Article(id=1200860517624566287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200860506031518620, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1127, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1696435200000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-05, revisedDate=1701360000000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764237058278, onlineDateStr=2025-11-27, pubDate=1715443200000, pubDateStr=2024-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764237058278, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764237058278, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764237058278, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200860506031518620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='5', pageStart='1101', pageEnd='1508', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764237055547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764241222263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200877982563824311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200860506031518620, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200877982563824312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200860506031518620, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1458, endPage=1466, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200860518572479041, articleId=1200860517624566287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Cloning and interacted protein identification of AGL12 gene from Lonicera macranthoides, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

MADS-box protein family are important transcriptional regulatory factors in plant growth and development. The AGAMOUS 12 (AGL12) subfamily is believed to play an important regulatory role in the process of plant flowering transition. To explore the potential mechanism of AGL12 subfamily involved in regulating the flower development of Lonicera macranthoides, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), prokaryotic expression and yeast two-hybrid techniques were used to analyze the expression pattern, protein expression, and protein-protein interaction pattern of LmAGL12 based on transcriptome data. The results showed that the LmAGL12 gene contains a 603 bp open reading frame (ORF), encoding 200 amino acids, and the encoded protein was stable and hydrophilic without a transmembrane region and signal peptide. Through homologous sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis, it was confirmed that LmAGL12 protein belongs to the MADS-box protein family and is closely related to the AGL12 protein of Heracleum sosnowskyi and Daucus carota subsp. sativus. The LmAGL12 gene was cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a and the recombinant constructs were transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), which inducing the target protein successfully. The yeast two-hybrid results showed that LmAGL12 protein interacts with LmSVP protein, LmSOC1 protein and LmAP1 protein, respectively. The qRT-PCR results showed that LmAGL12 gene were differentially expressed in different development stages of flower bud, stem, and leaves of 'Longhua' and 'Baiyun' in L. macranthoides. The LmAGL12 gene showed the highest expression level in the middle stage of the 'Longhua' floral bud; For the 'Baiyun' variety, the relative expression level of LmAGL12 gene is the highest in the stem. This study cloned the LmAGL12 gene in L. macranthoides and analyzed it expression for the first time, enriching the research on flower organ development and providing a research basis for further exploring the molecular mechanisms of long bud stage and non-unfolded corolla in L. macranthoides, as well as for variety improvement.

, correspAuthors=Si-si LIU, Ying-zi MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li-jun LONG, Hui-jie ZENG, Zhong-quan QIAO, Xiao-ming WANG, Chang-zhu LI, Si-si LIU, Ying-zi MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200860524461282299, articleId=1200860517624566287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=灰毡毛忍冬AGL12基因克隆及互作蛋白鉴定, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

MADS-box家族蛋白是一类重要的转录调控因子, 影响着植物生长发育。其中AGAMOUS 12 (AGL12) 亚家族被认为在植物开花转变过程中发挥重要调控作用。为了探索AGL12亚家族参与调控灰毡毛忍冬花发育的潜在机制, 在转录组基础上, 利用实时荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)、原核表达和酵母双杂交技术等对LmAGL12的表达模式、蛋白表达以及蛋白间的互作模式进行了分析。结果显示, 灰毡毛忍冬LmAGL12基因包含603 bp的开放阅读框(ORF), 编码200个氨基酸, 且LmAGL12蛋白不含信号肽、无跨膜区, 为不稳定的亲水蛋白。通过同源序列比对及系统进化分析, 证明该蛋白属于MADS-box蛋白家族, 与大猪草、野胡萝卜的AGL12蛋白亲缘关系较近。将灰毡毛忍冬LmAGL12基因构建到原核表达载体pET-28a上, 转入大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3), 成功诱导出目的蛋白。酵母双杂交验证表明LmAGL12蛋白与LmSVP蛋白、LmSOC1蛋白以及LmAP1蛋白存在互作关系。qRT-PCR结果表明LmAGL12基因在灰毡毛忍冬变异株龙花和野生株白云不同花蕾发育阶段及茎、叶中均有差异表达; LmAGL12基因在龙花花蕾中期呈现最高表达水平; 而在白云品种中, LmAGL12基因在茎中的相对表达量最高。该研究首次克隆了灰毡毛忍冬LmAGL12基因并进行了表达分析, 丰富了灰毡毛忍冬花器官发育研究, 为进一步探索灰毡毛忍冬蕾期长及花冠不开放的分子机制以及品种改良提供研究基础。

, correspAuthors=刘思思, 马英姿, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘思思, Tel: 13787296671, E-mail: ;
