。PPVⅡ-Lip和Lip/GEM细胞毒性使用MTT法测定[18]。使用无血清培养基对PPVⅡ-Lip和Lip/GEM进行等倍稀释后加入各孔中, 药物终浓度均为5 µmol·L-1, 每个浓度设置3个复孔, 同时设置不加药的对照组。37 ℃、5% CO2条件下培养24 h。除去每孔中加入5 mg·mL-1MTT溶液20 µL, 继续培养4 h后, 小心吸出孔内培养液。每孔加入150 µL DMSO, 置于37 ℃恒温摇床低速振荡15 min, 待结晶充分溶解后, 使用酶标仪于490 nm处检测各孔的OD值, 记录结果, 计算细胞存活率及IC50值。
PPVⅡ-Lip体内抗胰腺癌药效及安全性评价  当BxPC-3/3T3皮下瘤模型小鼠肿瘤体积长至100 mm3时, 随机将模型裸鼠分为3组, 每只模型裸鼠通过尾静脉每3天给药1次, 共给药6次。给药剂量: 对照组, PBS, 每只0.2 mL; Lip/GEM组, GEM 10 mg·kg-1; PPVⅡ-Lip组, PPVⅡ 10 mg·kg-1。每隔3天测量实体瘤大小, 称量裸鼠的体重变化, 记录并计算肿瘤体积。治疗结束后, 用全自动生化分析仪分别检测各组模型小鼠血清中天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、尿素(UREA)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT) 和肌酐(CREA) 的含量。
统计学分析  使用ANOVA进行统计分析, 定量数据均以平均值±标准差(x ± s) 表示。P < 0.05被认为具有统计学意义。
使用马尔文激光粒度仪测试各组脂质体的粒径(size) 及zeta电位并记录数据, 结果如表 1所示。所制得的脂质体平均粒径均在80 nm, 分散系数在0.2左右, 分布均一。
采用透析法测定负载紫杉醇的Lip/PTX和RhaL-Lip/PTX脂质体体外释放情况, 测定不同时间点释放介质内PTX的浓度。结果如图 1A所示, RhaL-Lip/PTX表现出持续而缓慢的PTX释放, 且未发生PTX突释现象, 释放曲线平滑, 24 h释放率可达70%, 此后趋于平缓; 通过与Lip/PTX脂质体释放曲线比较, 表明鼠李糖脂表面修饰不影响紫杉醇体外释放性能和稳定性。此外, 通过图 1B可知, 3天内RhaL-Lip/PTX脂质体粒径无明显变化, 证明该脂质体的稳定性较好。
由于目前没有市售的鼠李糖受体相应抗体, 按文献[11]方法, 利用生物素-亲和素使QD标记鼠李糖, 作为探针考察BxPC-3细胞和MCF-7细胞表面RBL受体的表达情况。各细胞与鼠李糖荧光探针在37 ℃孵育0.5 h后, 使用共聚焦荧光显微镜下观察, 结果如图 2A所示。BxPC-3细胞表面有明显的红色荧光, 而MCF-7表面几乎荧光, 由此推测BxPC-3细胞表面有RBL受体的表达, 而MCF-7细胞表面鼠李糖受体表达较弱。
加入游离的鼠李糖竞争性抑制探针与细胞的结合, 结果进一步证明了鼠李糖在细胞与探针结合中发挥的作用。结果如图 2B所示, 预孵育鼠李糖后, 细胞表面结合的荧光探针量明显减少, 表现出游离鼠李糖对探针与细胞结合有较强的竞争性抑制作用。
近年来, 以葡萄糖为代表的糖基靶向递药策略已取得了一定的研究进展, 但由于人体内天然存在大量的葡萄糖, 可能存在内源性葡萄糖的竞争性抑制作用, 从而降低药物与细胞的结合作用[7]。鼠李糖并未被发现天然存在于人体中, 因此以鼠李糖为靶向基团的递药系统不存在内源性竞争抑制作用。为了比较两种靶向递药策略, 本文进一步探究了葡萄糖的竞争性抑制作用。如图 3所示, 加入游离的葡萄糖竞争性抑制探针与细胞结合后, BxPC-3细胞和MCF-7细胞表面的荧光强度均明显低于未做处理的细胞。
