Article(id=1201124483861016770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201124478286786612, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1178, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1697472000000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-17, revisedDate=1704902400000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764299992765, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1710172800000, pubDateStr=2024-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764299992765, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764299992765, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764299992765, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201124478286786612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='3', pageStart='493', pageEnd='788', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764299991434, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764300490467, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201126571420639892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201124478286786612, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201126571420639893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201124478286786612, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=608, endPage=615, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201124484255281371, articleId=1201124483861016770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The characteristics of bone disseminated cells of 4T1, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on bone metastasis potential of mouse breast cancer 4T1 cells, the bone disseminated breast tumor cells 4T1 (B-4T1) were acquired through the screening of 6-mercaptopurine. The characteristics of B-4T1 were studied by morphological observation, proliferation assay, expression of epithelial and mesenchymal cell markers detection, transcriptome sequencing, and tumor formation experiments. The results showed that B-4T1 was round and spindle-shaped than primary 4T1 cells, and its proliferation rate was reduced, as well as epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and E-cadherin expression. The transcript level of N-cadherin was increased in the B-4T1, but not vimentin, indicating that B-4T1 had partial epithelial mesenchymal transition. Besides, B-4T1 had higher fatty acid metabolism and better tumor formation capacity. This study lays the experimental foundation for the basic study of metastasis in breast cancer. All animal experiments in this paper were conducted in accordance with the standards of the Animal Ethics Committee of China Pharmaceutical University.

, correspAuthors=Yan LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhuo WANG, Xian-jing LI, Yan LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201124488172761574, articleId=1201124483861016770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=4T1细胞的骨播散型细胞的特征研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于小鼠乳腺癌4T1细胞骨转移的潜能, 通过6-巯基嘌呤筛选, 获得骨髓中播散的4T1细胞。通过形态学观察、增殖实验、上皮细胞及间充质细胞标志物表达、转录组测序及成瘤实验等研究骨髓中播散的4T1细胞的特征。结果表明, 转移至骨髓中的4T1细胞相比未转移的4T1细胞, 其细胞偏圆, 呈纺锤状, 增殖率、迁移能力降低, 上皮细胞黏附分子(epithelial cell adhesion molecule, EpCAM)、E钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin) 表达降低, N钙黏蛋白(N-cadherin) 表达增加, 但波形蛋白(vimentin) 无明显变化, 具有部分上皮间充质转化特征。此外, 骨髓中的4T1细胞具有较高脂肪酸代谢和较强成瘤性的特征。本研究为乳腺癌转移的基础研究奠定实验基础。本论文所有动物实验均符合中国药科大学动物伦理委员会标准。

, correspAuthors=李岩, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李岩, Tel: 86-25-52362182, E-mail:
