Article(id=1200860507742785607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200860506031518620, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1294, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1699977600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-15, revisedDate=1705507200000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764237055954, onlineDateStr=2025-11-27, pubDate=1715443200000, pubDateStr=2024-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764237055954, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764237055954, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764237055954, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200860506031518620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='5', pageStart='1101', pageEnd='1508', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764237055547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764241222263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200877982563824311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200860506031518620, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200877982563824312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200860506031518620, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1229, endPage=1237, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200860508254490702, articleId=1200860507742785607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Therapeutic effects of the NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor N14 in the treatment of gouty arthritis in mice, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Monosodium urate (MSU)-induced the gouty arthritis (GA) model was used to investigate the effect of Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inhibitor N14 in alleviating GA. Firstly, the effect of NLRP3 inhibitor N14 on the viability of mouse monocyte macrophage J774A.1 was examined by the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The expression of mature interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (caspase-1) p20 in the cell supernatant and the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1 and pro-IL-1β proteins in the cell lysates was detected by Western blot for the inhibitory effect of N14 on the MSU-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in J774A.1 cells. Animal behavioral tests were used to detect redness, swelling, heat and pain in mice with gouty arthritis. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining revealed pathologic changes and inflammatory infiltration in foot sections. Protein expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, and pro-IL-1β in mouse hind paw tissues were assessed by Western blot. The effect of N14 on the plasma levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), creatinine (CRE), urea, and uric acid (UA) was investigated by the MSU-induced gouty arthritis model in mice. All animal experiments in this paper were approved by the Scientific Ethics Review Board of Qingdao Marine Biomedical Research Institute (grant No. E-MBWNL-2024-20). The experimental results showed that N14 did not exhibit cytotoxicity in mouse monocyte macrophage J774A.1 cells at concentrations up to 100 μmol·L-1, and N14 effectively prevented MSU-induced activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. In the mouse gouty arthritis model, N14 significantly ameliorated the redness, swelling, heat and pain caused by GA, and down-regulated the levels of NLRP3 inflammasome-associated proteins in mouse hind paw tissues. Meanwhile, N14 appeared to be well tolerated, as it did not significantly affect various biochemical indices in mouse plasma. In conclusion, N14 effectively alleviated GA in mice by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, which is important for both prevention and treatment of related diseases.

, correspAuthors=Zhuo-yue LI, Chang-gui LI, Chong QIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-lin JIANG, Kai GUO, Yu-wei HE, Yi-ming CHEN, Shan-shan DU, Yu-qi JIANG, Zhuo-yue LI, Chang-gui LI, Chong QIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200860510846570631, articleId=1200860507742785607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=NLRP3炎症小体抑制剂N14对小鼠痛风性关节炎的治疗作用, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

探讨Nod样受体蛋白3 (Nod-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3) 炎症小体抑制剂N14对尿酸钠(mono sodium urate, MSU) 晶体诱导的痛风性关节炎(gouty arthritis, GA) 小鼠的治疗作用。首先采用细胞计数试剂(cell counting kit-8, CCK-8) 法检测N14对小鼠单核巨噬细胞J774A.1活力的影响; 利用免疫印迹法(Western blot) 检测N14对细胞上清中成熟的白介素1β (interleukin 1β, IL-1β)、胱天蛋白酶-1 (cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1, caspase-1) 活化物caspase-1 p20及细胞裂解液中NLRP3、pro-caspase-1和pro-IL-1β表达的影响。通过MSU诱导的小鼠痛风性关节炎模型, 检测痛风性关节炎小鼠的红、肿、热、痛反应; 苏木素-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin, H&E) 染色进行小鼠足部病理学检测; 应用免疫印迹法检测小鼠足部组织中NLRP3、pro-caspase-1和pro-IL-1β的表达; 并考察N14对小鼠血浆中谷丙转氨酶(alanine transaminase, ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate transaminase, AST) 等含量的影响。本文中所有动物实验均获得青岛海洋生物医药研究院科学伦理委员会批准(批准号: E-MBWNL-2024-20)。实验结果显示, J774A.1细胞与高浓度的N14 (100 μmol·L-1) 共孵育后未见明显细胞毒性, 且有效阻止MSU诱导的NLRP3炎症小体的激活。在小鼠痛风性关节炎模型中, N14显著改善痛风性关节炎引起的红、肿、热、痛, 下调小鼠足部组织中NLRP3炎症小体相关蛋白水平, 同时对小鼠血浆中各项生化指标无显著影响, 具有良好的耐受性。综上, N14通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体通路有效缓解小鼠痛风性关节炎, 对相关疾病的预防和治疗都具有重要意义。

, correspAuthors=李卓悦, 李长贵, 秦冲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李卓悦, Tel: 15901038158, E-mail: ;
李长贵, E-mail: ;
秦冲, E-mail:
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Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
4. Center for Targeted Protein Degradation and Drug Discovery, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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5. Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
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Cell viability were analyzed by CCK-8 assay. <i>n</i> = 3, $\overline{x} \pm s$. MCC950: A specific inhibitor of NLRP3 inflammasome , figureFileSmall=+XkxhlF1D/RUwAQYhwbdlA==, figureFileBig=L7BFnoA7Qng+DHZGfM+cYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106667497812766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860507742785607, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=TuPDTNYvVs0Kx+r7qwbnqA==, figureFileBig=D5i37seY6EcuUmisWLjiBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106667648807716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860507742785607, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= N14 inhibited MSU-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in J774A.1 cells. A: Western blot analysis of the protein expressions of caspase-1 p20 and IL-1<i>β</i> p17 in the supernatants (Sup.) and pro-caspase-1, pro-IL-1<i>β</i> and NLRP3 in the cell lysates (Lys.), Lamin B1 was used as a loading control for cell lysates. Coomassie blue staining was provided as the loading control for the supernatants; B, C: Protein expression levels of caspase-1 p20 (B) and IL-1<i>β</i> p17 (C) were quantified by Image J. <i>n</i> = 3, $\overline{x} \pm s$. <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> LPS + MSU group. LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; MSU: Mono sodium urate; IL-1<i>β</i>: Interleukin-1<i>β</i>; Caspase-1: Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1; NLRP3: NOD-like receptor protein 3 , figureFileSmall=TuPDTNYvVs0Kx+r7qwbnqA==, figureFileBig=D5i37seY6EcuUmisWLjiBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106667766248234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860507742785607, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=mIgHc82h25dwUiKNrp13xA==, figureFileBig=H1Avguj2NIQ6fSxG+WJ4Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106667917243185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860507742785607, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= N14 significantly relieved paw edema and inflammation caused by gouty arthritis. A: Experimental scheme of the gouty arthritis model; B: Body weight; C: Paw edema measured at different time points after MSU injection; D: Normalized AUC of panel C; E: Representative pictures of foot paw of mice for 0 or 72 h after MSU injection. H&E staining of the foot paw from different groups. Red arrows indicate inflammatory cell infiltration. Scale bar: 2 mm, 500 μm and 50 μm. <i>n</i> = 4, $\overline{x} \pm s$. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> MSU group. AUC: Area under curve; H&E: Hematoxylin-eosin , figureFileSmall=mIgHc82h25dwUiKNrp13xA==, figureFileBig=H1Avguj2NIQ6fSxG+WJ4Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106668114375486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860507742785607, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Syw1kQqNAxqTi6MyyltQHQ==, figureFileBig=+nMo+633tJo5e6MPKtHq1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106668244398919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860507742785607, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= N14 significantly reduced mechanical hyperalgesia and thermal sensitivity caused by gouty arthritis. A: Time course of the effects of colchicine and different doses of N14 or MCC950 on thermal sensitivity in the paw; B: Normalized AUC of panel A; C: Time course of the effects of colchicine and different doses of N14 or MCC950 on mechanical allodynia in the paw; D: Normalized AUC of panel C; E: Time course of the effects of colchicine and different doses of N14 or MCC950 on strain difference in the paw; F: Normalized AUC of panel E; G: Time course of the effects of colchicine and different doses of N14 or MCC950 on temperature in the paw; H: Normalized AUC of panel G. <i>n</i> = 4, $\overline{x} \pm s$. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> MSU group , figureFileSmall=Syw1kQqNAxqTi6MyyltQHQ==, figureFileBig=+nMo+633tJo5e6MPKtHq1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106668475085646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860507742785607, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ULq9l+/qDIoj9lQPRh/lnA==, figureFileBig=Gr5D5xeCPlrvakOyAb+/9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106668634469203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860507742785607, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= N14 suppressed the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in paw tissue of MSU-induced gouty arthritis. A-F: The protein levels of NLRP3, pro-IL-1<i>β</i>, IL-1<i>β</i> p17, pro-caspase-1, and caspase-1 p20 in paw were measured by Western blot analysis, with GAPDH as the loading control; G: The protein level of the cleaved IL-1<i>β</i> in paw tissue homogenates was determined by ELISA. <i>n</i> = 4, $\overline{x} \pm s$. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> MSU group , figureFileSmall=ULq9l+/qDIoj9lQPRh/lnA==, figureFileBig=Gr5D5xeCPlrvakOyAb+/9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106668768686937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860507742785607, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=RU1kYtcrbhxub3K6NdG7FQ==, figureFileBig=C2By2rruO4p+RBGb2OlTaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106668974207843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860507742785607, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Safety properties of N14 in mice. 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NLRP3炎症小体抑制剂N14对小鼠痛风性关节炎的治疗作用
