Article(id=1198656351112098456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1276, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699632000000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-11, revisedDate=1700496000000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711544063, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1702310400000, pubDateStr=2023-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711544063, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711544063, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711544063, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656343151313891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='12', pageStart='3477', pageEnd='3726', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711542164, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711721609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198657095835943176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198657095840137481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3691, endPage=3700, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656352135508649, articleId=1198656351112098456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The stereoselective synthesis of privileged epimer of C-10 carba artemisinins and the effect of substituted groups with different acid-base properties on the antimalarial activity, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone natural product that contains an endoperoxide bond. Artemisinin has various biological activities including antimalarial, anti-tumor, antiviral and anti-fibrotic activity. Owing to the poor pharmacokinetic properties of artemisinin, its derivatives are currently used in clinic and frequently reported in literature. Although numerous derivatives of artemisinin have been reported, no study has been carried out yet to study the effect of substituted groups with different acid-base property on the antimalarial activity. Among these derivatives, the C-10 carbon artemisinin derivatives are often reported, and their corresponding 10β epimer show much better antimalarial activity than 10α epimer with large-sized substitute. However, there is currently no stereoselective synthesis to efficiently prepare the privileged 10β epimer of C-10 carba artemisinin. To address these two scientific questions, we herein first report an optimized method to stereoselectively synthesize the 10β epimer of C-10 carba artemisinin (98∶2 d.r.). Second, we employed the optimized method to synthesize a series of C-10 carba artemisinin derivatives with different acid-base properties. The antimalarial examination indicated that those derivatives with neutral groups or basic group of short chain showed similar antimalarial activity as dihydroartemisinin (DHA). The acidic group could dramatically decrease the antimalarial effect and was more than 22-fold less effective than DHA or the neutral ones. This study will shed light on the development of new generation of artemisinin derivatives with potent activity.

, correspAuthors=Chun-yan WEI, Chong-jing ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-ting ZHANG, Chun-yan WEI, Chong-jing ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656354610148172, articleId=1198656351112098456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=青蒿素10位碳取代优势构型的立体选择性合成及不同酸碱性基团对其抗疟活性的影响, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

青蒿素是一种含过氧桥键结构的倍半萜内酯类天然产物, 具有抗疟、抗肿瘤、抗病毒和抗纤维化等药理活性。由于青蒿素原药的药代性质较差, 目前在临床使用及在科研中报道的都是青蒿素的衍生物。尽管有很多青蒿素衍生物的报道, 但是不同酸碱性基团对青蒿素抗疟活性的影响并没有报道。此外, 青蒿素10位以C-C键相连的衍生物经常报道, 并且10位C-C键衍生物10β异构体的抗疟活性是其10α异构体的20倍。但是, 目前并没有高效的不对称合成方法用于合成10位C-C键衍生物的优势构型(10β异构体)。针对这两个科学问题, 首先优化反应条件确立了青蒿素10位碳取代衍生物的优势构型的不对称合成方法, 显著提高了10β异构体的比例(98∶2 d.r.)。其次, 利用优化的合成方法, 在青蒿素10位通过C-C键引入了酸性、碱性和中性基团。抗疟活性测试表明, 含有中性取代基的化合物DHA-O1、DHA-O2和含有碱性取代基的短链化合物DHA-N2具有与双氢青蒿素(DHA) 相当的抗疟活性, IC50值分别为11.39 ± 4.66、14.04 ± 3.14和9.17 ± 4.57 nmol·L-1。酸性取代基显著降低青蒿素的抗疟活性, 其对应化合物DHA-A1和DHA-A2的活性相比双氢青蒿素降低了22倍多。本研究为获得抗疟活性更高的青蒿素衍生物和类似物提供了理论依据和技术基础。

, correspAuthors=魏春燕, 张崇敬, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张崇敬, Tel: 13161073739, E-mail: ;
魏春燕, E-mail:
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Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2004, 48: 1807-1810., articleTitle=Novel, rapid, and inexpensive cell-based quantification of antimalarial drug efficacy, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960229762302893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656351112098456, awardId=22007101, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年项目(22007101), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960229892326333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656351112098456, awardId=2022-I2M-2-002, language=CN, fundingSource=中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2022-I2M-2-002), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960223701533008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656351112098456, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960223705727313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656351112098456, companyId=1198960223701533008, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960223718310228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656351112098456, companyId=1198960223701533008, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 