Article(id=1198656353356054821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1199, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1698076800000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-24, revisedDate=1699804800000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711544598, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1702310400000, pubDateStr=2023-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711544598, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711544598, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711544598, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656343151313891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='12', pageStart='3477', pageEnd='3726', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711542164, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711721609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198657095835943176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198657095840137481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3528, endPage=3538, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656353624490299, articleId=1198656353356054821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Clinical research progress on drugs for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis treatment, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the leading chronic liver disease worldwide. NASH is commonly associated with metabolic risk factors, including obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism disorder, bile acid toxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, intestinal dysbacteriosis, and susceptibility gene variation are involved in the pathogenesis of NASH. Drug development for NASH has been slow, this article focuses on the clinical research and development of several promising NASH drugs and their mechanisms, such as drugs targeting gut-liver axis, improving metabolism, inhibiting inflammation and fibrosis.

, correspAuthors=Ping-ping LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Cai-hong LIU, Shao-cong HOU, Ping-ping LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656357319672357, articleId=1198656353356054821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=非酒精性脂肪肝炎治疗药物临床研发进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

非酒精性脂肪肝炎(nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH) 正在成为全球范围内的慢性肝病, 与肥胖、高血压和糖尿病等代谢风险因素密切相关。其发病机制复杂, 涉及肝脏糖脂代谢紊乱、胆汁酸毒性、氧化应激、炎症、纤维化、肠道菌群失调和易感基因变异之间的相互作用。NASH治疗药物研发进展十分缓慢, 本文重点综述前景较好的几类NASH治疗药物临床研发进展及其作用机制, 如靶向肠肝轴类药物、改善代谢类药物、抗炎及抗纤维化类药物等, 旨在为NASH的新药研发提供最新参考。

, correspAuthors=李平平, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李平平,Tel: 86-10-83161187, E-mail:
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NASH treatment drugs can be divided into four major categories: drugs targeting gut-liver axis such as FXR agonist, FGF variant and GLP-1 agonist; drugs improving metabolism such as THR<i>β</i> agonist, PPAR agonist, ACC inhibitor, FASN inhibitor, SCD1 inhibitor, DGAT2 inhibitor and SGLT1/2 inhibitor; anti-inflammatory drugs such as caspase inhibitor, Gal-3 inhibitor and CCR2/5 inhibitor; anti-fibrotic drugs such as LOXL2 inhibitor and ASK1 inhibitor. NASH: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; FXR: Farnesoid X receptor; FGF: Fibroblast growth factor; OCA: Obeticholic acid; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide 1; THR: Thyroid hormone receptors; PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; ACC: Acetyl CoA carboxylase; FASN: Fatty acid synthase; SCD: Stearoyl-CoA desaturase; DGAT2: Diacylglycerol <i>O</i>-acyltransferase 2; SGLT: Sodium-dependent glucose transporters; CCR: CC-chemokine receptor; Gal: Galectin; LOXL2: Lysyl oxidase-like 2; ASK1: Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 , figureFileSmall=J3lD1Rbn7wZgKLzLp24v2Q==, figureFileBig=2Q2y454DbmaGcP8ffDaDjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960225085653502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353356054821, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Drug name Structure Target Mechanism of action Study phase Clinical
trial (NCT) number
Company Ref
Obeticholic acid FXR Improve metabolism NCT02548351; NCT01265498; NCT02633956; NCT03439254 Intercept [15]
Resmetirom THR-β Improve metabolism NCT05500222; NCT03900429; NCT04197479; NCT02912260 Madrigal Pharmaceutical [33, 34]
Lanifibranor PPARα/γ/δ Improve metabolism NCT04849728; NCT05232071; NCT03008070 Inventiva/Zheng Da Tian Qing [38]
Aramchol SCD1 Improve metabolism NCT05874336; NCT02279524; NCT01094158 Galmed Pharmaceuticas [46, 47]
Semaglutide GLP-1 Improve metabolism NCT03987074; NCT03987451; NCT02970942; NCT04944992 Novo Nordisk [28]
Belapectin Gal-3 Inhibit inflammation NCT04365868 Galectin Therapeutics [58]
Efruxifermin - FGF21 Improve metabolism NCT03976401; NCT05039450; NCT04767529 Akero [40]
VK2809 THRβ Improve metabolism NCT02927184; NCT04173065 Metabasis/Viking Therapeutics [35]
Saroglitazar PPARα/γ Improve metabolism NCT03863574; NCT03061721; NCT03639623 Zydus Cadila [67]
Tirzepatide GIP/GLP-1 Improve metabolism NCT04166773 Lilly [30]
), ArticleFig(id=1198960225211482633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353356054821, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Promising drugs for NASH treatment (data from ClinicalTrials.gov and PubChem.ncbi)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Drug name Structure Target Mechanism of action Study phase Clinical
trial (NCT) number
Company Ref
Obeticholic acid FXR Improve metabolism NCT02548351; NCT01265498; NCT02633956; NCT03439254 Intercept [15]
Resmetirom THR-β Improve metabolism NCT05500222; NCT03900429; NCT04197479; NCT02912260 Madrigal Pharmaceutical [33, 34]
Lanifibranor PPARα/γ/δ Improve metabolism NCT04849728; NCT05232071; NCT03008070 Inventiva/Zheng Da Tian Qing [38]
Aramchol SCD1 Improve metabolism NCT05874336; NCT02279524; NCT01094158 Galmed Pharmaceuticas [46, 47]
Semaglutide GLP-1 Improve metabolism NCT03987074; NCT03987451; NCT02970942; NCT04944992 Novo Nordisk [28]
