Article(id=1201096921277489727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201096916940579367, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1076, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1694793600000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-16, revisedDate=1704297600000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764293421333, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1712851200000, pubDateStr=2024-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764293421333, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764293421333, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764293421333, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201096916940579367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='4', pageStart='789', pageEnd='1100', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764293420298, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764293534792, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201097397242912862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201096916940579367, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201097397242912863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201096916940579367, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=866, endPage=885, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201096922535780959, articleId=1201096921277489727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Advances in developing small molecule inhibitors of ubiquitin-specific protease 1, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ubiquitin-specific protease 1 (USP1) is one of the deubiquitinating enzymes which has received increasing attention in cancer research. USP1 is overexpressed in many types of cancer cells, and has been found to control tumorigenesis and progression by regulating various proteins associated with tumors, such as SIK2, GSK-3β, and Bcl-2. Knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of USP1 can effectively suppress tumors and is also expected to address the issues of cisplatin and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor resistance. This review describes the structure and function of USP1 and the relationship between USP1 targets and tumors and systematically summarizes the structure-activity relationships of small molecule USP1 inhibitors disclosed from 2013 to 2023. Finally, this review discusses the challenges and opportunities in developing small molecule USP1 inhibitors.

, correspAuthors=Tong-chao LIU, Bing XIONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jia-hao XU, Hong-rui LI, Rui-xian BA, Tong-chao LIU, Bing XIONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201096933092843755, articleId=1201096921277489727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=靶向泛素特异性蛋白酶1小分子抑制剂的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

泛素特异性蛋白酶1 (ubiquitin-specific protease 1, USP1) 是在癌症研究中越发受关注的去泛素化酶之一。USP1在许多肿瘤中过度表达, 现已发现USP1能通过调控与肿瘤相关的多种蛋白质的表达来控制肿瘤的发生和进展, 如SIK2、GSK-3β和Bcl-2等。基因敲除或药物抑制USP1能有效抑制肿瘤, 同时还有望解决顺铂以及聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶(poly ADP-ribose polymerase, PARP) 抑制剂耐药性问题。本综述介绍了USP1的结构、功能以及USP1靶点与肿瘤的关系, 并系统地总结2013年至2023年公开的USP1小分子抑制剂的结构、活性以及构效关系。最后, 本综述讨论了开发USP1小分子抑制剂的挑战和机遇。

, correspAuthors=刘同超, 熊兵, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘同超, Tel: 86-21-68077888, E-mail: ;
熊兵, Tel: 13661970096, E-mail:
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USP1-WDR48 deubiquitinase complex enhances TGF-β induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of TNBC cells via stabilizing TAK1 [J]. Cell Cycle, 2021, 20: 320-331., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201158355961213723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[85], rfOrder=84, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ohsugi T, Yamaguchi K, Zhu C, et al. Anti-apoptotic effect by the suppression of IRF1 as a downstream of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in colorectal cancer cells [J]. 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Ub: Ubiquitin; FANCI: Fanconi anemia complementation group Ⅰ; FANCD2: Fanconi anemia complementation group D2; PCNA: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen; CRL4<sup>Cdt2</sup>: Cullin-ring E3 ubiquitin ligase; Rad18: E3 ubiquitin ligase; ELG1: Replication factor C group member; UAF1: USP1-associated factor; RAD51AP1: RAD51-associated protein 1 , figureFileSmall=a9kVnsABdwOYUG2QqSBfhw==, figureFileBig=uTi67ludmdmq4kQ8GzxaIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158345920049814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=pVkN24qRAkXMpKQu5H2WKQ==, figureFileBig=kzMw5Lzp6uJgSrlxE5cwgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158345987158679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Chemical