Article(id=1200860509416321991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200860506031518620, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1132, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1696003200000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-30, revisedDate=1703001600000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764237056353, onlineDateStr=2025-11-27, pubDate=1715443200000, pubDateStr=2024-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764237056353, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764237056353, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764237056353, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200860506031518620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='5', pageStart='1101', pageEnd='1508', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764237055547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764241222263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200877982563824311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200860506031518620, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200877982563824312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200860506031518620, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1163, endPage=1175, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200860511496696816, articleId=1200860509416321991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research advances of pentacyclic triterpenoid natural products, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pentacyclic triterpenoids are a class of widespread natural compounds containing six isoprene structures with a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antitumor, immune regulation, etc. The structural modifications of pentacyclic triterpenoid natural products and the drug development have always been a hot research topic. This article reviews the recent progresses in the structural modifications, pharmacological effects, and clinical studies of different kinds of pentacyclic triterpenoid natural products.

, correspAuthors=Chun-lin ZHUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-xin DING, Bai-lin DU, Jiao LI, Chun-lin ZHUANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200860516496306353, articleId=1200860509416321991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=五环三萜类天然产物研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

五环三萜类化合物是自然界广泛存在的一类含有六个异戊二烯五环结构的重要天然产物, 具有广泛的药理活性, 包括抗菌、抗炎、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、免疫调节等。基于五环三萜类天然产物的结构修饰及新药开发一直是国内外研究的热点。本文综述了近年来不同种类五环三萜天然产物的结构修饰、药理作用以及临床研究的相关进展。

, correspAuthors=庄春林, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*庄春林, Tel: 86-21-81871204, E-mail:
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五环三萜类天然产物研究进展
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丁雯昕 , 杜柏霖 , 李娇 , 庄春林 *