Belapectin Gal-3 Inhibit inflammation NCT04365868 Galectin Therapeutics [58]
Efruxifermin - FGF21 Improve metabolism NCT03976401; NCT05039450; NCT04767529 Akero [40]
VK2809 THRβ Improve metabolism NCT02927184; NCT04173065 Metabasis/Viking Therapeutics [35]
Saroglitazar PPARα/γ Improve metabolism NCT03863574; NCT03061721; NCT03639623 Zydus Cadila [67]
Tirzepatide GIP/GLP-1 Improve metabolism NCT04166773 Lilly [30]
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非酒精性脂肪肝炎治疗药物临床研发进展
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刘彩红 1, 2 , 侯少聪 1, 2 , 李平平 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(12): 3528-3538
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药学学报 | 综述 2023, 58(12): 3528-3538
非酒精性脂肪肝炎治疗药物临床研发进展
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刘彩红1, 2, 侯少聪1, 2, 李平平1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050
  • 2.中国医学科学院, 代谢紊乱和肿瘤发生相关机制和靶点发现研究重点实验室, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*李平平,Tel: 86-10-83161187, E-mail:
Clinical research progress on drugs for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis treatment
Cai-hong LIU1, 2, Shao-cong HOU1, 2, Ping-ping LI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2. CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2023-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1199
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非酒精性脂肪肝炎(nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH) 正在成为全球范围内的慢性肝病, 与肥胖、高血压和糖尿病等代谢风险因素密切相关。其发病机制复杂, 涉及肝脏糖脂代谢紊乱、胆汁酸毒性、氧化应激、炎症、纤维化、肠道菌群失调和易感基因变异之间的相互作用。NASH治疗药物研发进展十分缓慢, 本文重点综述前景较好的几类NASH治疗药物临床研发进展及其作用机制, 如靶向肠肝轴类药物、改善代谢类药物、抗炎及抗纤维化类药物等, 旨在为NASH的新药研发提供最新参考。

非酒精性脂肪肝炎  /  糖脂代谢  /  肠-肝轴  /  抗炎  /  抗纤维化

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the leading chronic liver disease worldwide. NASH is commonly associated with metabolic risk factors, including obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism disorder, bile acid toxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, intestinal dysbacteriosis, and susceptibility gene variation are involved in the pathogenesis of NASH. Drug development for NASH has been slow, this article focuses on the clinical research and development of several promising NASH drugs and their mechanisms, such as drugs targeting gut-liver axis, improving metabolism, inhibiting inflammation and fibrosis.

nonalcoholic steatohepatitis  /  lipid metabolism  /  gut-liver axis  /  anti-inflammation  /  anti-fibrosis
刘彩红, 侯少聪, 李平平. 非酒精性脂肪肝炎治疗药物临床研发进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (12) : 3528 -3538 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1199
Cai-hong LIU, Shao-cong HOU, Ping-ping LI. Clinical research progress on drugs for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis treatment[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (12) : 3528 -3538 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1199
