Article(id=1200860511941293054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200860506031518620, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1191, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1697990400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-23, revisedDate=1704902400000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764237056956, onlineDateStr=2025-11-27, pubDate=1715443200000, pubDateStr=2024-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764237056956, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764237056956, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764237056956, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200860506031518620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='5', pageStart='1101', pageEnd='1508', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764237055547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764241222263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200877982563824311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200860506031518620, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200877982563824312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200860506031518620, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1357, endPage=1363, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200860512595603475, articleId=1200860511941293054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Investigation of metabolites of 2-methyl-dechloroketamine in vitro, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The abuse of novel phenylcyclohexylpyridine drugs poses a significant threat to societal safety. The novel psychoactive substance 2-methyl-deschloroketamine (2-MDCK), belonging to the phenylcyclohexylpyridine class, has recently surfaced as a new compound. However, there is a lack of understanding regarding its metabolic pathways and the identification of suitable biomarkers. In this study, a human liver microsomal model was established, and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) technology was applied to investigate the in vitro metabolism and products of 2-MDCK. The results indicate that 2-MDCK undergoes various metabolic reactions, including dehydrogenation, deamination, hydroxylation, and demethylation, leading to the formation of eight metabolites. By conducting actual testing on hair samples from 2-MDCK abusers, the existence of six metabolites was confirmed. Comparing the metabolic products in the liver microsomal in vitro model, M3.1 and M4.1 were identified as biomarkers for 2-MDCK