structures of USP1 small molecule inhibitors reported in journals , figureFileSmall=pVkN24qRAkXMpKQu5H2WKQ==, figureFileBig=kzMw5Lzp6uJgSrlxE5cwgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158346062656152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LPh3tSA8HOqFcjMDzqHUNg==, figureFileBig=3mXK8GBlcAjwQuiXtxu6DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158346125570713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= The inhibition mechanism of USP1 inhibitors. A: Conformational shift of residues of USP1 when uninhibited; B: Conformational shift of residues of USP1 when inhibited (PDB code: 7ZH4) , figureFileSmall=LPh3tSA8HOqFcjMDzqHUNg==, figureFileBig=3mXK8GBlcAjwQuiXtxu6DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158346196873882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ioqeN2+xeWRBMy6D2oLIyQ==, figureFileBig=bWhJmKxVSWDxe+xhfWBEtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158346259788443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Structures of representative compounds of the patent, SAR and eutectic structure. A: Structure diagram of representative compounds in the patent; B: Eutectic structure diagram of the combination of ML323 (<strong>4</strong>) and USP1-UAF1, black dashed line is the hydrogen bonding interaction, blue dashed line is the π-π interaction (PDB code: 7ZH4); C: SAR diagram obtained by analyzing the compounds according to the patent , figureFileSmall=ioqeN2+xeWRBMy6D2oLIyQ==, figureFileBig=bWhJmKxVSWDxe+xhfWBEtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158346326897308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=mUa8POT3bGarhF301RwriQ==, figureFileBig=BlC1yw1aVmTnn6y6rxebBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158346414977693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Structures of representative compounds of the patent, SAR and eutectic structure. A: Structure diagram of representative compounds in the patent; B: Eutectic structure diagram of the combination of compound <strong>16</strong> and USP1-UAF1, black dashed line is the hydrogen bonding interaction, blue dashed line is the <i>π-π</i> interaction (PDB code: 7ZH4); C: SAR diagram obtained by analyzing the compounds according to the patent , figureFileSmall=mUa8POT3bGarhF301RwriQ==, figureFileBig=BlC1yw1aVmTnn6y6rxebBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158346490475166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=04vh0kgdARXQ+2+fuUmw5g==, figureFileBig=RnURmbHplOfB0m0MFVGd3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158346540806815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Structures of representative compounds of the patent, SAR and eutectic structure. A: Structure diagram of representative compounds in the patent; B: Eutectic structure diagram of the combination of KSQ-4279 (<strong>1</strong>) and USP1-UAF1, black dashed line is the hydrogen bonding interaction (PDB code: 7ZH4); C: SAR diagram obtained by analyzing the compounds according to the patent , figureFileSmall=04vh0kgdARXQ+2+fuUmw5g==, figureFileBig=RnURmbHplOfB0m0MFVGd3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158346607915680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+LG36RygtKgeDlRzTNAbYw==, figureFileBig=mdMth3nHm23JtucaZwVRUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158346675024545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= Structures of representative compounds of the patent , figureFileSmall=+LG36RygtKgeDlRzTNAbYw==, figureFileBig=mdMth3nHm23JtucaZwVRUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158346737939106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rQrTZP5+W7WOWHDWqkBx1Q==, figureFileBig=y1MC7wxEKVdqo60cytuPhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158346805047971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=CN, label=Figure 9, caption= Structures of representative compounds of the patent , figureFileSmall=rQrTZP5+W7WOWHDWqkBx1Q==, figureFileBig=y1MC7wxEKVdqo60cytuPhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158346867962532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=AnSJ80Mkpfd3iCl+f5bC5Q==, figureFileBig=ktyzzV26NxD1TO8BHLxPzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158346930877093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=CN, label=Figure 10, caption= Structures of representative compounds of the patent and eutectic structure. A: Structures diagram of representative compounds of the patent; B: Eutectic structure diagram of the combination of compound <strong>37</strong> with USP1-UAF1, black dashed line is the hydrogen bonding interaction (PDB code: 