非酒精性脂肪肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD) 是世界范围内的慢性肝病, 患病人数占世界人口的25%, 中国人口发病率约20%~29%[1]。NAFLD包括非酒精性脂肪肝(nonalcoholic fatty liver, NAFL) 和非酒精性脂肪肝炎(nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH), 前者病症较轻, 而后者炎症反应进一步加重, 除了肝细胞脂肪变性外, 还表现为肝细胞损伤(气球样变)、炎症和纤维化。其中, 25%的NAFL患者可进展为NASH, 35%~50%的NASH患者进一步发展为肝癌, 最终需要肝移植[2]。然而, 尚未有FDA正式批准用于治疗NASH的药物, 在研药物在临床试验中存在瘙痒、肝损伤和心血管疾病风险等不良反应, 寻找高效安全的NASH治疗药物迫在眉睫。
目前, 针对NASH治疗的药物研发聚焦于以下4类(图 1): ①靶向肠-肝轴类药物靶点, 包括调节胆汁酸肝肠循环和信号转导、改善肠道菌群的组成等; ②改善代谢类药物靶点, 包括改善胰岛素敏感性、抑制脂质从头合成的关键酶或促进脂肪酸在线粒体中的氧化等; ③抗炎类药物靶点, 包括抑制炎症细胞招募或者阻断炎症信号传导、减少氧化应激和内质网应激、抑制肝细胞凋亡等; ④抗纤维化类药物靶点, 包括靶向肝星形细胞、减少肝脏胶原分布、增强纤维分解等[3]。第1类和第2类以改善糖脂代谢为主的治疗策略目前研究较多, 并且大多受到各种核受体的调控[4]
NASH的治疗目标是延缓、阻止、逆转疾病的进展, 改善临床结局, 包括降低肝硬化及其并发症的发生, 降低肝移植的需求, 提高存活率, 改善生活质量等。在药物研发过程中, 临床治疗终点的准确选择对于NASH药物疗效的评价意义重大, 是否能够反映临床结局、预测临床获益是终点选择的基本原则。
下面将对已经进入临床试验阶段的NASH治疗药物研发进展及相关临床设计进行综述。
NASH新药研发的有效性评价终点包括临床结局终点和肝组织学替代终点, 以及血清生化检查、影像学检查等其他探索性终点[5]
临床结局终点主要是全因死亡率和肝脏相关死亡率, 然而, NASH进展为肝硬化的过程是缓慢的[6], 若以全因死亡率和肝脏相关死亡率降低作为主要研究终点, 可能需要对早期NASH患者随访长达10~15年, 这无法践行于新药研发和审批中。因此, 我国指导原则、FDA和欧盟药监系统都选择肝组织病理学作为替代终点, 包括脂肪性肝炎和纤维化的改善[7]。对于非肝硬化NASH研究, IIb期的药物临床试验(探索性临床试验阶段) 建议使用的组织学替代终点为: NASH改善, 纤维化不恶化(NAS评分降低≥ 2分, 其中至少1分是小叶炎症或气球样变); 或纤维化改善≥ 1级, NASH不恶化; III期临床试验(确证性临床试验阶段) 可接受的组织学替代终点为: NASH消退(气球样变消失, 小叶内炎症灶的减少或消失), 纤维化不恶化; 和/或纤维化改善≥ 1级, NASH不恶化。对于代偿期NASH相关肝硬化的临床试验, 仍建议以临床结局改善为终点评价, 但组织学的改善也是II/III期临床试验重要治疗终点之一, 即肝纤维化改善≥ 1级, NASH不恶化[8, 9]。此外, 中国、美国等食品药品监督管理机构允许在临床试验早期概念验证阶段及药物研发后期使用无创生物标志物作为探索性终点及次要终点。无创生物标志物中, 与评价糖脂代谢相关的有体重、体质量指数、腰臀比、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、胰岛素抵抗如胰岛素抵抗的稳态模型评估(homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA-IR)、血脂等; 与肝脏炎症/损伤相关的有丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、细胞角蛋白18 (cytokeratin 18, CK18) 片段等; 与评价肝纤维化相关的有肝纤维化测试、增强型肝纤维化(enhanced liver fibrosis, ELF) 测试、NAFLD纤维化评分(NAFLD fibrosis score, NFS)、III型前胶原N端前肽(procollagen type III N-terminal propeptide, Pro-C3)、纤维化-4指数(fibrosis-4 index, FIB-4)、AST与血小板计数(platelet count, PLT) 比值指数(AST/PLT ratio index, APRI) 等。
总之, 对于非肝硬化NASH临床评价, 早期概念验证阶段可采用无创指标作为探索性终点; 在后期探索和确证性临床试验阶段, 主要采用肝组织学替代终点, 同时需要长期随访以评估这些组织学替代终点是否与临床结局终点一致。对于合并肝硬化的NASH新药研发, 应结合临床结局、组织学及无创指标共同作为疗效终点。
FXR是核受体超家族的成员之一[10], 在肝脏和小肠中高度表达, 其天然配体为胆汁酸(bile acid, BA)。FXR在调节胆汁酸合成、吸收、转运、肝肠循环及与脂质吸收和合成相关的过程中发挥关键作用[11]。FXR激动剂可通过肠道和肝脏两方面的作用改善糖脂代谢。在肝脏, FXR激活后可与其下游小异源二聚体伙伴(small heterodimer partner, Shp)、肝细胞核因子4 (hepatocyte nuclear factor 4, Hnf4) 等基因相互作用, 抑制肝脏胆汁酸合成酶如细胞色素P450家族7亚家族A成员1 (cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1, Cyp7a1) 等基因的表达, 减少胆汁酸的合成[12]; 并且降低脂肪酸和甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG) 合成通路中硬脂酰辅酶a去饱和酶1 (stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, Scd1)、二酰基甘油酰转移酶2 (diacylgycerol acyltransferase, Dgat2) 和Lipin 1的表达, 从而减少单不饱和脂肪酸甘油三酯的含量。在肠道, FXR激活后可上调靶基因成纤维细胞生长因子15/19 (fibroblast growth factor 15/19, Fgf15/FGF19) 的表达, FGF15/19可分泌入血, 经血液到达肝脏后同样可抑制胆汁酸的合成, 从而减少肠道脂质吸收[13, 14]