活性物质发现与适药化研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198960223860916578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656351112098456, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960223869305190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656351112098456, companyId=1198960223860916578, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960223877693799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656351112098456, companyId=1198960223860916578, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国医学科学院基础医学研究所, 北京协和医学院基础学院病原学系, 北京 100005)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960226952118959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656351112098456, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=xNSTiNdBjxuaqpFJvBdEeA==, figureFileBig=d6A3G4+rrjxbFjfAUpgTVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960227279274696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656351112098456, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Chemical structures of artemisinin and its derivatives , figureFileSmall=xNSTiNdBjxuaqpFJvBdEeA==, figureFileBig=d6A3G4+rrjxbFjfAUpgTVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960227480601310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656351112098456, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=OlWDoyDrgzelgC/ZQSuasQ==, figureFileBig=rnhbZMLscSSJEqrq0PSWPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960227639984869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656351112098456, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Chemical structures of dexamethasone, betamethasone, mitragynine, and speciogynine , figureFileSmall=OlWDoyDrgzelgC/ZQSuasQ==, figureFileBig=rnhbZMLscSSJEqrq0PSWPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960227753231090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656351112098456, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=di8Up9dwUceVX/uo3nGgSw==, figureFileBig=U+GY6fjZsPqVMADK1qzRUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960227887448834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656351112098456, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= The mechanism of Hosomi-Sakurai reaction , figureFileSmall=di8Up9dwUceVX/uo3nGgSw==, figureFileBig=U+GY6fjZsPqVMADK1qzRUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228130718481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656351112098456, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=blYJFECY+VOUbceoznXsaA==, figureFileBig=A1TohVFzBzgFHQR1HA+a5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228390765353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656351112098456, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= The proportion of <i>β</i> configuration at C-10 position. A-L: The cropped <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectra of proton 12 in DHA-2 for the different conditions in the <a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a mag_xref_table" onclick="clickTabXref(this,'Table1')" rid="Table1">table 1</a>. A for entry 1, B for entry 2, C for entry 3, D for entry 4, E for entry 6, F for entry 7, G for entry 8, H for entry 9, I for entry 10, J for entry 11, K for entry 12, L for entry 13 , figureFileSmall=blYJFECY+VOUbceoznXsaA==, figureFileBig=A1TohVFzBzgFHQR1HA+a5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228579509047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656351112098456, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Z7tQX0SVwSqWKXMlkGB4bA==, figureFileBig=fBdRlwhbVQUk+snkH5eykg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228684366659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656351112098456, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= The structures of target compounds , figureFileSmall=Z7tQX0SVwSqWKXMlkGB4bA==, figureFileBig=fBdRlwhbVQUk+snkH5eykg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228826973009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656351112098456, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=1F7K8Z3V2rELV0fdikPh2Q==, figureFileBig=y1SgMVWo1yPr9tcxoRaGDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960229007328102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656351112098456, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= The viability of malaria parasite was measured in the presence of different concentrations of compound DHA, DHA-O1, DHA-A1 and DHA-N1 (A); DHA, DHA-O2, DHA-A2 and DHA-N2 (B). (C) The calculated IC<sub>50</sub> of the seven compounds (mean ± standard deviation). (D) Significant difference between target compound and DHA. Bar indicates the average of IC<sub>50</sub>, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 , figureFileSmall=1F7K8Z3V2rELV0fdikPh2Q==, figureFileBig=y1SgMVWo1yPr9tcxoRaGDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960229133157236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656351112098456, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LHhK+Kqp69raxep8lMDpMw==, figureFileBig=qH9KU/p92CnTKEWzcyF4UA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960229263180668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656351112098456, language=CN, label=Scheme 1, caption= Reagents and conditions: (a) Benzoyl chloride, pyridine, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>, RT. (b) AllylTMS, ZnCl<sub>2</sub>, 4 Å molecular sieves, anhydrous 1,2-dichloroethane, -10 ℃, recrystallization with <i>n</i>-hexane. (c) 1) BH<sub>3</sub>-SMe<sub>2</sub>, anhydrous THF, -20 ℃; 2) 3 mol·L<sup>-1</sup> Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>, 30% H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, RT. (d) RuCl<sub>3</sub>, NaIO<sub>4</sub>, EA/CH<sub>3</sub>CN/H<sub>2</sub>O (1∶1∶1.5), RT. (e) 1) RuCl<sub>3</sub> (35 mol%), NaIO<sub>4</sub>, CH<sub>3</sub>CN/H<sub>2</sub>O (6∶1), RT; 2) NaBH<sub>4</sub>, EtOH, RT. (f) RuCl<sub>3</sub>, NaIO<sub>4</sub>, EA/CH<sub>3</sub>CN/H<sub>2</sub>O (1∶1∶1.5), RT. (g) 1) Ph<sub>3</sub>P, phthalimide, DIAD, THF, 50 ℃, 4 h; 2) NH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>2</sub>-H<sub>2</sub>O, EtOH, 50 ℃. (h) 1) Ph<sub>3</sub>P, phthalimide, DIAD, THF, RT, 4 h; 2) NH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>2</sub>-H<sub>2</sub>O, EtOH, 50 ℃ , figureFileSmall=LHhK+Kqp69raxep8lMDpMw==, figureFileBig=qH9KU/p92CnTKEWzcyF4UA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960229405787021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656351112098456, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Entry DHA-1 2a DHA-1∶2a Temp/℃ DHA-1∶ZnCl2 4Å MS/mg Yeild/% Ratio of 10β/%