研究纳米递药系统的细胞摄取机制, 有助于从细胞层次上探索药物的作用机制, 为更加安全有效地用药提供重要的依据。目前多数纳米药物进入细胞的途径是内吞[19]。通过加入多种不同的细胞内吞途径的抑制剂, 阻断特定的内吞途径以确定纳米药物的入胞途径。实验结果如图 4所示, RhaL-Lip/C6主要通过网格蛋白、小窝蛋白和脂筏介导的内吞途径进入细胞。
分别将Lip/C6和RhaL-Lip/C6与BxPC-3细胞、MCF-7细胞、BGC-823细胞、3T3细胞孵育2 h后, 用荧光倒置显微镜定性评价。结果如图 5A~D所示。在相同时间内, BxPC-3细胞和3T3细胞对RhaL-Lip/C6的摄取量明显多于对照组, 且BxPC-3细胞的差异更显著, 表现出更高效的摄取率; 而在MCF-7细胞和BGC-823细胞中, 荧光量没有显著差异。以上实验结果表明, RhaL-Lip针对BxPC-3细胞具有良好体外肿瘤靶向能力。
分别将Lip/C6和RhaL-Lip/C6与BxPC-3细胞或MCF-7细胞孵育2 h后, 用流式细胞仪定量检测荧光信号, 结果如图 5EF所示。在BxPC-3细胞中, RhaL-Lip/C6组的荧光信号明显强于对照组, 表现出较强的靶向性; 而在MCF-7细胞中, 两组细胞的荧光量没有显著差异。实验结果表明, 鼠李糖可促进BxPC-3细胞对RhaL-Lip的靶向摄取作用。
在预先设定好的时间点观察荷瘤裸鼠体内的荧光分布情况, 在BxPC-3/3T3皮下瘤模型中(图 6A), 对照组肿瘤部位因EPR效应有少量的荧光蓄积, 而RhaL-Lip/DiR组的裸鼠肿瘤部位蓄积量明显更多, 表明经鼠李糖脂修饰后, RhaL-Lip对BxPC-3/3T3皮下瘤的蓄积量显著增加, 表现出良好的靶向性; 而在MCF-7皮下瘤模型中(图 6B), RhaL-Lip则并未表现出针对MCF-7皮下瘤组织良好的肿瘤靶向能力, 其原因可能是MCF-7表面鼠李糖结合凝集素表达较低, 无法有效介导RhaL-Lip特异性结合。
通过MTT法检测结果如图 7所示, Lip/PTX和RhaL-Lip/PTX对BxPC-3细胞生长均有抑制作用, 并存在量效关系。在相同PTX浓度下, Lip/PTX组的IC50为40.46 µmol·L-1, RhaL-Lip/PTX组的IC50为7.07 µmol·L-1, RhaL显著增强了PTX对BxPC-3的抑制作用, 表明以鼠李糖为靶向分子的靶向递药系统可提高对BxPC-3肿瘤细胞的体外药效。
MTT法研究PPVⅡ对BxPC-3细胞增殖的影响, 结果如图 8所示。PPVⅡ对BxPC-3细胞有较强的抑制能力, 且PPVⅡ抑制效果随药物浓度增高而增强, 存在量效关系。经计算IC50为0.23 µmol·L-1, 而胰腺癌临床一线化疗药物吉西他滨IC50大于5 µmol·L-1, 相同剂量条件下, 说明PPVⅡ具有更高的抗胰腺癌活性。
将Annexin-V-FITC与PI联合使用, 用流式细胞仪检测即能反映出细胞不同的凋亡时期。流式结果表明, 与PPVⅡ作用后, BxPC-3细胞的凋亡率显著增加, 且呈现药物浓度依赖性。对照组细胞24 h后凋亡率为0.22%, 1 µmol·L-1作用24 h后, 细胞凋亡率为8.6%; 5和7.5 µmol·L-1的PPVⅡ分别作用24 h后, BxPC-3细胞的凋亡率分别为20.13%和62.32%, 均显著高于对照组(图 9A)。实验结果表明, PPVⅡ可有效促进BxPC-3细胞。