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Metabolomic studies of live single cancer stem cells using mass spectrometry [J]. Anal Chem, 2019, 91: 2384-2391., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201124497249234993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124483861016770, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bergers G, Fendt SM. The metabolism of cancer cells during metastasis [J]. Nat Rev Cancer, 2021, 21: 162-180., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201124497379258424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124483861016770, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nagarajan SR, Butler LM, Hoy AJ. The diversity and breadth of cancer cell fatty acid metabolism [J]. 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A: Schematic representation of the extraction of B-4T1; B: The morphological features of B-4T1 (scale bar = 20 μm); C: Cell proliferation of 4T1 and B-4T1 was assessed by sulforhodamine B (SRB); D, E: Cell migration of 4T1 and B-4T1 was examined by wound healing test. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=5s8hppBiqxLumzYU9872Bg==, figureFileBig=A5wqsCAwLYk6qrifvE08xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124492526449478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124483861016770, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=o/E+pTyt4AQBP7M7buH+YA==, figureFileBig=jZi704TgzoTBzNnv0gbpyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124492660667213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124483861016770, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Transcriptome features of <i>in vitro</i> cultured bone disseminated breast tumor cells. A: Volcano map of differential genes (<i>q</i> value ≤ 0.05, absolute fold change ≥ 2, red represents of upregulated genes and blue represents of upregulated genes); B: Heatmap of differential genes; C: Top 30 of pathway enrichment by KEGG analysis , figureFileSmall=o/E+pTyt4AQBP7M7buH+YA==, figureFileBig=jZi704TgzoTBzNnv0gbpyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124492815856472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124483861016770, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=KBFzblIOWgvpjxDww3XoiQ==, figureFileBig=niX6CBFBaRxfwpT3qCVSmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124492937491298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124483861016770, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= The tumor capacity of B-4T1. A: The tumor growth of B-4T1 and 4T1 in Balb/c mice; B: The photograph of tuomrs after dissection; C: The tumor weight of 4T1 and B-4T1; D: The photograph of spleens of the indicated tumor bear mice; E: The spleen index of healthy control, 4T1 and B-4T1; F: The percentage of CD3<sup>+</sup> cells in spleen; G: The percentage of CD11b<sup>+</sup>Ly6G<sup>+</sup> in CD11b<sup>+</sup> cells; H: Percentage of CD11b<sup>+</sup>Ly6G<sup>+</sup> MDSC in CD45<sup>+</sup> cells in the blood; I: Percentage of CD3<sup>+</sup> cells in CD45<sup>+</sup> cells in the blood. PMN-MDSC: Polymorphonuclear-myeloid derived suppressor. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=KBFzblIOWgvpjxDww3XoiQ==, figureFileBig=niX6CBFBaRxfwpT3qCVSmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124493084291945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124483861016770, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NiNYrscdMR3X2Rwzw0Pv+A==, figureFileBig=1om2I8+uS1g2mcTKeCJpRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124493222703989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124483861016770, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= The epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) chacteristic of B-4T1. A: The