1 1 g RSiMe3 1∶5 0 1∶1.2 600 80.5 93.5
2 1 g RSiMe3 1∶5 0 1∶1.2 0 78.0 92.6
3 1 g RSiMe3 1∶5 -5 1∶1.2 600 84.9 92.6
4 1 g RSiMe3 1∶5 -5 1∶1.2 0 85.3 93.5
5 1 g RSiMe3 1∶5 -10 1∶1.2 600 - -
6 1 g RSiMe3 1∶5 -10 1∶1.2 0 90.2 93.5
7 1 g RSiMe3 1∶5 -15 1∶1.2 0 89.5 94.3
8 1 g RSiMe3 1∶5 -20 1∶1.2 0 87.2 95.2
9 1 g RSiMe3 1∶5 -25 1∶1.2 0 17.6 97.1
10 1 g RSiMe3 1∶2.5 -20 1∶1.2 0 77 96.2
11 1 g RSiEt3 1∶2.5 -20 1∶1.2 0 66.8 97.1
12 1 g RSiEt3 1∶5 -20 1∶1.2 0 73.4 97.1
13 1 g RSiMe2Ph 1∶5 -20 1∶1.2 0 46.1 98.1
), ArticleFig(id=1198960229523227543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656351112098456, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The optimization of Hosomi-Sakurai reaction to obtain the high ratio of 10β epimer. The R group in 2a is allyl. Temp: Temperature. MS: Molecular sieve

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Entry DHA-1 2a DHA-1∶2a Temp/℃ DHA-1∶ZnCl2 4Å MS/mg Yeild/% Ratio of 10β/%
1 1 g RSiMe3 1∶5 0 1∶1.2 600 80.5 93.5
2 1 g RSiMe3 1∶5 0 1∶1.2 0 78.0 92.6
3 1 g RSiMe3 1∶5 -5 1∶1.2 600 84.9 92.6
4 1 g RSiMe3 1∶5 -5 1∶1.2 0 85.3 93.5
5 1 g RSiMe3 1∶5 -10 1∶1.2 600 - -
6 1 g RSiMe3 1∶5 -10 1∶1.2 0 90.2 93.5
7 1 g RSiMe3 1∶5 -15 1∶1.2 0 89.5 94.3
8 1 g RSiMe3 1∶5 -20 1∶1.2 0 87.2 95.2
9 1 g RSiMe3 1∶5 -25 1∶1.2 0 17.6 97.1
10 1 g RSiMe3 1∶2.5 -20 1∶1.2 0 77 96.2
11 1 g RSiEt3 1∶2.5 -20 1∶1.2 0 66.8 97.1
12 1 g RSiEt3 1∶5 -20 1∶1.2 0 73.4 97.1
13 1 g RSiMe2Ph 1∶5 -20 1∶1.2 0 46.1 98.1
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青蒿素10位碳取代优势构型的立体选择性合成及不同酸碱性基团对其抗疟活性的影响
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张玉婷 1 , 魏春燕 2, * , 张崇敬 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(12): 3691-3700
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(12): 3691-3700
青蒿素10位碳取代优势构型的立体选择性合成及不同酸碱性基团对其抗疟活性的影响
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张玉婷1, 魏春燕2, * , 张崇敬1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 活性物质发现与适药化研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050
  • 2.中国医学科学院基础医学研究所, 北京协和医学院基础学院病原学系, 北京 100005

通讯作者:

*张崇敬, Tel: 13161073739, E-mail: ;
魏春燕, E-mail:
The stereoselective synthesis of privileged epimer of C-10 carba artemisinins and the effect of substituted groups with different acid-base properties on the antimalarial activity
Yu-ting ZHANG1, Chun-yan WEI2, * , Chong-jing ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2. Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
出版时间: 2023-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1276
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青蒿素是一种含过氧桥键结构的倍半萜内酯类天然产物, 具有抗疟、抗肿瘤、抗病毒和抗纤维化等药理活性。由于青蒿素原药的药代性质较差, 目前在临床使用及在科研中报道的都是青蒿素的衍生物。尽管有很多青蒿素衍生物的报道, 但是不同酸碱性基团对青蒿素抗疟活性的影响并没有报道。此外, 青蒿素10位以C-C键相连的衍生物经常报道, 并且10位C-C键衍生物10β异构体的抗疟活性是其10α异构体的20倍。但是, 目前并没有高效的不对称合成方法用于合成10位C-C键衍生物的优势构型(10β异构体)。针对这两个科学问题, 首先优化反应条件确立了青蒿素10位碳取代衍生物的优势构型的不对称合成方法, 显著提高了10β异构体的比例(98∶2 d.r.)。其次, 利用优化的合成方法, 在青蒿素10位通过C-C键引入了酸性、碱性和中性基团。抗疟活性测试表明, 含有中性取代基的化合物DHA-O1、DHA-O2和含有碱性取代基的短链化合物DHA-N2具有与双氢青蒿素(DHA) 相当的抗疟活性, IC50值分别为11.39 ± 4.66、14.04 ± 3.14和9.17 ± 4.57 nmol·L-1。酸性取代基显著降低青蒿素的抗疟活性, 其对应化合物DHA-A1和DHA-A2的活性相比双氢青蒿素降低了22倍多。本研究为获得抗疟活性更高的青蒿素衍生物和类似物提供了理论依据和技术基础。

青蒿素  /  酸碱性  /  立体选择性合成  /  差向异构体  /  抗疟药

Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone natural product that contains an endoperoxide bond. Artemisinin has various biological activities including antimalarial, anti-tumor, antiviral and anti-fibrotic activity. Owing to the poor pharmacokinetic properties of artemisinin, its derivatives are currently used in clinic and frequently reported in literature. Although numerous derivatives of artemisinin have been reported, no study has been carried out yet to study the effect of substituted groups with different acid-base property on the antimalarial activity. Among these derivatives, the C-10 carbon artemisinin derivatives are often reported, and their corresponding 10β epimer show much better antimalarial activity than 10α epimer with large-sized substitute. However, there is currently no stereoselective synthesis to efficiently prepare the privileged 10β epimer of C-10 carba artemisinin. To address these two scientific questions, we herein first report an optimized method to stereoselectively synthesize the 10β epimer of C-10 carba artemisinin (98∶2 d.r.). Second, we employed the optimized method to synthesize a series of C-10 carba artemisinin derivatives with different acid-base properties. The antimalarial examination indicated that those derivatives with neutral groups or basic group of short chain showed similar antimalarial activity as dihydroartemisinin (DHA). The acidic group could dramatically decrease the antimalarial effect and was more than 22-fold less effective than DHA or the neutral ones. This study will shed light on the development of new generation of artemisinin derivatives with potent activity.