药学学报 | 综述 2024,59(5): 1163-1175
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药学学报 | 综述 2024, 59(5): 1163-1175
五环三萜类天然产物研究进展
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丁雯昕, 杜柏霖, 李娇, 庄春林*
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  • 中国人民解放军海军军医大学药学院, 上海 200433

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*庄春林, Tel: 86-21-81871204, E-mail:
Research advances of pentacyclic triterpenoid natural products
Wen-xin DING, Bai-lin DU, Jiao LI, Chun-lin ZHUANG*
Affiliations
  • School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
出版时间: 2024-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1132
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五环三萜类化合物是自然界广泛存在的一类含有六个异戊二烯五环结构的重要天然产物, 具有广泛的药理活性, 包括抗菌、抗炎、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、免疫调节等。基于五环三萜类天然产物的结构修饰及新药开发一直是国内外研究的热点。本文综述了近年来不同种类五环三萜天然产物的结构修饰、药理作用以及临床研究的相关进展。

五环三萜  /  结构修饰  /  生物活性  /  临床研究  /  研究进展

Pentacyclic triterpenoids are a class of widespread natural compounds containing six isoprene structures with a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antitumor, immune regulation, etc. The structural modifications of pentacyclic triterpenoid natural products and the drug development have always been a hot research topic. This article reviews the recent progresses in the structural modifications, pharmacological effects, and clinical studies of different kinds of pentacyclic triterpenoid natural products.

pentacyclic triterpene  /  structural modification  /  biological activity  /  clinical study  /  research progress
丁雯昕, 杜柏霖, 李娇, 庄春林. 五环三萜类天然产物研究进展. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (5) : 1163 -1175 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1132
Wen-xin DING, Bai-lin DU, Jiao LI, Chun-lin ZHUANG. Research advances of pentacyclic triterpenoid natural products[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (5) : 1163 -1175 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1132
五环三萜类化合物是一类含有六个异戊二烯五环结构的重要天然产物, 广泛存在于果蔬及药用植物中, 如雷公藤、栀子、白桦树等。按照其化学结构, 五环三萜可以分为四大类(图 1): 木栓烷型(friedelane), 如雷公藤红素、坡模醇酸等; 乌苏烷型(ursane), 如熊果酸、积雪草酸等; 羽扇豆烷型(upane), 如白桦脂酸、白桦脂醇等; 齐墩果烷型(oleanane), 如齐墩果酸、甘草酸和山楂酸等。天然来源的五环三萜类化合物在抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗菌、护肝等方面表现出了较强的药理活性。近年来, 国内外学者对天然来源的五环三萜类化合物进行了诸多结构改造, 针对这些药理活性获得了不同种类的高活性衍生物, 为五环三萜类化合物的进一步开发奠定了基础。本文将从五环三萜类化合物的结构类型及改造、临床研究进展等两个方面进行综述。
雷公藤红素(celastrol, CEL, 图 2), 又称南蛇藤素, 是从雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f.) 根皮中分离得到的天然产物。研究发现, 雷公藤红素具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、减肥等药理作用, 还具有治疗神经退行性疾病和2型糖尿病的作用等。目前, 雷公藤红素的结构改造主要集中在C-3位、C-6位和C-29位[1-3]