protein level of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) was determined by flow cytometry; B, C: mRNA transcript levels of E-cadherin (E-cad), N-cadherin (N-cad), vimentin (Vim), Snai1, Snai2, Twist1, Twist2, Zeb1 and Zeb2 were assessed in 4T1 and B-4T1 cells, as well as their tumors upon quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with specific primers and <i>β</i>-actin as a house-keeping gene; D: Kaplan-Meier overall survival curves of patients with breast cancer with high (<i>n</i> = 268) and low (<i>n</i> = 268) expressions of Twist1 mRNAs in the GEPIA database (log-rank test). <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=NiNYrscdMR3X2Rwzw0Pv+A==, figureFileBig=1om2I8+uS1g2mcTKeCJpRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124493361116023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124483861016770, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=UpBfWHSMOJ4wHICKzei/gA==, figureFileBig=9qoHA+zog407/PVQ1Lv0ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124493524693890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124483861016770, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Transcriptome features of B-4T1 tumor. A: Volcano map of differential genes (<i>q</i> value ≤ 0.05, absolute fold change ≥ 2, red represents of upregulated genes and blue represents of upregulated genes); B: GSEA analysis of the enrichment pathway of B-4T1 tumor; C: Heatmap of representive genes of fatty acid metabolism in 4T1 and B-4T1 tumors; D, E: RT-qPCR assay of genes included in the pathway of fatty acid metabolism in cells and tumor tissues, respectively; F: Kaplan-Meier overall survival curves of patients with breast cancer with high (<i>n</i> = 268) and low (<i>n</i> = 268) expressions of Cpt1a mRNAs in the GEPIA database (log-rank test). <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=UpBfWHSMOJ4wHICKzei/gA==, figureFileBig=9qoHA+zog407/PVQ1Lv0ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124493675688845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124483861016770, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Primer sequence (5′ to 3′)Gene Primer sequence (5′ to 3′)
Actb Forward ACCACACCTTCTACAATGAG Zeb1 Forward GCTGGCAAGACAACGTGAAAG
Reverse ACGACCAGAGGCATACAG Reverse GCCTCAGGATAAATGACGGC
E-cadherin Forward CAGGTCTCCTCATGGCTTTGC Zeb2 Forward ATTGCACATCAGACTTTGAGGAA
Reverse CTTCCGAAAAGAAGGCTGTCC Reverse ATAATGGCCGTGTCGCTTCG
N-cadherin Forward AGCGCAGTCTTACCGAAGG Aldh3a2 Forward GCGGAGGATGGTGCAAGAG
Reverse TCGCTGCTTTCATACTGAACTTT Reverse CATTGAGTTCACTTTTGCTCAGG
Vimentin Forward CGGCTGCGAGAGAAATTGC Acox1 Forward CCGCCACCTTCAATCCAGAG
Reverse CCACTTTCCGTTCAAGGTCAAG Reverse CAAGTTCTCGATTTCTCGACGG
Snai1 Forward CACACGCTGCCTTGTGTCT Hadh Forward TCAAGCATGTGACCGTCATCG
Reverse GGTCAGCAAAAGCACGGTT Reverse TGGATTTTGCCAGGATGTCTTC
Snai2 Forward TGGTCAAGAAACATTTCAACGCC Acaa2 Forward CTGCTACGAGGTGTGTTCATC
Reverse GGTGAGGATCTCTGGTTTTGGTA Reverse AGCTCTGCATGACATTGCCC
Twist1 Forward GGACAAGCTGAGCAAGATTCA Cpt1a Forward CTCCGCCTGAGCCATGAAG
Reverse CGGAGAAGGCGTAGCTGAG Reverse CACCAGTGATGATGCCATTCT
Twist2 Forward CGCTACAGCAAGAAATCGAGC
Reverse GCTGAGCTTGTCAGAGGGG
), ArticleFig(id=1201124493784740757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124483861016770, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sequence of RT-PCR primers. Actb: Actin beta; Zeb1: Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1; Zeb2: Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2; Acox1: Acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1; Hadh: Hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase; Acaa2: Acetyl CoA acyltransferase 2; Cpt1a: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a; Aldh3a2: Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member A2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Primer sequence (5′ to 3′)Gene Primer sequence (5′ to 3′)