artemisinin  /  acid-base property  /  stereoselective synthesis  /  epimer  /  antimalarial
张玉婷, 魏春燕, 张崇敬. 青蒿素10位碳取代优势构型的立体选择性合成及不同酸碱性基团对其抗疟活性的影响. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (12) : 3691 -3700 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1276
Yu-ting ZHANG, Chun-yan WEI, Chong-jing ZHANG. The stereoselective synthesis of privileged epimer of C-10 carba artemisinins and the effect of substituted groups with different acid-base properties on the antimalarial activity[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (12) : 3691 -3700 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1276
青蒿素是一种从菊科植物黄花蒿的叶子和花蕾中提取得到的含过氧桥结构的倍半萜内酯类天然产物[1]。目前, 青蒿素衍生物包括双氢青蒿素(DHA)、青蒿琥酯(ART)、蒿甲醚, 在临床上对疟疾表现出很好的治疗效果[2, 3] (图 1)。但是, 随着青蒿素及其衍生物的长期使用, 疟原虫已经出现了耐药性[4, 5]。为了解决这个问题, 世界卫生组织提出了青蒿素的联合治疗(ACTs) 策略[6], 但是仍然没有办法阻止疟原虫耐药性的产生[7, 8]。有研究表明疟原虫的耐药性与药物药效降低有关[9], 因此, 研发更高效的新型青蒿素衍生物至关重要。目前, 随着世界各国的深入研究, 在第一代青蒿素衍生物的基础上, 已经研发了许多第二代青蒿素衍生物。并且, 发现这些青蒿素衍生物还具有抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗纤维化和免疫调节等作用[10-13]。在这些衍生物中, 青蒿素10位以C-C键相连的衍生物经常报道[14-16], 因为不会发生缩醛与醛的可逆反应, 所以它们在酸性条件下更稳定[17], 并且也不会发生脱烷基生成具有神经毒性的双氢青蒿素[18]
在药物研发过程中, 酸碱性与其他药理学参数同样重要。除了对化合物的溶解性有影响外, 还会对化合物的ADMET性质及药理学性质等产生影响[19]。例如, 中性药物较酸性或碱性药物组织渗透性更好。最早的Schanker等[20]在“pH分配学说”中提出, 化合物pKa < 3的酸性物质和pKa > 8的碱性物质在体内的吸收都不好。Palm等[21]也发现非解离状态的分子更容易跨膜转运。但是, 截至目前, 有关青蒿素类衍生物的研究中并没有明确酸碱性对其抗疟活性的影响。
手性是自然界的基本属性, 与化学、生命科学等多个领域息息相关[22]。分子中手性中心的构型对于该分子的化学和物理性质起着决定性的作用。立体异构体往往存在优势异构体, 它与手性受体(酶和蛋白质等) 表现出更加明显的相互作用。因此各个手性异构体在药代动力学和药效上具有明显的差异[23]。例如, 地塞米松和倍他米松, 它们均属于糖皮质激素类药物, 二者的差异仅为C-16位的差向异构体, 但是, 研究表明, 倍他米松是地塞米松疗效的1.5倍[24] (图 2)。对帽柱木碱的研究中发现化合物mitragynine是阿片受体激动剂, 而它C-20位的差向异构体spciogynine对阿片受体无激动剂作用, 而是平滑肌松弛剂[25] (图 2)。因此, 在药物研发过程中, 获得手性纯的化合物至关重要。
目前, 10位以C-C键相连的青蒿素衍生物是通过双氢青蒿素与苯甲酰氯反应得到中间体, 然后再与烯丙基三甲基硅烷在路易斯酸的作用下合成的。但是, 这种方法得到的终产物存在差向异构体的问题, 即得到的主要产物是10β异构体, 但是仍然含有大约10%左右的无法分离的10α异构体[26, 27]。本课题组最近利用重结晶的方法对这两种异构体成功进行了分离, 并发现当10位碳连接的是大基团时, 10β异构体的抗疟活性是10α异构体的20多倍[28]。但是, 目前并没有高效的不对称合成方法用于合成10位C-C键衍生物的优势构型(10β异构体)。
针对以上两个研究空白, 首先优化反应条件确立了青蒿素10位碳取代衍生物的优势构型的不对称合成方法, 显著提高了10β异构体的比例。其次, 利用优化的合成方法, 在青蒿素10位通过C-C键引入了酸性、碱性和中性基团。抗疟活性测试表明含有中性取代基的化合物DHA-O1、DHA-O2和含有碱性取代基的短链化合物DHA-N2具有与双氢青蒿素相当的抗疟活性, IC50值分别为11.39 ± 4.66、14.04 ± 3.14和9.17 ± 4.57 nmol·L-1。酸性取代基显著降低青蒿素的抗疟活性, 其对应化合物DHA-A1和DHA-A2的活性相比双氢青蒿素降低了22倍多。因此, 本研究为获得抗疟活性更高的青蒿素衍生物和类似物提供了理论和技术基础, 也为新型抗疟药的开发提供了思路。
在路易斯酸ZnCl2的催化下, 烯丙基三甲基硅烷与DHA-1发生Sakurai烯丙基化反应的反应机制如图 3所示, 在这一步产生了10位的两个差向异构体: 10β异构体和10α异构体。
DHA-1在路易斯酸ZnCl2的催化下形成氧鎓离子中间体, 随后, 亲核试剂烯丙基三甲基硅烷可以从双键平面的两侧进攻, 但是位于双键平面下方的过氧桥结构形成的位阻影响, 阻碍了亲核试剂从平面下方进攻, 因此, 从平面上方进攻形成的β异构体是主要产物, 而从平面下方进攻形成的α异构体所占比例较少。基于这一反应机制, 通过将反应条件逐步变得更加严苛或增加亲核试剂位阻等策略优化反应条件。反应条件的改变包括硅烷试剂(2a) 的选择、反应原料的投料比、反应温度、分子筛的有无等方面, 具体的实验结果如表 1所示。最终, 在反应条件为: -20 ℃情况下, 在路易斯酸ZnCl2催化下, 烯丙基二甲基苯基硅烷(5当量) 作为亲核试剂时, 将10β异构体的比例提高到了98.1% (图 4)。
在本研究中, 设计的酸性、中性和碱性基团分别为脂肪酸、羟基和氨基。这些基团通过不同长度的烷基连接在10位, 设计的化合物如图 5所示。
目标化合物的合成如合成路线1所示。DHA首先与苯甲酰氯发生亲核取代反应得到DHA-1; 接着在路易斯酸ZnCl2的催化下, 烯丙基三甲基硅烷作为亲核试剂与DHA-1发生Sakurai烯丙基化反应, 经过后处理的粗品, 通过反复重结晶得到光学纯的中间体DHA-2。
在超干THF中, DHA-2与硼烷二甲硫醚发生硼氢化反应, 反应完全后, 移至室温, 直接在反应体系中加入3 mol·L-1 Na2CO3和30% H2O2发生氧化反应, 最终得到目标产物DHA-O1。
