Article(id=1201124480480403993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201124478286786612, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1214, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1698336000000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-27, revisedDate=1702915200000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764299991959, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1710172800000, pubDateStr=2024-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764299991959, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764299991959, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764299991959, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201124478286786612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='3', pageStart='493', pageEnd='788', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764299991434, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764300490467, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201126571420639892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201124478286786612, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201126571420639893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201124478286786612, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=600, endPage=607, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201124480891445790, articleId=1201124480480403993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of small molecule inhibitors of cathepsin L, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute infectious disease caused by the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, which has led to serious worldwide economic burden. Due to the continuous emergence of variants, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies are only partial effective against infections caused by distinct strains of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, it is still of great importance to call for the development of broad-spectrum and effective small molecule drugs to combat both current and future outbreaks triggered by SARS-CoV-2. Cathepsin L (CatL) cleaves the spike glycoprotein (S) of SARS-CoV-2, playing an indispensable role in enhancing virus entry into host cells. Therefore CatL is one of the ideal targets for the development of pan-coronavirus inhibitor-based drugs. In this study, a CatL enzyme inhibitor screening model was established based on fluorescein labeled substrate. Two CatL inhibitors IMB 6290 and IMB 8014 with low cytotoxicity were obtained through high-throughput screening, the half inhibition concentrations (IC50) of which were 11.53 ± 0.68 and 1.56 ± 1.10 μmol·L-1, respectively. SDS-PAGE and cell-cell fusion experiments confirmed that the compounds inhibited the hydrolysis of S protein by CatL in a concentration-dependent manner. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) detection showed that both compounds exhibited moderate binding affinity with CatL. Molecular docking revealed the binding mode between the compound and the CatL active pocket. The pseudovirus experiment further confirmed the inhibitory effects of IMB 8014 on the S protein mediated entry process. In vitro pharmacokinetic evaluation indicated that the compounds had relatively good drug-likeness properties. Our research suggested that these two compounds have the potential to be further developed as antiviral drugs for COVID-19 treatment.

, correspAuthors=Yan LI, Jing ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-wen ZHOU, Bao-qing YOU, Yi-fan ZHENG, Shu-yi SI, Yan LI, Jing ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201124484351746669, articleId=1201124480480403993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=组织蛋白酶L小分子抑制剂的抗SARS-CoV-2活性研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

新冠肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19) 是一种由新型严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2) 感染引起的急性传染性疾病, 已给社会经济造成了沉重负担。由于突变体的不断出现, 疫苗和单克隆抗体仅对SARS-CoV-2部分毒株导致的感染有效, 因此寻找广谱高效的小分子药物以应对SARS-CoV-2感染及未来可能暴发的疫情依然具有重要意义。组织蛋白酶L (cathepsin L, CatL) 切割SARS-CoV-2刺突蛋白(spike glycoprotein, S), 在病毒进入宿主细胞的过程中发挥着不可或缺的作用, 因此CatL是广谱抗冠状病毒药物开发的理想靶标之一。在本研究中, 以荧光标记的底物建立CatL酶抑制剂筛选模型, 通过高通量筛选获得两个具有CatL抑制活性的化合物IMB 6290和IMB 8014, 其半数抑制浓度(half inhibitory concentration, IC50) 分别为11.53 ± 0.68和1.56 ± 1.10 μmol·L-1, 且细胞毒性低; 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和细胞-细胞融合实验均证实了化合物浓度依赖性地抑制CatL对S蛋白的水解作用; 表面等离子体共振(surface plasmon resonance, SPR) 检测表明两个化合物与CatL均具有中等强度的结合力; 分子对接揭示了化合物与CatL活性口袋的结合方式; 假病毒实验进一步确证了化合物IMB 8014对S蛋白介导的进入过程的抑制活性; 体外药代动力学评估发现, 化合物可能具有良好的成药性。所有研究结果提示, 这两个化合物具有治疗SARS-CoV-2感染的潜力。

, correspAuthors=李妍, 张晶, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李妍, Tel: 86-10-63180623, E-mail: ;
张晶, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=bdJHp/l95aZoKSwlSVZSug==, magXml=Rlk24MtBAIPsR0Vo+DEl5w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=1iJRz4NnLsR1N37uf3edRA==, pdfFileSize=2577822, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=w4dI2byld73K5gSo0geEBw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=wkfsw3Zv5ZsM9iM1YS/hZA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=周雯雯, 尤宝庆, 郑怡凡, 司书毅, 李妍, 张晶)}, authors=[Author(id=1201166977306947697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1201166977411805300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, authorId=1201166977306947697, language=EN, stringName=Wen-wen ZHOU, firstName=Wen-wen, middleName=null, lastName=ZHOU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1201166977495691382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, authorId=1201166977306947697, language=CN, stringName=周雯雯, firstName=雯雯, middleName=null, lastName=周, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1201166977197895785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201166977206284394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, companyId=1201166977197895785, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201166977218867308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, companyId=1201166977197895785, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050)])]), Author(id=1201166977562800251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1201166977655074942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, authorId=1201166977562800251, language=EN, stringName=Bao-qing YOU, firstName=Bao-qing, middleName=null, lastName=YOU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1201166977730572416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, authorId=1201166977562800251, language=CN, stringName=尤宝庆, firstName=宝庆, middleName=null, lastName=尤, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1201166977197895785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201166977206284394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, companyId=1201166977197895785, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201166977218867308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, companyId=1201166977197895785, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050)])]), Author(id=1201166977797681285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1201166977881567368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, authorId=1201166977797681285, language=EN, stringName=Yi-fan ZHENG, firstName=Yi-fan, middleName=null, lastName=ZHENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1201166977948676234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, authorId=1201166977797681285, language=CN, stringName=郑怡凡, firstName=怡凡, middleName=null, lastName=郑, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1201166977197895785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201166977206284394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, companyId=1201166977197895785, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201166977218867308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, companyId=1201166977197895785, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050)])]), Author(id=1201166978007396495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1201166978099671186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, authorId=1201166978007396495, language=EN, stringName=Shu-yi SI, firstName=Shu-yi, middleName=null, lastName=SI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1201166978175168660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, authorId=1201166978007396495, language=CN, stringName=司书毅, firstName=书毅, middleName=null, lastName=司, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1201166977197895785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201166977206284394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, companyId=1201166977197895785, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201166977218867308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, companyId=1201166977197895785, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050)])]), Author(id=1201166978271637657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=13391513480@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1201166978351329436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, authorId=1201166978271637657, language=EN, stringName=Yan LI, firstName=Yan, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1201166978456187037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, authorId=1201166978271637657, language=CN, stringName=李妍, firstName=妍, middleName=null, lastName=李, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1201166977197895785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201166977206284394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, companyId=1201166977197895785, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201166977218867308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, companyId=1201166977197895785, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050)])]), Author(id=1201166978548461729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=jingjing-506@hotmail.