FXR激动剂可分为两类, 一类是具有胆汁酸结构的化合物, 如Intercept Pharmaceuticals研发的奥贝胆酸(obeticholic acid, OCA); 另一类是不具有胆汁酸结构的非固醇类化合物, 如tropifexor、cilofexor、TERN-101、EDP-305和MET-409等[15]。OCA在结构上与天然胆汁酸有相似之处, 但引入了一个乙基基团, 使其比天然胆汁酸具有更强的FXR激动效果。2016年5月, 美国FDA有条件加速批准其用于治疗原发性胆汁性胆管炎, 这鼓励了许多企业跟随Intercept的脚步进行FXR靶点的研究。OCA在临床前研究中可显著减少胆汁酸总量及疏水性胆汁酸的含量, 从而显著减少肠道TG及胆固醇的吸收[14]。OCA是全球第一个进入III期临床的NASH治疗药物, 而其上市历程却并不顺利。在REGENERATE临床III期研究中, 治疗18个月时, OCA高剂量组中23%的患者实现了纤维化改善≥ 1级且NASH不恶化, 而安慰剂组仅有12%患者达到这一指标(P = 0.000 2)[16], 治疗效果很好。但OCA容易引发严重的瘙痒症状, 并可导致低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein, LDL-C) 升高和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein, HDL-C) 降低, 较高剂量OCA还可导致晚期肝病患者肝功能恶化, 这极大限制了临床应用。2020年6月, FDA认为OCA的治疗收益并未超过潜在风险, 拒绝批准其用于治疗NASH引起的肝纤维化。2023年6月, FDA再次拒绝了OCA用于治疗NASH引起的肝硬化前纤维化的新药申请, 提出需要完成长期随访的临床数据, 以证明其安全性和有效性, Intercept的挫折再次验证了NASH新药研发赛道的残酷性。
由于怀疑OCA的不良反应是具有胆汁酸结构导致的, 目前在研的其他数款FXR激动剂均与OCA结构不同, 不具有类固醇类结构, 希望能在保持疗效的前提下降低不良反应[15]。拓臻生物(Terns Pharmaceuticals) 的TERN-101是一种强效的非胆汁酸FXR激动剂, IIa期临床数据显示TERN-101治疗可显著降低ALT、校正T1 (cT1) 弛豫时间和磁共振成像-质子密度脂肪分数(MRI-PDFF), 对LDL-C影响比较轻微, 但是也会导致瘙痒和HDL-C降低, 治疗相关不良事件为轻度/中度[17, 18], FDA已授予TERN-101治疗NASH适应症的快速通道资格认定。EDP-305也曾获得过FDA的快速通道资格认定, 不过EDP-305并未展现出比OCA更好的疗效, 也会导致瘙痒等不良反应, Enanta公司提前终止了72周的ARGON-2研究, 转而寻求联合治疗方案[19]。Metacrine公司的MET-409在疗效及不良反应方面也并未展现出显著优势, 目前已经停止相关项目的研发[20]。Gilead Sciences研发的cilofexor显著减少NASH患者的肝脏脂肪变性、肝脏生化指标和血清胆汁酸水平, 而未改变肝纤维化评分[21]; Bayer研发的tropifexor也未显著改善NASH或纤维化组织学变化[22], cilofexor及tropifexor作为单药治疗NASH的希望不大, 临床试验重点转向联合治疗。
肠道FXR激活后可在回肠末端刺激肠道产生FGF19, FGF19能够抑制脂肪生成和糖异生, 增强脂肪酸氧化和糖原合成, 调节胆汁酸合成和脂质稳态。FGF19类似物NGM282 (aldafermin) 由NIDDK和NGM生物制药公司合作开发, 可显著降低肝脏脂肪含量并改善肝功能, 但其IIb期临床未能达到主要临床终点, 后续开发已被终止[23]
由于FXR的重要生物学功能, 基于FXR靶点的NASH治疗药物的研发很早就已经开始, 这一类药物目前进展最快, 但产生的瘙痒等不良反应又限制其在临床上的应用, 备受期待的FXR激动剂OCA的上市申请再次遭受FDA拒绝, 而结构优化后的其他数款FXR激动剂也并未产生更好的疗效及更低的不良反应, 临床试验重点转向联合治疗。研究人员正在努力改进这些药物并找到更好的治疗方案, 以满足患者的需求。
GLP-1主要由回肠和结肠中的L细胞分泌, 通过与胰岛、肠道、大脑等组织的GLP-1R结合, 触发一系列生理反应, 涉及胰岛素分泌、胃排空延迟、食欲抑制、糖代谢改善等, GLP-1R是糖尿病领域的成熟靶点。GLP-1R在肝脏中的表达量相对较低, 不过越来越多的数据表明, GLP-1R激动剂可以通过多种途径改善NASH患者的肝脏组织学特征[24], 主要机制是减轻体重、降低糖化血红蛋白及脂毒性、改善胰岛素敏感性、抑制肝脏脂肪变性和炎症[25]。目前多个GLP-1R激动剂已进入NASH临床试验研究[26]
司美格鲁肽(semaglutide) 是Novo Nordisk公司研发的长效GLP-1R激动剂, 用于治疗成年2型糖尿病及肥胖, 因其优秀的降糖减重效果备受关注。2020年10月30日, FDA授予其治疗NASH的突破性疗法资格。在治疗NASH和代偿性肝硬化患者中, semaglutide能够改善肝酶、肝脂肪变性、体重、糖尿病和血脂指标, 但并未显著改善纤维化[27]。Novo Nordisk公司已在中国启动semaglutide用于非肝硬化性NASH的III期国际多中心临床试验。值得一提的是, semaglutide与FXR激动剂cilofexor及乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(acetyl-CoA carbo-xylase, ACC) 抑制剂firsocostat联用的II期试验达到了主要终点, 疗效及安全性良好[28]。利拉鲁肽(liraglutide) 能够改善NASH患者的肝脏组织学, 在接受liraglutide治疗的患者中, 39%的患者在48周内达到NASH缓解, 而接受安慰剂治疗的患者达到了9%。然而, 经减重调整后, 组织学反应与安慰剂组无显著差异, 提示liraglutide的益处可能与减重有关[29]
新一代的双靶点和多靶点疗法在靶向GLP-1R之外, 还靶向胰高血糖素受体(glucagon receptor, GCGR) 及葡萄糖依赖性胰岛素多肽受体(glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor, GIP) 介导的信号通路。2023年6月, Merck公司公布了其GLP-1R/GCGR双重激动剂efinopegdutide治疗NAFLD的IIa期临床试验结果, 相较于GLP-1R激动剂, efinopegdutide具有较长的血浆半衰期, 降低患者肝脏脂肪水平的效果更为显著。Eli Lilly公司的tirzepatide是一种GLP-1R/GIPR双重激动剂, 在一项事后分析中, 与服用安慰剂的患者相比, 服用tirzepatide 26周的患者与NASH相关的ALT和Pro-C3等生物标志物显著降低[30]。此外, 2023年6月, 第83届美国糖尿病学会公布了Eli Lilly公司的GLP-1R/GCGR/GIPR三重激动剂retatrutide在肥胖和NAFLD治疗中的II期临床试验数据, 与安慰剂相比, 所有剂量的retatrutide治疗均显著减少肝脏脂肪水平及NASH相关生物标志物(K-18和Pro-C3)。