Xu等[4]采用分子杂交策略将雷公藤红素C-29位羧基通过不同的烷基链与阿魏酸甲酯及其衍生物相连得到了一系列酯类衍生物(图 2)。其中, 化合物1显示出了最佳的体外抗肿瘤活性, 对人乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7)、人非小细胞肺癌细胞(A549)、人肝癌细胞(HepG2) 的IC50分别为0.17 ± 0.03、0.15 ± 0.03和0.26 ± 0.02 μmol·L-1。在1 μmol·L-1的浓度下, 化合物1对MCF-7细胞作用48 h体外抑制率达到了87.7%。作用机制研究发现, 雷公藤红素可以抑制热休克蛋白90 (heat shock protein 90, Hsp90) 和细胞分裂周期蛋白37 (cell division cycle 37, Cdc37) 之间的相互作用而发挥药效[5]。Hsp90是一种蛋白伴侣, 被认为是抗肿瘤热门靶点之一, 一般情况下, Hsp90需要与Cdc37形成一个复合物, 以确保客户蛋白的正确折叠和成熟。因此, 通过破坏Hsp90-Cdc37的相互作用调节客户蛋白的表达进而抑制与肿瘤发生发展相关的激酶, 如磷酸化蛋白激酶B (phosphorylate protein kinase B, p-Akt)、周期蛋白依赖激酶4 (cyclin-dependent kinases 4, Cdk4), 将细胞周期阻滞在G0/G1期, 从而抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖。为进一步对Hsp90-Cdc37阻断剂进行优化, Li等[6]用肉桂酸替换阿魏酸, 化合物2的体外抗肿瘤活性最佳(IC50 = 0.41~0.94 μmol·L-1), 进一步实验发现化合物2更容易与Cdc37发生共价结合而发挥阻断Hsp90-Cdc37的作用。Jiang等[7]设计并合成了一系列雷公藤红素C-29位酰胺衍生物, 评价了化合物的抗肿瘤活性并研究了对Hsp90-Cdc37激酶复合物形成的阻断作用。其中, 化合物3对多种肿瘤细胞系均表现出较好的抑制活性, 对Hsp90-Cdc37激酶复合物形成的阻断作用最强(IC50 = 4.71 ± 0.14 μmol·L-1), 在人胰腺癌细胞(Panc-1) 中能够诱导伴侣蛋白降解、使细胞周期阻滞在G0/G1期并诱导凋亡。
Li等[8]在雷公藤红素C-29位引入了肉桂酰胺片段, 活性研究表明化合物4的活性最强, 能够显著抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖, 降低卵巢癌干细胞生物标记物醛脱氢酶(aldehyde dehydrogenase, ALDH)、归巢细胞黏附分子(homing cell adhesion molecule, CD44)、有凸素1 (prominin-1, CD133) 的百分比。Wang等[9]将C-29位引入氨基酸片段, 并在C-3位与异丁酸成酯, 得到了两个系列的雷公藤红素氨基酸酰胺衍生物。这两个系列的衍生物对肿瘤细胞均具有较好的抗增殖活性, 对人正常肝细胞(L02) 的毒性明显降低, 较雷公藤红素有所改善。化合物5对四种肿瘤细胞系: 人胃癌细胞(SGC7901)、人胃癌细胞(HGC27)、人肝癌细胞(BEL7402) 和HepG2均表现出较好的抗增殖活性, IC50值分别为0.733 ± 0.312、0.359 ± 0.032、2.450 ± 0.246和1.410 ± 0.211 μmol·L-1。Su等[10]在雷公藤红素C-6修饰和C-2/C-3乙酰化获得一系列衍生物, 其中化合物6 (图 2) 对人骨肉瘤细胞(HOS) 具有最强的抑制作用(IC50 = 0.82 ± 0.02 μmol·L-1), 提示其可能作为骨肉瘤治疗候选药物的潜力。Li等[11]设计并合成了一系列雷公藤红素-三唑衍生物, 其中, 化合物7对人乳腺癌细胞(MDA-MB-231) 具有最强的抗增殖活性(IC50 = 0.34 ± 0.01 μmol·L-1)。7可破坏Hsp90-Cdc37的相互作用, 调节Hsp90的客户蛋白p-Akt和Cdk4的水平, 将MDA-MB-231细胞抑制在G0/G1期, 诱导细胞凋亡。进一步的研究表明, 作者解释了7活性增加的初步原因, 可能是其与半胱氨酸的共价结合增强。化合物8是该课题组报道的一种雷公藤红素咪唑衍生物[12], 该化合物抗增殖能力高, 其对于A549的IC50值为0.54 ± 0.08 μmol·L-1; 共价结合能力、Hsp90-Cdc37抑制能力均较好。8可降低Cdk4的水平, 将细胞周期阻滞在G0/G1期, 也能直接与Hsp90结合。在A549裸鼠移植瘤模型, 8在1 mg·kg-1时体内的抗肿瘤活性较好, 肿瘤生长抑制率达到68.3%, 优于雷公藤红素(52.7%, 1 mg·kg-1), 且未表现出明显毒性。
熊果酸(ursolic acid, UA, 图 3), 又名乌苏酸, 在自然界分布广泛, 目前已从栀子、连翘、枇杷、白花蛇舌草、山楂、熊果、夏枯草、百里香等植物中提取到熊果酸[13]。熊果酸具有抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗氧化等多种药理活性且毒性小。近年来科学家对熊果酸分子进行了一系列的修饰改造, 改造位点多集中在C-2、C-3、C-28位。
Nascimento等[14]将熊果酸C-3位羧基酯化, 测试了其对12种菌株的抑制活性。其中, 化合物9对除金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC 12624, ATCC 6538) 之外的所有测试菌株均显示出显著的活性, 其最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC) 值为24 μg·mL-1, 其对大肠杆菌(ATCC 25922) 和福氏链球菌(ATCC 12022) 的MIC值32 μg·mL-1, 对肺炎克雷伯菌(ATCC 10031) 的MIC值为64 μg·mL-1。熊果酸可增强金葡菌、表皮葡萄球菌和单核增生李斯特菌对β-内酰胺抗生素氨苄西林和氧西西林的敏感性[15]。化合物9也可以与氨基糖苷类抗生素的合用, 并增强抗生素对菌株的作用[14]。Wu等[16]在熊果酸的C-2、C-3位分别进行琼斯氧化(Jones oxidation) 和克莱森-施密特反应(Claisen-Schmidt reaction), 获得了15种衍生物。活性研究表明, 化合物10具有最强的α-葡萄糖苷酶(α-glucosidase, α-GC) 抑制活性(IC50 = 3.32 ± 0.17 μmol·L-1)。α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂(α-glucosidase inhibitors, AGIs) 通过抑制小肠黏膜刷状缘的α-GC以延缓碳水化合物的吸收, 从而降低餐后血糖。该类抑制剂的主要特点包括平稳降糖、安全性高、保护胰岛细胞, 以及可有效降低餐后血糖, 降低心血管并发症的发生率, 是少数可干预糖耐量受损的降糖手段[17]