7ZH4) , figureFileSmall=AnSJ80Mkpfd3iCl+f5bC5Q==, figureFileBig=ktyzzV26NxD1TO8BHLxPzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158347014763174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=f5BT8Le9o+8tDLA+eceJoQ==, figureFileBig=vg3Cfo2y39dj8kPEclF6tA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158347086066343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=CN, label=Figure 11, caption= Structures of representative compounds of the patent and eutectic structure. A: Structure diagram of representative compounds in the patent; B: Eutectic structure diagram of the combination of compound <strong>39</strong> and USP1-UAF1, black dashed line is the hydrogen bonding interaction, blue dashed line is the <i>π-π</i> interaction (PDB code: 7ZH4) , figureFileSmall=f5BT8Le9o+8tDLA+eceJoQ==, figureFileBig=vg3Cfo2y39dj8kPEclF6tA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158347169952424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=lXCPWA+GlBTqScAEiMY8Vw==, figureFileBig=Oo9prg1ndHy/iQT/Flne4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158347287392937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=CN, label=Figure 12, caption= Structures of representative compounds of the patent , figureFileSmall=lXCPWA+GlBTqScAEiMY8Vw==, figureFileBig=Oo9prg1ndHy/iQT/Flne4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158347354501802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=q7kR5b+oGRP89XD67HA4pA==, figureFileBig=3hXWM8EhQDw8akm3ap/fPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158347425804971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=CN, label=Figure 13, caption= Structures of representative compounds of the patent and eutectic structure. A: Structure diagram of representative compounds in the patent; B: Eutectic structure diagram of the combination of compound <strong>48</strong> and USP1-UAF1, black dashed line is the hydrogen bonding interaction, blue dashed line is the <i>π-π</i> interaction (PDB code: 7ZH4) , figureFileSmall=q7kR5b+oGRP89XD67HA4pA==, figureFileBig=3hXWM8EhQDw8akm3ap/fPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158347497108140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=j05LHVjpLzKxvmNvGOfwZQ==, figureFileBig=DoqcWzbpG1UUgwlJmpyYZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158347560022701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=CN, label=Figure 14, caption= Structures of representative compounds of the patent, SAR and eutectic structure. A: Structure diagram of representative compounds in the patent; B: Eutectic structure diagram of the combination of compound <strong>51</strong> and USP1-UAF1, black dashed line is the hydrogen bonding interaction, blue dashed line is the <i>π-π</i> interaction (PDB code: 7ZH4); C: SAR diagram obtained by analyzing the compounds according to the patent , figureFileSmall=j05LHVjpLzKxvmNvGOfwZQ==, figureFileBig=DoqcWzbpG1UUgwlJmpyYZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158347622937262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ehdnEAI+LRe0XtGLXDzPWA==, figureFileBig=DCXvxZoglm2t5Jj6F7sZ4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158347685851823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=CN, label=Figure 15, caption= Structures of representative compounds of the patent and eutectic structure. 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A: Structure diagram of representative compounds of the patent; B: Eutectic structure diagram of the combination of compound <strong>100</strong> with USP1-UAF1, the blue dashed line is the <i>π-π</i> interaction (PDB code: 7ZH4) , figureFileSmall=lWwjD2Z6E6hM5/Aj+gy1pw==, figureFileBig=OBYuXYgI2lP6lYT1jp/LmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158348830896832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=cXRDqKH2j7R9pp23eDvNcA==, figureFileBig=r7xoa+l3/A43MHbuUAL/lQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158348898005697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=CN, label=Figure 24, caption= Structures of representative compounds of the patent , figureFileSmall=cXRDqKH2j7R9pp23eDvNcA==, figureFileBig=r7xoa+l3/A43MHbuUAL/lQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158349011251906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=4bN8puJOK81Jr18eUdxFPw==, figureFileBig=QXupnxz5k/CmE0N0FwbNmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158349065777859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=CN, label=Figure 25, caption= Common interactions of highly active USP1 small molecule inhibitors with USP1, black dashed line is the hydrogen bonding interaction, blue dashed line is the <i>π-π</i> interaction , figureFileSmall=4bN8puJOK81Jr18eUdxFPw==, figureFileBig=QXupnxz5k/CmE0N0FwbNmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158349128692420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TumorKnown pathways affectedRole of USP1 in the pathogenesis of the cancerRef.