总体而言, GLP-1R激动剂在NASH早期治疗中显示出一定的潜力, 在改善脂肪代谢及胰岛素敏感性、减轻体重方面作用显著, 并且作为降糖减重的成熟靶点, 其用药安全性展现出一定优势。肥胖和2型糖尿病患者出现脂肪性肝炎、肝纤维化、肝硬化和肝癌的风险较高, 高危人群的早期诊断尤为重要, GLP-1R激动剂可用于此类患者的早期个体化治疗, 患者同时需要改变生活方式, 调整饮食结构, 增加体育锻炼。
THR包括THRα和THRβ, 虽然这两种异构体在大多数组织中都有表达, 但THRβ是在肝脏表达的主要形式, 而THRα在心脏和骨骼中高表达[31]。基于两者在不同组织的分布, 制药业一直在努力开发具有THRβ选择性的化合物, 用于治疗代谢疾病, 同时避免对心脏及骨骼的不良反应。THRβ能够结合甲状腺激素T3或T4, 形成一个激活的复合物, 然后通过结合到DNA上的甲状腺激素响应元件(thyroid hormone response element, TRE) 来调控能量代谢、脂质代谢等相关基因的表达。THRβ激动剂可以提高线粒体功能, 促进脂肪酸氧化和能量代谢, 从而减少肝脏脂质堆积; 调控胆汁酸及胆固醇代谢, 减轻肝脏负担; 抑制肝内炎症和氧化应激, 减少免疫细胞浸润, 降低纤维化相关蛋白的合成[32]。因此, THRβ激动剂具备调控多种肝脏代谢通路来治疗NASH的潜力。
Resmetirom是Madrigal Pharmaceuticals研发的一款潜在“first-in-class”THRβ口服选择性激动剂, 能够被肝脏特异性摄取, 两项II期临床试验结果均显示, resmetirom可显著降低NASH患者的肝脏脂肪相对含量[33, 34]。2022年12月19日, Madrigal Pharmaceuticals宣布, resmetirom治疗NASH的III期临床试验MAESTRO-NASH达到主要终点(纤维化改善≥ 1级且NASH不恶化) 和关键次要终点(LDL-C及NASH生物标志物显著降低), 安全且耐受性良好。2023年4月, FDA授予resmetirom治疗伴肝纤维化的NASH成人患者的突破性疗法认定; 2023年9月, FDA接受resmetirom的新药申请(NDA) 并纳入优先审评, 用于治疗伴有肝纤维化的NASH成人患者。
此外, 还有很多在研的用于治疗NASH的THRβ激动剂药物, 如Metabasis/Viking的VK2809、歌礼制药(Ascletis) 的ASC41和拓臻生物的TERN-501等。VK2809[35]是一款肝脏靶向性前体药物, 在肝脏被特有的CYP3A4酶切断后释放活性化合物, 其IIa期临床试验结果显示出很好的降脂能力, 目前已进入IIb期研究。ASC41也是一款肝脏靶向性前体药物, 与resmetirom相比, ASC41与THRβ受体结合亲和力更强, 在I期临床试验中取得良好数据, 不过其在美国的一项II期临床试验处于撤回状态, 陷入了Viking的诉讼风波。TERN-501在DUET IIa期研究中能有效减少患者肝脏脂肪含量并达到了主要和次要研究终点。
THRβ选择性激动剂通过调控脂肪代谢、胰岛素敏感性、炎症和纤维化等多种作用机制发挥作用, 在临床试验中获得了积极结果, 同时THRβ选择性激动剂在肝脏部位被特异性摄取, 对骨骼或心脏参数无影响, 不良反应风险较低, 此类药物有可能在NASH治疗中率先获得突破。在一些情况下, 特别是当NASH与THR功能失调相关时, THRβ选择性激动剂可用于个性化治疗。
PPAR是调节糖脂代谢、炎症和纤维化的一组核受体, 其亚型包括α、β (或δ) 和γ。PPARα主要在肝脏表达, 调控成纤维细胞生长因子21 (fibroblast growth factor 21, FGF21) 分泌、脂肪酸β氧化、脂肪酸吸收、脂蛋白酯酶活性及极低密度脂蛋白(very low-density lipoprotein, VLDL) 输出等一系列过程[36]; PPARβ主要表达于骨骼肌、脂肪组织等, 调控脂肪酸氧化、促进胰岛素敏感性; PPARγ在脂肪组织中高表达, 主要调节机体免疫、胰岛素抵抗及脂肪细胞分化[37]
IVA337 (lanifibranor) 是Inventiva公司开发的一种泛PPAR激动剂, 在一定剂量范围内能激活3种PPAR受体亚型, 协同改善胰岛素抵抗及脂质代谢。IIb期临床试验结果显示, lanifibranor显著降低了脂肪变性及纤维化评分, NASH改善且纤维化无恶化[38], FDA也因此授予lanifibranor治疗NASH的“突破性疗法”称号, 其III期临床试验正在多个国家和地区开展。中国生物制药附属公司正大天晴与Inventiva签署协议, 允许在中国研发、制造和商业化lanifibranor。2023年7月, 正大天晴就lanifibranor向国家药监局CDE递交申请并获同意拟纳入突破性治疗药物程序, 国际多中心III期临床试验即将在中国启动入组, lanifibranor是中国第一个进入临床III期的NASH口服药物。深圳微芯生物的西格列他钠(chiglitazar sodium) 也是一种泛PPAR激动剂, 获NMPA批准用于配合饮食控制和运动, 改善成人2型糖尿病患者的血糖控制, 展现出治疗NASH的潜力, 其II期试验正在进行。此外, Genfit研发的PPARα/β双效激动剂elafibranor III期临床试验效果不佳, 没有达到NASH缓解且纤维化不恶化的治疗目标而被中止。Zydus Cadila研发的PPARα/γ受体激动剂saroglitazar于2020年3月被印度药品管理局批准用于治疗NASH, 但该适应证尚未通过美国FDA的审批。
PPAR的3种亚型具有相似的生物学功能, 也有各自的特点。单一受体激动剂对NASH治疗无显著作用, 而PPAR泛激动剂以一种均衡有效的方式靶向所有3种PPAR亚型, 显示出良好的治疗效果。因此, PPAR泛激动剂是未来靶向PPAR治疗NASH的研发方向之一。而NASH患者的具体病情和病史可能有很大差异, 其最佳治疗策略可能是综合性的, 包括药物联合治疗、生活方式干预和可能的手术干预。
FGF21是肝脏分泌的肝脏因子, 这类因子由肝脏分泌, 分泌后既反过来作用于自身, 也可以作用于全身其他组织。FGF21表达受到PPAR调控, 主要通过其受体FGFR1发挥功能。FGF21是调节葡萄糖和脂质代谢、胰岛素敏感性、能量稳态的基本代谢信使, 也可通过抑制c-JNK和NF-κB信号通路发挥抗炎作用[39]。内源性FGF21的半衰期极短, 治疗药物一般是通过化学修饰或基因工程改造获得的半衰期更长的类似物。