consumption. Five samples of abusers of 2-methyl-dechloroketamine were provided by the Anti-Drug Brigade of the Hangzhou Public Security Bureau. Negative hair samples were provided by laboratory volunteers, and all samples were obtained with the informed consent of the volunteers. These findings provide a scientific basis for the detection and identification of 2-MDCK and its metabolites, as well as crucial support for the study of the metabolic mechanisms of similar novel psychoactive substances in the phenylcyclohexylpyridine class. This research holds significant importance in addressing the issue of abuse of new psychoactive substances.

, correspAuthors=Jian-hong GAO, Yi-lei FAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jun-hui RU, Feng HUANG, Hao WU, Min-hao WANG, Xing KE, Jian-hong GAO, Yi-lei FAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200860517460996340, articleId=1200860511941293054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=苯环己哌啶类物质甲胺酮体外代谢研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

新型苯环己哌啶类药物的滥用现象威胁着社会安全, 其中2-甲基-去氯氯胺酮(甲胺酮) 作为一种新兴物质, 其代谢途径和生物标志物尚未明确。本文通过建立人肝微粒体模型并应用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术, 深入研究了甲胺酮的体外代谢途径及产物。结果表明, 甲胺酮可发生脱氢、脱氨、羟基化、去甲基化等多种代谢反应, 产生8种代谢产物。结合滥用者毛发样本的实际检测, 确定6种代谢物的存在。通过与肝微粒体体外模型中的代谢产物相比, 甲胺酮的代谢物M3.1和M4.1丰度较高, 可以作为甲胺酮吸食的生物标志物。5份甲胺酮滥用者毛发样本由杭州市公安局禁毒支队提供, 阴性毛发样本由本实验室志愿者提供并均经志愿者知情同意。研究结果为甲胺酮及其代谢物的检验鉴定提供了科学依据, 同时也为苯环己哌啶类新精神活性物质的代谢机制研究提供了重要支持, 对新精神活性物质滥用问题具有重要意义。

, correspAuthors=高建红, 范一雷, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*高建红, E-mail: ;
范一雷, E-mail:
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A: Hydroxylation; B: Hydroxylation; C: Demethylation; D: Demethylation with hydroxylation; E: Demethylation with dehydrogenation; F: Dehydrogenation hydroxylation with demethylation; G: Dehydrogenation with demethylamino; H: Dehydrogenation hydroxylation with demethylamino , figureFileSmall=o5g+1HjPV6Y+Drm08gvLKA==, figureFileBig=V7IZGZgZtmA0OnFMIgs14w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106661046972980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860511941293054, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=gSFQicEJ+681pNpqpcbNug==, figureFileBig=GWLI4mG834xPG6mKC7SEQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106661319602755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860511941293054, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Metabolic pathway of 2-MDCK in human liver microsomes , figureFileSmall=gSFQicEJ+681pNpqpcbNug==, figureFileBig=GWLI4mG834xPG6mKC7SEQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106661546095184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860511941293054, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Peak No.Metabolic methodtR/minTheoretical quality [M+H]+/(m/z)Accurate quality [M+H]+/(m/z)Error/ppmCharacteristic fragment