Hepatocellular carcinomaUSP1-c-Kit
USP1-TBLR1
Support cell proliferation and metastasis
Promote the survival of circulating tumor cells, promotes metastasis
[36]
[37]
OsteosarcomaUSP1-TAZ

USP1-ID1/ID2/ID3
Violation of the Hippo signaling pathway, increased proliferation and migration of malignant cells
Suppression of osteoblast differentiation, increased proliferation and metastasis
[38]

[39]
Stomach cancerUSP1-ID2Promote proliferation, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition of gastric cancer cells[40]
B-cell acute lymphoblastic
leukemia
USP1-ID1-AktSupport for cell growth and viability[41]
Prostate cancerUSP1-KDM4A-AR-c-MycPromote the proliferation and survival of prostate cancer cells[42]
Breast cancerUSP1-KPNA2Correlate with a poor prognosis for patients, promote metastatic progression of cancer[43]
Ovarian cancerATM/ATR-USP1-SnailFacilitate resistance to platinum treatment and promotes metastasis[44]
GliomaUSP1-ID1USP1-CHEK1
β-Catenin-USP1-EZH2
PDGF-E2F-USP1-ID2
Promotion of tumorigenesis
Support cell survival in glioblastoma
GSCs and resistance to treatment
Reduction of NgR1 promoting myelin related infiltration
[45]
[46]
[47]
[48]
Non-small cell lung carcinomaUSP1-PHLPP1-AktUnregulated proliferation of cancer cells[49]
), ArticleFig(id=1201158349460042437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921277489727, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Role of USP1 in tumors. c-Kit: Tyrosine kinase; TBLR1: Transducin beta-like 1 X-linked receptor 1; TAZ: Transcription co-activator; ID: Inhibitors of differentiation; Akt: Protein kinase B; KDM4A: Recombinant lysine specific demethylase 4A; AR: Androgen receptor; c-Myc: Transcription factor; KPNA2: Karyopherin subunit alpha 2; ATM: Ataxia telangiectasia-mutated; ATR: Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related; Snail: Transcription factors for epithelial mesenchymal transition; CHEK1: Checkpoint kinase 1; EZH2: Enhancer of zeste homolog; PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor; E2F: Early 2 factor; PHLPP1: PH domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TumorKnown pathways affectedRole of USP1 in the pathogenesis of the cancerRef.
Hepatocellular carcinomaUSP1-c-Kit
USP1-TBLR1
Support cell proliferation and metastasis
Promote the survival of circulating tumor cells, promotes metastasis
[36]
[37]
OsteosarcomaUSP1-TAZ

USP1-ID1/ID2/ID3
Violation of the Hippo signaling pathway, increased proliferation and migration of malignant cells