Rashid等[18]针对熊果酸C-28位设计合成了一系列熊果酸三唑衍生物, 在四种人肿瘤细胞系[A549、MCF-7、结肠癌细胞(HCT-116)、白血病细胞(THP-1)] 进行活性筛选发现, 化合物11~13表现出较好抗肿瘤活性。为增加脂溶性, Dwivedi等[19]将熊果酸C-3、C-28位同时酯化得到系列衍生物, 其中化合物14~18对萘啶酸耐药大肠杆菌的具有抑制活性, 能够提高萘啶酸在抗萘啶酸大肠杆菌菌株(DH5α) 和萘啶酸敏感菌株(CA8000) 中的抑菌活性, 对耐药性的逆转能力是通过抑制细菌外排泵而实现。Chen等[20]报道了熊果酸酰胺衍生物19, 对体外骨肉瘤细胞和体内骨肉瘤模型均有较好的抑制活性。该化合物通过特异性下调c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase, JNK) 信号通路抑制骨肉瘤细胞的增殖并诱导细胞凋亡。
Li等[21]对熊果酸哌嗪衍生物FZU3010 (20) 抑制乳腺癌的活性进行了研究。在两种人乳腺癌细胞(SUM149PT、HCC1937) 细胞系中, 该化合物的IC50为4~6 μmol·L-1, 且对正常人胚肺成纤维细胞(HELF) 未显示明显毒性。在5 μmol·L-1浓度下, 对两个细胞系的诱导凋亡能力强于UA及对照药多西他赛。FZU3010可以将细胞阻滞在S和G0/G1期, 从而诱导细胞凋亡。
Bitencourt等[22]对3-肟-熊果酸(21) 的抗阴道滴虫活性进行了研究。研究发现, 21在100 μmol·L-1浓度下, 对ATCC 30236细胞有100%的抑制作用, MIC值为25 μmol·L-1。甲硝唑片对阴道毛滴虫有较好的杀灭作用, 可抑制厌氧微生物生长, 使其蛋白质被氧化, 但该药单用时容易破坏阴道菌群平衡, 停药后易复发, 而21可以完全抑制甲硝唑耐药的阴道毛滴虫TV-LACM2R分离株的活力, MIC值为12.5 μmol·L-1。单独孵育15 μmol·L-1甲硝唑时, 寄生虫的存活率降低了约10%。然而, 当15 μmol·L-1甲硝唑和6.25 μmol·L-1化合物21联用时, 观察到更强的抗阴道毛滴虫活性, 表明21和甲硝唑的协同作用。为了研究21的杀伤机制是否与膜损伤有关, Bitencourt等[22]进行了溶血试验, 在孵育1 h后, 化合物21在25 μmol·L-1时没有诱导红细胞裂解, 说明杀伤机制与膜损伤无关。
Usmani等[23]发现化合物22能够抑制耐粘菌素鲍曼不动杆菌的生长, 能够抑制并破坏生物膜的生成。化合物22能够通过细胞膜去极化来逆转鲍曼不动杆菌临床菌株的耐药机制。此外, 22还抑制了细菌细胞之间的群体感应(quorum sensing, QS)。因此, 22可用作抗菌剂和抗生物膜剂, 用于预防临床环境中的多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌医院感染。Kahnt等[24]设计并合成了一系列熊果酸与1,4,7,10-四氮杂环十二烷-1,4,7,10-四乙酸(DOTA) 的杂交分子, 其中含有哌嗪基连接子的化合物23的细胞毒性最强, 对黑色素瘤细胞(A375)、卵巢癌细胞(A2780) 的IC50分别为1.5 ± 0.4和1.9 ± 0.3 μmol·L-1
积雪草酸(asiatic acid, AA, 图 4) 是从伞形科植物积雪草中分离所得的具有乌苏烷型骨架的五环三萜类化合物。积雪草酸具有抗癌、降血压、抗脑卒中、抗高血脂、抗糖尿病、保肝、胃保护、肾保护、利尿、神经保护、促智、抗骨质疏松症、抗疟疾、抗真菌、抗病毒和抗败血症等药理作用[25-28]。对肝癌、乳腺癌、人舌鳞癌、卵巢癌、黑色素瘤在内的多种肿瘤细胞的增殖有抑制作用。目前针对积雪草酸的结构改造主要是集中在A环、C-23和C-28位羧基等化学反应活性位点上, 特别是对羟基和羧基同时修饰获得了大量衍生物[29]
Lu等[30]修饰积雪草酸时在其C-28位保留了苄胺, 同时对其A环进行修饰。将C-2位羟基进行甲基化, C-23位和(或) C-3羟基进行氧化, 修饰后获得衍生物对人结肠癌细胞(HCT116) 有良好的抑制活性, 尤其是化合物24 (IC50 = 8.46 ± 1.64 μmol·L-1) 抑制活性是积雪草酸(IC50 = 24.64 ± 3.26 μmol·L-1) 的2.9倍; 以化合物24为先导化合物进行修饰, 将C-23位醛基进一步氧化成羧基后IC50值为16.71 ± 1.68 μmol·L-1, 活性降低了50%; 将羧基酯化获得化合物25后抑制HCT116的活性显著提高(IC50 = 3.07 ± 1.48 μmol·L-1), 是先导化合物24的2.7倍; 将化合物24的C-2位羟基乙酰化后活性可再提高2.8倍(化合物26, 图 4, IC50 = 1.08 ± 0.66 μmol·L-1)。研究人员还发现化合物26还对A2780 (IC50 = 1.28 ± 0.32 μmol·L-1)、HepG2 (IC50 = 1.43 ± 0.32 μmol·L-1)、人早幼粒白血病细胞(HL-60, IC50 = 0.47 ± 0.08 μmol·L-1) 和MCF-7 (IC50 = 3.99 ± 1.21 μmol·L-1) 均有良好的抑制活性, 而对正常的脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC) 没有抑制活性。
Li课题组[31]直接将芳胺引入到了12-羰基积雪草酸的C-28位上, 合成了20个酰胺衍生物。这些衍生物具有广谱的抗肿瘤效果且对正常HUVEC没有毒性。其中, 化合物27对人胃癌细胞(MGC-803, IC50 = 14.33 ± 0.25 μmol·L-1)、人大细胞肺癌细胞(NCI-H460, IC50 = 23.58 ± 0.31 μmol·L-1)、HepG2 (IC50 =5.97 ± 0.34 μmol·L-1)、人宫颈癌细胞(HeLa, IC50 = 28.18 ± 0.083 μmol·L-1) 和人肝癌细胞(BEL-7404, IC50 = 14.13 ± 0.16 μmol·L-1) 的抑制活性均强于阳性药物5-氟尿嘧啶(MGC-803, IC50 = 46.93 ± 2.09 μmol·L-1; NCI-H460, IC50 = 44.04 ± 0.54 μmol·L-1; HepG2, IC50 = 29.98 ± 0.37 μmol·L-1; HeLa, IC50 = 35.34 ± 2.72 μmol·L-1; BEL-7404, IC50 = 40.21 ± 1.98 μmol·L-1)。