马英姿, Tel: 13873167001, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=8qDA9XgcsqJI/IqTPE5NBQ==, magXml=U1a3gWa/zfIGxSmceMPA/Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=E2FIzJ1P/kZSP6blbJAknQ==, pdfFileSize=5148177, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=9YNhAx49+ivwcqu7LyiCBw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=4qEgVPddLNJqKlCo2P6m+w==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=龙丽君, 曾慧杰, 乔中全, 王晓明, 李昌珠, 刘思思, 马英姿)}, authors=[Author(id=1201106655300772772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860517624566287, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1201106655523070908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860517624566287, authorId=1201106655300772772, language=EN, stringName=Li-jun LONG, firstName=Li-jun, middleName=null, lastName=LONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. Institute of Economic Forest, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China
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灰毡毛忍冬AGL12基因克隆及互作蛋白鉴定
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龙丽君 1, 2 , 曾慧杰 1 , 乔中全 1 , 王晓明 1 , 李昌珠 1 , 刘思思 1, * , 马英姿 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(5): 1458-1466
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(5): 1458-1466
灰毡毛忍冬AGL12基因克隆及互作蛋白鉴定
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龙丽君1, 2, 曾慧杰1, 乔中全1, 王晓明1, 李昌珠1, 刘思思1, * , 马英姿2, *
作者信息
  • 1.湖南省林业科学院经济林研究所, 湖南 长沙 410004
  • 2.中南林业科技大学生命科学与技术学院, 湖南 长沙 410004

通讯作者:

*刘思思, Tel: 13787296671, E-mail: ;
马英姿, Tel: 13873167001, E-mail:
Cloning and interacted protein identification of AGL12 gene from Lonicera macranthoides
Li-jun LONG1, 2, Hui-jie ZENG1, Zhong-quan QIAO1, Xiao-ming WANG1, Chang-zhu LI1, Si-si LIU1, * , Ying-zi MA2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute of Economic Forest, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China
  • 2. School of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
出版时间: 2024-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1127
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MADS-box家族蛋白是一类重要的转录调控因子, 影响着植物生长发育。其中AGAMOUS 12 (AGL12) 亚家族被认为在植物开花转变过程中发挥重要调控作用。为了探索AGL12亚家族参与调控灰毡毛忍冬花发育的潜在机制, 在转录组基础上, 利用实时荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)、原核表达和酵母双杂交技术等对LmAGL12的表达模式、蛋白表达以及蛋白间的互作模式进行了分析。结果显示, 灰毡毛忍冬LmAGL12基因包含603 bp的开放阅读框(ORF), 编码200个氨基酸, 且LmAGL12蛋白不含信号肽、无跨膜区, 为不稳定的亲水蛋白。通过同源序列比对及系统进化分析, 证明该蛋白属于MADS-box蛋白家族, 与大猪草、野胡萝卜的AGL12蛋白亲缘关系较近。将灰毡毛忍冬LmAGL12基因构建到原核表达载体pET-28a上, 转入大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3), 成功诱导出目的蛋白。酵母双杂交验证表明LmAGL12蛋白与LmSVP蛋白、LmSOC1蛋白以及LmAP1蛋白存在互作关系。qRT-PCR结果表明LmAGL12基因在灰毡毛忍冬变异株龙花和野生株白云不同花蕾发育阶段及茎、叶中均有差异表达; LmAGL12基因在龙花花蕾中期呈现最高表达水平; 而在白云品种中, LmAGL12基因在茎中的相对表达量最高。该研究首次克隆了灰毡毛忍冬LmAGL12基因并进行了表达分析, 丰富了灰毡毛忍冬花器官发育研究, 为进一步探索灰毡毛忍冬蕾期长及花冠不开放的分子机制以及品种改良提供研究基础。

灰毡毛忍冬  /  AGL12  /  基因克隆  /  原核表达  /  蛋白互作

MADS-box protein family are important transcriptional regulatory factors in plant growth and development. The AGAMOUS 12 (AGL12) subfamily is believed to play an important regulatory role in the process of plant flowering transition. To explore the potential mechanism of AGL12 subfamily involved in regulating the flower development of Lonicera macranthoides, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), prokaryotic expression and yeast two-hybrid techniques were used to analyze the expression pattern, protein expression, and protein-protein interaction pattern of LmAGL12 based on transcriptome data. The results showed that the LmAGL12 gene contains a 603 bp open reading frame (ORF), encoding 200 amino acids, and the encoded protein was stable and hydrophilic without a transmembrane region and signal peptide. Through homologous sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis, it was confirmed that LmAGL12 protein belongs to the MADS-box protein family and is closely related to the AGL12 protein of Heracleum sosnowskyi and Daucus carota subsp. sativus. The LmAGL12 gene was cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a and the recombinant constructs were transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), which inducing the target protein successfully. The yeast two-hybrid results showed that LmAGL12 protein interacts with LmSVP protein, LmSOC1 protein and LmAP1 protein, respectively. The qRT-PCR results showed that LmAGL12 gene were differentially expressed in different development stages of flower bud, stem, and leaves of 'Longhua' and 'Baiyun' in L. macranthoides. The LmAGL12 gene showed the highest expression level in the middle stage of the 'Longhua' floral bud; For the 'Baiyun' variety, the relative expression level of LmAGL12 gene is the highest in the stem. This study cloned the LmAGL12 gene in L. macranthoides and analyzed it expression for the first time, enriching the research on flower organ development and providing a research basis for further exploring the molecular mechanisms of long bud stage and non-unfolded corolla in L. macranthoides, as well as for variety improvement.