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1201166978644930723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, authorId=1201166978548461729, language=EN, stringName=Jing ZHANG, firstName=Jing, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1201166978741399719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, authorId=1201166978548461729, language=CN, stringName=张晶, firstName=晶, middleName=null, lastName=张, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1201166977197895785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201166977206284394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, companyId=1201166977197895785, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201166977218867308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, companyId=1201166977197895785, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1201166978921754793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=SARS-CoV-2), Keyword(id=1201166979026612397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=cathepsin L), Keyword(id=1201166979102109871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=antiviral drug), Keyword(id=1201166979215356081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=small molecule inhibitor), Keyword(id=1201166979311825074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=high throughput screening), Keyword(id=1201166979383128244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=新型冠状病毒), Keyword(id=1201166979446042805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=组织蛋白酶L), Keyword(id=1201166979542511798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=抗病毒药物), Keyword(id=1201166979605426359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=小分子抑制剂), Keyword(id=1201166979701895354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=高通量筛选)], refs=[Reference(id=1201166981782270173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao MM, Yang WL, Yang FY, et al. Cathepsin L plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and humanized mice and is a promising target for new drug development [J]. Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2021, 6: 134., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166981920682207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=V'kovskl P, Kratzel A, Stelner S, et al. Coronavirus biology and replication: implications for SARS-CoV-2 [J]. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2021, 19: 155-170., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166982038122721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hi WY, Li YD, Huang HC, et al. COVID-19 vaccine update: vaccine effectiveness, SARS-CoV-2 variants, boosters, adverse effects, and immune correlates of protection [J]. J Biomed Sci, 2022, 29: 82., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166982159757540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zheng ZH, Wang K, Wei HL, et al. Antiviral effect of Fufang yinhua jiedu (FFYH) granules against coronavirus and its potential mechanism [J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2022, 57: 1808-1815., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166982268809444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding [J]. Lancet, 2020, 395: 565-574., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166982428192998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang H, Rao Z. Structural biology of SARS-CoV-2 and implications for therapeutic development [J]. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2021, 19: 685-700., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166982554022119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu CR, Yin WC, Jiang Y, et al. Structure genomics of SARS-CoV-2 and its Omicron variant: drug design templates for COVID-19 [J]. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2022, 43: 3021-3033., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166982629519593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xia X, Cheng A, Wang M, et al. Functions of viroporins in the viral life cycle and their regulation of host cell responses [J]. Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 890549., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166982734377194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang Y, Yang C, Xu XF, et al. Structural and functional properties of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: potential antivirus drug development for COVID-19 [J]. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2020, 41: 1141-1149., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166982881177837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Koch J, Uckeley ZM, Doldan P, et al. TMPRSS2 expression dictates the entry route used by SARS-CoV-2 to infect host cells [J]. EMBO J, 2021, 40: e107821., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166982994424047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Glowacka I, Bertram S, Muller MA, et al. Evidence that TMPRSS2 activates the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein for membrane fusion and reduces viral control by the humoral immune response [J]. J Virol, 2011, 85: 4122-4134., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166983090893041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ma C, Liang K, Tang L, et al. Identification and characteristics of a cathepsin L-like cysteine protease from Clonorchis sinensis [J]. Parasitol Res, 2019, 118: 829-835., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166983191556338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu RD, Meng XY, Li CL, et al. Molecular characterization and determination of the biochemical properties of cathepsin L of Trichinella spiralis [J]. Vet Res, 2022, 53: 48., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166983321579763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yoonuan T, Nuamtanong S, Dekumyoy P, et al. Molecular and immunological characterization of cathepsin L-like cysteine protease of Paragonimus pseudoheterotremus [J]. Parasitol Res, 2016, 115: 4457-4470., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166983392882933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li L, Gao L, Song Y, et al. Activated cathepsin L is associated with the switch from autophagy to apoptotic death of SH-SY5Y cells exposed to 6-hydroxydopamine [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2016, 470: 579-585., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166983489351927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang QQ, Wang WJ, Li J, et al. Cathepsin L suppression increases the radiosensitivity of human glioma U251 cells via G2/M cell cycle arrest and DNA damage [J]. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2015, 36: 1113-1125., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166983560655097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li BJ. Computer-aided Study on Antiviral Lead Compounds against SARS-COV-2 (计算机辅助设计抗新型冠状病毒寡糖先导化合物) [D]. Beijing: Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166983644541179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang HR, Wang X. Advances in research of novel coronavirus related drugs and biological products [J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2023, 58: 349-354., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166983720038653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lin LP, Tang F, Xu RA, et al. Progress of the development of anti-COVID-19 drugs [J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2023, 58: 39-51., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166983791341823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jackson CB, Farzan M, Chen B, et al. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells [J]. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2022, 23: 3-20., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166983900393729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jeong JH, Chol JH, Kim BK, et al. Evaluating Z-FA-FMK, a host cathepsin L protease inhibitor, as a potent and broad-spectrum antiviral therapy against SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses [J]. Antiviral Res, 2023, 216: 105669., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166984009445635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Simmons G, Gosalia DN, Rennekamp AJ, et al. Inhibitors of cathepsin L prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2005, 102: 11876-11881., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166984110108932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang IC, Bosch BJ, Li F, et al. SARS coronavirus, but not human coronavirus NL63, utilizes cathepsin L to infect ACE2-expressing cells [J]. J Biol Chem, 2006, 281: 3198-3203., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166984202383622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu T, Luo S, Libby P, et al. Cathepsin L-selective inhibitors: a potentially promising treatment for COVID-19 patients [J]. Pharmacol Ther, 2020, 213: 107587., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166984286269704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=de Clercq E, Li G. Approved antiviral drugs over the past 50 years [J]. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2016, 29: 695-747., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166984378544394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Doh-Ura K, Iwak T, Caughey B, et al. Lysosomotropic agents and cysteine protease inhibitors inhibit scrapie-associated prion protein accumulation [J]. J Virol, 2000, 74: 4894-4897., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166984449847564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mellott DM, Tseng CT, Drelich A, et al. A clinical-stage cysteine protease inhibitor blocks SARS-CoV-2 infection of human and monkey cells [J]. ACS Chem Biol, 2021, 16: 642-650., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166984521150734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Elshabrawy HA, Fan J, Haddad CS, et al. Identification of a broad-spectrum antiviral small molecule against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Ebola, Hendra, and Nipah viruses by using a novel high-throughput screening assay [J]. J Virol, 2014, 88: 4353-4365., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166984596648208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Adedeji AO, Severson W, Jonsson C, et al. Novel inhibitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry that act by three distinct mechanisms [J]. J Virol, 2013, 87: 8017-8028., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166984672145682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Riva L, Yuan S, Yin X, et al. Discovery of SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drugs through large-scale compound repurposing [J]. Nature, 2020, 586: 113-119., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166984760226068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tang TT, Lv LL, Pan MM, et al. Hydroxychloroquine attenuates renal ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting cathepsin mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation [J]. Cell Death Dis, 2018, 9: 351., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166984865083670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shivanna V, Kim Y, Chang KO. Endosomal acidification and cathepsin L activity is required for calicivirus replication [J]. Virology, 2014, 464-465: 287-295., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166984986718488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro [J]. Cell Res, 2020, 30: 269-271., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201166985070604570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Porotto M, Orefice G, Yokoyama CC, et al. Simulating henipavirus multicycle replication in a screening assay leads to identification of a promising candidate for therapy [J]. J Virol, 2009, 83: 5148-5155., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1201166981597720794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, awardId=3332023158, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(3332023158), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1201166977197895785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201166977206284394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, companyId=1201166977197895785, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201166977218867308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, companyId=1201166977197895785, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1201166979915804859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=yjwOJPoJlESD7YVqOR8lVw==, figureFileBig=3PckpF+/VJdwfn/EummRRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201166979987108028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Structures of the candidate compounds , figureFileSmall=yjwOJPoJlESD7YVqOR8lVw==, figureFileBig=3PckpF+/VJdwfn/EummRRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201166980087771326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=f/G7iNwKr5FVhQA1tYf/Yg==, figureFileBig=OpzJUNQw+BOkH6Xe1XnDKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201166980171657408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Inhibitory effects of the candidate compounds toward SARS-CoV-2 cathepsin L (CatL). Dose-response curves of IMB 6290 (A), IMB 8014 (B), and the reported inhibitor <i>Z</i>-Phe-Tyr-CHO (C) against human protease CatL. <i>n</i> = 3, mean ± SEM , figureFileSmall=f/G7iNwKr5FVhQA1tYf/Yg==, figureFileBig=OpzJUNQw+BOkH6Xe1XnDKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201166980284903617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=aonBIv2Wg42iLBaY9ikNig==, figureFileBig=v48Wi/rUk94vBZecYw/qTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201166980360401090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Inhibition of CatL-mediated S-protein cleavage by the candidate compounds. Purified SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (S) protein was incubated in the presence or absence of CatL (0.5 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> in assay buffer, pH = 5.5) at 37 ℃ for 1 h. The reaction system containing CatL (0.5 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup>) was then supplemented with different concentrations of compound IMB 6290 (A) and IMB 8014 (B), respectively. Proteins were subjected to SDS-PAGE and detected by Coomassie brilliant blue staining , figureFileSmall=aonBIv2Wg42iLBaY9ikNig==, figureFileBig=v48Wi/rUk94vBZecYw/qTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201166980440092868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Px4hzoFZ5kVWeoDTFI3xvA==, figureFileBig=9sCZFnJ789tVfVJOTmEuTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201166980553339078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis of the physical interaction between each candidate compound with CatL. After immobilizing CatL on the sensor chip, compound was injected at indictated concentrations. Binding of compound IMB 6290 (A) or IMB 8014 (B) to CatL resulted in a concentration-dependent increase of the SPR signals expressed as resonance units (RU). The binding constant <i>K</i><sub>D</sub> was calculated from the changes in the SPR signal , figureFileSmall=Px4hzoFZ5kVWeoDTFI3xvA==, figureFileBig=9sCZFnJ789tVfVJOTmEuTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201166980633030856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=if2PiTdA9Myb0ePtZ4xGWw==, figureFileBig=AZTdefabvSV/5SIkAO79kA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201166980725305545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Inhibitory activity of candidate compounds against CatL was detected by cell-cell fusion assay. Effects of compound IMB 6290 (A) and IMB 8014 (B) on syncytia formation induced by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein , figureFileSmall=if2PiTdA9Myb0ePtZ4xGWw==, figureFileBig=AZTdefabvSV/5SIkAO79kA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201166980817580234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FLyqDZv93mT45Qu/l24ByQ==, figureFileBig=guZt1lWZlz2Zjm7sREw9sA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201166980893077707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Molecular docking of each compound with CatL (PDB ID: 7w33). Three-dimensional structure diagram of IMB 6290 (A) and IMB 8014 (B) with CatL protein , figureFileSmall=FLyqDZv93mT45Qu/l24ByQ==, figureFileBig=guZt1lWZlz2Zjm7sREw9sA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201166980976963789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=91mqu1lQXSwXN1EtzQMTOQ==, figureFileBig=+h4vmSz/+tUHqn+ErIxEkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201166981094404304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= IMB 6290 and IMB 8014 blocked SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus entry. 293T-ACE2 cells were pre-incubated with IMB 6290 (A) or IMB 8014 (B), and subsequently inoculated with pseudovirions. <i>n</i> = 3, mean ± SEM , figureFileSmall=91mqu1lQXSwXN1EtzQMTOQ==, figureFileBig=+h4vmSz/+tUHqn+ErIxEkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201166981195067601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=OgvNqUbO89Q51j7lBT8VtA==, figureFileBig=qBNDYJDQqfVFiQWMJp31XA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201166981257982163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= SwissADME bioavailability radar of the candidate compounds. The diagrams of bioavailability radar for compound IMB 6290 (A) and IMB 8014 (B). The pink areas represent the ideal range of each property (lipophilicity, molecular weight, solubility, and flexibility) , figureFileSmall=OgvNqUbO89Q51j7lBT8VtA==, figureFileBig=qBNDYJDQqfVFiQWMJp31XA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201166981354451157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CompoundGI absorptionWater solubilityDruglikePAINSBrenkP450 enzyme inhibitor
CYP3A4CYP2C9CYP2C19CYP2D6
IMB 6290LowModerately soluble2NONOYESYESYESNO
IMB 8014HighModerately soluble4NONONOYESNONO