Sommerwerk等[32]发现将5-氨基喹啉引入到2,3,23-三乙酰基积雪草酸中得到28 (图 4), 该化合物抑制人黑素瘤细胞(518A2)、人结肠癌细胞(HT29)、MCF-7、A549和A2780的IC50值均达到了纳摩尔水平, 分别为0.19、0.22、0.54、0.29和0.08 μmol·L-1。当与罗丹明B偶联后获得化合物29, 其抑制518A2 (IC50 = 0.006 ± 0.002 μmol·L-1)、A2780 (IC50 = 0.008 ± 0.002 μmol·L-1)、HT29 (IC50 = 0.017 ± 0.013 μmol·L-1) 和MCF-7 (IC50 = 0.012 ± 0.002 μmol·L-1) 的活性较积雪草酸提高了至少1 500倍。
天然白桦酸类化合物主要有白桦脂酸, 又称白桦酸、桦木酸(betulinic acid, BA) 与白桦脂醇(betulin, BN, 图 5)。白桦酸在多种植物中有分布, 尤其是在白桦树叶含量最大。白桦脂醇的分布多集中于白桦树皮, 也作为半合成白桦脂酸的原料。白桦酸类化合物具有良好的抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗HIV活性。
Yang等[33]以白桦脂醇为先导化合物进行结构修饰, 对C-28位上羟基进行酯化, 得到了一系列衍生物。其中, 化合物30的体外抗肿瘤活性最强, 对MGC-803、人前列腺癌细胞(PC3)、人乳腺癌细胞(Bcap37)、A375和MCF-7细胞的IC50分别为4.3 ± 0.4、4.5 ± 0.2、5.2 ± 0.4、7.5 ± 0.6和5.2 ± 0.7 μmol·L-1。机制研究表明, 在10 μmol·L-130对MGC-803细胞作用36 h, 其凋亡率达到31.11%, 与对照药羟喜树碱相当。
Meira等[34]设计合成了一系列白桦脂酸C-28位取代衍生物。体外活性筛选发现, 化合物31对克鲁兹锥形虫抑制作用最强。镜下观察发现, 31 (2和4 μmol·L-1) 处理24 h能够造成克鲁兹锥形虫鞭毛回缩、质膜完整性丧失和身体变形。机制研究表明, 31可通过诱导坏死杀灭克鲁兹锥形虫。此外, 该化合物可以通过浓度依赖性方式抑制小鼠单核巨噬细胞(RAW264.7) 产生一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO) 和肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α), 并降低核因子-κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB) 的活性; 还可以浓度依赖的方式抑制活化淋巴细胞的增殖和白细胞介素-2 (interleukin-2, IL-2)、白细胞介素-4 (IL-4)、白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)、白细胞介素-10 (IL-10)、白细胞介素-17A (IL-17A) 和干扰素-γ (INF-γ) 的分泌。流式细胞术分析表明, 该化合物可诱导细胞周期停滞在前G1期, 而后细胞发生凋亡。在致死性内毒素血症和迟发型超敏反应的小鼠模型中, 该化合物的体内免疫抑制作用明显[35]
Yue等[36]通过对白桦脂酸C-3的改造, 得到化合物32。在PM2.5诱导小鼠慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD) 模型中, 32能够抑制小鼠肺泡隔损伤、炎性渗出与炎症细胞浸润。32通过下调炎症分子和增加抗氧化因子减轻PM2.5诱导的肺部炎症和损伤。
桦木酸的衍生物33, 具有多种生物活性。Chen等[37]发现, 33通过抑制抗原特异性T细胞反应和T细胞分化以及破骨细胞生成, 大大改善了胶原蛋白诱导的关节炎(collagen induced arthritis, CIA)。机制研究发现, 33有效抑制了信号传导及转录激活蛋白3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, STAT3), 信号传导及转录激活蛋白1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, STAT1) 和酪氨酸蛋白激酶2 (janus kinase2, JAK2) 的激活, 从而调节T细胞分化。另外, 33还能通过降低破骨细胞分化和活化来抑制骨吸收。Li等[38]使用小鼠实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, EAE) 模型筛选了30多种白桦脂酸衍生物, 发现化合物33效果最佳, 是抑制T细胞17 (Th17) 分化最有效的化合物。进一步研究发现, 该化合物在促进调节性T细胞(Treg) 分化的同时抑制辅助性T细胞-1 (Th-1) 和Th17。与此同时, 它可通过抑制STAT3和NF-κB通路并促进STAT5通路来抑制Th17并通过抑制视黄酸受体相关孤儿受体-γt (retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-γt, ROR-γt) 的转录来促进Treg分化。Tang等[39]发现33具有抑制三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer, TNBC) 细胞的活性、TNBC的迁移能力和TNBC诱导的破骨细胞的分化。同时, 与白桦脂酸衍生物不同, 该化合物对细胞周期没有显著影响。
Chen等[40]将6分子的白桦脂酸与1分子α-环糊精(α-cyclodextrin, α-CD) 结合, 得到化合物34。该化合物对犬肾细胞(NBL-2) 中A/WSN/33菌株的感染显示出较强的抗病毒活性, IC50值约为5.20 μmol·L-1; 细胞毒性方面, 34在NBL-2细胞中细胞半数毒性浓度(median cytotoxic concentration, CC50) 大于200 μmol·L-1, 安全性指标(selectivity index, SI) 大于38.5, 远优于桦木酸(CC50 = 31.94 μmol·L-1)。与此同时, 细胞培养基中的偶联物非常稳定, 36 h内没有释放游离BA和α-CD。