Suppression of osteoblast differentiation, increased proliferation and metastasis
[38]

[39]
Stomach cancerUSP1-ID2Promote proliferation, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition of gastric cancer cells[40]
B-cell acute lymphoblastic
leukemia
USP1-ID1-AktSupport for cell growth and viability[41]
Prostate cancerUSP1-KDM4A-AR-c-MycPromote the proliferation and survival of prostate cancer cells[42]
Breast cancerUSP1-KPNA2Correlate with a poor prognosis for patients, promote metastatic progression of cancer[43]
Ovarian cancerATM/ATR-USP1-SnailFacilitate resistance to platinum treatment and promotes metastasis[44]
GliomaUSP1-ID1USP1-CHEK1
β-Catenin-USP1-EZH2
PDGF-E2F-USP1-ID2
Promotion of tumorigenesis
Support cell survival in glioblastoma
GSCs and resistance to treatment
Reduction of NgR1 promoting myelin related infiltration
[45]
[46]
[47]
[48]
Non-small cell lung carcinomaUSP1-PHLPP1-AktUnregulated proliferation of cancer cells[49]
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靶向泛素特异性蛋白酶1小分子抑制剂的研究进展
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徐嘉浩 1, 3, 4 , 李宏瑞 2, 3, 4 , 把睿先 2, 3, 4 , 刘同超 3, * , 熊兵 3, 4, *
药学学报 | 综述 2024,59(4): 866-885
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药学学报 | 综述 2024, 59(4): 866-885
靶向泛素特异性蛋白酶1小分子抑制剂的研究进展
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徐嘉浩1, 3, 4, 李宏瑞2, 3, 4, 把睿先2, 3, 4, 刘同超3, * , 熊兵3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1.江西中医药大学药学院, 江西 南昌 330004
  • 2.沈阳药科大学, 辽宁 沈阳 110016
  • 3.中国科学院上海药物研究所, 上海 201203
  • 4.长三角药物高等研究院, 江苏 南通 226133

通讯作者:

*刘同超, Tel: 86-21-68077888, E-mail: ;
熊兵, Tel: 13661970096, E-mail:
Advances in developing small molecule inhibitors of ubiquitin-specific protease 1
Jia-hao XU1, 3, 4, Hong-rui LI2, 3, 4, Rui-xian BA2, 3, 4, Tong-chao LIU3, * , Bing XIONG3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
  • 2. Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
  • 3. Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 4. Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong 226133, China
出版时间: 2024-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1076
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泛素特异性蛋白酶1 (ubiquitin-specific protease 1, USP1) 是在癌症研究中越发受关注的去泛素化酶之一。USP1在许多肿瘤中过度表达, 现已发现USP1能通过调控与肿瘤相关的多种蛋白质的表达来控制肿瘤的发生和进展, 如SIK2、GSK-3β和Bcl-2等。基因敲除或药物抑制USP1能有效抑制肿瘤, 同时还有望解决顺铂以及聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶(poly ADP-ribose polymerase, PARP) 抑制剂耐药性问题。本综述介绍了USP1的结构、功能以及USP1靶点与肿瘤的关系, 并系统地总结2013年至2023年公开的USP1小分子抑制剂的结构、活性以及构效关系。最后, 本综述讨论了开发USP1小分子抑制剂的挑战和机遇。