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姜晓琳 1, 2 , 郭凯 3 , 贺玉伟 3 , 陈怡铭 2 , 杜姗姗 1 , 江余祺 2, 4, 6 , 李卓悦 2, 4, 6, * , 李长贵 3, * , 秦冲 2, 4, 5, 6, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(5): 1229-1237
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(5): 1229-1237
NLRP3炎症小体抑制剂N14对小鼠痛风性关节炎的治疗作用
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姜晓琳1, 2, 郭凯3, 贺玉伟3, 陈怡铭2, 杜姗姗1, 江余祺2, 4, 6, 李卓悦2, 4, 6, * , 李长贵3, * , 秦冲2, 4, 5, 6, *
作者信息
  • 1.青岛科技大学化工学院, 山东 青岛 266042
  • 2.中国海洋大学医药学院, 海洋药物教育部重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266003
  • 3.山东省免疫性疾病与痛风临床医学研究中心, 青岛大学附属医院, 山东 青岛 266555
  • 4.中国海洋大学蛋白质靶向降解与药物研发中心, 山东 青岛 266003
  • 5.青岛海洋科学技术国家实验室海洋药物与生物制品实验室, 山东 青岛 266003
  • 6.青岛海洋生物医药研究院, 山东 青岛 266071

通讯作者:

*李卓悦, Tel: 15901038158, E-mail: ;
李长贵, E-mail: ;
秦冲, E-mail:
Therapeutic effects of the NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor N14 in the treatment of gouty arthritis in mice
Xiao-lin JIANG1, 2, Kai GUO3, Yu-wei HE3, Yi-ming CHEN2, Shan-shan DU1, Yu-qi JIANG2, 4, 6, Zhuo-yue LI2, 4, 6, * , Chang-gui LI3, * , Chong QIN2, 4, 5, 6, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
  • 3. Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China
  • 4. Center for Targeted Protein Degradation and Drug Discovery, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
  • 5. Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
  • 6. Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266071, China
出版时间: 2024-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1294
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探讨Nod样受体蛋白3 (Nod-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3) 炎症小体抑制剂N14对尿酸钠(mono sodium urate, MSU) 晶体诱导的痛风性关节炎(gouty arthritis, GA) 小鼠的治疗作用。首先采用细胞计数试剂(cell counting kit-8, CCK-8) 法检测N14对小鼠单核巨噬细胞J774A.1活力的影响; 利用免疫印迹法(Western blot) 检测N14对细胞上清中成熟的白介素1β (interleukin 1β, IL-1β)、胱天蛋白酶-1 (cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1, caspase-1) 活化物caspase-1 p20及细胞裂解液中NLRP3、pro-caspase-1和pro-IL-1β表达的影响。通过MSU诱导的小鼠痛风性关节炎模型, 检测痛风性关节炎小鼠的红、肿、热、痛反应; 苏木素-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin, H&E) 染色进行小鼠足部病理学检测; 应用免疫印迹法检测小鼠足部组织中NLRP3、pro-caspase-1和pro-IL-1β的表达; 并考察N14对小鼠血浆中谷丙转氨酶(alanine transaminase, ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate transaminase, AST) 等含量的影响。本文中所有动物实验均获得青岛海洋生物医药研究院科学伦理委员会批准(批准号: E-MBWNL-2024-20)。实验结果显示, J774A.1细胞与高浓度的N14 (100 μmol·L-1) 共孵育后未见明显细胞毒性, 且有效阻止MSU诱导的NLRP3炎症小体的激活。在小鼠痛风性关节炎模型中, N14显著改善痛风性关节炎引起的红、肿、热、痛, 下调小鼠足部组织中NLRP3炎症小体相关蛋白水平, 同时对小鼠血浆中各项生化指标无显著影响, 具有良好的耐受性。综上, N14通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体通路有效缓解小鼠痛风性关节炎, 对相关疾病的预防和治疗都具有重要意义。

4-((二甲基氨基)甲基)-N-((1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7-六氢-s-茚-4-基)氨基甲酰基)苯磺酰胺  /  痛风性关节炎  /  尿酸钠结晶  /  炎症因子  /  NOD样受体蛋白3炎症小体  /  白细胞介素-1β

Monosodium urate (MSU)-induced the gouty arthritis (GA) model was used to investigate the effect of Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inhibitor N14 in alleviating GA. Firstly, the effect of NLRP3 inhibitor N14 on the viability of mouse monocyte macrophage J774A.1 was examined by the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The expression of mature interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (caspase-1) p20 in the cell supernatant and the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1 and pro-IL-1β proteins in the cell lysates was detected by Western blot for the inhibitory effect of N14 on the MSU-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in J774A.1 cells. Animal behavioral tests were used to detect redness, swelling, heat and pain in mice with gouty arthritis. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining revealed pathologic changes and inflammatory infiltration in foot sections. Protein expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, and pro-IL-1β in mouse hind paw tissues were assessed by Western blot. The effect of N14 on the plasma levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), creatinine (CRE), urea, and uric acid (UA) was investigated by the MSU-induced gouty arthritis model in mice. All animal experiments in this paper were approved by the Scientific Ethics Review Board of Qingdao Marine Biomedical Research Institute (grant No. E-MBWNL-2024-20). The experimental results showed that N14 did not exhibit cytotoxicity in mouse monocyte macrophage J774A.1 cells at concentrations up to 100 μmol·L-1, and N14 effectively prevented MSU-induced activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. In the mouse gouty arthritis model, N14 significantly ameliorated the redness, swelling, heat and pain caused by GA, and down-regulated the levels of NLRP3 inflammasome-associated proteins in mouse hind paw tissues. Meanwhile, N14 appeared to be well tolerated, as it did not significantly affect various biochemical indices in mouse plasma. In conclusion, N14 effectively alleviated GA in mice by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, which is important for both prevention and treatment of related diseases.