在CH3CN/H2O (6∶1) 为溶剂的情况下, 利用RuCl3(35 mol%) 和NaIO4将DHA-2的双键氧化断裂形成醛基, 随后经过后处理, 得到的粗品不纯化, 直接加入无水乙醇和NaBH4发生还原反应得到目标产物DHA-O2。
在EA/CH3CN/H2O (1∶1∶1.5) 为溶剂的情况下, 用合成的目标产物DHA-O1和DHA-O2为原料, 用RuCl3和NaIO4氧化, 分别得到目标产物DHA-A1和DHA-A2。
以THF为溶剂, 用合成的DHA-O1作为原料与商业来源的邻苯二甲酰亚胺发生Mitsunobu反应(光延反应), 经过硅胶柱色谱纯化得到含有少量苯甲酰亚胺的粗品中间体后, 直接加入无水乙醇和NH2NH2-H2O发生肼解反应得到目标产物DHA-N1。
以THF为溶剂, 用合成的DHA-O2作为原料与商业来源的邻苯二甲酰亚胺发生Mitsunobu反应(光延反应), 经过硅胶柱色谱纯化得到含有少量苯甲酰亚胺的粗品中间体后, 直接加入无水乙醇和NH2NH2-H2O发生肼解反应得到目标产物DHA-N2。
用5% D-山梨糖醇对恶性疟原虫(Plasmodium falciparum) 3D7虫株进行两次连续同步化处理, 使虫体处于环形期发育阶段[29]。用基于SYBR Green Ⅰ的疟原虫生长抑制试验[25]检测DHA-O1、DHA-O2、DHA-A1、DHA-A2、DHA-N1和DHA-N2对P. falciparum 3D7的抗疟活性, 并用GraphPad Prism 9.5软件分析其半数最大抑制浓度(IC50)。结果如图 6所示。
从检测结果可以看到, 含有中性取代基的DHA-O1、DHA-O2和含有碱性取代基的短链化合物DHA-N2的抗疟活性与双氢青蒿素无显著性差异, IC50值分别为11.39 ± 4.66、14.04 ± 3.14和9.17 ± 4.57 nmol·L-1。而比DHA-N2多一个C原子的DHA-N1的抗疟活性与双氢青蒿素的活性相比降低了6倍。引入酸性取代基的DHA-A1和DHA-A2的抗疟活性显著降低, 比双氢青蒿素低了22倍以上。
青蒿素类衍生物能够产生抗疟活性主要是因为它们能够透过红细胞膜、纳虫空泡膜和疟原虫的细胞膜而进入疟原虫胞质中, 并与虫体细胞内积累的亚铁血红素反应, 形成自由基, 破坏虫体内的各种蛋白质, 从而导致虫体死亡。研究表明引入中性基团或者引入短链的碱性基团, 能够使青蒿素更好地通过多层细胞膜而具有更好的抗疟活性。
本文基于10位以C-C键相连的青蒿素衍生物的合成机制, 对反应条件进行了优化, 最终在反应条件为: -20 ℃情况下, 路易斯酸ZnCl2催化下, 烯丙基二甲基苯基硅烷(5 equiv) 作为亲核试剂时, 抗疟活性更高的10β异构的比例可以提高到98.1%。其次, 合成了6个C-10位连接中性、酸性和碱性取代的青蒿素衍生物, 并且对其抗疟活性进行了比较, 发现连接中性取代基的DHA-O1、DHA-O2和含有碱性取代基的短链化合物DHA-N2具有更好的抗疟活性, IC50值分别为11.39 ± 4.66、14.04 ± 3.14和9.17 ± 4.57 nmol·L-1。因此, 引入中性基团或者是引入短链的碱性基团能够使青蒿素更好地通过多层细胞膜而具有更好的抗疟活性。本研究为获得抗疟活性更高的青蒿素衍生物和类似物提供了理论依据和技术基础。
柱色谱硅胶(200~300目) 为北京步琦科技有限公司生产, 有紫外吸收的化合物用254 nm紫外灯监测, 无紫外吸收的化合物用碱性高锰酸钾显色监测。NMR采用QOne 400 MHz核磁共振仪/JEOL 500 MHz核磁共振仪测定。所有试剂均为市售分析纯或化学纯, 除特别说明外, 一般不经纯化处理直接使用。
加样顺序: 将含有DHA-1 (1 g, 2.57 mmol) 的无水1,2-二氯乙烷(24 mL) 混合溶液通过恒压漏斗, 滴加到含有2a、无水氯化锌和4 Å粉末状分子筛(600 mg或0 mg) 的无水1,2-二氯乙烷(24 mL) 搅拌混合物中, 用TLC监测反应情况。
后处理: 反应混合物用乙酸乙酯(100 mL) 稀释, 并依次用5%的柠檬酸水溶液(20 mL) (去除4 Å分子筛)、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液(20 mL) 和饱和食盐水(20 mL) 洗涤。有机相用无水硫酸钠干燥, 过滤并减压浓缩。粗残余物通过快速柱色谱法(硅胶, 石油醚∶乙酸乙酯= 50∶1~30∶1) 纯化得到白色固体。
10α异构体和10β异构体比例确定: 通过之前的研究, 了解到占比更多的10β异构体的12位H的化学位移为5.31, 占比少的10α异构体的12位H的化学位移为5.23[28]。通过计算10α异构体在这两种差向异构体中所占的比例来反映实验结果。
在冰水浴条件下, 向含有DHA (10 g, 35.17 mmol) 的二氯甲烷(109.0 mL) 中加入吡啶(17.6 mL), 在搅拌的同时, 滴加苯甲酰氯(6.5 mL, 56.27 mmol)。室温下搅拌2 h后, 通过TLC监测到DHA反应完全, 加入7%的柠檬酸水溶液(96.8 mL)。随后, 分离有机层, 水层用二氯甲烷(30 mL×2) 萃取。合并的有机相依次用7%的柠檬酸水溶液(100 mL×4)、饱和碳酸氢钠(100 mL) 和饱和食盐水(100 mL) 洗涤。合并有机相, 用无水硫酸钠干燥, 过滤并减压浓缩得到黄色油状物。粗品用无水乙醇(95 ℃, 10 mL) 重结晶纯化得到9.374 g白色固体DHA-1, 收率为68.6%。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.12 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.57 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 6.01 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H), 5.53 (s, 1H), 2.79~2.71 (m, 1H), 2.39 (td, J = 14.1, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 2.05 (dt, J = 14.5, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 1.95~1.87 (m, 1H), 1.86~1.79 (m, 1H), 1.79~1.72 (m, 1H), 1.72~1.65 (m, 1H), 1.55~1.45 (m, 2H), 1.43 (s, 3H), 1.40~1.24 (m, 2H), 1.09~1.00 (m, 1H), 0.98 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (d, J = 8.0, 3H)。