泛素特异性蛋白酶1  /  小分子抑制剂  /  合成致死  /  耐药性  /  构效关系

Ubiquitin-specific protease 1 (USP1) is one of the deubiquitinating enzymes which has received increasing attention in cancer research. USP1 is overexpressed in many types of cancer cells, and has been found to control tumorigenesis and progression by regulating various proteins associated with tumors, such as SIK2, GSK-3β, and Bcl-2. Knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of USP1 can effectively suppress tumors and is also expected to address the issues of cisplatin and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor resistance. This review describes the structure and function of USP1 and the relationship between USP1 targets and tumors and systematically summarizes the structure-activity relationships of small molecule USP1 inhibitors disclosed from 2013 to 2023. Finally, this review discusses the challenges and opportunities in developing small molecule USP1 inhibitors.

ubiquitin-specific protease 1  /  small molecule inhibitor  /  synthetic lethality  /  drug resistance  /  structure-activity relationship
徐嘉浩, 李宏瑞, 把睿先, 刘同超, 熊兵. 靶向泛素特异性蛋白酶1小分子抑制剂的研究进展. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (4) : 866 -885 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1076
Jia-hao XU, Hong-rui LI, Rui-xian BA, Tong-chao LIU, Bing XIONG. Advances in developing small molecule inhibitors of ubiquitin-specific protease 1[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (4) : 866 -885 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1076
泛素化为蛋白翻译后修饰方式之一, 广泛参与生命活动的调控, 与其他翻译后修饰类似, 泛素化是一个可逆的过程, 与去泛素化过程保持动态平衡[1]。去泛素化过程需要去泛素酶(deubiquitinase, DUBs) 的参与, 它们作用于泛素化的蛋白底物, 催化其泛素分子(ubiquitin, Ub) 去除, 再循环到胞质池中。通过拮抗E3连接酶的活性, DUBs可以防止目标蛋白被降解, 或者通过编辑其泛素标签的长度和拓扑结构以更微妙的方式改变目标蛋白体的功能[2]
特定的E3连接酶和DUBs之间的相对平衡最终决定了特定目标的泛素化状态。泛素化和去泛素化在细胞过程中发挥作用, 包括基因表达、细胞周期进展和细胞凋亡等[3], 泛素系统在细胞功能的癌症相关方面的重要性促使研究者选择泛素化和去泛素化过程中的重要蛋白质作为潜在抗癌靶点[4]。泛素特异性蛋白酶1 (ubiquitin-specific protease 1, USP1) 是最具特色的DUBs之一, 它在调节DNA修复过程中发挥重要作用, 参与DNA修复的多个环节[5]
研究表明, USP1的异常表达与肿瘤的发生和进展相关, 抑制USP1表达具有良好的治疗前景[6]。本综述首先简要介绍了USP1的结构、功能和与肿瘤的关系; 其次, 系统介绍了代表性的USP1抑制剂, 包括它们的结构、活性、部分构效关系和共晶结构的结合模式; 最后, 讨论了USP1抑制剂研究亟需解决的问题。
人类基因组包含大约100个编码去泛素酶的基因, 基因编码后的DUBs被分为7个家族: 泛素特异性蛋白酶(ubiquitin-specific protease, USPs)、卵巢肿瘤相关蛋白酶、Jab1/MPN域相关金属肽酶、单核细胞趋化蛋白诱导蛋白、泛素羧基末端水解酶、Machado-Joseph结构域蛋白酶、锌指泛素特异性蛋白酶。其中USPs是最大的家族, 由56个成员组成[7, 8]