), ArticleFig(id=1201166981425754327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124480480403993, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

ADMET prediction for compound IMB 6290 and IMB 8014. CYP: Cytochrome P450 protein

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CompoundGI absorptionWater solubilityDruglikePAINSBrenkP450 enzyme inhibitor
CYP3A4CYP2C9CYP2C19CYP2D6
IMB 6290LowModerately soluble2NONOYESYESYESNO
IMB 8014HighModerately soluble4NONONOYESNONO
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1189982048455397383, delFlag=0, nameCn=药学学报, nameEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0513-4870, eissn=null, cn=11-2163/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1761643429151, updatedTime=1761735768113, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=A, firstLetterEn=A, subjectCode=Life Sciences, subjectName=Life Sciences, subjectCodeEn=Life Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, picEn=c4l1ckL55nWbhl1KrFdWIA==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1190369346338783397, language=CN, name=药学学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735768160, updatedTime=1761735768160, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1190369346376532134, language=EN, name=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735768169, updatedTime=1761735768169, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1189982191388893191, websiteList=[Website(id=1189982271588340489, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189982191388893191, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1761643482348, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761643498101, updateBy=18614031015, name=药学学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=药学学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189982873114448678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761643625763, updateTime=1761643625763, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873093477155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761643625758, updateTime=1761643625758, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873135420201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625768, updateTime=1761643625768, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873085088546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=w+t2v8bJnX5lh3+hRRJcDA==, createTime=1761643625756, updateTime=1761643625756, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873152197419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625772, updateTime=1761643625772, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873110254373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1761643625762, updateTime=1761643625762, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873143808810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625770, updateTime=1761643625770, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873101865764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1761643625760, updateTime=1761643625760, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873122837287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761643625765, updateTime=1761643625765, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873127031592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761643625766, updateTime=1761643625766, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1189982271655449355, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189982191388893191, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1761643482364, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761643514085, updateBy=18614031015, name=药学学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189982903015633534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761643632892, updateTime=1761643632892, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902990467707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761643632886, updateTime=1761643632886, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903036605057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632897, updateTime=1761643632897, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902982079098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=w+t2v8bJnX5lh3+hRRJcDA==, createTime=1761643632884, updateTime=1761643632884, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903053382275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632901, updateTime=1761643632901, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903007244925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1761643632890, updateTime=1761643632890, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903044993666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632899, updateTime=1761643632899, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902998856316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1761643632888, updateTime=1761643632888, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903019827839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761643632893, updateTime=1761643632893, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903028216448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761643632895, updateTime=1761643632895, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=药学学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/aps, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, journalPhotoCn=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, journalPhotoEn=c4l1ckL55nWbhl1KrFdWIA==, journalFirstLetter=A, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1214, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1214, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/PDF/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1214, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/PDF/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1214, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
组织蛋白酶L小分子抑制剂的抗SARS-CoV-2活性研究
收藏切换
PDF下载
周雯雯 , 尤宝庆 , 郑怡凡 , 司书毅 , 李妍 * , 张晶 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(3): 600-607
收起
收藏切换
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(3): 600-607
组织蛋白酶L小分子抑制剂的抗SARS-CoV-2活性研究
全屏
周雯雯, 尤宝庆, 郑怡凡, 司书毅, 李妍* , 张晶*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*李妍, Tel: 86-10-63180623, E-mail: ;
张晶, E-mail:
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of small molecule inhibitors of cathepsin L
Wen-wen ZHOU, Bao-qing YOU, Yi-fan ZHENG, Shu-yi SI, Yan LI* , Jing ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2024-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1214
文章导航
收藏切换

新冠肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19) 是一种由新型严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2) 感染引起的急性传染性疾病, 已给社会经济造成了沉重负担。由于突变体的不断出现, 疫苗和单克隆抗体仅对SARS-CoV-2部分毒株导致的感染有效, 因此寻找广谱高效的小分子药物以应对SARS-CoV-2感染及未来可能暴发的疫情依然具有重要意义。组织蛋白酶L (cathepsin L, CatL) 切割SARS-CoV-2刺突蛋白(spike glycoprotein, S), 在病毒进入宿主细胞的过程中发挥着不可或缺的作用, 因此CatL是广谱抗冠状病毒药物开发的理想靶标之一。在本研究中, 以荧光标记的底物建立CatL酶抑制剂筛选模型, 通过高通量筛选获得两个具有CatL抑制活性的化合物IMB 6290和IMB 8014, 其半数抑制浓度(half inhibitory concentration, IC50) 分别为11.53 ± 0.68和1.56 ± 1.10 μmol·L-1, 且细胞毒性低; 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和细胞-细胞融合实验均证实了化合物浓度依赖性地抑制CatL对S蛋白的水解作用; 表面等离子体共振(surface plasmon resonance, SPR) 检测表明两个化合物与CatL均具有中等强度的结合力; 分子对接揭示了化合物与CatL活性口袋的结合方式; 假病毒实验进一步确证了化合物IMB 8014对S蛋白介导的进入过程的抑制活性; 体外药代动力学评估发现, 化合物可能具有良好的成药性。所有研究结果提示, 这两个化合物具有治疗SARS-CoV-2感染的潜力。

新型冠状病毒  /  组织蛋白酶L  /  抗病毒药物  /  小分子抑制剂  /  高通量筛选

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute infectious disease caused by the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, which has led to serious worldwide economic burden. Due to the continuous emergence of variants, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies are only partial effective against infections caused by distinct strains of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, it is still of great importance to call for the development of broad-spectrum and effective small molecule drugs to combat both current and future outbreaks triggered by SARS-CoV-2. Cathepsin L (CatL) cleaves the spike glycoprotein (S) of SARS-CoV-2, playing an indispensable role in enhancing virus entry into host cells. Therefore CatL is one of the ideal targets for the development of pan-coronavirus inhibitor-based drugs. In this study, a CatL enzyme inhibitor screening model was established based on fluorescein labeled substrate. Two CatL inhibitors IMB 6290 and IMB 8014 with low cytotoxicity were obtained through high-throughput screening, the half inhibition concentrations (IC50) of which were 11.53 ± 0.68 and 1.56 ± 1.10 μmol·L-1, respectively. SDS-PAGE and cell-cell fusion experiments confirmed that the compounds inhibited the hydrolysis of S protein by CatL in a concentration-dependent manner. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) detection showed that both compounds exhibited moderate binding affinity with CatL. Molecular docking revealed the binding mode between the compound and the CatL active pocket. The pseudovirus experiment further confirmed the inhibitory effects of IMB 8014 on the S protein mediated entry process. In vitro pharmacokinetic evaluation indicated that the compounds had relatively good drug-likeness properties. Our research suggested that these two compounds have the potential to be further developed as antiviral drugs for COVID-19 treatment.