2-MDCK/6.12218.153 94218.154 020.37200.143 77, 187.111 95, 169.101 52, 159.117 03, 143.085 53, 129.070 10, 67.054 50
M1.1Hydroxylation4.47234.148 86234.149 603.16216.138 35, 203.106 81, 185.096 16, 157.101 30, 107.047 54, 67.054 33
M1.2Hydroxylation6.09234.148 86234.148 85-0.04216.138 35, 203.106 84, 185.096 16, 157.101 30, 91.054 73, 67.054 33
M2.1Demethylation6.14204.138 29204.138 822.60187.111 76, 159.116 74, 149.023 03, 67.054 31
M2.2Demethylation with hydroxylation4.81220.133 21220.133 541.50203.106 70, 202.123 79, 185.096 12, 175.111 88, 159.080 43, 95.085 55
M3.1Demethylation with dehydrogenation6.07202.122 64202.122 830.94185.096 25, 157.101 33, 129.069 98, 91.054 10, 67.054 36
M3.2Dehydrogenation hydroxylation with demethylation5.53218.117 56218.117 54-0.09200.107 12, 173.096 18, 155.085 49, 91.054 38
M4.1Dehydrogenation with demethylamino6.16187.111 74187.111 920.96159.116 97, 145.064 88, 131.085 75, 95.049 13, 67.054 37
M4.2Dehydrogenation hydroxylation with demethylamino6.08203.106 66203.106 931.33185.096 57, 167.085 66, 157.101 33, 129.069 99, 91.054 28, 67.054 37
), ArticleFig(id=1201106662967964252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860511941293054, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Metabolites of 2-MDCK in liver microsomes incubated for 60 min

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Peak No.Metabolic methodtR/minTheoretical quality [M+H]+/(m/z)Accurate quality [M+H]+/(m/z)Error/ppmCharacteristic fragment
2-MDCK/6.12218.153 94218.154 020.37200.143 77, 187.111 95, 169.101 52, 159.117 03, 143.085 53, 129.070 10, 67.054 50
M1.1Hydroxylation4.47234.148 86234.149 603.16216.138 35, 203.106 81, 185.096 16, 157.101 30, 107.047 54, 67.054 33
M1.2Hydroxylation6.09234.148 86234.148 85-0.04216.138 35, 203.106 84, 185.096 16, 157.101 30, 91.054 73, 67.054 33
M2.1Demethylation6.14204.138 29204.138 822.60187.111 76, 159.116 74, 149.023 03, 67.054 31
M2.2Demethylation with hydroxylation4.81220.133 21220.133 541.50203.106 70, 202.123 79, 185.096 12, 175.111 88, 159.080 43, 95.085 55
M3.1Demethylation with dehydrogenation6.07202.122 64202.122 830.94185.096 25, 157.101 33, 129.069 98, 91.054 10, 67.054 36
M3.2Dehydrogenation hydroxylation with demethylation5.53218.117 56218.117 54-0.09200.107 12, 173.096 18, 155.085 49, 91.054 38