Akero公司的FGF21衍生物AKR-001 (efruxifermin) 研发进展较快且潜力较大, 目前FDA已授予其用于NASH治疗的快速通道资格。Efruxifermin是基于人体免疫球蛋白G1的Fc片段与FGF21融合的长效FGF21类似物, 比天然FGF21的半衰期更长, 受体亲和力更强[40]。2022年9月13日, Akero公司宣布efruxifermin在IIb期HARMONY研究中获得了积极数据, 28和50 mg剂量的efruxifermin在短短24周内均达到了改善肝脏纤维化的主要终点及多个次要终点, 且efruxifermin耐受性良好, 最常见的不良事件是1级或2级胃肠道事件, 研发者对efruxifermin寄予厚望。然而, 2023年10月, Akero公布efruxifermin治疗代偿性肝硬化NASH患者的IIb期研究中期分析结果未达预期, 第36周时, 试验观察到了肝纤维化改善的主要终点趋势, 但不具有统计学意义, 不过在肝损伤和纤维化非侵入性标志物、血糖控制和脂蛋白方面观察到统计学意义上的改善, 未来将进一步观察96周的长期数据。此外, BMS-986036 (pegbelfermin) 是聚乙二醇化的FGF21类似物[41], 但其IIb期临床试验(FALCON1和FALCON2) 结果不如人意, Bristol Myers Squibb已经停止了对pegbelfermin的开发[42]
FGF21类似物作为治疗NASH的新型药物, 具有调节代谢、抗炎和改善病理损伤等优点, 能够显著缓解肝纤维化, 其组织学改善效果是目前公布数据的NASH药物中最为显著的, 并且其治疗作用不仅局限于肝脏, 还可能对全身脂质代谢产生积极影响, 这对NASH患者尤为重要。不过FGF21类似物治疗代偿性肝硬化NASH患者的效果暂未达到预期, 多数以注射形式给药, 并且产生胃肠道相关不良反应, 仍需要进一步研究来评估其长期疗效、安全性和给药方案的优化, 以及与其他治疗方法的组合应用。
肝脏TG的来源主要有从头合成(de novo lipogenesis, DNL) 和3-磷酸甘油(glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, G3P) 途径, DNL的底物是乙酰辅酶A, 碳水化合物和脂肪酸代谢均可产生乙酰辅酶A, SCD1、脂肪酸合成酶(fatty acid synthetase, FASN)、ACC、DGAT2是DNL过程中的关键酶, 其表达受到核受体PPAR、FXR等的调控[43, 44], 直接抑制DNL关键酶以减少肝脏内TG堆积是治疗和预防NASH的重要策略之一。
SCD1是将饱和脂肪酸(如硬脂酸和棕榈酸) 转化为单不饱和脂肪酸(如油酸和亚油酸) 的限速酶[45], aramchol是Galmed自主研发的一款口服新型脂肪酸胆酸偶联物[46], 通过抑制肝细胞和肝星形细胞中SCD1的表达发挥作用: 在肝细胞中, 抑制SCD1能够减少单不饱和脂肪酸的合成, 促进胆固醇逆向转运, 减少肝脏脂质堆积, 增加GSH/GSSG比率, 减少肝脏氧化应激; 在肝星形细胞中, 抑制SCD1会导致PPARγ的特异性上调, 从而阻止胶原蛋白的产生。Aramchol治疗NASH的IIb期研究结果显示, aramchol可有效降低肝脏脂肪浸润, 并具有良好的安全性和耐受性[47]。2023年1月4日, Galmed宣布aramchol用于治疗NASH的III期ARMOR研究开放标签部分达到主要终点。数据显示, 在经过48周治疗后, aramchol显著改善NASH患者的肝纤维化程度, 显著降低多项肝损伤、肝硬化与纤维化生物标志物的水平。
FASN是位于SCD1上游的脂肪酸合成酶。歌礼药业FASN抑制剂TVB-2640 (ASC40) 可抑制肝内DNL, 并直接抑制炎症和纤维化通路。IIa期临床试验结果显示, ASC40可以剂量依赖的方式显著改善NASH患者的糖脂代谢、炎症和纤维化[48]。2021年3月23日, 歌礼药业发布新闻稿称, ASC40获得美国FDA快速通道资格, 用于NASH适应症。
ACC是位于FASN上游的脂肪酸合成酶[49], ACC有2个亚型, ACC1位于细胞质, ACC2位于线粒体, 前者催化产生的丙二酰辅酶A用于DNL, 后者产物则可抑制脂肪酸氧化限速酶CPT1的活性。因此, 当将两个亚型同时敲除后, 虽然可降低DNL从而减少肝脏脂肪含量, 但同时激活了G3P途径, 增加了肝脏对血液里游离脂肪酸的摄取, 进而通过G3P途径合成TG, 通过VLDL分泌到肝外, 从而导致血脂升高; 同时虽然缺少ACC2产物对CPT1的抑制, 脂肪酸氧化增加, 但是由于DNL的抑制, 导致PPARα的配体大幅减少, 因此脂肪酸氧化增加的幅度并不足以抵消G3P途径带来的脂质的绝对增加。因此, 针对肝脏脂质合成通路的药物研发应综合考虑DNL和G3P两个途径的作用, 和TG合成最后一步关键酶DGAT2抑制剂联用能解决ACC抑制剂的不良反应。针对ACC下游脂肪酸合酶FASN也存在着类似的问题, 其产物也是PPARα的配体, 因此FASN在肝脏的敲除可能会因为脂肪酸氧化被抑制而增加肝脏脂质水平, 但抑制下游的SCD1则不会有此问题[50, 51]。目前, 处于临床阶段的ACC抑制剂有firsocostat和PF-05221304 (clesacostat)。如前所述, firsocostat与cilofexor及semaglutide联用的疗效及安全性较好。Clesacostat能有效抑制肝脏ACC以降低NASH患者肝脏DNL, 但其单药临床试验结果疗效不佳, 并且会导致高脂血症[52]。Pfizer已停止clesacostat作为单药治疗的相关试验, 在此之前, Pfizer研发的DGAT2抑制剂ervogastat也从NASH管线中移除, 重点转向ervogastat和clesacostat联合治疗[53]。Ervogastat/clesacostat组合疗法的非临床试验结果和IIa期临床试验(NCT03248882、NCT03776175) 结果积极, 使其获得治疗NASH合并肝纤维化的快速通道资格。
DGAT2是催化TG合成最后一步的关键酶[54]。PF-06865571 (ervogastat) 是Pfizer研发的治疗NASH的DGAT2抑制剂。DGAT2抑制剂能阻止脂肪酸储存为TG, 从而抵消ACC抑制剂导致的高脂血症[51], 如前所述, ervogastat和ACC抑制剂clesacostat联合治疗具有良好的安全性和耐受性。
总之, 干预脂质合成通路来治疗NASH仍然具有前景, SCD1抑制剂具有良好的安全性和耐受性, ACC抑制剂及FASN抑制剂会产生高脂血症的不良反应, 临床上在针对此类靶点进行药物开发时须考虑周全, 进行联合给药或采取其他方法以消减其不良反应带来的不利影响, 同时需要充分考虑个体差异、不良反应和药物相互作用等因素。
SGLT1和SGLT2都是上皮葡萄糖转运的重要介质, 在肾脏葡萄糖的重吸收中起重要作用, 是治疗糖尿病的主要靶标[55]。SGLT2抑制剂卡格列净(canagliflozin) 可降低肝脏脂质堆积, 有效改善炎症。T2DM合并NAFLD患者(n = 57) 经SGLT2抑制剂达格列净(dapagliflozin) (每天5  mg) 治疗24 周后, 血清ALT、AST均有明显改善[56], 展示出治疗NASH的潜力, 不过此类药物目前尚未展开大规模的临床试验。