Lonicera macranthoides  /  AGL12  /  gene cloning  /  prokaryotic expression  /  protein-protein interaction
龙丽君, 曾慧杰, 乔中全, 王晓明, 李昌珠, 刘思思, 马英姿. 灰毡毛忍冬AGL12基因克隆及互作蛋白鉴定. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (5) : 1458 -1466 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1127
Li-jun LONG, Hui-jie ZENG, Zhong-quan QIAO, Xiao-ming WANG, Chang-zhu LI, Si-si LIU, Ying-zi MA. Cloning and interacted protein identification of AGL12 gene from Lonicera macranthoides[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (5) : 1458 -1466 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1127
MADS-box家族基因编码的转录调控因子具有丰富的生物功能, 参与调控植物生长发育的各个时期, MADS-box蛋白具有高度保守的M域和半保守的K域以及多变的I域、C域[1, 2]AGL12基因作为AGL12亚家族的唯一基因, 主要参与调控根发育的细胞增殖、开花转变以及逆境胁迫[3, 4]MADS-box家族基因在功能上是相对保守的, 主要是通过与其他转录因子相互作用, 激活或抑制下游基因的表达, 从而在植物花发育过程中起重要调控作用[5]。研究表明, 成花相关基因SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP)、FLOWER LOCUS C (FLC)、SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1) 和花分生组织特征基因APETALA1 (AP1) 均属于MADS-box家族基因, 在拟南芥成花调控网络中占有着重要位置, 能与其他多个MADS-box蛋白发生互作, 其中SOC1蛋白能与AGL12蛋白形成异源二聚体, 进而参与调控植物成花过程[6, 7]。目前AGL12基因仅从少数植物中克隆得到, 对其研究不多, 具体功能和作用机制尚不清楚。
灰毡毛忍冬(Lonicera macranthoides Hand.-Mazz.) 为忍冬科(Caprifoliaceae)、忍冬属(Lonicera) 多年生常绿藤本或小灌木, 其药用部位为干燥花蕾和初开的花, 功效主要是清热解毒, 可用于治疗喉咙痛、感冒、丹毒和热毒血痢等症[8-10]。灰毡毛忍冬主要分布在我国南方地区, 花蕾产量高, 功效好, 且富含绿原酸类化合物, 广泛应用于食品、医药、保健品和化妆品中, 具有较高的经济价值和药用价值[11]。普通灰毡毛忍冬花蕾只持续三四天, 规模化种植中采收难度较大; 后来研究人员发现了一种灰毡毛忍冬的天然突变株, 其花冠整齐不开放, 花蕾可以持续15~25天[12, 13]。因此很多研究人员对影响花冠表型和延长花蕾期的相关基因进行了研究。Yi等[14]从灰毡毛忍冬中克隆获得潜在参与调控蕾期延长的LmAGL15基因; Long等[15]克隆了潜在参与调节花器官形态发生的AGL19基因; Wang等[16]克隆了潜在参与调控花器官表达的LmAP1基因。然而, 目前还没有灰毡毛忍冬LmAGL12基因的相关报道。
本研究依托课题组前期获得的花蕾型灰毡毛忍冬转录组数据, 从灰毡毛忍冬中克隆得到LmAGL12基因, 对其进行了生物信息学、荧光定量PCR和蛋白表达分析, 并进一步通过酵母双杂交实验鉴定其与LmSVP、LmSOC1、LmFLC和LmAP1蛋白间的互作模式, 初步探讨和预测了LmAGL12基因的功能和性质。研究结果为进一步研究花蕾型灰毡毛忍冬蕾期长、花冠不展开的分子机制奠定基础。
植物材料   灰毡毛忍冬植株种植于湖南省林业科学院试验林场, 经湖南省林业科学院王晓明研究员鉴定为灰毡毛忍冬普通品种白云和花蕾型品种龙花, 分别采其花蕾、叶及茎, 并选取不同发育时期的花蕾, 液氮速冻后存于-80 ℃超低温冰箱保存备用。