USP1是Tsutomu Fujiwara在1998年发现的一个名为GEN-421G05的克隆, 也是当时组氨酸(His) 结构域最长的具有USP活性的蛋白[9]。研究发现, USP1基因位于人类1号染色体短臂31区的第3子带, 它可以编码一个88.2 kDa的蛋白质, 由785个氨基酸残基组成。USP1含有USPs家族特征的由3个子结构域组成的高度保守的催化结构域, 该结构域由1个N端半胱氨酸(Cys) 盒和2个C端His盒组成。Cys盒中的C90和His盒中的H593和D751构成了催化三元组, 是USP1的催化核心。USP1结构中还含有3个附加插入物L1、L2和L3。L1能够增强USP1的活性, 因为它与DNA具有天然亲和力, 并在与USP1相关因子(USP1-associated factor, UAF1) 结合后被异位激活。在L1中还有磷酸化位点、核定位信号和降解基序, 核定位信号能使其能够被转运到细胞核并定位于细胞核中的染色质和受调节的靶基因。L2包含一个自动裂解位点G670~G671。最小的L3位于465~483氨基酸残基之间[10-12] (图 1)。
研究发现, 单独的USP1活性较低, 当与UAF1构成去泛素酶复合物时能促进USP1的催化活性[13]。UAF1蛋白含有8个WD40重复序列, 其中7个具有β-螺旋桨结构, 第8个重复序列属于辅助结构域。WD40重复序列位于UAF1的氮末端结构域, 与USP1和其他底物蛋白结合。WD40的2~4个重复序列缺失会破坏USP1-UAF1蛋白复合物的形成, 第8个重复序列和邻接区域缺失会导致UAF1辅助因子本身的功能受损[14, 15]
USP1最主要的功能是参与DNA损伤应答(DNA damage response, DDR), USP1通过调节范可尼贫血症(Fanconi anemia, FA) 途径中单泛素化的异二聚体FANCD2Ub-FANCIUb和跨损伤DNA合成(translesion DNA synthesis, TLS) 途径中多泛素化的同三聚体增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen, PCNA) 来调节DNA修复过程[16] (图 2)。此外, USP1还被发现在免疫调节[17]、细胞自噬[18]和细胞分化[19]等活动中发挥重要调节作用。
FA是一种罕见的遗传性疾病, 其特点是基因组不稳定、骨髓衰竭和对DNA交联药物极度敏感, 22个FA基因中的任何一个发生种系突变都会导致FA[20, 21]。FA互补基因组(Fanconi anemia complementation group, FANC) 所编码的蛋白质构成了一个DDR途径, 即FA途径。FA途径已被证明在激活细胞信号以修复DNA链间交联(interstrand cross-link, ICL) 方面发挥关键作用。ICL是DNA损伤中的一种, 会导致DNA复制和转录受到抑制[22]。FA核心复合物由八种FA蛋白在具有泛素E3连接酶活性的核复合物中组装, 它在病变部位单泛素化另外两种FA蛋白形成的异二聚体: FANCD2-FANCI。单泛素化的异二聚体FANCD2Ub-FANCIUb作为平台招募特定的核酸酶、聚合酶和其他DNA修复酶来执行ICL校正的后续步骤[23]
USP1-UAF1使FANCD2Ub-FANCIUb去泛素化, 从而恢复FA途径中的关键事件。因此, USP1-UAF1介导的FANCD2Ub-FANCIUb去泛素化对于FA途径的正确功能至关重要。研究表明, 敲除小鼠和鸡淋巴瘤细胞DT40中的USP1-UAF1会导致类似FA的表型, 并且会导致细胞对DNA交联药物的敏感性增加, DNA损伤刺激后存活率降低[24-26]。另一项相关研究表明, USP1-UAF1复合物对FANCD2的高效去泛素化依赖于DNA以及UAF1与DNA的结合。而UAF1相关蛋白RAD51相互作用蛋白1抗体(RAD51-associated protein 1, RAD51AP1) 的DNA结合活性可以替代UAF1在FANCD2去泛素化过程中的活性, 研究确定了USP1-UAF1-RAD51AP1复合物在DDR中的关键作用[27]
另一个与DDR相关的TLS途径同样受到USP1的调节, USP1在TLS中的主要底物是多泛素化的同三聚体PCNA[28]。为了应对DNA损伤后复制叉的停滞, PCNA会被CRL4Cdt2 E3连接酶复合物或Rad18 E3连接酶复合物多泛素化[29]。多泛素化的PCNA可作为一个移动平台, 招募各种TLS聚合物, 这可以帮助复制叉绕过DNA病变并继续合成DNA[30]。然而, TLS聚合酶比DNA复制聚合酶具有更低的保真度, 因此可能导致更高的诱变率。研究表明, 在紫外线诱导的DNA损伤中, USP1与PCNA的底物靶标分离, 并转换到其自身的甘氨酸—甘氨酸基序, 会导致PCNA多泛素化的积累。USP1介导的PCNA去泛素化需要复制因子C组成员ELG1的存在, ELG1直接与USP1-UAF1复合物相互作用, 积极调节泛素化PCNA[31]。通过恢复PCNA单泛素化, USP1有助于防止TLS聚合酶的大量募集, 因此可以维持基因组的稳定性[32]
大量数据表明, USP1的表达和功能失调与多种疾病相关。USP1被证明通过多种机制在多种肿瘤中发挥重要作用, 且USP1的过度表达促进了癌细胞转移表型以及化疗和放疗耐药性的产生[33]
USP1过度表达是多种类型肿瘤的特征, 根据数据库显示[34], USP1在宫颈鳞状细胞癌和宫颈内腺癌中表达最高。其次, 与正常组织样本相比, 在乳腺浸润性癌、肉癌、胆管癌、多形性胶质母细胞瘤、头颈部鳞状细胞癌等中也显著超过表达。各种类型癌症中USP1表达增加的特征是细胞平衡、增殖和凋亡受到影响, 这可能是通过分化抑制因子(inhibitors of differentiation, ID) 家族中ID1、ID2和ID3蛋白或FANCD2稳定化实现[35]。基因敲除或药物抑制USP1可降低增殖活性和细胞迁移, 促进细胞凋亡, 恢复对抗肿瘤治疗的敏感性。