Actb Forward ACCACACCTTCTACAATGAG Zeb1 Forward GCTGGCAAGACAACGTGAAAG
Reverse ACGACCAGAGGCATACAG Reverse GCCTCAGGATAAATGACGGC
E-cadherin Forward CAGGTCTCCTCATGGCTTTGC Zeb2 Forward ATTGCACATCAGACTTTGAGGAA
Reverse CTTCCGAAAAGAAGGCTGTCC Reverse ATAATGGCCGTGTCGCTTCG
N-cadherin Forward AGCGCAGTCTTACCGAAGG Aldh3a2 Forward GCGGAGGATGGTGCAAGAG
Reverse TCGCTGCTTTCATACTGAACTTT Reverse CATTGAGTTCACTTTTGCTCAGG
Vimentin Forward CGGCTGCGAGAGAAATTGC Acox1 Forward CCGCCACCTTCAATCCAGAG
Reverse CCACTTTCCGTTCAAGGTCAAG Reverse CAAGTTCTCGATTTCTCGACGG
Snai1 Forward CACACGCTGCCTTGTGTCT Hadh Forward TCAAGCATGTGACCGTCATCG
Reverse GGTCAGCAAAAGCACGGTT Reverse TGGATTTTGCCAGGATGTCTTC
Snai2 Forward TGGTCAAGAAACATTTCAACGCC Acaa2 Forward CTGCTACGAGGTGTGTTCATC
Reverse GGTGAGGATCTCTGGTTTTGGTA Reverse AGCTCTGCATGACATTGCCC
Twist1 Forward GGACAAGCTGAGCAAGATTCA Cpt1a Forward CTCCGCCTGAGCCATGAAG
Reverse CGGAGAAGGCGTAGCTGAG Reverse CACCAGTGATGATGCCATTCT
Twist2 Forward CGCTACAGCAAGAAATCGAGC
Reverse GCTGAGCTTGTCAGAGGGG
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4T1细胞的骨播散型细胞的特征研究
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王卓 1 , 李娴静 2 , 李岩 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(3): 608-615
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(3): 608-615
4T1细胞的骨播散型细胞的特征研究
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王卓1, 李娴静2, 李岩1, *
作者信息
  • 1.南京中医药大学药学院, 江苏 南京 210023
  • 2.中国药科大学, 多靶标天然药物国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 211198

通讯作者:

*李岩, Tel: 86-25-52362182, E-mail:
The characteristics of bone disseminated cells of 4T1
Zhuo WANG1, Xian-jing LI2, Yan LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2. State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
出版时间: 2024-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1178
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基于小鼠乳腺癌4T1细胞骨转移的潜能, 通过6-巯基嘌呤筛选, 获得骨髓中播散的4T1细胞。通过形态学观察、增殖实验、上皮细胞及间充质细胞标志物表达、转录组测序及成瘤实验等研究骨髓中播散的4T1细胞的特征。结果表明, 转移至骨髓中的4T1细胞相比未转移的4T1细胞, 其细胞偏圆, 呈纺锤状, 增殖率、迁移能力降低, 上皮细胞黏附分子(epithelial cell adhesion molecule, EpCAM)、E钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin) 表达降低, N钙黏蛋白(N-cadherin) 表达增加, 但波形蛋白(vimentin) 无明显变化, 具有部分上皮间充质转化特征。此外, 骨髓中的4T1细胞具有较高脂肪酸代谢和较强成瘤性的特征。本研究为乳腺癌转移的基础研究奠定实验基础。本论文所有动物实验均符合中国药科大学动物伦理委员会标准。

乳腺癌  /  骨转移  /  播散性乳腺癌细胞  /  上皮间充质转化  /  脂肪酸代谢

Based on bone metastasis potential of mouse breast cancer 4T1 cells, the bone disseminated breast tumor cells 4T1 (B-4T1) were acquired through the screening of 6-mercaptopurine. The characteristics of B-4T1 were studied by morphological observation, proliferation assay, expression of epithelial and mesenchymal cell markers detection, transcriptome sequencing, and tumor formation experiments. The results showed that B-4T1 was round and spindle-shaped than primary 4T1 cells, and its proliferation rate was reduced, as well as epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and E-cadherin expression. The transcript level of N-cadherin was increased in the B-4T1, but not vimentin, indicating that B-4T1 had partial epithelial mesenchymal transition. Besides, B-4T1 had higher fatty acid metabolism and better tumor formation capacity. This study lays the experimental foundation for the basic study of metastasis in breast cancer. All animal experiments in this paper were conducted in accordance with the standards of the Animal Ethics Committee of China Pharmaceutical University.