SARS-CoV-2  /  cathepsin L  /  antiviral drug  /  small molecule inhibitor  /  high throughput screening
周雯雯, 尤宝庆, 郑怡凡, 司书毅, 李妍, 张晶. 组织蛋白酶L小分子抑制剂的抗SARS-CoV-2活性研究. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (3) : 600 -607 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1214
Wen-wen ZHOU, Bao-qing YOU, Yi-fan ZHENG, Shu-yi SI, Yan LI, Jing ZHANG. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of small molecule inhibitors of cathepsin L[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (3) : 600 -607 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1214
由SARS-CoV-2引起的2019新型冠状病毒肺炎对全球公共卫生构成了严重的威胁[1, 2]。尽管已有多类疫苗上市, 但SARS-CoV-2刺突蛋白(spike glycoprotein, S) 的高突变导致疫苗有效性降低甚至失效[3, 4], 因此开发广谱抗SARS-CoV-2小分子药物仍具有重要意义。
SARS-CoV-2是β属的单股、正链RNA病毒[5], 编码16种非结构蛋白(NSP 1~NSP 16)、4种结构蛋白[S、包膜蛋白(envelope glycoprotein, E)、膜蛋白(membrane glycoprotein, M)、核衣壳蛋白(nucleocapsid phosphoprotein, N)] 和9种辅助蛋白[6, 7]。病毒的生命周期包括识别、膜融合、复制、装配与释放[8]。病毒侵入宿主细胞是其感染过程中至关重要的一步, 也是病毒复制周期中的重要时期。SARS-CoV-2利用S蛋白与宿主细胞膜表面受体结合[9], 并由弗林蛋白酶(furin)、跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶2 (transmembrane serine protease 2, TMPRSS2)、组织蛋白酶L (cathepsin L, CatL) 等对S蛋白进行切割激活, 进而发生膜融合, 使SARS-CoV-2能够进入细胞。抑制病毒侵入可降低病毒感染的几率, 因此SARS-CoV-2的S蛋白及相关的受体和切割酶是很理想的成药靶点。研究表明, SARS-CoV-2奥密克戎(Omicron) 变异株S蛋白的激活更依赖于CatL[1, 10, 11], 且CatL在几乎所有变异株中的切割位点高度保守[1], 因此CatL的抑制剂可有效避免因病毒突变导致的耐药性问题, 是抗SARS-CoV-2药物研发的重要靶标。
小分子药物分子体积小, 给药方式简单, 稳定性高, 在抗击COVID-19的战役中, 小分子抑制剂的研发已受到越来越多的重视。目前, CatL活性评价的通用方法是以荧光基团AMC标记CatL水解底物, 通过荧光强度的变化判断酶活性的变化, 该方法已经广泛应用于酶抑制剂的活性评价[12-14]。本研究应用该酶活评价方法对化合物库进行了抑制剂的高通量筛选, 得到两个低细胞毒的小分子抑制剂IMB 6290和IMB 8014, 进一步通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳、表面等离子共振(surface plasmon resonance, SPR)、细胞-细胞融合实验、虚拟对接、成药性评价对化合物IMB 6290和IMB 8014进行了作用机制的研究, 以期为抗SARS-CoV-2感染药物发现提供新思路。
试剂与材料  化合物库由中国医学科学院医药生物技术研究所国家新药(微生物) 筛选室保存, 储存浓度为10 mg·mL-1; HEK-293T-ACE2过表达细胞(批号41107ES03) 购自上海翌圣生物科技股份有限公司; SARS-CoV-2 S蛋白(批号40634-V08B) 和CatL蛋白(批号10486-H08H) 购自北京义翘神州公司; 非洲绿猴肾细胞(Vero)、人胚胎肾细胞(HEK-293T) 均由本实验室保存; Z-苯丙胺酰-精氨酸-7-氨基-4-甲基香豆素(Z-Phe-Arg-AMC, 批号C9521)、十二烷基硫酸钠(批号151-21-3)、四甲基乙二胺(批号110-18-9) 购自美国Sigma公司; Z-Phe-Tyr-CHO (批号A0523) 购自美国Santa Cruz公司; pAAV-IRES-EGFP (批号VT8151) 购自优宝生物科技有限公司; pAAV-IRES-EGFP-SARS-CoV-2-S质粒由金斯瑞公司全合成; 10×蛋白电泳缓冲液(批号T1220)、30%制胶液(批号A1010)、4×分离胶缓冲液(批号S1052)、4×浓缩胶缓冲液(批号S1052) 购自索莱宝公司; 磷酸盐缓冲溶液(BL601A) 购自白鲨科技有限公司; DMEM培养基(批号SH30585.02)、胎牛血清(批号SH30406.05)、胰酶(批号SH30042.01) 购自美国Hyclone公司; 二甲基亚砜(批号20688) 购自美国Thermo公司; 二硫苏糖醇(dithiothreitol, DTT, 批号0281) 购自兰博利德公司; 吗啉乙磺酸(批号QN0132) 购自北京百奥莱博科技有限公司; CCK-8试剂盒(批号C005) 购自美国TargerMol公司; 考马斯亮蓝染色液(批号P1501) 购自北京普利来公司。
实验仪器  Prime Plus ÄKTA层析系统(美国GE公司); Mikro 12-24离心机(德国Hettich公司); SR8600表面等离子共振仪(美国Reichert公司); BCM-1000A超净工作台(江苏苏净公司); Operetta CLS高内涵成像系统、Enspire 2104 Multiabel Reader酶标仪(美国PerkinElmer公司); MK-20恒温金属(中国奥盛公司); XR凝胶成像仪(美国Bio-Rad公司); TW12水浴锅(中国优莱博Julabo公司); TS-8脱色摇床(中国其林贝尔公司)。
CatL抑制剂高通量筛选  含2 μg·mL-1 CatL的测定缓冲液(6 mmol·L-1 DTT, 0.05% Brij 35, 1 mmol·L-1 EDTANa2, 100 mmol·L-1磷酸钠溶液, pH 5.5) 以每孔24 μL加入96孔全黑半底板中, 再以每孔1 μL加入化合物(1 mg·mL-1), 在室温下孵育30 min。以每孔25 μL加入5 μmol·L-1底物, 室温孵育5 min, 通过加入终止缓冲液(100 mmol·L-1一氯乙酸钠, 30 mmol·L-1乙酸钠, 70 mmol·L-1乙酸, pH 4.3) 来终止反应。酶标仪设置激发波长360 nm, 发射波长460 nm, 检测荧光强度。设定Z-Phe-Tyr-CHO孔为阳性对照组, DMSO孔为阴性对照组, 抑制率 > 50%的化合物被定义为初筛阳性化合物。
$ \begin{array}{l} \mathrm{抑}\mathrm{制}\mathrm{率}\mathrm{\%}=\\\frac{\mathrm{阴}\mathrm{性}\mathrm{组}\mathrm{荧}\mathrm{光}\mathrm{强}\mathrm{度}-\mathrm{阳}\mathrm{性}\mathrm{组}\mathrm{荧}\mathrm{光}\mathrm{强}\mathrm{度}}{\mathrm{化}\mathrm{合}\mathrm{物}\mathrm{组}\mathrm{荧}\mathrm{光}\mathrm{强}\mathrm{度}-\mathrm{阳}\mathrm{性}\mathrm{组}\mathrm{荧}\mathrm{光}\mathrm{强}\mathrm{度}}\times 100\mathrm{\%} \end{array}$
初筛阳性化合物IC50的测定  DMSO倍比稀释初筛阳性化合物(10 mg·mL-1), 取1 μL加入96孔全黑半底板中, 使其在反应体系中的终浓度分别为200、100、50、25、12.5、6.25、3.125 μmol·L-1, DMSO作为对照。按照上述方法进行各个浓度抑制率的测定, GraphPad Prism 8软件计算IC50