菌株、载体和试剂   EASYspin Plus多糖多酚/复杂植物RNA快速提取试剂盒(Lot: 341824)、Zero Background pTOPO-TA/Blunt Simple Cloning Kit (Lot: 332331AX) 购自北京艾德莱生物科技有限公司; HiScript Ⅲ 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (+gDNA wiper) (Lot: 7E652J2)、Phanta Max Super-Fidelity DNA Polymerase (Lot: 7E691J2)、DL2000 Plus DNA Marker (Lot: 027E2213CA)、ClonExpress Ⅱ One Step Cloning Kit (Lot: 7E67212) 购自南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司; 琼脂糖凝胶回收纯化试剂盒(Lot: ALG2057A), Nhe I (Lot: AM31907A)、Not I (Lot: AM80856A)、BamH I (Lot: AM32619A)、EcoR I (Lot: AM60745A)、Pst I (Lot: AM51218A) 内切酶等购自宝日医生物技术有限公司; 异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG) (Lot: SL334122100)、新型考马斯亮蓝快速染色液(Lot: SL32211910)、SDS-PAGE凝胶制备试剂盒(Lot: SK33123730)、pGBKT7 Vector (Lot: SL33151601)、pGADT7 Vector (Lot: SL33151601)、SD/-Trp (Lot: PM331140120)、SD/-Leu/-Trp (Lot: PM331231120)、SD/-Leu/-Trp/-His/-Ade (Lot: PM322223140)、α-半乳糖苷酶显色底物(X-α-Gal) (Lot: SL331428100)、金担子素A (AbA) (Lot: CA2332G) 以及Y2HGold感受态细胞(Lot: YC1002)等均购自北京酷莱搏科技有限公司。引物由北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司合成。
仪器   QuantStudio 6 Flex荧光定量PCR仪(美国Life Technology公司); Bio-Tek酶标仪(美国Bio-Tek公司); Veriti 96 Well Thermal Cycler PCR仪(美国Themo Fisher Scientific公司); Centrifuge 5424R高速冷冻离心机(德国Eppendorf公司); DYY-8C型电泳仪(北京六一生物科技有限公司)。
总RNA提取与cDNA合成   分别取100 mg灰毡毛忍冬花蕾、叶片、茎组织样品在液氮中研磨, 按照EASYspin Plus多糖多酚复杂植物RNA快速提取试剂盒操作说明提取各样品的总RNA。利用1.0%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测总RNA的完整性, Bio-Tek酶标仪测定总RNA的纯度和浓度。选取完整性好、纯度高的RNA样品为模板, 按照HiScript Ⅲ 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (+gDNA wiper)操作说明, 逆转录合成cDNA, 保存于-20 ℃备用。
LmAGL12基因克隆   根据灰毡毛忍冬转录组(PRJNA667821) 中的LmAGL12基因序列, 利用Primer 6.0软件设计全长cDNA扩增引物, 引物序列为: F: 5′-TGGAAGGACACAGAGAGGGAGAAAT-3′和R: 5′-TGTTAAGCGGCCACATTTCACAATG-3′。以花蕾cDNA为模板, 进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系为: 2×Phanta Max Buffer 12.5 μL, dNTP Mix 0.5 μL, 引物各1.0 μL, Phanta Max Super-Fidelity DNA Polymerase 0.5 μL, cDNA模板1.5 μL, 补ddH2O至25.0 μL。PCR反应条件: 95 ℃ 3 min; 95 ℃ 15 s, 60 ℃ 15 s, 72 ℃ 1 min, 35个循环; 72 ℃ 5 min; 4 ℃保持。PCR产物进行1.0%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测, 对目的条带进行切胶回收。将胶回收产物与pTOPO载体混合, 在37 ℃条件下连接5 min。连接产物转入大肠杆菌Trans5α感受态, 取100 μL菌液涂布在含有氨苄青霉素(Amp) 的LB固体培养基平板上, 37 ℃倒置培养过夜。挑取单克隆置于1 mL含Amp的LB液体培养基中, 振荡培养5 h, 进行PCR鉴定选出阳性克隆, 送至北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司测序。