收集不同浓度PPVⅡ作用后的细胞并染色, 流式细胞仪检测结果如图 9B所示。由结果可以得知, PPVⅡ作用24 h后, BxPC-3细胞的周期发生了明显的变化。加入等量PBS的对照组中, 细胞周期主要分布在G0/G1期, 占78%, G2/M期占6.29%, S期占15.51%。加入PPVⅡ作用的实验组细胞, 随着药物浓度的增加, 细胞G0/G1期所占比例下降, G2/M期所占比率略微上涨, S期所占比率明显上升。随着药物浓度的增加, G0/G1期比率依次为73.48%、71.93%、60.32%、50.32%, G2/M期的比率依次为6.88%、6.68%、10.57%、13.95%, S期比率依次为19.64%、21.38%、29.11%、35.72%。表明PPVⅡ能抑制细胞周期, 使细胞周期阻滞于S期, 且抑制强度呈浓度依赖性。
激光粒度仪测得各组脂质体的粒径及zeta电位并记录数据, 结果如图 10A所示。结果表明, PPVⅡ-Lip平均粒径为78 nm, 分散系数为0.214, 且都呈单峰, 分布均一。PPVⅡ-Lip脂质体包封率为95.27% ± 1.36%, 载药量为8.69% ± 2.13%。
使用DSC表征脂质体的热力学转变, 图 10B显示了PPVⅡ-Lip或PPVⅡ或两种原材料的物理混合的DSC。研究发现物理混合的熔点在101 ℃左右, 单独的重楼皂苷Ⅶ显示约52和266 ℃的峰, 而以上特征峰在PPVⅡ-Lip中并没有观察到, 以上实验结果表明了重楼皂苷Ⅶ成功插入到脂质体结构之中。
通过测定24 h内载药脂质体PPVⅡ-Lip中PPVⅡ的释放, 表征PPVⅡ-Lip缓慢释放性质。结果如图 10C所示, PPVⅡ原料药在前4 h累积释放率高于95%, 而PPVⅡ-Lip释放速率缓慢且稳定, 无突释现象发生, 释放曲线平滑, 表明PPVⅡ-Lip具有缓释性能且稳定性良好。
蛋白冠是指递药系统进入生物环境如血清后, 其表面会吸附一层或多层蛋白所组成的结构, 称为蛋白冠[20]。然而, 递药系统表面性质发生变化时, 所吸附的蛋白含量或蛋白的组分将发生变化[21]。实验结果如图 10D所示, PPVⅡ-Lip组的蛋白条带明显比Lip组浅, 表明PPVⅡ-Lip吸附的蛋白量显著少于普通Lip, 这个结果表明, 重楼皂苷的糖基暴露于脂质体外侧, 可有效减少PPVⅡ-Lip与血清中的蛋白的非特异性结合。
使用荧光倒置显微镜定性观察BxPC-3细胞对Lip/C6和PPVⅡ-Lip/C6摄取情况, 结果如图 10E所示。BxPC-3细胞对PPVⅡ-Lip/C6的摄取量明显多于对照组, 表现出更高效的摄取率。表明PPVⅡ-Lip针对BxPC-3细胞具有体外靶向能力。此外, 与鼠李糖预孵育后, 细胞结合的荧光探针量明显减少, 显示出游离鼠李糖对PPVⅡ脂质体与细胞结合有较强的竞争性抑制作用。
使用流式细胞仪定量检测BxPC-3细胞对Lip/C6和PPVⅡ-Lip/C6摄取情况, 结果如图 10F所示。针对BxPC-3细胞, PPVⅡ-Lip/C6组的荧光信号明显强于对照组, 表现出较强的BxPC-3细胞靶向性, 且与定性评价结果相吻合。
荧光活体成像实验结果(图 11A) 显示, 与对照组相比, PPVⅡ-Lip/DiR组的模型裸鼠肿瘤部位有更强的荧光信号, PPVⅡ-Lip在肿瘤部位的蓄积量显著增多, 表明PPVⅡ-Lip对BxPC-3皮下瘤具有显著的体内靶向功能。
由于胰腺癌肿瘤瘤体富含大量的肿瘤相关成纤维细胞, 导致胰腺癌渗透性较差, 化疗药物难以进入肿瘤内部, 最终疗效降低[22]。为了探讨PPVⅡ-Lip对胰腺癌肿瘤的渗透性, 本研究通过3D肿瘤球模型验证了PPVⅡ-Lip胰腺癌的渗透性。如图 11B所示, PPVⅡ-Lip对BxPC-3/3T3肿瘤球具有更好的渗透性。
进一步利用BxPC-3和3T3两种细胞混合种瘤的方式, 模拟其肿瘤内环境, 并对其进行了渗透性评价。PPVⅡ-Lip的体内渗透性评价结果如图 11C所示, 肿瘤边缘至瘤体中心方向500 µm处画虚线作为参照, PPVⅡ-Lip/RhB组的荧光渗透深度明显高于Lip/RhB组, 表现出更优的肿瘤组织渗透能力。以上实验结果表明, 相较于无靶向基团脂质体药物, PPVⅡ-Lip能实现BxPC-3肿瘤组织的深层递送, 有望在体内治疗中表现出更佳的治疗效果。