桦木醇(betulin, BN, 图 5) 在植物中广泛存在, 桦木醇以及桦树皮的提取物可以用作护肤、护牙、护发产品的添加剂。桦木醇衍生物一般具有比桦木醇更佳的抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗炎、抗真菌、抗HIV活性。桦木醇在白桦树树皮中的含量高达22%, 是羽扇豆烷型化合物中较易得到的分子[41]
Grishko等[42]发现桦木醇A环并杂环衍生物35 (图 6) 对人恶性胚胎横纹肌瘤细胞(RD-TE32), 黑素瘤MS细胞系的IC50分别为4.5和2.3 μg·mL-1, 比桦木醇很大的提升(RD-TE32, MS, IC50分别为13.2和18.2 μg·mL-1)。桦木醇水溶性较差, 导致其生物利用度和体内分布均不理想。Drąg-Zalesińska等[43]将28位羟甲基与L-赖氨酸或L-鸟氨酸连接所得到的衍生物3637, 对恶性黑色素瘤细胞株(Me-45) 的活性, IC50值分别为2.465和2.456 μg·mL-1, 而桦木醇的活性仅为30.456 μg·mL-1, 水溶性也相较于桦木醇大幅提升。Bebenek等[44]合成了一系列28位羟甲基酯化衍生物, 其中两个丙炔酯衍生物3839对HL-60的抑制作用提升了24倍, IC50值均为0.3 μg·mL-1。Horwedel等[45]将桦木醇和青蒿琥珀酸缩合, 得到了衍生物40, 对多药耐药白血病细胞(CEM/ADR5000) 的IC50值为11.9 μg·mL-1
齐墩果烷型又称β-香树脂烷(β-amyrane), 在植物中有着广泛分布。在自然界中有的呈游离状态, 有的呈酯或苷的结合状态。结构中的五个环均为六元环, 其中A/B、B/C、C/D环为反式, D/E环多为顺式。其代表化合物有齐墩果酸和甘草次酸等。
齐墩果酸(oleanane acid, OA, 图 7) 分布广泛, 常以游离体和配糖体的形式存在于葫芦科、五加科、毛茛科等植物的根、茎中。OA仅少数以游离形式存在。OA主要提取来源是木犀科植物齐墩果的叶、女贞的果实、龙胆科植物青叶胆全草等。OA具有抗菌、抗病毒、抗炎、降糖、降血脂、抗病毒和抗肿瘤活性[46]。OA的改造位点多集中在A环、C环以及C-28位的羧基上。其衍生物中, 最具有代表性的是多巴索隆(2-cyano-3,12-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid, CDDO)。
1998年, Honda等[47]对齐墩果酸的A、C环进行改造, 得到高活性化合物CDDO, 其抑制小鼠巨噬细胞NO生成的活性比OA提高了10 000倍以上。其高活性引起了科学界的广泛关注。2005年, Liby等[48]发现CDDO与衍生物CDDO-咪唑41作用于Kelch样环氧氯丙烷相关蛋白-1 (Kelch like ECH-associated protein 1, Keap1)-核因子E2相关因子2 (NF-E2-related factor 2, Nrf2) 通路, 是血红素加氧酶1 (heme oxygenase 1, HO-1) 和Nrf2抗氧化通路信号传导的有效诱导剂。
Ai等[49]设计并合成了一系列CDDO-氨基酸-一氧化氮供体三杂合物, 其中化合物42, 产生NO的能力最强且抗结肠癌活性较好, 其对药物敏感细胞系(HCT-8) IC50为0.294 ± 0.013 μmol·L-1; 对氟尿嘧啶耐药细胞系(HCT-8/5-FU) IC50为0.232 ± 0.010 μmol·L-1, 优于CDDO-Me。42对非肿瘤结肠上皮样细胞(CCD841) IC50仅为1.282 ± 0.095 μmol·L-1
Wang等[50]以CDDO为先导化合物, 合成了一系列C-28位羧基酰胺取代的衍生物。在TNF-α诱导的程序性细胞坏死模型, 化合物43在HT-29、L-929两种细胞系中表现出最佳的保护性能, 半数有效浓度(median effect concentration, EC50) 分别为0.31 ± 0.02和0.86 ± 0.11 μmol·L-1。进一步研究显示, 43可能通过靶向Hsp90从而阻止受体相互作用丝氨酸/苏氨酸-蛋白激酶1 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1, RIPK1) 与受体相互作用丝氨酸/苏氨酸-蛋白激酶3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3, RIPK3) 的磷酸化, 进而阻断程序性细胞坏死的发生。43在小鼠中通过降低血清白细胞介素-1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β) 和IL-6水平, 减轻TNF诱导的全身炎症反应综合征(systemic inflammatory response syndrome, SIRS)。在大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞模型(middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO), 43在100 mg·kg-1的口服给药剂量下, 能够明显减轻大鼠脑部的缺血再灌注损伤。
2020年, Tong等[51]报道了CDDO与BET溴结构域抑制剂(BET bromodomain inhibitor, JQ1) 连接形成的双功能分子CDDO-JQ1 (44)。由于CDDO与Keap1蛋白结合, Keap1是一种Cullin3依赖性的E3泛素连接酶复合物的底物衔接蛋白, 因此, 44可以在人乳腺癌细胞中有效降解溴结构域蛋白4 (bromodomain-containing protein 4, BRD4)。44在浓度低于1 μmol·L-1时, 呈剂量依赖型降解; 由于钩状效应(Hook效应) 的存在, 当化合物浓度高于5 μmol·L-1时降解效应消失。CDDO的α-氰基-α, β-不饱和酮(α-cyano-α, β-unsaturatedketone, CUK) 结构是常见的可与Keap1蛋白上的半胱氨酸可逆共价结合。因此, 44与哪种E3连接酶作用从而实现BRD4蛋白的降解还不明确, 需更深入研究。
甘草酸(glycyrrhizic acid, GCA) 是甘草次酸与糖苷的聚合物, 甘草次酸(glycyrrhetinic acid, GA, 图 8) 是甘草中最重要的活性成分, 具有增强免疫力、抗氧化、抗炎、抗病毒、抗肿瘤等药理作用。临床上, 甘草酸多用于各种肝炎、肿瘤、皮炎等疾病, 其衍生物也具有抗癌、抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗氧化、抗过敏、抑菌等多种功效。为提高药理活性, 降低不良反应, 国内外科学家对其进行了大量结构改造。