4-((dimethylamino)methyl)-N-((1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-yl)carbamoyl)benzenesulfonamide  /  gouty arthritis  /  mono sodium urate crystal  /  inflammatory factor  /  NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome  /  interleukin 1β
姜晓琳, 郭凯, 贺玉伟, 陈怡铭, 杜姗姗, 江余祺, 李卓悦, 李长贵, 秦冲. NLRP3炎症小体抑制剂N14对小鼠痛风性关节炎的治疗作用. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (5) : 1229 -1237 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1294
Xiao-lin JIANG, Kai GUO, Yu-wei HE, Yi-ming CHEN, Shan-shan DU, Yu-qi JIANG, Zhuo-yue LI, Chang-gui LI, Chong QIN. Therapeutic effects of the NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor N14 in the treatment of gouty arthritis in mice[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (5) : 1229 -1237 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1294
痛风(gout) 属于自身炎症性疾病, 其特征为嘌呤代谢障碍, 尿酸排泄不足, 导致尿酸盐晶体在关节内和关节周围沉积。痛风性关节炎是痛风最常见的临床症状, 最初表现为一个或多个关节突然出现重度的红、肿、热、痛, 可导致关节损伤[1], 治疗不当则会进一步引起肾功能受损和尿酸结石等疾病[2]。但目前用于治疗痛风性关节炎的药物, 如别嘌醇、秋水仙碱和糖皮质激素, 它们极易引起消化道疾病和代谢紊乱等不良反应[3]。因此, 目前临床上尚无有效治疗痛风性关节炎的药物, 该治疗领域还存在巨大未被满足的医疗需求。
NOD样受体蛋白3 (NOD-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3) 炎症小体是由NLRP3蛋白、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD, ASC) 和半胱天冬酶-1前体(pro-cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1, pro-caspase-1) 组成的一种多蛋白复合体[4, 5]。NLRP3炎症小体在天然免疫介导的炎症中发挥重要作用[6, 7], 其异常活化与多种人类疾病密切相关, 例如痛风[8]、2型糖尿病[9]、神经退行性疾病[10]、动脉粥样硬化[11]及炎症性肠病[12]等。痛风的发病机制是尿酸钠(mono sodium urate, MSU) 晶体通过刺激巨噬细胞, 激活NLRP3炎症小体, 并释放白介素1β (interleukin 1β, IL-1β), 引发强烈的炎症反应。因此, NLRP3炎症小体通路在痛风发作的起始起主要作用[13]。NLRP3炎症小体的激活通常需要两步, 即启动和激活。在启动部分, Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors, TLR) 作为一种模式识别受体, 能够识别病原相关分子模式(pathogen associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) 和损伤相关分子模式(damage associated molecular patterns, DAMPs), 从而激活核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB) 通路, 促进NLRP3和pro-IL-1β的转录。在激活部分, MSU晶体、无机颗粒、细菌毒素等促进ASC斑点及caspase-1的形成, 活化的caspase-1将其效应底物pro-IL-1β裂解为IL-1β, 释放到细胞外, 引起机体的炎症反应[14, 15]