将含有DHA-1 (1 g, 2.57 mmol) 的无水1,2-二氯乙烷(24 mL) 混合溶液通过恒压漏斗滴加到含有烯丙基三甲基硅烷(2 mL, 12.9 mmol)、无水氯化锌(0.421 g, 3.1 mmol) 和粉末状分子筛(600 mg) 的无水1,2-二氯乙烷(24 mL) 搅拌混合物中。在0 ℃下搅拌5 h后, 通过TLC监测到反应完全。随后, 用乙酸乙酯(100 mL) 稀释反应体系, 并依次用5%的柠檬酸水溶液(20 mL)、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液(20 mL) 和饱和食盐水(20 mL) 洗涤。合并有机相, 用无水硫酸钠干燥, 过滤并减压浓缩。随后在50 ℃条件下, 搅拌加入正己烷(1 mL), 冷凝回流直到粗品被完全溶解, 冷却至室温后, 放入-4 ℃冰箱中冷却析晶, 抽滤, 用冷的正己烷洗涤晶体, 随后, 将滤液旋干, 重复上述操作, 经过3次重结晶, 最终共得到318 mg白色固体DHA-2, 收率为40%。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.0~5.9 (m, 1H), 5.33 (s, 1H), 5.15~5.03 (m, 2H), 4.31 (ddd, J = 10.0, 6.1, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 2.73~2.63 (m, 1H), 2.45~2.35 (m, 1H), 2.32~2.15 (m, 2H), 2.03 (dt, J = 14.2, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.95~1.87 (m, 1H), 1.86~1.79 (m, 1H), 1.79~1.65 (m, 2H), 1.50~1.44 (m, 1H), 1.41 (s, 3H), 1.38~1.20 (m, 3H), 1.00~0.91 (m, 3H), 0.89 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H)。
在-20 ℃下, 向含有DHA-2 (5 g, 16.21 mmol) 的无水四氢呋喃(81 mL) 搅拌溶液中滴加硼烷二甲硫醚[2.0 mol·L-1 in THF] (8.1 mL, 32.42 mmol), 滴加完毕后, 在冰水浴下反应, 5 h后通过TLC监测到DHA-2反应完全, 随后, 除去冰水浴, 在室温下缓慢加入饱和碳酸钠(32.42 mL), 然后加入30%过氧化氢(16.21 mL), 在室温下搅拌30 min后, 用水(200 mL) 稀释, 用二氯甲烷(50 mL×2) 萃取。合并有机相, 用无水硫酸钠干燥, 过滤并减压浓缩, 得到无色油。粗残余物通过硅胶柱色谱法(石油醚∶乙酸乙酯= 4∶1~2∶1) 进行纯化, 得到3.488 g白色固体DHA-O1, 收率为61.3%。1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.33 (s, 1H), 4.24 (ddd, J = 10.3, 6.1, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 3.77~3.64 (m, 2H), 2.71~2.61 (m, 1H), 2.33 (ddd, J = 14.6, 13.4, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.03 (ddd, J = 14.6, 4.9, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 1.95~1.88 (m, 1H), 1.85~1.77 (m, 4H), 1.75~1.69 (m, 1H), 1.68~1.53 (m, 4H), 1.48~1.37 (m, 4H), 1.35~1.30 (m, 1H), 1.30~1.21 (m, 2H), 1.00~0.92 (m, 4H), 0.87 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 103.41, 89.41, 81.24, 75.19, 52.39, 44.30, 40.54, 37.45, 36.68, 34.56, 30.49, 27.35, 26.92, 26.22, 24.88, 24.84, 19.95, 13.01。HR-MS (ESI) for C18H30O5 m/z [M+H]+: calcd, 327.216 6; found, 327.215 7。
在冰水浴条件下, 向100 mL单口瓶中加入三氯化钌(0.024 g, 0.113 mmol, 溶解在250 μL水中), 随后, 在搅拌的情况下, 依次加入水(8.3 mL)、乙腈(50 mL) 和DHA-2 (1 g, 3.24 mmol), 最后加入高碘酸钠(1.4 g, 6.48 mmol), 撤去冰水浴, 在室温下反应, 1 h后监测到DHA-2反应完全。在反应体系中加入乙酸乙酯(20 mL), 有机相依次用水(14 mL×2) 和饱和食盐水(10 mL) 洗, 合并有机相, 用无水硫酸钠干燥, 过滤并减压浓缩, 得到了1.433 g黄色的油状物, 不纯化, 在冰水浴中, 直接在反应体系中加入无水乙醇(19 mL), 在搅拌情况下, 缓慢加入硼氢化钠(0.349 g, 9.24 mmol), 撤去冰水浴, 在室温下反应30 min后, 通过TLC监测到反应完全。缓慢加入水(15 mL) 淬灭反应, 用二氯甲烷(20 mL×2) 萃取水相, 合并有机相, 用饱和食盐水(15 mL) 洗, 用无水硫酸钠干燥, 过滤并减压浓缩, 通过硅胶柱色谱法(石油醚∶乙酸乙酯= 4∶1~2∶1) 进行纯化, 得到430 mg白色固体DHA-O2, 收率为42.6%。1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.36 (s, 1H), 4.45 (ddd, J = 11.5, 6.2, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 3.93~3.65 (m, 2H), 2.72~2.61 (m, 1H), 2.38~2.28 (m, 1H), 2.07~2.00 (m, 1H), 1.97~1.87 (m, 2H), 1.84~1.76 (m, 1H), 1.70~1.56 (m, 4H), 1.47~1.37 (m, 4H), 1.36~1.31 (m, 1H), 1.31~1.23 (m, 2H), 1.01~0.92 (m, 4H), 0.87 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 103.37, 89.34, 81.21, 74.49, 52.37, 44.24, 40.63, 37.44, 36.63, 34.52, 30.38, 30.19, 26.20, 24.83, 24.82, 20.30, 13.00。HR-MS (ESI) for C17H28O5 m/z [M+H]+: calcd, 313.201 0; found, 313.200 0。