Hoever等[52]用氨基酸对甘草酸苷进行修饰得到一系列衍生物。其中, 化合物45活性最强, 毒性较小。在非洲绿猴肾细胞(Vero) 中对非典型肺炎冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-CoV) 的EC50值为35 ± 7 μmol·L-1, CC50值为1462 ± 50 μmol·L-1, SI值为41。
Csuk等[53]对甘草酸C-3位羟基进行修饰, 得到多个衍生物。应用518A2、A549、HCT116等14种肿瘤细胞进行体外活性筛选发现, 化合物46活性最佳, IC50在0.5~3 μmol·L-1之间。进一步研究显示, 46通过诱导细胞凋亡发挥抗肿瘤作用。进一步优化获得了化合物47, 其对518A2、8505C、A253、A549、DLD-1、Lipo等细胞的IC50分别为5.14、2.07、1.96、4.74、4.96和2.99 μmol·L-1, 提示在C-3位连接亲脂性的2-氨基烷能够大幅增加衍生物的抗肿瘤活性[54]
Schwarz等[55]用多种糖苷修饰甘草酸的C-3位羟基, 并使用8种肿瘤细胞系对所得化合物的细胞毒性进行研究。其中, α-D-吡喃甘露糖苷衍生物48细胞毒性最强, 其对于MCF-7细胞系的IC50为9.48 μmol·L-1, 并且能够诱导A549发生细胞凋亡。
Song等[56]采用分子杂交策略, 设计并合成了一系列甘草酸与缓慢释放硫化氢的供体ADT-OH的杂化物。这些杂化物对二甲苯诱导的小鼠耳水肿的抑制率与甘草酸、阿司匹林相当或更高。其中, 化合物49抑制率最高, 为60.7%。构效关系研究表明, C-3位取代的甘草酸衍生物比相应的C-3位未取代的甘草酸衍生物具有更强的抗炎活性。此外, 49在抗肿瘤活性方面也表现出了最好的活性, 其在HepG2、Du-145、MDA-MB-231细胞系中的IC50分别为10.01 ± 2.29、11.96 ± 1.42和17.80 ± 1.76 μmol·L-1, 均优于甘草酸。
Li等[57]将阿魏酸用不同方式连接在甘草酸的C-30位羧基上, 并分别用L-甲硫氨酸、L-硒代甲硫氨酸修饰C-3位羟基。其中, 化合物50表现出最强的细胞毒性, 其在MCF-7、MDA-MB-231细胞系中的IC50分别为1.88 ± 0.20和1.37 ± 0.18 μmol·L-1, 分别是甘草酸的40和61倍。
Moustafa等[58]利用不同多肽修饰甘草酸的C-30位羧基, 活性研究发现了化合物51在抗肿瘤、抗菌等方面表现最佳。其在MCF-7、HCT-116细胞系中的IC50分别为3.70 ± 0.20和3.0 ± 1.1 μg·mL-1。进一步研究表明, 5 μg·mL-1时, 化合物51作用24 h可上调MCF-7细胞中的caspase-3、caspase-7水平。此外, 该化合物可以将处理后的MCF-7细胞中DNA片段化比例从7.8%提高到了35%, 效果与秋水仙碱(40.7%) 相当。在影响微管蛋白tubulin B方面, 51在MCF-7细胞中IC50为592.5 μg·mL-1, 优于秋水仙碱(IC50 = 487.7 μg·mL-1)。分子对接显示, 51的末端羧基可通过形成氢键从而增强与caspase-3和Bcl-2蛋白的活性位点的结合。
山楂酸(maslinic acid, MA, 图 9) 广泛存在于多种油橄榄、枇杷叶和山楂等天然植物中。山楂酸具有抗肿瘤、抗炎、降血糖等多种生物活性。Parra等[59]采用固相合成技术, 用氨基酸对C-28位羧基进行酰胺取代。衍生物的抗HIV活性研究发现, 化合物52的抗HIV活性最强, 并且诱导MT-2细胞凋亡。Siewert等[60]研究了山楂酸C-28位羧基被取代成不同酯后的活性变化, 其中, 乙酯化合物53对HT-29细胞有明显毒性, IC50为12.8 μmol·L-1, 丙炔酯54、丁烯酯55对人卵巢癌细胞系A2780具有良好的细胞毒性, IC50分别为14.7与12.6 μmol·L-1。Siewert等[61]后续改造发现了化合物56在A2780作用48 h, IC50为0.5 μmol·L-1, 可使得细胞阻滞在G0/G1期; 对肿瘤细胞的毒性比对人原代成纤维细胞的毒性高约300倍。构效关系分析表明, 28位亲脂取代基可提高山楂酸的细胞毒活性; 引入苄基取代基不会显著改善细胞毒性, 但可提高化合物对肿瘤细胞的选择性; C-2位羟基是使化合物具有良好的细胞毒性的必要基团; 在C-2位和C-2位引入两个乙酰基可使得衍生物获得在肿瘤细胞和非肿瘤细胞间的选择性。
贝韦立马(bevirimat, BVM, 图 10), 3-O-(3′,3′-二甲基琥珀酰) 白桦酸, 是BA的衍生物, 是首个抑制HIV成熟抑制剂。BVM通过特异性阻碍Gag衣壳前体蛋白(p25CA-SP1) 向成熟衣壳蛋白(capsid protein, CA, p24CA) 的转变, 使病毒产生有缺陷的无感染性颗粒而抑制HIV复制。BVM在体内体外都显示出高活性, 体外抑制90%细菌生长的最低药物浓度(MIC90) 为22.1 ng·mL-1 (37.8 nmol·L-1), 并保持对其他类抗逆转录病毒药物耐药的病毒株的抑制活性。BVM于2007年进入Ⅱ期临床研究(NCT01097070), 具有较好的药代动力学性质和临床试验数据。尽管如此, 约50%的HIV-1感染患者中存在对贝韦利马的耐药性, 导致BVM在2010年暂停进一步开发[62]
甲基巴多索隆(bardoxolone methyl, CDDO-Me, RTA 402, 图 11) 是基于齐墩果酸骨架改造修饰得到的衍生物, 可有效激活Keap1-Nrf2通路, 抑制NF-κB介导的炎症通路, 减少促炎信号, 在炎症及氧化应激相关疾病中有显著治疗潜力。CDDO-Me最早被用于癌症患者的治疗, 然而, 在Ⅰ期临床试验(NTC00508807) 中发现, 其可以上调人表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR), 降低血清肌酐水平。因此, CDDO-Me的临床研究转向了急慢性肾病的治疗, 一项Ⅲ期临床试验(BEACON, NTC01351675) 招募了2 185例4期慢性肾病(chronic kidney disease, CKD) 和2型糖尿病患者。然而, 在该项试验中, 治疗组患者的心衰发病率明显升高, 提示其潜在的心脏毒性, 该项临床试验于2012年终止。目前, CDDO-Me也用于一项治疗常染色显性遗传性多囊肾(autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, ADPKD) 的Ⅲ期研究(FALCON, NCT03918447), 一项治疗有快速进展风险的CKD患者的Ⅱ期研究(MERLIN, NCT04702997), 以及一项糖尿病肾病Ⅲ期ayame研究。在ADPKD、IgA肾病、局灶节段性肾小球硬化和1型糖尿病引起的CKD患者中进行的Ⅱ期研究中, CDDO-Me治疗产生了积极结果。目前, CDDO-Me已被美国FDA批准作为治疗Alport综合征(Alport syndrome, AS) 和ADPKD的孤儿药使用。欧洲药品管理局(EMA) 也已在欧洲授予CDDO-Me治疗Alport综合征的孤儿药称号。