breast cancer  /  bone metastasis  /  disseminated breast tumor cell  /  epithelial mesenchymal transition  /  fatty acid metabolism
王卓, 李娴静, 李岩. 4T1细胞的骨播散型细胞的特征研究. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (3) : 608 -615 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1178
Zhuo WANG, Xian-jing LI, Yan LI. The characteristics of bone disseminated cells of 4T1[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (3) : 608 -615 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1178
乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤, 其占女性癌症的31%, 并以每年0.5%的速度持续增加[1]。骨转移是导致乳腺癌患者死亡的主要原因。根据美国癌症协会(American Cancer Society, ACS) 的统计数据显示, 乳腺癌患者5年生存率为91%, 10年生存率为84%, 然而具有骨转移的乳腺癌患者生存期明显缩短, 存在骨转移的乳腺癌患者中位生存期仅为36个月[2]。目前, 主要的骨转移疗法是抑制肿瘤细胞骨吸收, 如双膦酸盐药物唑来膦酸或核因子κB受体活化因子配体(receptor activator of nuclear factor-κ B ligand, RANKL) 抑制剂地诺单抗[3]。这两种治疗方法尽管可以提高患者的生活质量, 但患者生存期并未延长。因此, 深入研究乳腺癌骨转移的发生机制, 实施早期有效治疗具有重要意义。
乳腺癌骨转移的发生发展涉及多个级联步骤, 包括: 乳腺癌细胞获得侵袭表型, 进而从原发灶脱落, 形成循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cells, CTCs) 或细胞团(circulating tumor microemboli, CTM) 从原发肿瘤侵袭到周围组织, 然后内渗入血管或淋巴循环, 进而从循环系统逃逸、外渗, 作为播散性乳腺癌细胞(disseminated tumor cells, DTCs) 适应骨微环境, 部分DTCs适应过程中先处于休眠状态, 在微环境动态作用下, 休眠性DTCs再激活增殖形成骨转移灶[4]。其中, DTCs适应骨微环境是乳腺癌骨转移的限速步骤和最复杂的步骤, 但其潜在机制尚不清楚。因此, 本研究拟建立小鼠乳腺癌骨转移模型, 获得骨髓中DTCs, 解析其生物学特征, 为乳腺癌骨转移的治疗提供实验基础和理论依据。
本研究基于4T1细胞6-巯基嘌呤(6-mercaptopurine, 6-MP) 耐药的特性, 获得乳腺癌骨转移细胞B-4T1。通过形态学观察、转录组测序等发现骨髓中的4T1具有脂肪酸代谢增加的特征。本研究为乳腺癌骨转移的基础研究奠定实验基础。
试剂  DMEM培养基、FBS血清(BI公司); 青霉素-链霉素双抗(苏州新赛美生物科技有限公司); SRB、6-MP (Sigma公司); Live/dead Near IR染料、上皮细胞黏附分子(epithelial cell adhesion molecule, EpCAM) 抗体(赛默飞世尔科技公司); 引物(金斯瑞生物科技股份有限公司); 反转录试剂(宝生物工程大连有限公司); RNA提取试剂盒、PCR试剂盒(南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司); RNA转录组测序(上海伯豪生物技术有限公司); 白细胞分化抗原3 (cluster of differentiation 3, CD3)、白细胞分化抗原45 (cluster of differentiation 45, CD45)、白细胞分化抗原11b (cluster of differentiation 11b, CD11b)、淋巴细胞抗原6复合体(lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, Ly6G) 抗体购自Biolegend公司。