研究发现, NLRP3炎症小体的激活与痛风的发病机制密切相关, 因此抑制NLRP3炎症小体的活化可以作为痛风的潜在治疗靶点[16, 17]。NLRP3炎症小体抑制剂, 包括萝卜硫素[18, 19]β-羟基丁酸酯(BHB)[20]、OLT1177[21]和MCC950[22]等, 可显著降低痛风性关节炎反应。萝卜硫素是一种口服NLRP3炎症小体抑制剂, 可有效缓解急性痛风炎症, 但也同时抑制AIM2样受体蛋白(AIM2-like receptor, ALR) 和核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白4 (NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing protein 4, NLRC4) 炎症小体以及NF-κB的活化[19, 23]β-羟基丁酸酯通过阻止细胞中钾离子的外流, 抑制ASC聚合和斑点形成, 阻断NLRP3炎症小体活化[20]。以上两种化合物均缺乏特异性。OLT1177目前已完成临床Ⅱ期研究, 但其没有展现出理想的剂量依赖性[21]。MCC950在体内外模型中均具有良好的抑制活性, 常被用作阳性对照, 但在类风湿性关节炎Ⅱ期临床研究中因肝毒性已被终止[22, 24]。本研究团队基于MCC950的化学结构合成NLRP3抑制剂N14, 体外毒性结果表明N14明显低于MCC950, 体内疾病模型的结果证实N14通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体的激活改善多种炎症性疾病[25]。因此, 本文拟采用小鼠痛风性关节炎模型评价N14对该疾病的治疗作用, 为后续NLRP3抑制剂在痛风的临床治疗提供理论和实验依据。
实验动物  雄性无特定病原(specific pathogen free, SPF) 级C57BL/6J小鼠, 体重20 ± 3 g, 6周龄, 购自北京斯贝福生物技术有限公司, 动物生产许可证号: SCXK (京) 2019-0010。所有实验均在青岛海洋生物医药研究院SPF级动物实验中心进行。小鼠在特定的无菌设施条件下饲养, 湿度为50%, 光照-黑暗周期为12 h∶12 h, 并随意喂食标准饮食和无菌水, 在进入研究前适应环境1周。所有动物实验均按照实验动物护理和使用指南进行, 并获得青岛海洋生物医药研究院科学伦理委员会批准(批准号: E-MBWNL-2024-20)。
药品和试剂  MCC950 (CP-456773, S893001) 购自美国Selleck公司, 秋水仙碱(colchicine, HY-16569) 购自美国MedChemExpress生物科技公司, DMEM培养基(PM150210) 和胎牛血清(164210-500) 购自武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司, 青链霉素混合液(KGY0023) 购自南京凯基生物科技发展有限公司。J774A.1鼠巨噬细胞购自美国菌种保藏中心(American Type Culture Collection, ATCC), IL-1β ELISA试剂盒(DY-401) 购自美国R & D Systems公司, 脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) (L2630) 购自美国Sigma-Aldrich公司, 蛋白酶抑制剂(57084100) 购自上海罗氏制药有限公司, 细胞裂解液(C1053) 购自北京普利莱基因技术有限公司。IL-1β抗体(3A6)、caspase-1抗体(D7F10)、NLRP3抗体(D4D8T)、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH) 抗体(3683S) 购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司。Lamin B1抗体(66095-1-Ig) 购自Proteintech公司。辣根过氧化物酶(HRP) 羊抗兔IgG (A0208) 和抗鼠IgG (A0216) 购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司。乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA) 组织脱钙液(G1105) 购自武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司, SolarFast SDS-PAGE考马斯亮蓝染色液(G4540) 和苏木精伊红染色试剂盒(G1120) 购自北京索莱宝生物科技有限公司, 生化试剂盒(140320110) 购自深圳迈瑞动物医疗科技有限公司。
40 mg·mL-1尿酸钠溶液: 将800 mg尿酸溶于155 mL沸腾的蒸馏水(含5 mL 1 mol·L-1 NaOH) 中。加入1 mol·L-1 HCl调节溶液pH至7.2后, 室温下搅拌逐渐冷却, 4 ℃保存过夜。将形成的尿酸单钠盐晶体在180 ℃下加热灭菌2 h, 以40 mg·mL-1的浓度悬浮于灭菌的磷酸盐缓冲液中, 直接加入培养基使其达到所需浓度, 用于每次实验。