LmAGL12基因的生物信息学分析   利用Prot Param数据库具(http://web.expasy.org/protparam/) 预测氨基酸序列的理化性质; 应用TMHMM (https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/service.php?TMHMM-2.0)、SignalP 4.1 (https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/SignalP-4.1/)、WOLF PSORT (https://wolfpsort.hgc.jp/) 预测蛋白质的跨膜结构域、信号肽以及亚细胞定位情况; 利用Netphos 3.1 server (https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/NetPhos-3.1/) 进行磷酸位点预测; 使用CDD tools (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi) 分析蛋白质保守结构域; 通过SOPMA (https://npsa-prabi.ibcp.fr/cgi-bin/npsa_automat.pl?page=npsa_sopma.html) 和SWISS-MODEL (https://swissmodel.expasy.org/) 预测蛋白的二、三级结构; 利用ClustalW对LmAGL12蛋白氨基酸序列与其同源蛋白进行比对; 借助MEGA-X中的Neighbor-Joining法构建系统进化树, bootstrap值为1 000[17, 18]
LmAGL12基因的表达模式分析   设计qRT-PCR特异性引物F: 5′-AATTCGGTGCATAGGCAGGTGAC-3′和R: 5′-GCATGGTTCCTTTGGTGGCTAGT-3′, 选择18S rRNA作为内参基因, 引物序列为: F: 5′-CTTCGG GATCGGAGTAATGA-3′和R: 5′-GCGGAGTCCTAGA AGCAACA-3′。使用QuantStudio 6 Flex仪器进行基因表达分析, qRT-PCR体系为: 2×ChamQ Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix 10.0 μL、引物各0.4 μL、cDNA 1.0 μL、ddH2O 8.2 μL, 总体积20.0 μL。根据2-ΔΔCt法计算LmAGL12基因在花蕾、叶片和茎中的表达量。
LmAGL12基因原核表达载体构建与诱导表达   根据LmAGL12编码区序列设计含有酶切位点的特异性引物: 5′-CAGCCATATGGCTAGCATGGCTAGAGG TAAGGTTCAAATGA-3′和5′-GTGCTCGAGTGCG GCCGCTCAGAATTGGTAGATTTCGTTTTGG-3′。采用双酶切法将LmAGL12基因重组到表达载体pET-28a的Nhe I和Not I克隆位点, 通过热激法将重组产物转入Trans5α感受态, 获得表达载体pET-28a-LmAGL12。将构建好的重组质粒pET-28a-LmAGL12转入BL21 (DE3) 感受态细胞中, 挑取单克隆制备种子液。分别用0.6、0.8、1.0 mmol·L-1的IPTG在37 ℃诱导蛋白合成, 同时以未诱导的pET-28a-LmAGL12为对照。诱导4 h后, 离心收集菌体并重悬于适量裂解缓冲液中, 冰浴条件下超声破碎菌体20 min, 4 ℃、12 000 r·min-1离心20 min。采用12% SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳检测LmAGL12蛋白表达情况。