细胞毒检测  使用CCK-8试剂盒进行化合物的细胞毒性检测。对数期HEK-293T细胞使用含有10% FBS的DMEM培养基培养, 胰酶消化后, 使用同样的培养基稀释, 8×103个/孔接种到96孔细胞培养板中, 生长至对数期后, 吸出培养基, 使用无FBS的培养基倍比稀释化合物(0.39~50 μg·mL-1), 每孔100 μL加入到培养板中, 同时设置0.5% DMSO对照组细胞和无细胞空白培养基对照, 每个浓度3个复孔。培养48 h后, 每孔加入10 μL CCK-8检测试剂避光培养2~4 h, 酶标仪读取450 nm吸收值(A), 同样的方法检测化合物对Vero细胞的细胞毒。实验重复3次, $ \mathrm{细}\mathrm{胞}\mathrm{存}\mathrm{活}\mathrm{率}\mathrm{\%}=\frac{{A}_{\mathrm{化}\mathrm{合}\mathrm{物}}-{A}_{\mathrm{空}\mathrm{白}}}{{A}_{\mathrm{对}\mathrm{照}}-{A}_{\mathrm{空}\mathrm{白}}}\times 100\mathrm{\%} $
聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)  配制10%的分离胶和5%的浓缩胶, CatL在30 ℃静置1 min后加入测定缓冲液(400 mmol·L-1乙酸钠, 4 mmol·L-1 EDTA, 8 mmol·L-1 DTT, pH 5.5) 稀释的S蛋白, 37 ℃孵育1 h。加入化合物使其终浓度为50、25和12.5 μmol·L-1, CatL特异性抑制剂Z-Phe-Tyr-CHO (12.5 μmol·L-1) 处理组作为阳性对照[15, 16]。加入上样缓冲液制备蛋白样品进行电泳, 考马斯亮蓝染液染色, 凝胶成像仪拍照。
细胞融合实验  胰酶消化HEK-293T细胞, 使用含10% FBS的DMEM培养基稀释细胞, 以5×105个/孔的密度接种于6孔板中, 长至对数生长期。pAAV-IRES-EGFP (EGFP) 或pAAV-IRES-EGFP-SARS-CoV-S-2 (SARS-CoV-2-S/EGFP) 与相同体积的脂质体混合后室温孵育20 min, 加入6孔板中, 37 ℃孵育6 h, 更换为新鲜的培养基, 37 ℃培养48 h。转染的HEK-293T细胞胰酶消化, 用含10% FBS的DMEM培养基稀释至5×105个/孔; HEK-293T-ACE2过表达细胞胰酶消化后, 用含10% FBS的DMEM培养基稀释至105个/孔。两种细胞按照5∶1的比例混匀后, 每孔100 μL接种到96孔板中。培养6 h后加入不同浓度的化合物, 每个浓度3个复孔, 37 ℃培养12 h, 高内涵系统成像。
SPR技术  分别用2 mL去离子水溶解153 mg 1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基(1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride, EDC) 和23 mg N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(N-hydroxysuccinimide, NHS), 0.22 μm滤膜过滤。EDC与NHS 1∶1混合, 以10 mL·min-1的流速注入样品, 7 min全芯片激活。用pH 4.5的乙酸钠溶液稀释CatL至80 μg·mL-1, 固定在左通道, 流速设定为10 μL·min-1, 注射7 min, 右通道为空白对照。当蛋白质固定到所需信号值时, 注入1 mol·L-1乙醇胺(pH 8.5) 8 min, 以阻断芯片表面上不与蛋白质结合的区域。用0.22 μm滤膜过滤含有5% DMSO的PBST缓冲液稀释化合物, 使其终浓度分别为200、100、50、25、12.5、6.25 μmol·L-1。样品加载过程2.5 min, 自然解离5.5 min, 流速设定为25 mL·min-1。观察不同浓度的化合物与芯片上固定蛋白的结合情况, Trace Drawer软件计算平衡结合常数(KD)。
ADMET预测  利用SwissADME (http://www.swissadme.ch) 预测化合物的体内药代动力学特性。
假病毒抑制活性  DMEM稀释的HEK-293T-ACE2细胞混悬液(每孔100 μL, 3×104个细胞) 接种至96孔细胞培养板, 加入50 μL DMEM倍比稀释的化合物IMB 8014 (100、50、25、12.5、6.25、3.13、1.56 μg·mL-1) 和IMB 6290 (150、75、37.5、18.75、9.38、4.69、2.34 μg·mL-1) 处理2 h, 无药处理组只加入50 μL DMEM; 最后加入50 μL假病毒BA.5稀释液, 无病毒处理组只加入50 μL DMEM。阳性对照组为无药假病毒处理组, 阴性对照组为无药无病毒处理组, 每组3个复孔。96孔板在37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中静置培养72 h, 用化学发光仪检测luciferase发光值(RLU), 抑制率(%) = $ [1-\frac{\left(\mathrm{R}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{药}\mathrm{物}\mathrm{对}\mathrm{照}\mathrm{平}\mathrm{均}\mathrm{值}-\mathrm{R}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{阴}\mathrm{性}\mathrm{对}\mathrm{照}\mathrm{平}\mathrm{均}\mathrm{值}\right)}{\left(\mathrm{R}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{阳}\mathrm{性}\mathrm{对}\mathrm{照}\mathrm{平}\mathrm{均}\mathrm{值}-\mathrm{R}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{阴}\mathrm{性}\mathrm{对}\mathrm{照}\mathrm{平}\mathrm{均}\mathrm{值}\right)}]\times 100\mathrm{\%} $。使用Reed-Muench法计算IC50值。
分子对接  应用Pubchem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) 生成化合物2D分子结构, 从RSCB PDB (https://www.rcsb.org/) 获取CatL的3D结构(PDB ID: 7w33), 蛋白质模型质子化后, 通过MOE插件“Quickprep”进行优化, MOE插件“Dock”研究蛋白质与分子之间的相互作用, London δG作为评分函数计算每个对接的结合能, GBVI/WAS δG评分函数进一步优化对接, 以计算优化对接的结合亲和力。
统计学分析  采用GraphPad Prism 8进行统计分析, 实验结果均以mean ± SEM的方法表示。
应用CatL活性评价模型对国家新药(微生物) 筛选实验室的化合物库进行2 500样次的高通量筛选, 选择初筛浓度在20 μg·mL-1下对CatL抑制率稳定高于50%的化合物IMB 6290和IMB 8014 (结构见图 1) 进行后续研究。
IMB 6290和IMB 8014对CatL表现出剂量依赖性的抑制活性, IC50值分别为11.53 ± 0.68和1.56 ± 1.10 μmol·L-1。CatL特异性抑制剂Z-Phe-Tyr-CHO的IC50为0.24 ± 0.03 μmol·L-1 (图 2)。
利用CCK-8试剂盒对IMB 6290和IMB 8014进行细胞毒评价, 发现二者对HEK-293T和Vero的半数细胞毒性浓度(concentration of cytotoxicity 50%, CC50) 值均大于100 μg·mL-1, 毒性较低。