仪器  热板测痛仪(上海欣软信息科技有限公司, XR1700); Electric Von Frey电子测痛仪(美国IITC Life Science公司, BW-EVF2393); 通道式鼠足支撑力测量仪(北京众实迪创科技发展有限责任公司, MKY-YLS-11A); 游标卡尺(宁波得力工具有限公司, DL92150); 化学发光成像系统(上海天能科技有限公司, Tanon 5200); 旋涡混合器(北京金北德工贸有限公司, KA-1000); 全自动生化分析仪(中国深圳迈瑞公司, BS-430); 脱水机(德国Leica公司, HistoCore Pear I); 多样品组织研磨机(上海净信实业发展有限公司, JXFSTPRP)。
CCK-8法检测细胞毒性  取培养至对数生长期的小鼠单核巨噬细胞J774A.1, 接种于96孔板。细胞分为正常组、DMSO组、不同浓度的N14和MCC950组(20、40、60、80、100 μmol·L-1), 孵育24 h, 每孔加入CCK-8溶液100 μL, 培养1 h后, 在酶标仪450 nm处测定吸光度值。
Western blot测定蛋白的表达  J774A.1细胞以每毫升2×106个接种在6孔板中过夜。第二天早上将培养基更换为无血清培养基, 并用终浓度为1 μg·mL-1 LPS诱导4.5 h。添加药物作用2.5 h, 最后使用NLRP3激活剂MSU刺激30 min, 收集上清及细胞裂解液, 进行Western blot分析。
实验分组及药物干预  将在SPF环境下饲养1周后的雄性C57BL/J小鼠, 随机分为空白组、造模组(MSU组)、秋水仙碱组(1 mg·kg-1)、N14低剂量组(20 mg·kg-1)、N14高剂量组(40 mg·kg-1)、MCC950低剂量组(20 mg·kg-1)、MCC950高剂量组(40 mg·kg-1), 每组4只。连续灌胃给药3天进行预处理, 在第3天分别注入25 μL 40 mg·kg-1 MSU混悬液及25 μL生理盐水溶液。观察小鼠后足肿胀情况、疼痛指数等行为学指标, 若小鼠左侧后足出现明显肿胀, 表明造模成功。
小鼠血浆生化指标检测  实验开始前, 眼眶取血, 室温静置3 h后6 500 ×g离心15 min, 收集上清。实验结束后, 对小鼠进行安乐死, 采用相同方法收集小鼠血浆, 利用全自动生化分析仪检测小鼠血浆中天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate transaminase, AST)、谷丙转氨酶(alanine transaminase, ALT)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)、空腹血糖(glucose-G, Glu-G)、甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、尿素(urea) 和肌酐(creatinine) 水平, 其他血浆存于-80 ℃。
小鼠行为学指标检测  小鼠注射MSU前3天和测量前1 h灌胃给予秋水仙碱(1 mg·kg-1)、不同剂量的MCC950 (20、40 mg·kg-1) 和N14 (20、40 mg·kg-1)。在MSU注射后0、3、6、12、24、48、72、96、120、144 h测量小鼠左后足肿胀度、热痛、机械痛、平衡反应、温度等行为学指标, 并在0和72 h时拍照记录小鼠左后足形态。测定小鼠左侧后足肿胀度时, 首先保定好小鼠, 用游标卡尺测量左后足足垫厚度; 使用热板测痛仪测量小鼠左后爪缩爪反应潜伏期(paw withdrawal latency, PWL), 将小鼠逐只置于51.0 ℃热板测痛仪上, 以舔后足为痛觉指标, 记录每组小鼠的痛阈值; 使用电子测痛仪评估小鼠后爪机械性刺激缩足反应阈值(paw withdrawal threshold, PWT)。将小鼠放入足底刺痛仪单独的有机玻璃盒中, 静置15 min, 使用探针刺向小鼠足底表面的中部, 记录小鼠的机械痛阈值(g); 利用通道式鼠足支撑力测量仪测量小鼠两足之间的支力差, 差值越大说明疼痛越明显。为了尽量保证测量的准确性, 整个实验过程均由同一个人操作, 每组重复测量3次并求取平均值。
H&E染色  实验结束后处死小鼠, 分离小鼠左侧足部, 用4%多聚甲醛溶液浸泡固定48 h, 利用EDTA脱钙液进行脱钙处理数周到数月, 逐级脱水, 石蜡包埋并切片, 切片厚度为4 μm。烘片后进行脱蜡水化, 苏木素-伊红染色后脱水, 二甲苯进行透明处理, 滴加中性树脂进行封片, 显微镜下观察小鼠足部组织病理学变化并拍照记录。
ELISA检测小鼠血浆IL-1β表达  造模72 h后处死小鼠, 摘眼球取血1 mL, 6 500 ×g, 离心10 min, 分离血浆, -80 ℃保存备用。严格按照ELISA检测试剂盒说明书进行操作, 测定小鼠血浆中IL-1β细胞因子水平。
Western blot检测小鼠组织匀浆目的蛋白表达  造模72 h后, 分离小鼠左侧足部脚垫, 加入细胞裂解液, 利用组织研磨机进行研磨, 12 500 r·min-1, 离心15 min, 取上清Western blot检测小鼠足垫组织匀浆中NLRP3、caspase-1、pro-IL-1β的含量变化。