酵母双杂交载体构建、诱饵载体的毒性检测及自激活检测   按照ClonExpress Ⅱ One Step Cloning Kit操作说明, 将胶回收后的LmAGL12基因编码区(CDS) 片段、候选互作蛋白基因(LmSVPLmSOC1LmFLCLmAP1) CDS片段分别与双酶切后的pGBKT7载体(酶切位点: EcoR I和BamH I)、pGADT7载体(酶切位点: EcoR I和Pst I) 进行重组反应, 产物转入大肠杆菌Trans5ɑ, 筛选阳性单克隆送测序。将测序结果正确的菌液进行扩大培养, 提取质粒备用。取100 µL转化pGBKT7空质粒的Y2HGold酵母菌液和转化pGBKT7-LmAGL12质粒的Y2HGold酵母菌液分别涂布在SD/-Trp固体培养基平板上, 30 ℃, 倒置培养3天, 观察两种酵母菌的生长状况以判断诱饵载体是否对酵母菌株产生毒性。将pGADT7空质粒和pGBKT7-LmAGL12质粒共同转入Y2HGold酵母感受态, 挑取新鲜单菌落(2~3 mm) 重悬于ddH2O中, 调A600至0.2, 按浓度梯度稀释为100、10-3, 梯度稀释后等体积(5 µL) 同时点板于SD/-Leu/-Trp和SD/-Trp/-Leu/-Ade/-His/营养缺陷型培养基中, 观察并记录菌落生长以判断是否具有自激活活性。以pGBKT7-53+pGADT7为阳性对照, pGBKT7-Lam+pGADT7为阴性对照。
酵母双杂交验证互作   将pGBKT7-LmAGL12与候选互作蛋白共转化Y2HGold酵母感受态, 同时转化pGADT7-T和pGBKT7-Lam作为阴性对照, pGADT7-T和pGBKT7-53作为阳性对照, 涂布于SD/-Leu/-Trp固体培养基上, 30 ℃培养3天。挑取酵母单菌落, 接种于SD/-Leu/-Trp液体培养基, 30 ℃、200 r·min-1振荡培养至A600为0.8, 取5 µL浓度为100、10-1、10-2、10-3的菌液分别点涂于SD/-Leu/-Trp和SD/-Trp/-Leu/-Ade/-His/Aba平板上, 30 ℃倒置培养3天, 观察酵母菌生长状况。
以1.0%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测PCR扩增产物, 结果显示在1 000 bp附近有一条清晰明亮的条带, 与预期大小相符, 如图 1。测序结果表明, LmAGL12基因cDNA全长1 007 bp, ORF长603 bp, 编码200个氨基酸, 与转录组测得序列相似度为100%, 该基因序列已上传至NCBI (登录号: OR689838)。
ExPASy ProtParam预测LmAGL12蛋白分子式为C1022H1674N272O300S12, 相对分子质量为22 956.90, 理论等电点为7.68; 不稳定系数为49.93 > 40, 属于不稳定蛋白; 亲水性平均系数为-0.284, 推测其为亲水性蛋白; 带正电残基(Arg+Lys) 为29, 带负电残基(Asp+Glu) 为28, 脂肪系数98.50。跨膜结构域分析显示, LmAGL12蛋白位于膜外, 不属于跨膜蛋白。信号肽分析显示, LmAGL12蛋白不具有信号肽序列, 属于非分泌型蛋白。亚细胞定位分析显示LmAGL12蛋白定位于线粒体中。蛋白质保守结构域结果表明, LmAGL12蛋白具有MADS-box家族的典型结构域MADS域和K-box域。通过Netphos 3.1 server预测LmAGL12蛋白的磷酸化位点, 结果显示LmSVP蛋白可能发生磷酸化的位点有12个。其中包括丝氨酸(Ser) 位点5个, 苏氨酸(Thr) 位点5个, 酪氨酸(Tyr) 位点2个。
SOPMA软件预测LmAGL12蛋白的二级结构由α-螺旋(alpha helix)、无规则卷曲(random coil)、延伸链(extended strand) 和β-转角(beta turn) 组成(图 2A), 其比例分别为58%、26.5%、11.5%及4%。使用SWISS-MODEL在线软件通过同源建模构建LmAGL12三维结构, 如图 2B。选择A0A2G2WXX3.1.A作为同源蛋白模板构建LmAGL12模型, 序列相似性为72.5%, 整体评分为0.82。
序列比对结果显示(图 3), LmAGL12蛋白与其同源基因的相似性为65.02%~74.87%, 其中与河岸葡萄Vitis riparia (XP_034676832.1) 的相似性最高, 与藜麦Chenopodium quinoa (XP_021729537.1) 相似性最低。为了进一步研究LmAGL12蛋白的进化关系, 使用MEGA11.0中的Neighbor-Joining法构建LmAGL12的系统发育树(图 4)。结果显示, LmAGL12蛋白与大猪草Heracleum sosnowskyi (KAK1403705.1)、野胡萝卜Daucus carota subsp. Sativus (XP_017240619.1) 的亲缘关系最近, 与葡萄Vitis vinifera (XP_002278239.1)、河岸葡萄Vitis riparia (XP_034676832.1) 的亲缘关系较近, 与毛花猕猴桃Actinidia eriantha (XP_057469981.1)、藜麦Chenopodium quinoa (XP_021729537.1)、君迁子Diospyros lotus (XP_052202620.1) 等植物的亲缘关系最远。