仪器  倒置显微镜(德国Leica公司); 多功能酶标仪(瑞士Tecan公司); Attune NxT (Thermo Fisher公司)。
动物  SPF级Balb/c, 5~6周龄(18~20 g), 雌性, 购自上海斯莱克实验动物责任有限公司, 动物合格编号20170005049956, 许可证号SCXK (沪) 2017-0005。小鼠饲养于独立通风笼盒, 实验室温度24~26 ℃, 相对湿度60%~80%, 每小时空气交换次数10~12次, 保持12 h昼夜交替。所有动物实验均符合中国药科大学动物伦理委员会标准, 伦理编号为B20230913-1。
细胞株  4T1细胞购买自中国科学院细胞库。
细胞培养  将1.25×105个4T1细胞溶于100 μL磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS) 中, 皮下接种至Balb/c小鼠(6~8周) 左侧腋下, 30天后解剖, 取小鼠股骨和胫骨, 用无菌PBS冲洗骨髓至无菌50 mL离心管内。300 ×g、4 ℃离心5 min, 沉降取出骨髓细胞, 吹打混匀, 在含有60 μmol·L-1 6-巯鸟嘌呤(6-thioguanine, 6-TG) 的选择培养基(DMEM+10% FBS+1%双抗) 中培养, 筛选转移至骨髓的播散性肿瘤细胞。
乳腺癌皮下瘤模型  将1.25×105个4T1及B-4T1细胞分别溶于100 μL PBS中, 皮下接种至Balb/c小鼠(6~8周) 左侧腋下, 隔天测量肿瘤的长径(a) 和短径(b), 瘤体积计算公式为0.5×a×b2。接瘤后第15天解剖小鼠, 取肿瘤、脾脏称重。
SRB检测细胞增殖  取出96孔板, 100 μL培养基加50 μL 30% TCA溶液; 4 ℃固定1 h; 弃去上清; 水洗5次; 37 ℃烘箱烘1~3 h; 加SRB 100 μL, 染色40 min~2 h; 1%乙酸200 μL, 洗5次, 烘干; 加100 μL Tris-Base; 摇床转10 min, 洗脱均匀; 570 nm处读数。
流式细胞术  取下的脾脏用注射器头部研磨, 2 mL PBS重悬混匀, 放入5 mL离心管中, 加入Fc block进行封闭; 封闭后加入live/dead Near IR染料冰上孵育20 min, 进行死活细胞标记; PBS洗1次后, 加入CD3、CD45、CD11b、Ly6G流式抗体冰上孵育30 min, PBS洗2次后上机。
RNA提取、RT-qPCR及转录组测序  实验步骤按照说明书提取RNA。核酸定量仪检测RNA浓度, 采用逆转录试剂盒将RNA逆转为cDNA, RT-qPCR检测细胞及组织中的上皮间充质转化(epithelial mesenchymal transition, EMT) 及脂肪酸代谢相关基因RNA表达水平变化。实验结果以2-ΔΔCt方法计算, 以β-actin进行校准, 引物序列如表 1所示。
统计学分析  使用GraphPad Prism 8.0统计分析各项实验数据和作图, 每组数据以均值±标准误表示, 两组独立样本之间采用t检验, 多组样本间采用单因素方差分析, 以P < 0. 05认为有统计学意义。
构建小鼠4T1皮下瘤20只, 30天后, 取皮下瘤小鼠的股骨与胫骨, 加含60 μmol·L-1 6-TG培养基培养7天, 骨髓细胞在6-TG作用下发生凋亡, 而4T1细胞具有6-TG的抵抗性, 继续生长, 筛选流程如图 1A所示。显微镜下观察细胞, 骨髓中的4T1细胞(B-4T1) 偏纺锤形, 有间充质的形态特征(图 1B)。进一步通过SRB方法比较4T1与4T1增殖速率。实验结果显示, B-4T1细胞增殖速率低于4T1 (图 1C)。划痕实验结果显示, B-4T1细胞迁移能力降低(图 1DE)。
将获得的B-4T1与4T1细胞进行全转录组测序, 比较其基因表达差异。火山图结果显示, B-4T1上调基因数有267个, 下调基因数有256个(图 2A)。差异基因热图如图 2B所示。将差异基因进一步进行KEGG pathway富集分析, 结果显示, B-4T1差异基因在脂肪酸代谢、磷酸戊糖通路、糖胺聚糖生物合成及不饱和脂肪酸的生物合成通路中显著富集(rich factor > 3) (图 2C)。