统计学分析  统计学处理采用GraphPad Prism 9.4.0软件进行数据分析, 所有实验数据均以均值±标准差($\overline{x} \pm s$) 表示, 组间对比采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA with Tukey′s post hoc test)。当P < 0.05时, 差异具有统计显著性。
N14的结构如图 1A所示, 由本课题组合成[25]。首先通过CCK-8法检测N14在不同浓度下对小鼠单核巨噬细胞J774A.1增殖能力的影响。结果如图 1B所示, 在J774A.1细胞中, 100 μmol·L-1 N14和阳性对照化合物MCC950均未见明显增殖抑制, 证明N14无显著细胞毒性。
为评价N14对MSU诱导的NLRP3炎症小体激活的影响[26], 本研究首先利用LPS预处理J774A.1细胞诱导炎症小体前体蛋白表达, 随后使用一系列浓度N14 (3、10、30 nmol·L-1) 与细胞共孵育, 最后加入MSU刺激NLRP3炎症小体形成。收集细胞培养上清和细胞裂解液, 用免疫印迹法对细胞培养上清中caspase-1 p20和IL-1β p17及细胞裂解液中NLRP3炎症小体相关蛋白进行检测。N14剂量依赖性地抑制上清中caspase-1 p20和IL-1β p17的分泌, 且对细胞裂解液中NLRP3、pro-caspase-1和pro-IL-1β蛋白表达无显著影响(图 2A~C)。上述实验结果表明, 化合物N14在NLRP3炎症小体的激活阶段抑制其活化, 从而降低相关炎症因子的释放。
本研究接下来探讨N14对痛风性关节炎的抗炎作用及镇痛效果, 通过注射MSU至小鼠左后足, 建立小鼠痛风性关节炎模型(图 3A)。实验期间各组小鼠体重无显著变化(图 3B)。与空白对照组相比, 模型组在72 h时出现严重左后足肿胀, 足厚度增加1.8 mm。秋水仙碱、N14和MCC950不同剂量组均可减少小鼠足部厚度, 其中秋水仙碱和20 mg·kg-1 N14组显著缓解MSU诱导的小鼠左后足肿胀, 72 h时足部厚度仅增加0.8 mm (图 3CD)。H&E染色显示, 空白组小鼠足部滑膜上皮细胞结构光滑完整, 而模型组小鼠足部则显示出大量炎症细胞浸润。使用N14治疗后显著改善痛风性关节炎小鼠足部组织的炎症(图 3E)。
痛风性关节炎在临床上主要表现为剧烈疼痛并伴有肿胀发热。小鼠左后足PWL作为热敏感性指标, 检测结果如图 4AB所示, 注射MSU的小鼠表现出明显的热敏感性, N14不同剂量均可显著缓解MSU引起的热敏感性。小鼠后足PWT作为机械异常性疼痛的指标, 用于检测小鼠足部疼痛反应, 阈值越小表明疼痛越剧烈。结果显示, 与模型组相比, 秋水仙碱、N14和MCC950不同剂量组小鼠左后足PWT均有所上升, 证明药物处理后使小鼠足部疼痛减弱(图 4CD)。此外, 本研究还通过测量小鼠自身的平衡调节评估疼痛程度, 图 4EF结果显示, 与模型组相比, 秋水仙碱、N14和MCC950不同剂量组小鼠支力差均显著下降, 有效缓解MSU引起的小鼠足部痛感。同时, 采用红外温度计测量肿胀后足的温度, 如图 4GH所示, 注射MSU可显著引起小鼠后足温度升高, 秋水仙碱、N14和MCC950不同剂量组均可显著降低小鼠左后足温度。综上, 这些实验结果表明N14显著减轻MSU引起的小鼠足部炎症和红、肿、热、痛反应。
小鼠足部组织中的单核细胞、巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞受沉积在关节处的MSU晶体刺激后, 释放促炎因子IL-1β, 引起小鼠痛风性关节炎[27]。本研究进一步验证N14能否在小鼠体内抑制MSU诱导的NLRP3炎症小体激活。在模型建立72 h时处死小鼠, 检测各组血浆中炎性因子IL-1β含量和小鼠足部相关蛋白表达量。如图 5A~F所示, 组织样本的Western blot结果表明, MSU上调NLRP3、pro-caspase-1、caspase-1 p20、pro-IL-1β和IL-1β p17蛋白的表达水平, 秋水仙碱、N14和MCC950不同剂量组显著下调pro-IL-1β蛋白的表达量, 其中40 mg·kg-1 N14组和MCC950组也显著降低足部组织中caspase-1 p20和IL-1β p17的表达水平。ELISA结果表明, MSU刺激明显增加小鼠血浆中促炎细胞因子IL-1β的分泌, 而秋水仙碱、N14和MCC950不同剂量组的IL-1β水平显著低于模型组(图 5G)。以上结果表明, 化合物N14通过抑制MSU诱导的NLRP3炎症小体的激活, 降低炎症因子的分泌, 从而改善痛风性关节炎。