CatL蛋白能够切割S蛋白, 如果化合物能够抑制CatL的活性, S蛋白将保持完整性。本研究以S蛋白为底物, 通过SDS-PAGE检测化合物对CatL切割活性的抑制作用。从图 3可以看出, 因为CatL对S蛋白的切割作用, 无药对照组蛋白条带明显变浅; 而IMB 6290和IMB 8014在50和25 μmol·L-1处理组的蛋白条带明显变深, 说明化合物能够抑制CatL对S蛋白的切割作用。
使用SPR技术检测化合物与CatL蛋白的结合活性, 结果发现, IMB 6290 (图 4A) 和IMB 8014 (图 4B) 均可与CatL结合, 呈现良好的浓度依赖性, 平衡解离常数KD分别为1.56×10-5和9.05×10-5 mol·L-1, 结合强度为中等。
将转染EGFP或SARS-CoV-2-S/EGFP的HEK-293T作为效应细胞, HEK-293T-ACE2过表达细胞作为靶细胞, 两种细胞共培养以模拟病毒对宿主细胞的侵袭过程。EGFP转染的HEK-293T细胞(HEK-293T/EGFP) 与HEK-293T-ACE2过表达细胞共培养后, 如图 5所示出现强且集中的荧光信号。SARS-CoV-2-S/EGFP转染的HEK-293T细胞与HEK-293T-ACE2过表达细胞共培养后, 荧光强度明显降低, 荧光范围增加, 表明发生了细胞融合。化合物IMB 6290和IMB 8014的加入使荧光强度有一定程度的恢复, 说明融合细胞的数量减少, 细胞融合受到了抑制。
一般认为能量越低, 配体与受体结合的构象越稳定, 发生相互作用的可能性越大。分子对接结果显示, 化合物IMB 6290及IMB 8014与CatL的结合能分别为-7.28、-5.63 kcal·mol-1均小于-5.0 kcal·mol-1, 表明这两个小分子与CatL具有较好的结合活性。
通过分子对接同时预测了化合物与CatL蛋白的相互作用模式(图 6), 位于化合物IMB 6290小分子连接链上的羰基与Cys25和Gly68存在氢键相互作用力, 五元环上的氮原子与Gly68存在氢键相互作用力, 苯并氮杂环与Leu69存在芳香氢堆积相互作用力; IMB 8014苯环上的酚羟基与Asp160存在氢键相互作用力。
假病毒携带S蛋白和荧光素酶报告基因, 进入靶细胞后通过检测荧光素酶发光值能够反映进入靶细胞的病毒数量。如图 7所示, IMB 8014表现出良好的抑制活性, 随着浓度的增加, 荧光值呈现浓度依赖性的下降, 其IC50值为6.71 ± 2.09 μmol·L-1。化合物IMB 6290对假病毒的抑制活性较低, 在最高受试浓度361.87 μmol·L-1时抑制率只能达到40%。
应用在线工具SwissADME (http://www.swissadme.ch/index.php) 预测化合物IMB 6290和IMB 8014的吸收、分布、代谢、排泄及毒性等药物动力学性质。如表 1所示, 化合物IMB 6290和IMB 8014均具有良好的水溶性, 类药性参数均达到了Swiss的筛选标准, 药物发现过程中主要的假阳性来源参数PAINS和可能导致毒性、代谢不稳定等负面特性的结构片段参数Brenk均为无。人类细胞色素P450家族(cytochrome P450 proteins, CYP) 的57种同工酶可代谢人类约2/3的已知药物, 其中80%的代谢特性属于5种同工酶CYP1A2、CYP3A4、CYP2C9、CYP2C19和CYP2D6, 其抑制剂可能会影响药物代谢[17]。化合物IMB 8014仅对一种CYP同工酶有抑制作用, 且胃肠道吸收率高; IMB 6290对4种CYP同工酶均有抑制作用, 且胃肠道吸收率低。生物利用度雷达图(图 8AB) 可以看出化合物IMB 6290和IMB 8014可能具有较高的类药性。
COVID-19的大暴发对全球健康构成了严重的威胁, 疫苗和中和抗体作为重要的防治手段发挥了重要的作用[18], 但是随着病毒变异株的出现, 疫苗研发的滞后性和抗体的中和活性面临巨大的挑战[19]。在克服免疫逃逸、药代动力学特性、药品管理、生产成本、批量储存和运输等方面具有显著优势的小分子抗病毒药已成为抗击COVID-19的得力武器[19]
组织蛋白酶(cathepsin, Cat) 是具有内肽酶和外肽酶活性的非特异性蛋白酶, 参与晚期内体和溶酶体中的蛋白质降解。根据催化类别不同分为3种: 天冬氨酸(D和E)、丝氨酸(G) 和半胱氨酸(B、C、K、L、S和V) 蛋白酶。其中, 半胱氨酸蛋白酶(CatB、L和S) 对病毒进入更为重要[20]。CatL与癌症、多种病毒(埃博拉病毒、人乳头瘤病毒、呼肠孤病毒、冠状病毒、登革热和呼吸道合胞病毒) 引起的感染有关[21]。CatL同样与SARS-CoV-2进入过程的融合环节相关, CatL切割SARS-CoV-2 S蛋白, 促进膜融合, 使病毒RNA基因组释放至胞浆[22, 23], 抑制CatL活性可能会阻断SARS-CoV-2侵入宿主细胞过程。此外, 靶向宿主蛋白而不是病毒蛋白, 在减轻耐药性方面可能具有更大的优势[24, 25], 因此CatL是抗SARS-CoV-2病毒药物发现的重要靶标。
SARS的暴发使得CatL抑制剂作为抗新冠病毒感染的药物受到更多的关注。目前已经发现多种CatL抑制剂, 如E-64d、K777、5705213、MDL 28170、SSAA 09E1等已经在细胞水平上证实具有抗SARS-CoV感染活性, 其IC50能够达到纳摩尔级别[26-29]。但是在SARS-CoV-2上只有K777和MDL 28170有不同程度的抑制作用, 其中K777在细胞水平上对SARS-CoV-2感染的有效中浓度(median effective concentration, EC50) 分别为HeLa/ACE2 (4 nmol·L-1)、Calu-3/2B4 (7 nmol·L-1)、Vero (≥ 70 nmol·L-1)、A549/ACE2 (< 80 nmol·L-1)、Calu-3 (> 10 μmol·L-1)[27]; MDL 28170减少了65%的多能干细胞衍生的肺细胞样细胞被SARS-CoV-2感染[30]。此外, 目前临床应用的抗生素, 如teicoplanin、rifampicin和clofazimine等也具有抗SARS-CoV-2活性, 其活性与CatL抑制相关[25]。抗疟药chloroquine能够在细胞水平上抑制SARS-CoV-2的感染活性, 但是它与CatL本身抑制活性无关, 而是非特异性提高溶酶体内的pH值来抑制CatL的活性[31-34]。虽然CatL抑制剂在抗病毒方面, 尤其是抗冠状病毒方面多有报道, 但是目前真正具有抗SARS-CoV-2病毒活性的CatL抑制剂并不是很多, 因此开发结构类型多样的CatL抑制剂应对SARS-CoV-2感染依然具有重要的意义。
本研究应用通用的AMC标记底物酶活测定方法筛选到两类小分子抑制剂IMB 6290和IMB 8014, 二者对CatL表现出剂量依赖性的抑制活性, 并且在分子和细胞水平上证实了这两个化合物可阻断CatL对S蛋白的切割作用; ADMET结果表明, 相较化合物IMB 6290, IMB 8014具有更好的成药性和类药性。IMB 6290和IMB 8014均为首次报道具有CatL抑制活性, 与已知的抑制剂结构并不相同; 同时IMB-8014在假病毒感染模型上具有良好的抑制活性, 较低的细胞毒性, 提示其抗病毒潜力, 其相关生物活性也未见报道。
总之, 本研究为后续靶向新型冠状病毒CatL的小分子抑制剂研发提供具有新型骨架结构的先导化合物, 但是化合物对SARS-CoV-2体内外的抑制活性仍需进一步的深入评价。
作者贡献: 周雯雯完成整体实验、数据分析、论文撰写和基金支持; 尤宝庆、郑怡凡协助实验完成和论文修改; 司书毅负责论文修改; 李妍和张晶负责实验设计和指导。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明无利益冲突。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(3332023158)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
Zhao MM, Yang WL, Yang FY, et al. Cathepsin L plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and humanized mice and is a promising target for new drug development [J]. Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2021, 6: 134.