通过MTT法检测结果如图 12A所示, PPVⅡ-Lip和Lip/GEM对BxPC-3细胞均有生长抑制作用, 并具有量效关系。经计算, PPVⅡ-Lip组IC50为0.293 µmol·L-1, Lip/GEM组的IC50大于5 µmol·L-1。相同药物浓度下, PPVⅡ-Lip对BxPC-3细胞表现出更强的抑制能力。
根据记录的体内药效数据, 绘制PPVⅡ-Lip抑瘤曲线。结果如图 12BC所示。PPVⅡ-Lip治疗组的BxPC-3/3T3皮下瘤裸鼠的肿瘤平均体积均小于Lip/GEM治疗组, 表明PPVⅡ-Lip对胰腺癌实体瘤明显的抑制作用。
PPVⅡ-Lip组各项指标均在正常范围内, 结果如图 12D所示, 与生理盐水组没有显著差异, 说明该制剂对动物肝功能、肾功能无明显损伤, 安全性良好。
本课题选择对BxPC-3胰腺癌细胞具有特异性识别能力的鼠李糖作为靶向基团, 成功构建了针对胰腺癌具有良好主动靶向功能的脂质体递药系统。采用鼠李糖脂作为靶向材料并构建鼠李糖脂脂质体, 探索鼠李糖介导的递药系统对人胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3靶向识别能力。将紫杉醇包载于该脂质体中, 鼠李糖脂脂质体显著提高了紫杉醇对人胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3的抑制能力。本研究还发现与鼠李糖脂结构类似的天然抗肿瘤药物PPVⅡ对BxPC-3细胞具有靶向性和抗肿瘤活性。因此, 进一步采用PPVⅡ作为靶向材料和抗肿瘤活性物质, 成功构建了PPVⅡ脂质体。通过对该递药系统进行体内、外靶向性和体内、外药效评价, 发现其不仅表现出了针对胰腺癌的主动靶向能力。与现有临床一线抗胰腺癌药物相比, 还可以有效提高了抗肿瘤药物对胰腺癌细胞的抑制能力和渗透能力。基于鼠李糖活性结构构建胰腺癌靶向递药系统, 可有效规避内源性葡萄糖对糖基修饰递药载体所形成的竞争性抑制, 可有效提高药物对胰腺癌的靶向选择性和药物疗效。该策略为胰腺癌的诊断和靶向治疗提供了一种新的思路和方法。
作者贡献: 高飞燕负责实验研究过程并撰写论文; 张焱和李翀提出实验思路、设计研究方案并修改论文; 刘鑫龙和彭珊协助进行实验数据采集与分析; 所有作者均阅读并参与修改了本论文。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金(32201086)
  • 重庆市自然科学基金博士后科学基金项目(cstc2021jcyj-bshX0125)
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2024年第59卷第4期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1344
  • 接收时间:2023-11-28
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-28
  • 修回日期:2024-03-16
基金
国家自然科学基金青年基金(32201086)
重庆市自然科学基金博士后科学基金项目(cstc2021jcyj-bshX0125)
作者信息
    1.西南大学药学院, 重庆 400715
    2.重庆大学药学院, 重庆 401331

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*张焱, E-mail: ;
李翀, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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