在冰水浴条件下, 向25 mL单口瓶中加入三氯化钌(0.002 8 g, 0.013 mmol), 随后, 依次加入乙酸乙酯(2.4 mL)、乙腈(2.4 mL)、水(3.6 mL) 和DHA-O1 (0.2 g, 0.613 mmol), 最后在搅拌情况下, 加入高碘酸钠(0.397 g, 1.839 mmol), 撤去冰水浴, 在室温下反应, 1 h后监测到DHA-O1反应完全, 体系由黑棕色变成了橙色。用乙酸乙酯(15 mL) 稀释反应体系, 用饱和氯化铵溶液(12 mL) 萃取, 随后用乙酸乙酯(6 mL) 萃取水相, 合并有机相, 用饱和食盐水(10 mL) 洗, 无水硫酸钠干燥, 过滤并减压浓缩, 通过硅胶柱色谱法(石油醚∶乙酸乙酯= 2∶1) 进行纯化, 得到184 mg白色固体DHA-A1, 收率为88.2%。1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.31 (s, 1H), 4.87 (ddd, J = 11.6, 6.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 2.75~2.64 (m, 2H), 2.46 (ddd, J = 16.7, 8.6, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 2.32 (ddd, J = 14.6, 13.4, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.03 (ddd, J = 14.6, 4.8, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 1.97~1.85 (m, 2H), 1.85~1.71 (m, 2H), 1.69~1.59 (m, 2H), 1.48~1.41 (m, 1H), 1.40 (s, 1H), 1.35~1.31 (m, 1H), 1.31~1.22 (m, 2H), 1.00~0.92 (m, 4H), 0.89 (d, J = 7.6, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 179.49, 103.39, 89.08, 81.23, 74.91, 52.43, 44.39, 37.55, 36.65, 34.55, 32.10, 30.28, 26.14, 24.99, 24.82, 24.70, 20.30, 13.04。HR-MS (ESI) for C18H28O6 m/z [M-H]-: calcd, 339.180 2; found, 339.179 4。
在冰水浴条件下, 向10 mL单口瓶中加入三氯化钌(0.001 1 g, 0.005 mmol), 随后, 依次加入乙酸乙酯(0.9 mL)、乙腈(0.9 mL)、水(1.35 mL) 和DHA-O2 (0.072 g, 0.230 mmol), 最后在搅拌情况下, 加入高碘酸钠(0.149 g, 0.69 mmol), 撤去冰水浴, 在室温下反应, 1 h后监测到DHA-O2反应完全, 体系由黑棕色变成了橙色。用乙酸乙酯(5 mL) 稀释反应体系, 用饱和氯化铵溶液(5 mL) 萃取, 随后用乙酸乙酯(6 mL) 萃取水相, 合并有机相, 用饱和食盐水(6 mL) 洗, 无水硫酸钠干燥, 过滤并减压浓缩, 通过硅胶柱色谱法(石油醚∶乙酸乙酯= 1∶1) 进行纯化, 得到58 mg白色固体DHA-A2, 收率为77.1%。1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.37 (s, 1H), 4.88 (ddd, J = 10.6, 6.2, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 2.76~2.62 (m, 2H), 2.51 (dd, J = 15.8, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 2.33 (ddd, J = 14.6, 13.3, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.04 (ddd, J = 14.5, 4.8, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 1.98~1.90 (m, 1H), 1.83~1.76 (m, 1H), 1.74~1.65 (m, 2H), 1.46~1.37 (m, 4H), 1.32~1.24 (m, 3H), 1.01~0.93 (m, 4H), 0.88 (d, J = 7.6, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 176.15, 103.40, 89.50, 80.97, 71.07, 52.21, 43.99, 37.57, 36.57, 35.99, 34.48, 29.88, 25.95, 24.84, 24.79, 20.22, 12.85。HR-MS (ESI) for C17H26O6 m/z [M-H]-: calcd, 325.164 6; found, 325.163 9。
向25 mL单口瓶中加入DHA-O1 (0.1 g, 0.306 mmol)、三苯基膦(0.161 g, 0.612 mmol) 和四氢呋喃(10 mL), 在50 ℃搅拌下加入邻苯二甲酰亚胺(0.090 g, 0.612 mmol), 随后, 滴加偶氮二甲酸二异丙酯(DIAD) (0.121 mL, 0.612 mmol), 50 ℃下反应6 h后, 冷却至室温, 旋干, 随后用乙酸乙酯(15 mL) 和水(10 mL) 萃取, 随后用饱和食盐水(10 mL) 洗, 有机相用无水硫酸钠干燥, 过滤并减压浓缩, 通过硅胶柱色谱法(石油醚∶乙酸乙酯= 15∶1~10∶1) 除去极性大的杂质, 得到了130 mg白色固体粗品。随后, 加入无水乙醇(10 mL), 50 ℃下加入水合肼(0.5 mL), 2 h后通过TLC监测到反应完全, 冷却至室温, 将混合物倒入到1 mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液(50 mL) 中, 并用二氯甲烷(25 mL×2) 萃取, 随后用饱和食盐水(20 mL) 洗, 有机相用无水硫酸钠干燥, 过滤并减压浓缩, 通过硅胶柱色谱法(二氯甲烷∶甲醇∶氨水= 10∶1∶0.02), 得到了55 mg白色固体, 收率为55%。