[2]
V'kovskl P, Kratzel A, Stelner S, et al. Coronavirus biology and replication: implications for SARS-CoV-2 [J]. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2021, 19: 155-170.
[3]
Hi WY, Li YD, Huang HC, et al. COVID-19 vaccine update: vaccine effectiveness, SARS-CoV-2 variants, boosters, adverse effects, and immune correlates of protection [J]. J Biomed Sci, 2022, 29: 82.
[4]
Zheng ZH, Wang K, Wei HL, et al. Antiviral effect of Fufang yinhua jiedu (FFYH) granules against coronavirus and its potential mechanism [J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2022, 57: 1808-1815.
[5]
Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding [J]. Lancet, 2020, 395: 565-574.
[6]
Yang H, Rao Z. Structural biology of SARS-CoV-2 and implications for therapeutic development [J]. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2021, 19: 685-700.
[7]
Wu CR, Yin WC, Jiang Y, et al. Structure genomics of SARS-CoV-2 and its Omicron variant: drug design templates for COVID-19 [J]. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2022, 43: 3021-3033.
[8]
Xia X, Cheng A, Wang M, et al. Functions of viroporins in the viral life cycle and their regulation of host cell responses [J]. Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 890549.
[9]
Huang Y, Yang C, Xu XF, et al. Structural and functional properties of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: potential antivirus drug development for COVID-19 [J]. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2020, 41: 1141-1149.
[10]
Koch J, Uckeley ZM, Doldan P, et al. TMPRSS2 expression dictates the entry route used by SARS-CoV-2 to infect host cells [J]. EMBO J, 2021, 40: e107821.
[11]
Glowacka I, Bertram S, Muller MA, et al. Evidence that TMPRSS2 activates the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein for membrane fusion and reduces viral control by the humoral immune response [J]. J Virol, 2011, 85: 4122-4134.
[12]
Ma C, Liang K, Tang L, et al. Identification and characteristics of a cathepsin L-like cysteine protease from Clonorchis sinensis [J]. Parasitol Res, 2019, 118: 829-835.
[13]
Liu RD, Meng XY, Li CL, et al. Molecular characterization and determination of the biochemical properties of cathepsin L of Trichinella spiralis [J]. Vet Res, 2022, 53: 48.
[14]
Yoonuan T, Nuamtanong S, Dekumyoy P, et al. Molecular and immunological characterization of cathepsin L-like cysteine protease of Paragonimus pseudoheterotremus [J]. Parasitol Res, 2016, 115: 4457-4470.
[15]
Li L, Gao L, Song Y, et al. Activated cathepsin L is associated with the switch from autophagy to apoptotic death of SH-SY5Y cells exposed to 6-hydroxydopamine [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2016, 470: 579-585.
[16]
Zhang QQ, Wang WJ, Li J, et al. Cathepsin L suppression increases the radiosensitivity of human glioma U251 cells via G2/M cell cycle arrest and DNA damage [J]. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2015, 36: 1113-1125.
[17]
Li BJ. Computer-aided Study on Antiviral Lead Compounds against SARS-COV-2 (计算机辅助设计抗新型冠状病毒寡糖先导化合物) [D]. Beijing: Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 2023.
[18]
Wang HR, Wang X. Advances in research of novel coronavirus related drugs and biological products [J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2023, 58: 349-354.
[19]
Lin LP, Tang F, Xu RA, et al. Progress of the development of anti-COVID-19 drugs [J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2023, 58: 39-51.
[20]
Jackson CB, Farzan M, Chen B, et al. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells [J]. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2022, 23: 3-20.
[21]
Jeong JH, Chol JH, Kim BK, et al. Evaluating Z-FA-FMK, a host cathepsin L protease inhibitor, as a potent and broad-spectrum antiviral therapy against SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses [J]. Antiviral Res, 2023, 216: 105669.
[22]
Simmons G, Gosalia DN, Rennekamp AJ, et al. Inhibitors of cathepsin L prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2005, 102: 11876-11881.
[23]
Huang IC, Bosch BJ, Li F, et al. SARS coronavirus, but not human coronavirus NL63, utilizes cathepsin L to infect ACE2-expressing cells [J]. J Biol Chem, 2006, 281: 3198-3203.
[24]
Liu T, Luo S, Libby P, et al. Cathepsin L-selective inhibitors: a potentially promising treatment for COVID-19 patients [J]. Pharmacol Ther, 2020, 213: 107587.
[25]
de Clercq E, Li G. Approved antiviral drugs over the past 50 years [J]. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2016, 29: 695-747.
[26]
Doh-Ura K, Iwak T, Caughey B, et al. Lysosomotropic agents and cysteine protease inhibitors inhibit scrapie-associated prion protein accumulation [J]. J Virol, 2000, 74: 4894-4897.
[27]
Mellott DM, Tseng CT, Drelich A, et al. A clinical-stage cysteine protease inhibitor blocks SARS-CoV-2 infection of human and monkey cells [J]. ACS Chem Biol, 2021, 16: 642-650.
[28]
Elshabrawy HA, Fan J, Haddad CS, et al. Identification of a broad-spectrum antiviral small molecule against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Ebola, Hendra, and Nipah viruses by using a novel high-throughput screening assay [J]. J Virol, 2014, 88: 4353-4365.
[29]
Adedeji AO, Severson W, Jonsson C, et al. Novel inhibitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry that act by three distinct mechanisms [J]. J Virol, 2013, 87: 8017-8028.
[30]
Riva L, Yuan S, Yin X, et al. Discovery of SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drugs through large-scale compound repurposing [J]. Nature, 2020, 586: 113-119.
[31]
Tang TT, Lv LL, Pan MM, et al. Hydroxychloroquine attenuates renal ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting cathepsin mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation [J]. Cell Death Dis, 2018, 9: 351.
[32]
Shivanna V, Kim Y, Chang KO. Endosomal acidification and cathepsin L activity is required for calicivirus replication [J]. Virology, 2014, 464-465: 287-295.
[33]
Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro [J]. Cell Res, 2020, 30: 269-271.
[34]
Porotto M, Orefice G, Yokoyama CC, et al. Simulating henipavirus multicycle replication in a screening assay leads to identification of a promising candidate for therapy [J]. J Virol, 2009, 83: 5148-5155.
2024年第59卷第3期
PDF下载
210
90
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1214
  • 接收时间:2023-10-27
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-03-12
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2023-10-27
  • 修回日期:2023-12-19
基金
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(3332023158)
作者信息
    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*李妍, Tel: 86-10-63180623, E-mail: ;
张晶, E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1214
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