M4.1Dehydrogenation with demethylamino6.16187.111 74187.111 920.96159.116 97, 145.064 88, 131.085 75, 95.049 13, 67.054 37
M4.2Dehydrogenation hydroxylation with demethylamino6.08203.106 66203.106 931.33185.096 57, 167.085 66, 157.101 33, 129.069 99, 91.054 28, 67.054 37
), ArticleFig(id=1201106663139930723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860511941293054, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Peak numberHair 1Hair 2Hair 3Hair 4Hair 5Liver microsome
2-MDCK1.04e72.35e71.54e72.20e71.39e68.83e6
M1.1-----2.12e6(6)
M1.2-----6.72e6(5)
M2.17.80e5(3)5.97e5(5)4.34e5(4)1.41e6(4)2.17e5(4)7.12e6(4)
M2.2-1.08e6(4)9.57e5(3)1.92e6(3)5.44e5(3)1.64e6(7)
M3.11.98e7(1)2.54e7(1)2.14e7(1)2.35e6(1)1.18e6(1)1.44e7(3)
M3.2-1.17e6(3)-1.22e6(5)-1.08e6(8)
M4.17.32e6(2)2.45e7(2)6.22e6(2)2.26e6(2)1.06e6(2)2.83e7(2)
M4.25.85e5(4)3.91e5(6)2.92e5(5)--3.11e7(1)
), ArticleFig(id=1201106663328674417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860511941293054, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of mentabolites from 2-MDCK in vitro and hair samples from abuser. The numbers in parentheses represent the ranking of metabolite content in the sample

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Peak numberHair 1Hair 2Hair 3Hair 4Hair 5Liver microsome
2-MDCK1.04e72.35e71.54e72.20e71.39e68.83e6
M1.1-----2.12e6(6)
M1.2-----6.72e6(5)
M2.17.80e5(3)5.97e5(5)4.34e5(4)1.41e6(4)2.17e5(4)7.12e6(4)
M2.2-1.08e6(4)9.57e5(3)1.92e6(3)5.44e5(3)1.64e6(7)
M3.11.98e7(1)2.54e7(1)2.14e7(1)2.35e6(1)1.18e6(1)1.44e7(3)
M3.2-1.17e6(3)-1.22e6(5)-1.08e6(8)
M4.17.32e6(2)2.45e7(2)6.22e6(2)2.26e6(2)1.06e6(2)2.83e7(2)
M4.25.85e5(4)3.91e5(6)2.92e5(5)--3.11e7(1)
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苯环己哌啶类物质甲胺酮体外代谢研究
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茹俊辉 1 , 黄峰 1 , 吴昊 2 , 王旻昊 1 , 柯星 1 , 高建红 3, * , 范一雷 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(5): 1357-1363
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(5): 1357-1363
苯环己哌啶类物质甲胺酮体外代谢研究
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茹俊辉1, 黄峰1, 吴昊2, 王旻昊1, 柯星1, 高建红3, * , 范一雷1, *
作者信息
  • 1.浙江警察学院浙江省毒品防控技术研究重点实验室, 浙江 杭州 310053
  • 2.浙江迪安司法鉴定中心, 浙江 杭州 310007
  • 3.国家毒品实验室浙江分中心浙江省禁毒和毒情监测关键技术研究重点实验室, 浙江 杭州 310053

通讯作者:

*高建红, E-mail: ;
范一雷, E-mail:
Investigation of metabolites of 2-methyl-dechloroketamine in vitro
Jun-hui RU1, Feng HUANG1, Hao WU2, Min-hao WANG1, Xing KE1, Jian-hong GAO3, * , Yi-lei FAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou 310053, China
  • 2. Dian Regional Forenic Science Institute·Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310007, China