已有文献研究表明, 转移至骨髓中的肿瘤细胞具有较强的成瘤性[5]。为考察B-4T1细胞的成瘤性, 将4T1及B-4T1分别接至Balb/c小鼠皮下, 监测其肿瘤生长。结果显示, 接种B-4T1, 8只小鼠皮下均有可触及的肿瘤, 而4T1则只有6只。B-4T1肿瘤生长速度及瘤重亦显著高于4T1 (图 3A~C)。B-4T1小鼠脾脏重量显著高于4T1及正常对照组(图 3DE)。流式分析脾脏中免疫细胞组成比例, 结果显示B-4T1脾脏CD3+ T细胞比例降低、髓源性抑制细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cell, MDSC) 比例增加(图 3FG)。此外, 外周血流式分析结果亦显示, 相对于健康小鼠及4T1荷瘤小鼠, B-4T1的MDSC比例增加, 而T细胞的比例则降低(图 3HI)。以上结果表明, B-4T1具有较高的成瘤性, 增加免疫抑制性细胞比例, 降低T细胞比例, 促进免疫抑制。
由于B-4T1是4T1的骨播散性细胞, 因此进一步探究其EMT特征。使用流式细胞术检测B-4T1上皮细胞标志物EpCAM表达水平, 结果显示B-4T1几乎不表达EpCAM, 其EpCAM表达阳性率显著低于4T1 (图 4A)。RT-qPCR实验结果显示, B-4T1细胞上皮标志物E钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin) 表达降低, 间充质细胞标志物N钙黏蛋白(N-cadherin)、Snai1表达增加, 但vimentin、Snai2、Twist1、Twist2无显著变化(图 4B), 表明4T1上皮细胞发生部分间充质转化, 即部分上皮间充质转化(partial epithelial mesenchymal transition, pEMT)。进一步分析4T1与B-4T1皮下瘤组织中的E-cadherin、N-cadherin、vimentin、Snai1、Snai2、Twist1及Twist2的基因水平, 结果显示B-4T1肿瘤组织中上皮细胞E-cadherin显著降低, 而N-cadherin、转录因子Twist1则显著增加(图 4C)。同时, 生信分析结果显示, Twist1高表达的乳腺癌患者其预后较差(图 4D)。以上结果表明, B-4T1肿瘤组织中也具有部分EMT的特征。
为进一步考察B-4T1肿瘤组织的特征, 采用转录组测序测定4T1与B-4T1肿瘤组织中的基因表达。结果显示, B-4T1相比4T1肿瘤, 有35个基因上调, 123个基因下调(图 5A)。GSEA分析结果显示, B-4T1肿瘤显著富集于脂肪酸代谢通路(图 5B), 该通路相关差异基因热图如图 5C所示。使用RT-PCR进一步验证B-4T1与4T1细胞及肿瘤组织脂肪酸代谢通路相关基因表达, 结果显示, B-4T1细胞乙酰辅酶A酰基转移酶2 (acetyl CoA acyltransferase 2, Acaa2)、肉碱棕榈酰转移酶1a (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a, Cpt1a) 基因表达显著高于4T1细胞, B-4T1肿瘤组织中醛脱氢酶3家族成员A2 (aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member A2, Aldh3a2)、Cpt1a基因表达显著高于4T1肿瘤组织(图 5DE), 表明B-4T1细胞及肿瘤组织中, 脂肪酸代谢通路均发生活化。对B-4T1中显著高表达的基因Cpt1a进行乳腺癌患者的总体存活率分析, 结果显示Cpt1a高表达患者的存活率显著降低(图 5F)。
骨中播散性肿瘤细胞不仅仅是骨转移的起始细胞, 同时被认为是肿瘤全身转移的起始细胞, 其具有二次转移的潜力, 靶向骨中播散性肿瘤细胞能够抑制骨转移及继发性转移[5]。目前, 关于骨中播散性肿瘤细胞形成的机制尚不清楚。本研究基于4T1的6-TG耐药性, 筛选获得小鼠乳腺癌4T1的骨内播散性肿瘤细胞。通过形态学观察、转录组测序等发现骨髓中的4T1失去上皮细胞的特征, 几乎不表达EpCAM, 低表达E-cadherin且增殖速率降低。通过成瘤性实验及肿瘤组织转录组测序发现骨中播散性肿瘤细胞成瘤性更强, 且具有较高的脂肪酸代谢特征。后续将进一步验证脂肪酸代谢在肿瘤细胞pEMT及骨中播散的作用。