NASH发生时, 肝脏脂质堆积会引起肝细胞损伤, 激活免疫细胞释放炎症因子, 炎症进一步加剧细胞凋亡及坏死, 促进胶原生成及细胞外基质沉积, 从而导致肝脏纤维化或瘢痕形成, 肝脏炎症和纤维化会导致门静脉高压, 进而显著增加产生危及生命的食管静脉曲张风险。半乳糖凝集素-3 (galectin-3, Gal-3) 是一种β-半乳糖苷结合蛋白, 介导细胞间的黏附, 参与炎症细胞的迁移和活化, 促进细胞外基质积累及组织纤维化过程[57]。Belapectin是Galectin公司研制的一种Gal-3抑制剂, 能够预防NASH肝硬化食管静脉曲张的发生[58]。NAVIGATE临床IIb/III期试验结果显示, belapectin在NASH引起的肝硬化患者中疗效与安全性良好。
趋化因子受体2/5 (CC-chemokine receptor 2/5, CCR2/5) 的异常激活可导致单核细胞和巨噬细胞向炎症组织募集, 并激活肝星形细胞, 导致纤维化[59]。Cenicriviroc是一种口服的CCR2/5双重抑制剂, 但其III期临床试验结果未达到主要终点, 临床试验被迫终止[60]。Caspase是一类细胞内半胱氨酸蛋白酶, 通过活化IL-1β、IL-18和IL-33等促炎因子, 调控凋亡和炎症[61]。Emricasan是一种全caspase抑制剂, 但其IIb期临床试验结果显示, 未达到治疗NASH的主要终点[62, 63]
细胞凋亡信号调节激酶1 (apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1, ASK1) 可激活TNFα的下游p38/JNK通路, 导致细胞凋亡和纤维化[64]。Selonsertib是一款ASK1抑制剂, 但两项评估selonsertib治疗NASH导致的晚期纤维化患者的安全性和有效性的III期试验均未达到主要终点, 该项目已终止[65]。赖氨酰氧化酶样2 (lysyl oxidase-like 2, LOXL2) 通过催化胶原的交联促进纤维生成。Simtuzumab是一种靶向LOXL2的单克隆抗体, 两项评估simtuzumab治疗NASH导致的晚期纤维化患者的IIb期试验, 由于缺乏预期的疗效而提前终止[66]
靶向脂质代谢的药物通常适用于NASH早期阶段, 减少肝脏内的脂肪积累, 从而延缓或阻止NASH向纤维化的进展; 而靶向炎症及纤维化的药物更适用于进展到晚期的NASH, 伴随着明显的肝纤维化或肝硬化, 这些药物旨在减轻或逆转肝脏中的疤痕组织, 治疗晚期NASH通常更具挑战性, 因为肝脏已经受到了严重的结构和功能损害, 可能需要更复杂的治疗方法。因此, NASH的早期干预非常重要, 在疾病的早期阶段采取适当的措施可有效预防严重肝病的发展。
NASH的药物研发面临着临床诊断困难、动物模型数据难以转化为临床结果、发病机制复杂等困难。肝活检仍然是临床确诊NASH的金标准, 但存在有创和取样随机性等缺陷, 非侵入性诊断技术的开发对评估药物疗效将会更加直观全面。目前尚无NASH动物模型能够完全模拟人类NASH病理特征, 需要建立基于不同病因的NASH动物模型以全面模拟人类NASH的发生发展, 同时研究并使用其他创新性临床前模型, 如人源化的肝脏NASH类器官和肝脏芯片。NASH病因复杂、多样, 肝脏功能异常的同时合并全身代谢紊乱, 单药治疗存在一定缺陷, 目前多种药物的联合治疗方案已投入II期临床试验, 与单一用药相比或许会有突破性的进展, 多靶点药物开发也是NASH领域的研究热点方向。NASH是一类异质性很强的疾病, 而目前大多数NASH临床试验的受试者招募采用的是“非精准化”方案, 这也增加了新药研发的难度, 因此, 在开展临床试验时应该对患者进行更精细的分类, 从而实现更精准、个性化的治疗, 最终提高新药研发成功率。
如前所述, FXR激动剂OCA及THRβ激动剂resmetirom是目前治疗NASH前景较好的药物, 其他进展较快的药物还包括FGF21衍生物efruxifermin、PPAR激动剂lanifibranor、SCD1抑制剂aramchol及GLP-1受体激动剂semaglutide等(表 1)[15, 28, 30, 33-35, 38, 40, 46, 47, 58, 67]。以上潜力较大的药物均靶向肝脏脂质代谢, 而针对炎症和纤维化靶点(CCR、caspase、ASK1、LOXL2) 进行开发的药物都宣告失败, 这可能是由于从脂毒性到细胞损伤、炎症和纤维化的信号通路复杂交错, 而靶标所处的病理生理学通路越下游, 其改善疾病发展的难度就越高。由此看来, 改善脂质代谢紊乱和胰岛素抵抗仍然是目前治疗NASH较好的策略。同时, NASH的发生发展与肝外组织如肠道和脂肪组织等关系密切, 肠道是人体重要的营养物质吸收器官, 在脂质代谢中起着重要作用, 也可通过调节肠道菌群、FGF19及神经酰胺代谢等途径影响肝脏生理及疾病发展, FXR激动剂和THRβ激动剂取得较好临床试验结果的原因可能也与其能够直接(FXR激动剂) 或者间接(二者都可调节胆汁酸代谢) 影响肠道功能, 同时作用于肝脏和肠道有关。而FGF21是由肝脏分泌的因子, 也可同时作用于肝脏和脂肪组织, 从而显著改善NASH相关病理表现。因此, 未来靶向肠道组织, 或者同时靶向肝脏、肠道组织及脂肪组织等的药物研发也可能是极具潜力的方向之一。
作者贡献: 刘彩红负责文献调研及文章撰写; 侯少聪负责思路指导及文章修改; 李平平负责主题制定及文章审阅。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 北京高校卓越青年科学家项目(BJJWZYJH01201910023028)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程重大协同创新项目(2021-I2M-1-016)
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2023年第58卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1199
  • 接收时间:2023-10-24
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-24
  • 修回日期:2023-11-13
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北京高校卓越青年科学家项目(BJJWZYJH01201910023028)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程重大协同创新项目(2021-I2M-1-016)
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    1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050
    2.中国医学科学院, 代谢紊乱和肿瘤发生相关机制和靶点发现研究重点实验室, 北京 100050

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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