  • 3. Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control of Zhejiang Province, National Anti-drug Laboratory Zhejiang Regional Center, Hangzhou 310053, China
出版时间: 2024-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1191
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新型苯环己哌啶类药物的滥用现象威胁着社会安全, 其中2-甲基-去氯氯胺酮(甲胺酮) 作为一种新兴物质, 其代谢途径和生物标志物尚未明确。本文通过建立人肝微粒体模型并应用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术, 深入研究了甲胺酮的体外代谢途径及产物。结果表明, 甲胺酮可发生脱氢、脱氨、羟基化、去甲基化等多种代谢反应, 产生8种代谢产物。结合滥用者毛发样本的实际检测, 确定6种代谢物的存在。通过与肝微粒体体外模型中的代谢产物相比, 甲胺酮的代谢物M3.1和M4.1丰度较高, 可以作为甲胺酮吸食的生物标志物。5份甲胺酮滥用者毛发样本由杭州市公安局禁毒支队提供, 阴性毛发样本由本实验室志愿者提供并均经志愿者知情同意。研究结果为甲胺酮及其代谢物的检验鉴定提供了科学依据, 同时也为苯环己哌啶类新精神活性物质的代谢机制研究提供了重要支持, 对新精神活性物质滥用问题具有重要意义。

甲胺酮  /  肝微粒体  /  毛发  /  代谢产物  /  代谢途径

The abuse of novel phenylcyclohexylpyridine drugs poses a significant threat to societal safety. The novel psychoactive substance 2-methyl-deschloroketamine (2-MDCK), belonging to the phenylcyclohexylpyridine class, has recently surfaced as a new compound. However, there is a lack of understanding regarding its metabolic pathways and the identification of suitable biomarkers. In this study, a human liver microsomal model was established, and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) technology was applied to investigate the in vitro metabolism and products of 2-MDCK. The results indicate that 2-MDCK undergoes various metabolic reactions, including dehydrogenation, deamination, hydroxylation, and demethylation, leading to the formation of eight metabolites. By conducting actual testing on hair samples from 2-MDCK abusers, the existence of six metabolites was confirmed. Comparing the metabolic products in the liver microsomal in vitro model, M3.1 and M4.1 were identified as biomarkers for 2-MDCK consumption. Five samples of abusers of 2-methyl-dechloroketamine were provided by the Anti-Drug Brigade of the Hangzhou Public Security Bureau. Negative hair samples were provided by laboratory volunteers, and all samples were obtained with the informed consent of the volunteers. These findings provide a scientific basis for the detection and identification of 2-MDCK and its metabolites, as well as crucial support for the study of the metabolic mechanisms of similar novel psychoactive substances in the phenylcyclohexylpyridine class. This research holds significant importance in addressing the issue of abuse of new psychoactive substances.

2-methyl-deschloroketamine  /  liver microsome  /  hair  /  metabolite  /  metabolic pathway