EMT被认为是肿瘤细胞发生转移的重要过程[6]。该过程可观察到上皮细胞顶端和基底外侧极性丧失, 增殖速度降低, 细胞黏附破坏, 骨架重构, 成为间充质细胞。间充质细胞能够抵抗化疗, 是临床肿瘤化疗后肿瘤复发的关键因素[7]。最近研究表明, EMT是一个逐渐发生的过程, 其特征是细胞在发生EMT过程中, 同时表达上皮细胞和间充质细胞的标志物, 并表现出中间形态、转录和表观遗传特征[8, 9]。本研究中观察到骨髓中的4T1细胞形态具有部分间充质特征, 且低表达E-cadherin, 高表达N-cadherin及Snai1, 但vimentin、Snai2、Twist1、Twist2、Zeb1及Zeb2未见增加, 皮下瘤组织中神经黏蛋白N-cadherin及EMT转录因子Twist1增加, 但Snai1、Snai12、Twist1、Zeb1及Zeb2无显著变化, 表明骨髓中播散的4T1未完全发生间充质转化, 仅发生部分EMT, 可能处于EMT的中间状态。
脂肪酸由烃链和末端羧基组成, 主要以偶数碳的形式存在, 是能量储存、细胞膜形成和信号分子合成所必需的[10]。肿瘤细胞偏好从头合成脂肪酸, 从而进一步用于膜和信号分子的生物合成, 促进其存活、增殖等功能。大部分细胞膜脂质是磷脂, 如磷脂酰胆碱和磷脂酰乙醇胺, 脂肪酸是磷脂合成的主要成分。研究表明, 肿瘤细胞细胞膜具有更高比例的不饱和脂肪酸, 这种脂质特征减少了具有细胞毒性和促炎活性的反应性醛的产生, 联合增强了抗氧化酶活性, 抑制脂质过氧化损伤, 增强肿瘤细胞的存活。此外, 脂肪酸在脂酰辅酶A合成酶的催化下进行辅酶A的共价修饰从而转化为三酰甘油或甾醇酯, 然后储存在脂滴中, 保护肿瘤细胞免于铁死亡[11, 12]。研究表明, 肿瘤细胞可通过上调脂肪酸氧化使肿瘤细胞在能量应激条件下存活。增加的脂肪酸氧化通过控制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路刺激结肠癌干细胞相关基因表达[13]。Cpt1a是脂肪酸在线粒体中转运和氧化的关键酶, 敲低Cpt1a显著抑制肿瘤增殖[14]。此外, 抑制乙醛脱氢酶(Aldh3a2) 可降低NF-κB的水平, 显著降低脂肪酸的含量, 从而降低肿瘤细胞干性, 抑制肿瘤形成[15]。因此, 脂肪酸通过调控肿瘤细胞细胞膜成分、信号分子等方式促进肿瘤细胞的增殖及干性形成。
肿瘤细胞的代谢方式与肿瘤远端转移密切相关[16]。骨髓播散性肿瘤细胞可以改变其代谢方式, 即发生代谢重编程以适应环境变化, 包括氧化压力或营养可用性。本研究基于转录组测序发现骨内播散性肿瘤细胞脂肪酸代谢增加, 通过RT-qPCR进一步验证该结果。其中, Cpt1a在体外培养的B-4T1细胞及B-4T1肿瘤组织中均显著高于4T1。Cpt1a催化长链脂肪酸与肉碱生成脂酰肉碱, 是脂肪酸氧化的限速酶[17]。B-4T1可能通过脂肪酸β氧化作为能量的主要来源, 或依赖于脂肪酸代谢产生的磷酸肌醇、溶血磷脂酸和前列腺素等促进肿瘤细胞存活。其具体机制待进一步研究。
作者贡献: 王卓负责实验操作、数据处理及文章撰写; 李娴静协助动物实验及流式数据分析; 李岩负责提供研究思路和文章的修改。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金资助项目(82003788)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金资助项目(82304800)
  • 江苏省高等学校基础科学(自然科学) 研究面上项目(23KJB360014)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1178
  • 接收时间:2023-10-17
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-17
  • 修回日期:2024-01-11
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国家自然科学基金青年科学基金资助项目(82003788)
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金资助项目(82304800)
江苏省高等学校基础科学(自然科学) 研究面上项目(23KJB360014)
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    1.南京中医药大学药学院, 江苏 南京 210023
    2.中国药科大学, 多靶标天然药物国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 211198

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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