针对CDDO-Me的心脏毒性问题, Liu等[63]通过屏蔽高反应性CUK并引入聚乙二醇增加水溶性的策略, 设计合成了一系列前药分子, 这类分子可由组织蛋白酶B (cathepsin B, CTSB) 水解释放原药。活性筛选发现了化合物57对RAW264.7细胞NO释放的抑制作用与CDDO-Me相当(IC50 = 18.66 nmol·L-1); 在HEK293T细胞中抑制NF-κB的能力与CDDO-Me接近(IC50 = 0.65 nmol·L-1); 在BT474细胞中的细胞毒性更低(IC50 = 0.29 μmol·L-1); hERG钾通道抑制活性更低, 水溶性提高。
弗里德里希共济失调(Friedreich's ataxia, FRDA) 是一种遗传性、使人衰弱的退行性神经肌肉疾病, 患者通常在青少年时期获得诊断, 并最终因该病而早逝。FRDA患者会进行性失去协调性, 肌肉无力并易感疲劳, 最终失去运动能力而必须依赖轮椅。
Reata生物制药公司开发的奥马索龙(omaveloxolone, RTA 408, 图 12) 治疗FRDA已经先后被EMA及FDA授予孤儿药的资格认定。奥马索龙是一种口服的Nrf2激动剂, 可诱导多个转录因子, 能够通过恢复线粒体功能、降低氧化应激、抑制促炎信号而减轻炎症反应。最近一项MOXle研究(NCT02255435, Eudra, CT2015-002762-23) 表明, 与安慰剂相比, 奥马索龙显著改善了神经功能, 并且总体上安全性和耐受性良好。奥马索龙已于2021年11月获得FDA授予的快速通道资格(fast track designation, FTD), 并于2022年5月获得FDA授予的罕见儿科疾病药物认证(rare pediatric disease designation, RPDD)。2022年5月26日, Reata生物制药公司宣布FDA接受提交并授予其用于治疗FRDA患者的奥马索龙新药申请(non-disclosure agreement, NDA) 的优先审查。2023年2月28日, 奥马索龙获得FDA的批准, 成为首个用于治疗16岁以上FRDA的药物。
此外, Sun等[64]发现奥马索龙具有治疗卵巢切除术(ovariectomy, ovx) 诱导的骨质疏松症的潜力。Shekh-Ahmad等[65]发现了奥马索龙在体外癫痫样活性模型中抑制活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 产生、线粒体去极化和细胞死亡的效果。在体内癫痫持续状态后, 奥马索龙增加谷胱甘肽和三磷酸腺苷, 并防止神经元死亡, 可能是一种减少神经元死亡和改变癫痫发作发展的新策略。
五环三萜类天然产物广泛存在于自然界中, 具有优良的药理活性与较好的成药性。最有代表性的齐墩果酸, 已经在临床应用多年, 具有保肝、抗炎、抗菌等多种功效。近年来, 五环三萜类天然产物的结构改造也取得了新的进展, CDDO作为新型的可逆共价结合的E3连接酶配体, 成为了蛋白水解靶向嵌合体(proteolysis targeting chimeras, PROTACs) 研究领域的新的关注点。CDDO-Me上市成为孤儿药、奥马索龙被FDA批准, 为五环三萜类化合物的研究带来了更多关注。与此同时, 五环三萜类天然产物的改造也存在着若干问题。首先, 如何降低分子的毒性一直是研究难点。有些五环三萜类天然产物本身就具有较强的细胞毒性, 改造获得了更高生物活性的同时却无法规避带来更高的细胞毒性。进行临床试验的五环三萜类分子, 也面临着毒性问题, 需进一步研究解决。其次, 五环三萜类天然产物水溶性较差, 导致其口服利用度差, 为这类分子的成药性带来了巨大挑战。通过制备前药、基团优化、改善剂型等策略来提高化合物的生物利用度, 是未来研究重点方向。此外, 适应症的选择也是值得考虑的问题。CDDO-Me在调整了适应症后, 药物的临床研究与申报取得了突破性进展, 为特殊疾病的治疗带来希望。总而言之, 五环三萜类化合物凭借其独有的优势逐渐成为新研究热点, 其开发前景及潜在的市场非常值得期待。
作者贡献: 丁雯昕、杜柏霖负责文献检索、图片制作、数据核对及综述撰写; 李娇参与综述初稿撰写; 李娇、庄春林负责为综述撰写思路并对稿件进行修改和审校。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金优秀青年基金资助项目(82022065)
  • 上海市曙光学者计划资助项目(21SG38)
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2024年第59卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1132
  • 接收时间:2023-09-30
  • 首发时间:2025-11-27
  • 出版时间:2024-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-30
  • 修回日期:2023-12-20
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国家自然科学基金优秀青年基金资助项目(82022065)
上海市曙光学者计划资助项目(21SG38)
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    中国人民解放军海军军医大学药学院, 上海 200433

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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