茹俊辉, 黄峰, 吴昊, 王旻昊, 柯星, 高建红, 范一雷. 苯环己哌啶类物质甲胺酮体外代谢研究. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (5) : 1357 -1363 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1191
Jun-hui RU, Feng HUANG, Hao WU, Min-hao WANG, Xing KE, Jian-hong GAO, Yi-lei FAN. Investigation of metabolites of 2-methyl-dechloroketamine in vitro[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (5) : 1357 -1363 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1191
近年来, 新精神活性物质(new psychoactive substance) 又称“策划药”或“实验室毒品”正在逐步取代传统毒品成为威胁我国人民生命健康的重大社会安全隐患[1]。合成大麻素、合成卡西酮、苯环己哌啶类新精神活性物质在我国非法市场中不断涌现并快速变化, 严重挑战我国禁毒执法能力[2-4]。2-甲基-去氯氯胺酮(2-MDCK, 图 1), 简称甲胺酮, 是一种新型的苯环己哌啶类衍生物。甲胺酮分子结构与传统毒品氯胺酮相似, 其中甲基取代了-Cl基团的位置。甲胺酮因具有和氯胺酮类似的麻醉、致幻、成瘾等效果, 且未列入国家精麻药物管控名单, 而明显呈现出滥用趋势。目前在广东、四川、浙江等多个省份已陆续出现甲胺酮滥用案件[5-7]。根据国家毒品实验室毒品检测结果显示, 甲胺酮在我国部分区域一度取代氯胺酮成为仅次于冰毒、海洛因成为滥用第三的新精神活性物质[8]。然而由于甲胺酮在我国滥用时间较短, 目前国内外关于甲胺酮的研究较少, 其代谢研究更是鲜有报道。
人肝微粒体体外代谢实验是评价药物代谢物及其代谢途径的重要方式, 具有简便、快捷、成本低等优势, 已广泛应用于毒品检测领域[9, 10]。在毒品检测中, 毛发样本相较于血液、尿液等其他生物检材, 具有无侵入性、容易采集、目标物稳定等显著优势[11]。毛发毒品检测结果能够反映出较长一段时间内当事人是否具有毒品摄入情况, 已在毒品检测领域得到广泛应用[12, 13]
本研究采用人肝微粒体模型结合Q Exactive离子阱高分辨质谱技术对甲胺酮体外Ⅰ相代谢产物进行了研究, 并结合甲胺酮滥用者毛发样本进行验证, 从而为甲胺酮相关案件检验鉴定提供科学依据。
仪器   Scientific Dionex Ultimate 3000超高效液相色谱串联四极杆-静电场轨道离子阱Q Exactive质谱、EDI 15反渗透纯水机、ST8冷冻离心机(美国赛默飞世尔科技公司); KH-250DE型数控超声波清洗器(昆山禾创超声仪器有限公司); JXFSTPRP-CL全自动样品冷冻研磨仪(上海净信实业发展有限公司)。
材料与试剂   甲胺酮标准品(≥ 99.8%, 上海原思标物科技有限公司); 混合人肝微粒体(20 mg·mL-1, 瑞德肝脏疾病研究有限公司); MgCl2 (分析纯, 美国西格玛公司); 甲酸、甲醇、乙腈、二甲基亚砜(色谱纯, 美国西格玛公司); 磷酸盐缓冲溶液(7.6 > pH > 7.2, 武汉博士德生物工程有限公司); 氧化型辅酶Ⅱ钠盐(NADPNa2)、6-磷酸葡萄糖二钠(G-6-P)、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G-6-PDH), 北京索莱宝科技有限公司。
5份甲胺酮滥用者毛发样本由杭州市公安局禁毒支队提供, 阴性毛发样本由本实验室志愿者提供并均经志愿者知情同意。
色谱条件   Waters HSS T3色谱柱(100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm), 进样量为2.0 μL, 柱温为30 ℃, 自动进样器温度为35 ℃。流动相A为0.1%甲酸水溶液, B为0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液, 流量为300 μL·min-1。梯度洗脱程序: 0~1 min时, A保持为98%, B保持为2%; 1~8.5 min时, A由98%降至0%, B由2%升至100%; 8.5~11 min时, A保持为0%, B保持为100%; 11~11.5 min时, A由0%升至98%, B由100%降至2%; 11.5~14 min时, A保持为98%, B保持为2%。
质谱条件   采用电喷雾电离源, 碰撞气: N2, 雾化温度: 320 ℃, 毛细管温度: 350 ℃, 毛细管电压3.4 kV。扫描模式采用Full MS-ddMS2, 全扫描扫描范围: m/z 60~900, 全扫描分辨率: 140 000; 二级质谱采集参数, 分辨率: 70 000, 正态碰撞能量为25 eV。
人肝微粒体实验   精确称取5 mg甲胺酮, 并将其溶解于5 mL二甲基亚砜溶剂(DMSO), 得到1 mg·mL-1甲胺酮溶液。以磷酸缓冲液为溶剂, 配置G-6-PDH、G-6-P、NADPNa2和MgCl2储备液。取2 mL离心管, 加入8 µL G-6-PDH、10 µL G-6-P、10 µL NADPNa2和66 µL MgCl2涡旋1 min, 得到NADPH再生系统。另取2 mL离心管, 加入96 µL PBS缓冲液、10 µL的人肝微粒体及1 µL 1 mg·mL-1甲胺酮标准品溶液并涡旋1 min。随后将两个系统在37 ℃恒温下预孵育10 min, 完成后在甲胺酮与肝微粒体混合溶液中加入NADPH再生系统组成体外孵育系统, 其中NADPNa2浓度为1.3×10-3 mmol·mL-1, G-6-P浓度为3.3×10-3 mmol·mL-1, G-6-PDH浓度为4×10-4 mmol·mL-1, Mg2+浓度为3.3×10-3 mmol·mL-1, 涡旋1 min后在37 ℃下孵育1 h。孵育结束后加入250 µL乙腈终止体外孵育反应, 涡旋1 min, 13 000 r·min-1冷冻离心10 min, 最后取上清液进样分析。分别将未加入甲胺酮和未加入肝微粒体的两组孵育系统作为对照分析。