安全性评价是药物应用的前提, 血浆中ALT和AST是常规的肝功能检测指标, creatinine、urea、UA是肾功能检测指标, 如图 6A~F所示, 与空白组相比, 模型组、秋水仙碱组、N14和MCC950各剂量组(20和40 mg·kg-1) 小鼠血浆AST、ALT、AST/ALT、creatinine、urea、UA水平均无明显变化, 这表明短期内秋水仙碱、N14、MCC950均对小鼠肝肾功能无显著影响。此外, 血糖为机体代谢提供能量, 是保证糖代谢正常进行的重要条件, 同时也是体内糖代谢动态平衡的反映; TG、TC是评估动脉硬化的重要指标。如图 6G~I所示, 与空白组相比, 模型组、秋水仙碱组、N14和MCC950各剂量组小鼠血浆Glu-G、TG、TC水平无显著变化。综上所述, N14对小鼠肝肾组织无明显损伤, 且不影响血糖和胆固醇的含量, 具有较好的安全性。
痛风是一种慢性疾病, 与遗传、环境和代谢密切相关[28]。痛风性关节炎在全球范围内普遍存在, 具有较高的发病率, 严重损害人类的正常生活。当血清中尿酸含量持续升高时, 在关节处沉积的MSU就会导致痛风性关节炎的发生[29]。根据临床表现痛风性关节炎大致分为4个阶段: 即无症状性高尿酸血症期、急性痛风发作期、发作间期和慢性痛风期。急性痛风发作是痛风性关节炎最主要的临床表现, 常以关节发红、发热、肿胀、疼痛的炎症反应为主[30]。目前, 对于痛风性关节炎发作与缓解的具体分子机制尚未明确, 但普遍认为MSU作为一种内源性损伤相关分子模式引起自身免疫所介导的炎症反应。NLRP3蛋白是一种细胞质模式识别受体, 可以与衔接蛋白ASC以及效应蛋白pro-caspase-1结合形成NLRP3炎症小体, 而沉积于关节处的MSU被巨噬细胞吞噬识别后, 通过MyD88依赖性信号传导途径激活NF-κB通路, 从而激活NLRP3炎性小体, 在这个过程中活化的caspase-1将pro-IL-1β切割成成熟的IL-1β分泌到细胞外, 引起各种炎症反应。因此, NLRP3炎性小体在痛风性关节炎中起关键作用[31]
目前, 常用的痛风性关节炎建模方法有MSU混悬液关节腔注射、脚垫注射及气囊注射。关节腔或脚垫注射模型较为常用, 关节表现与人类急性痛风发作期的临床表现相似, 已被广泛应用于药理学等方面的研究[32]。关节腔注射多用于大鼠或家兔, 造模结果稳定, 但是这种方法存在一些缺陷, 如穿刺时易将MSU混悬液注入体外, 造成踝关节创伤性炎症反应, 从而影响实验结果。相较之下, 脚垫注射一般使用小鼠, 具有简便、易操作等优点。而气囊注射模型用于模拟痛风性滑膜炎的病理特征, 不符合本文研究范围。因此, 本研究采用小鼠脚垫注射MSU混悬液方法建立急性痛风性关节炎模型。在本课题组前期研究成果中, 基于MCC950的结构发现了一种新型的NLRP3炎症小体抑制剂N14, 体外细胞实验证实了N14对NLRP3炎症小体的选择性, 体内动物实验发现N14在LPS引起的感染性休克、葡聚糖硫酸钠引起的溃疡性结肠炎和胆碱蛋氨酸缺乏饮食诱导的非酒精性脂肪性肝炎模型方面均具有良好的药效[25]。本研究进一步评估N14在痛风性关节炎中的作用, 其有效抑制MSU刺激引起的NLRP3信号通路下游炎症因子的升高, 并且显著缓解痛风性关节炎小鼠足部肿胀、疼痛和发热, 以及减少足部组织中pro-IL-1β和caspase-1 p20的表达。因此, 本研究在前期实验结果的基础上, 进一步揭示NLRP3抑制剂N14在痛风性关节炎中的作用和分子机制, 为后期临床治疗痛风提供一定的理论和实验基础。
作者贡献: 姜晓琳负责细胞和动物实验、数据分析及文章撰写; 郭凯负责尿酸钠的提取制备和部分动物实验; 贺玉伟、杜姗姗参与课题设计和指导; 陈怡铭负责化合物的合成; 江余祺、李卓悦、李长贵和秦冲负责课题设计、指导和论文审阅。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 山东省自然科学基金优秀青年基金项目(ZR2021YQ53)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1294
  • 接收时间:2023-11-15
  • 首发时间:2025-11-27
  • 出版时间:2024-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-15
  • 修回日期:2024-01-18
基金
山东省自然科学基金优秀青年基金项目(ZR2021YQ53)
作者信息
    1.青岛科技大学化工学院, 山东 青岛 266042
    2.中国海洋大学医药学院, 海洋药物教育部重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266003
    3.山东省免疫性疾病与痛风临床医学研究中心, 青岛大学附属医院, 山东 青岛 266555
    4.中国海洋大学蛋白质靶向降解与药物研发中心, 山东 青岛 266003
    5.青岛海洋科学技术国家实验室海洋药物与生物制品实验室, 山东 青岛 266003
    6.青岛海洋生物医药研究院, 山东 青岛 266071

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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