为了探究LmAGL12基因在花蕾型灰毡毛忍冬龙花和普通品种白云不同花蕾期以及幼嫩叶、成熟叶和茎中的相对表达量, 选择18 S rRNA为内参基因, 进行了qRT-PCR试验。结果显示(图 5), LmAGL12基因在两个品种的花蕾、茎和叶中均有表达。在花蕾发育期, 花蕾型品种龙花中LmAGL12基因表达量整体高于普通品种白云, 但LmAGL12基因表达水平均在两个品种的花蕾中期达到最高峰值。LmAGL12基因在不同组织部位间变化趋势存在明显差异: LmAGL12基因在龙花花蕾期中, 表达量最高为花蕾中期, 且花蕾中期 > 茎 > 成熟叶 > 嫩叶, 白云花期中表达量最高也为花蕾中期, 且茎 > 成熟叶 > 花蕾中期 > 嫩叶。
将构建好的重组质粒pET-28a-LmAGL12转化大肠杆菌表达菌株BL21 (DE3), 经不同浓度的IPTG 37 ℃诱导4 h后, 收集重组蛋白进行SDS-PAGE电泳检测。结果显示(图 6), 未经IPTG诱导的pET-28a-LmAGL12重组质粒无特异性条带产生。在0.6、0.8、1.0 mmol·L-1 IPTG诱导4 h后, 皆在沉淀中产生一条约23 kDa的特异性蛋白条带, 与目的蛋白分子量大小一致, 说明重组质粒在IPTG诱导下成功表达出目的蛋白, 且表达量较高。上清液中重组蛋白表达量极低, 说明该蛋白主要以包涵体的形式在大肠杆菌中表达。
将pGBKT7空质粒和pGBKT7-LmAGL12诱饵质粒分别转化至Y2HGold酵母感受态, 菌液涂布在SD/-Trp固体培养基平板上, 培养后发现两种酵母菌生长速度和数量基本一致, 表明LmAGL12无毒性。
自激活检测结果显示, 转入pGBKT7-LmAGL12和pGADT7的菌株、pGBKT7-53+pGADT7 (阳性对照) 以及pGBKT7-Lam+pGADT7 (阴性对照) 均能在二缺SD/-Leu/-Trp固体培养基上长出白色菌落; 而在SD/-Leu/-Trp/-His/-Ade平板上只有阳性对照能够正常生长, 阴性对照、pGBKT7-LmAGL12和pGADT7的菌株不能生长, 说明诱饵在酵母菌株中不能激活报告基因的表达, 无自激活活性。
克隆5个候选互作蛋白的CDS序列, 连接至pGADT7载体, 构建酵母双杂交猎物载体pGADT7-LmAGL12、pGADT7-LmSVP、pGADT7-LmSOC1、pGADT7-LmFLC和pGADT7-LmAP1。随后将构建的猎物载体分别与诱饵载体pGBKT7-LmAGL12共转化至酵母Y2HGold感受态中, 并在SD/-Trp/-Leu/-His/-Ade/X-α-Gal/AbA平板上验证LmAGL12和候选互作蛋白的相互作用模式。结果显示(图 7), 6种酵母菌在SD/-Trp/-Leu固体平板上均能生长, 表明诱饵质粒和猎物质粒成功转化至酵母感受态中。SD/-Trp/-Leu/-His/-Ade/X-α-Gal/AbA平板上, 阳性对照、转化pGBKT7-LmAGL12质粒和pGADT7-LmSVP质粒、转化pGBKT7-LmAGL12质粒和pGADT7-LmSOC1以及转化pGBKT7-LmAGL12和pGADT7-LmAP1质粒的酵母菌株能正常生长, 并能水解X-α-Gal, 从而使菌斑呈现蓝色, 说明LmAGL12蛋白和LmSVP蛋白、LmSOC1、LmAP1蛋白存在互作关系, 而与LmAGL12蛋白、LmFLC蛋白不存在相互作用。
灰毡毛忍冬作为我国传统中药材山银花的基源植物之一, 其主要有效成分为绿原酸类化合物, 总绿原酸含量以花蕾期最高, 其含量随着花冠展开而降低, 采收时间在很大程度上决定了灰毡毛忍冬的产量和品质。野生型灰毡毛忍冬花冠展开、蕾期短, 不利于花蕾采摘。因此, 研究花蕾型灰毡毛忍冬蕾期长、花冠不展开现象背后的原因, 对提高灰毡毛忍冬产量和品质具有重要指导意义。
MADS-box基因家族在调控植物花器官发育等方面发挥着极其重要的作用[19]。本研究从灰毡毛忍冬中克隆得到一个LmAGL12基因, 其编码蛋白具有高度保守的MADS结构域和半保守的K-box结构域, 属于典型的MADS-box基因。生物信息学分析表明, 灰毡毛忍冬LmAGL12是一个碱性蛋白, 推测其可能是利用MADS-box与靶DNA结合行使功能。同源序列比对及系统进化分析表明, LmAGL12蛋白属于AGL12亚家族, 与大猪草(H. sosnowskyi)、野胡萝卜(D. carota subsp. Sativus) AGL12蛋白亲缘关系最近, 推测其与大猪草(H. sosnowskyi)、野胡萝卜(D. carota subsp. Sativus)AGL12蛋白行使相似或相同的功能。研究发现, AtAGL12在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana) 根中具有高表达[4]; 菠萝(Ananas comosus) AcAGL12基因在根、花序、茎以及叶片等器官中均有表达[20]。本研究中, LmAGL12在花蕾型品种龙花花蕾中期的表达量明显高于茎和叶, 而在野生型品种白云茎中表达量最高, 推测LmAGL12基因的表达特性差异可能是导致两个灰毡毛忍冬品种表型差异的原因之一。而成功构建的LmAGL12基因原核表达载体在大肠杆菌中表达出包涵体蛋白, 其原因可能是外源基因的高效表达, 导致新生肽链的合成速度超过了正确折叠的速度, 从而使融合蛋白以包涵体形式聚集在沉淀中。除此之外, 也与表达载体、菌株和诱导条件等有关[21]