毛发样品前处理   真实毛发样品依次用适量的甲醇、水洗涤后自然晾干。称取毛发样本20 mg置于2 mL具盖研磨管中, 置冷冻研磨仪中粉碎, 加入1.0 mL甲醇溶解冰浴超声30 min, 离心后取500 µL上清液氮吹吹干, 残留物使用100 µL甲醇复溶后进样分析。
甲胺酮分子式为C14H19NO, 质子化离子为m/z 218.154 02, 保留时间为6.12 min。甲胺酮的二级质谱图如图 2所示, 其质子化离子经裂解丢失一分子H2O生成碎片离子m/z 200.143 77, 随后进一步裂解失去一分子甲胺生成碎片离子m/z 169.101 52。质子化离子另一条裂解路径是先通过裂解失去一分子甲胺生成碎片离子m/z 187.111 95, 随后裂解失去一分子CO生成碎片离子m/z 159.117 03。碎片离子m/z 159.117 03进一步裂解失去一分子CH4和一分子CH2生成碎片离子m/z 143.085 53和m/z 129.070 10。碎片离子m/z 67.054 50由碎片离子m/z 143.085 53经裂解失去一分子甲苯生成。图 3为甲胺酮质谱裂解途径图。
共发现并鉴定了8种甲胺酮体外代谢产物, 其中涉及了羟基化、去烷基化、脱氢、脱氨等代谢途径。表 1是甲胺酮及其代谢产物的具体信息, 图 45分别是代谢产物的提取离子流色谱图和质谱图。
M1组代谢物M1.1和M1.2为同分异构体, 分子式为C14H19NO2, 质子化离子为m/z 234.148 86, 保留时间分别为4.47和6.07 min。M1.1的主要的碎片离子是m/z 216.138 35、203.106 81、185.096 16、157.101 30、107.047 54和67.054 33。M1.1质子化离子m/z为234.148 86相较于原形药母离子增加16 Da, 且主要碎片m/z 216.138 35、203.106 81、185.096 16、157.101 30与原形药主要碎片均相差16 Da, 推测M1.1发生羟基化反应。同时根据碎片m/z 107.047 54和m/z 67.054 33推测羟基化位点发生在甲苯的甲基上。M1.2的主要的碎片离子是m/z 216.138 35、203.106 84、185.096 16、157.101 30、91.054 73和67.054 33。M1.2质子化离子m/z为234.148 86相较于原形药母离子增加16 Da, 且主要碎片m/z 216.138 35、203.106 84、185.096 16、157.101 30与原形药主要碎片均相差16 Da, 推测M1.2发生羟基化反应。由碎片m/z 203.10684推测甲氨基上未发生羟基化, 碎片m/z 91.054 73推测甲苯基未发生羟基化, 故推测羟基化发生在环己酮上, 具体羟基化位点未知。
M2组代谢物M2.1和M2.2, M2.1的分子式为C13H17NO, 质子化离子为m/z 204.138 29, 保留时间为6.14 min。代谢物M2.1相较于甲胺酮减少了14 Da。M2.1主要碎片离子为m/z 187.111 76、159.116 74、149.023 03和67.054 31。其中碎片m/z 187.111 76、159.116 74、67.054 31相较于原形药二级碎片无变化, 故推测甲氨基上发生去甲基化。M2.2的分子式为C13H17NO2, 质子化离子为m/z 220.133 21, 保留时间为4.81 min。M2.2主要碎片离子m/z 203.106 70、185.096 12、175.111 88、159.080 43、202.123 79和95.085 55。其中m/z 203.106 70、185.096 12、175.111 88、159.080 43相较于原形药二级碎片m/z 187.111 95、169.101 52、159.117 03、143.085 53增加16 Da, 且m/z 95.085 55相较于原形药环己酮碎片减少了1 Da, 故推测羟基化发生在环己酮上, 具体羟基化位点未知。
M3组代谢物M3.1和M3.2, M3.1的分子式为C13H15NO, 质子化离子为m/z 202.122 64, 保留时间为6.07 min。M3.1的主要的碎片离子是m/z 185.096 25、157.101 33、129.069 98、91.054 10和67.054 36。其中碎片m/z 185.096 25、157.101 33相较于原形药二级碎片m/z 187.111 95、159.117 03减少2 Da, 推测环己酮上发生脱氢反应。由碎片m/z 185.096 25、157.101 33、91.054 10推断去甲基化发生于甲氨基上。M3.2的分子式为C13H15NO2, 质子化离子为m/z 218.117 56, 保留时间为5.53 min。M3.2的主要的碎片离子是m/z 200.107 12、173.096 18、155.085 49和91.054 38。代谢物M3.2相较于M3.2增加了16 Da, 推测发生羟基化。由碎片m/z 91.054 38可以推断羟基化未发生于甲苯基上, 故羟基化发生于氨基环己酮上, 具体羟基化位点未知。