1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.36 (s, 1H), 4.25 (ddd, J = 9.6, 6.1, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 3.16~2.99 (m, 2H), 2.67~2.57 (m, 1H), 2.36~2.26 (m, 1H), 2.03 (dt, J = 14.5, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 1.98~1.84 (m, 3H), 1.81~1.74 (m, 1H), 1.70~1.59 (m, 4H), 1.45~1.36 (m, 4H), 1.35~1.20 (m, 5H), 1.00~0.92 (m, 4H), 0.87 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 103.41, 89.41, 81.24, 75.19, 52.39, 44.31, 40.54, 37.44, 36.68, 34.56, 30.49, 27.35, 26.91, 26.22, 24.87, 24.84, 20.33, 13.01。HR-MS (ESI) for C18H31NO4 m/z [M+H]+: calcd, 326.232 6; found, 326.232 1。
向25 mL单口瓶中加入DHA-O2 (0.104 g, 0.335 mmol)、三苯基膦(0.176 g, 0.67 mmol) 和四氢呋喃(10 mL), 在室温搅拌下加入邻苯二甲酰亚胺(0.099 g, 0.67 mmol), 随后, 滴加偶氮二甲酸二异丙酯(DIAD) (0.132 mL, 0.67 mmol), 室温下反应6 h后, 旋干, 随后用乙酸乙酯(15 mL) 和水(10 mL) 萃取, 随后用饱和食盐水(10 mL) 洗, 有机相用无水硫酸钠干燥, 过滤并减压浓缩, 通过硅胶柱色谱法(石油醚∶乙酸乙酯= 20∶1~10∶1) 除去极性大的杂质, 得到了129 mg白色固体粗品。随后, 加入无水乙醇(10 mL), 50 ℃下加入水合肼(1 mL), 2 h后通过TLC监测到反应完全, 冷却至室温, 将混合物倒入到1 mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液(50 mL) 中, 并用二氯甲烷(25 mL×2) 萃取, 随后用饱和食盐水(20 mL) 洗, 有机相用无水硫酸钠干燥, 过滤并减压浓缩, 通过硅胶柱色谱法(二氯甲烷∶甲醇∶氨水= 10∶1∶0.02), 得到了70 mg白色固体, 收率为67.1%。1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.40 (s, 1H), 4.39 (ddd, J = 11.4, 6.2, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (s, 2H), 3.31~2.80 (m, 2H), 2.69~2.59 (m, 1H), 2.07~1.97 (m, 2H), 1.97~1.89 (m, 1H), 1.81~1.74 (m, 1H), 1.70~1.58 (m, 3H), 1.48~1.39 (m, 4H), 1.38~1.21 (m, 4H), 0.98~0.92 (m, 4H), 0.87 (d, J = 7.5, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 103.37, 89.34, 81.21, 74.49, 52.37, 44.24, 40.63, 37.44, 36.63, 34.52, 30.38, 30.18, 26.20, 24.82, 20.30, 13.00。HR-MS (ESI) for C17H29NO4 m/z [M+H]+: calcd, 312.216 9; found, 312.216 5。
采用已报道的基于SYBR Green Ⅰ的疟原虫生长抑制测定方法[28, 30]对化合物进行抗疟活性测定: 将培养的恶性疟原虫3D7虫株用5% D-山梨醇进行两次连续同步化处理, 并用未感染红细胞和完全培养基将其稀释至0.5%的虫血率和2%红细胞压积, 之后铺于96孔板。将被检测化合物用疟原虫完全培养稀释至工作浓度, 和上述疟原虫培养物共孵育于疟原虫培养箱, DMSO作为空白对照, DHA作为阳性对照; 作用72 h后, 加入含有SYBR Green Ⅰ (Invitrogen) 的裂解缓冲液, 在培养箱中静置45 min后使用Synergy H1 Synergy H1 Hybrid Multi-Mode Microplate Reader (BioTek) 测荧光, 激发和发射波长分别为485和528 nm。所有样品共进行了3次生物学重复, 每次每个样品分别设3个平行组。荧光检测结果用软件GraphPad Prism 9.5绘制剂量-反应曲线, 并计算化合物对P. falciparum 3D7恶性疟原虫的半数最大抑制浓度(IC50)。
作者贡献: 张玉婷完成了合成实验和论文的初稿; 魏春燕完成了化合物抗疟活性检测; 张崇敬设计了整个课题的设计、实验结果的讨论与论文的修改。
利益冲突: 无利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目(22007101)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2022-I2M-2-002)
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2023年第58卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1276
  • 接收时间:2023-11-11
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-11
  • 修回日期:2023-11-21
基金
国家自然科学基金青年项目(22007101)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2022-I2M-2-002)
作者信息
    1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 活性物质发现与适药化研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050
    2.中国医学科学院基础医学研究所, 北京协和医学院基础学院病原学系, 北京 100005

通讯作者:

*张崇敬, Tel: 13161073739, E-mail: ;
魏春燕, E-mail:
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1276
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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