酵母双杂交是鉴定和验证蛋白与蛋白互作的常用方法, 其原理是利用Y2HGold酵母菌株中的报告基因筛选与诱饵蛋白互作的猎物蛋白。研究发现, 在拟南芥体内有大量MADS-box蛋白二聚体, 拟南芥以MADS-box蛋白二聚体或多聚体的形式与靶DNA结合实现对花器官发育过程直接或间接的调控对于植物成花转变是一种重要的基因调控机制[22]。本研究中的酵母双杂交实验表明, 灰毡毛忍冬LmAGL12蛋白自身不存在相互作用, 但能与LmSVP蛋白、LmSOC1蛋白以及LmAP1蛋白形成异源二聚体。SVP蛋白为开花抑制因子, 主要通过温度环境途径、赤霉素途径和自主途径响应开花信号, 从而调控植物开花。而SOC1蛋白是启动植物成花转变的关键因子, 是一个多功能蛋白, 在花分生组织的转变、调控花期及花器官形态建成过程中具有重要作用[23], 因此推测LmAGL12可能通过与SVP和SOC1互作来影响植物开花, 其中LmAGL12可能通过与SOC1互作促进植物的营养分生组织向花分生组织的转变, 从而促进植物开花; 研究表明, AP1蛋白在花器官中高表达, 调控花分生组织形成及花器官发育[24], 本研究中酵母双杂交实验结果则表明LmAGL12可能通过与AP1互作参与植物花器官形态发生。综上, LmAGL12可能通过与LmSVP蛋白、LmSOC1蛋白和LmAP1蛋白这三个蛋白互作的方式在灰毡毛忍冬成花转变过程中发挥重要作用, 影响开花时间、花蕾期长短并参与调控花器官形成。但酵母双杂交实验仅是体外的互作验证, 它们在植物体内的功能及作用机制还需进一步探索, 同时LmAGL12分别与这三种蛋白是以二聚体还是多聚体形式参与调控花器官发育也仍需进一步探究。
本研究克隆了一个灰毡毛忍冬LmAGL12基因, 分析了该基因在不同品种、不同时期和不同组织中的表达差异, 同时本研究在原核表达系统中成功表达出重组蛋白, 并利用酵母双杂交实验研究了LmAGL12蛋白与LmSVP蛋白、LmSOC1蛋白以及LmAP1的互作关系, 对蛋白的功能进行了初步探索。鉴于AGL12蛋白的功能多样性和复杂性, 下一步可通过遗传转化拟南芥, 进一步验证其功能, 对揭示AGL12基因在灰毡毛忍冬花器官发育过程中的作用机制具有重要意义。
作者贡献: 龙丽君设计了本项工作, 并执行了本项工作的试验、数据分析和初稿撰写; 曾慧杰、乔中全、王晓明、李昌珠指导试验操作; 刘思思和马英姿指导论文写作和文章修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82304683)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金面上项目(2022JJ30326)
  • 湖南省重大科技创新平台项目(2022PT1004)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1127
  • 接收时间:2023-10-05
  • 首发时间:2025-11-27
  • 出版时间:2024-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-05
  • 修回日期:2023-12-01
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(82304683)
湖南省自然科学基金面上项目(2022JJ30326)
湖南省重大科技创新平台项目(2022PT1004)
作者信息
    1.湖南省林业科学院经济林研究所, 湖南 长沙 410004
    2.中南林业科技大学生命科学与技术学院, 湖南 长沙 410004

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*刘思思, Tel: 13787296671, E-mail: ;
马英姿, Tel: 13873167001, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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