M4组代谢物M4.1和M4.2, M4.1的分子式为C13H14O, 质子化离子为m/z 187.111 74, 保留时间为6.16 min。M4.1的主要的碎片离子是m/z 159.116 97、145.064 88、131.085 75、95.049 13和67.054 37。代谢物M4.1相较于甲胺酮减少了31 Da, 推测脱落一分子的甲胺。其中碎片m/z 159.116 97相较于原形药二级碎片m/z 159.117 03未发生变化, 由此推测该碎片上未发生反应。M4.2的分子式为C13H14O2, 质子化离子为m/z 203.106 66, 保留时间为6.08 min。M4.2的主要的碎片离子是m/z 185.096 57、167.085 66、157.101 33、129.069 99、91.054 28和67.054 37。其中碎片m/z 185.096 57、157.101 33相较于原形药二级碎片m/z 187.111 95、159.117 03减少2 Da, 推测环己酮上发生脱氢反应。而代谢物M4.2相较于M4.1增加了16 Da, 推测发生了羟基化反应, 具体羟基化位点未知。
甲胺酮在人肝微粒体体外代谢途径如图 6所示, 甲胺酮分别在环己酮和苄基上发生羟基化反应, 形成M1.1和M1.2, 同时还发生去甲基化反应形成M2.1。M2.1通过羟基化反应、脱氢反应和脱氢去甲基化反应分别形成了M2.2、M3.1和M4.1。M2.2、M3.1和M4.1进一步在环己酮上发生羟基化反应分别形成M2.3、M3.2和M4.2。M4.1和M4.2为含量最高的代谢产物, 羟基化和脱氢反应是肝微粒体的主要代谢途径。经过查阅相关文献, 本研究发现的8种甲胺酮代谢产物尚未有报道。
对五个疑似吸食甲胺酮的吸毒人员毛发样品进行检测。五个毛发样本均检测出甲胺酮, 其中4号毛发样本除甲胺酮外还检测出替来他明, 5号毛发样本除甲胺酮还检验出替来他明和去氯-N-乙基-氯胺酮, 说明吸毒人员存在多种苯环己哌啶类毒品混吸情况。对5例甲胺酮滥用者的毛发样本进行甲胺酮代谢物筛查, 结果如表 2所示, 在滥用者毛发样本中检测M2.1、M2.2、M3.1、M3.2、M4.1、M4.2等6种甲胺酮代谢物, 其中M2.1、M3.1、M4.1等3种代谢物在5份毛发样本中均被检测出。M3.1和M4.1分别为五个毛发样品中相对含量最高的代谢物, 其余4种代谢物在五份毛发样本中含量存在差异, 可能是由于每个人甲胺酮的摄入量、吸食到采集的时间及人体本身的代谢速率等存在差异所造成的。
通过比较人肝微粒体代谢模型和滥用者毛发中甲胺酮代谢物和代谢途径, 发现两者代谢途径基本一致, 人肝微粒体代谢模型中的8种代谢物, 有6种能够在滥用者毛发样本中得到验证。表明对于新的苯环己哌啶类药物, 在没有真实滥用者生物样本情况下, 可以通过人肝微粒体代谢模型来模拟体内代谢途径和代谢物。人肝微粒体代谢模型和滥用者毛发中的甲胺酮代谢物相对含量存在较大差异性。羟基化作为人肝微粒体主要的代谢途径, 共产生了M1.1、M1.2、M2.2、M3.2、M4.2等5种主要代谢物, 但是在人体毛发样本中羟基化代谢产物含量较低, 推测羟基化代谢物可能已经与葡萄糖醛酸结合生成Ⅱ相代谢物, 也可能是因为羟基化代谢物亲水性较高导致其与毛发整合性较差, 导致其在毛发中含量分布较少。
甲胺酮原形药成分在5份毛发样本中均可检测出, 因此原形药甲胺酮的检出可以作为摄入甲胺酮的重要证据。而代谢物M3.1和M4.1为滥用者毛发样本中丰度最高的两种甲胺酮代谢物, 表明个体之间的差异对甲胺酮的主要代谢物影响不大。代谢物M3.1和M4.1尚未有文献报道, 是甲胺酮独有的代谢产物, 因此建议将甲胺酮原形药、M3.1和M4.1作为摄入甲胺酮的代谢标志物。
本研究通过建立人肝微粒体模型, 采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱对甲胺酮的体外代谢产物及代谢途径进行分析, 并与吸毒者毛发样本中检测出的代谢物进行比对, 推荐甲胺酮原形药、代谢物M3.1和M4.1作为甲胺酮吸食认定的代谢标志物。本研究结果可应用于实际案件中甲胺酮的吸食鉴定, 同时为其他苯环己哌啶类药物的代谢机制研究提供理论支持。
作者贡献: 本研究思路由范一雷设计; 茹俊辉、黄峰、王旻昊实验和论文撰写; 高建红提供论文撰写思路及修改论文; 柯星、吴昊负责相关文献的调研与收集。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 浙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LTGC23H230001)
  • 浙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LTGC23B050003)
  • 国家级大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202211483025)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1191
  • 接收时间:2023-10-23
  • 首发时间:2025-11-27
  • 出版时间:2024-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-23
  • 修回日期:2024-01-11
基金
浙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LTGC23H230001)
浙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LTGC23B050003)
国家级大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202211483025)
作者信息
    1.浙江警察学院浙江省毒品防控技术研究重点实验室, 浙江 杭州 310053
    2.浙江迪安司法鉴定中心, 浙江 杭州 310007
    3.国家毒品实验室浙江分中心浙江省禁毒和毒情监测关键技术研究重点实验室, 浙江 杭州 310053

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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