USP1对于调控与肿瘤发生和进展相关的几种蛋白的表达很重要, 其中包括SIK2、MMP-2、GSK-3β、Bcl-2、Stat3、cyclin E1、Notch1、Wnt-1和cyclin A1。此外, 去泛素化还能稳定肿瘤蛋白和肿瘤生长抑制因子的水平, 例如EZH2、TAZ、BCAT2、TBLR1、c-Kit、KPNA2、ERα等, 见表 1[36-49]
USP1-UAF1过表达是影响肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC) 患者生存不良预后的因素。USP1能稳定c-Kit (tyrosine kinase), 而c-Kit在HCC中上调或过表达。通过调节c-Kit的表达, 抑制USP1的活性可提高HCC细胞对仑伐替尼的敏感性, 同时还可降低PCNA、细胞周期蛋白D1、细胞周期蛋白E1、核糖体蛋白S16、转录因子Nanog、Sox2和c-Myc的表达, 并降低癌细胞干性, 包括球形成能力[36]。高水平的USP1会促进循环肿瘤细胞的转移和存活, 这是通过去泛素化而稳定了转导素β样1X连锁受体蛋白1抗体的结果[37]
在骨肉瘤细胞中, USP1直接与TAZ (transcription co-activator) 相互作用和去泛素化, 并通过稳定IDs, 特别是ID1、ID2和ID3, 导致Hippo信号通路中断。抑制USP1会降低ID蛋白的稳定性, 破坏成骨细胞的分化, 对细胞生长、集落形成和癌变产生负面影响[38, 39]
在胃癌细胞中, USP1通过去泛素化稳定ID2的表达, USP1过表达会促进癌细胞转移并和患者低生存率相关, 而敲除USP1则会抑制胃癌细胞的增殖、转移、侵袭和上皮—间质转化[40]
在B细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病中, USP1的高表达会通过ID1/Akt (protein kinase B) 信号通路促进恶性疾病的发展。对USP1的基因和药物抑制与ID1的下调相关, 并导致PI3K/Akt信号通路进一步失活。此外, 小分子抑制剂抑制USP1的去泛素化功能可诱导诱导B细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病细胞的G2/M细胞周期停滞[41]
前列腺癌细胞的增殖和存活受USP1-KDM4A-AR-c-Myc信号通路的调节[42]。其激活过程中的一个关键事件是USP1表达的增加, USP1通过与K48连接的去泛素化调节赖氨酸特异性去甲基化酶4A (recombinant lysine specific demethylase 4A, KDM4A) 的稳定性。抑制USP1的活性可显著降低细胞增殖, 并增强细胞对第二代雄激素受体拮抗剂恩杂鲁胺的敏感性。
与正常乳腺组织相比, USP1在人类乳腺癌细胞中的表达升高与患者预后不良有关, 它通过增加一些促转移基因的表达以及通过去泛素化稳定重组人核转运蛋白α2 (karyopherin subunit alpha 2, KPNA2) 来促进转移和疾病进展。KPNA2是Karyopherin家族的重要成员, 在核胞质转运中发挥核心作用, 在恶性肿瘤中过度表达[43]
抑制USP1可以解决在卵巢癌中铂类药物的耐药性问题。卵巢癌发病过程中一个关键事件是USP1被共济失调毛细血管扩张蛋白(ataxia telangiectasia-mutated, ATM) 和共济失调毛细血管扩张突变基因Rad3相关激酶(ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related, ATR) 磷酸化, 从而引发Snail (transcription factors for epithelial mesenchymal transition) 相互作用和去泛素化。USP1对Snail的稳定与顺铂抗性和转移的发展相关, 而敲除或药物抑制USP1可恢复对顺铂的敏感性[44]
USP1参与胶质瘤的发展可能与ID1和检查点蛋白激酶(checkpoint kinase 1, CHEK1) 蛋白的稳定有关[45, 46]。ID1和CHEK1蛋白可促进细胞存活, 而基因或药物抑制USP1可减少实验模型中的肿瘤生长, 并使肿瘤对化疗药物敏感。当内质网膜中最保守的常驻蛋白肌醇依赖酶1α受到抑制时, USP1的表达水平会明显升高。因此, USP1对内质网应激和缺氧做出反应, 可能有助于调节细胞凋亡和增殖[47]
胶质瘤进展和复发的一个关键因素是胶质瘤干细胞的高浸润能力, 这是由通过USP1/ID1信号通路负调控的nogo-66受体1 (nogo-66 receptor 1, NgR1) 水平下降引起的。对USP1进行药物抑制可增加NgR1的表达, 降低胶质瘤细胞的浸润能力。神经胶质母细胞瘤中USP1的表达依赖于血小板源性生长因子(platelet-derived growth factor, PDGF)。PDGF会上调早期转录因子2 (early 2 factor, E2F) 的表达, E2F转录因子会直接与USP1结合并激活USP1, USP1反过来会稳定ID2[48]。因此, PDGF-E2F-USP1-ID2信号通路的激活对胶质瘤的存活至关重要, 可作为易感性胶质母细胞瘤的治疗策略。
在非小细胞肺癌细胞(non-small cell lung cancer cells, NSCLC) 中, USP1与负性Akt调节蛋白PH域富含亮氨酸重复蛋白磷酸酶1 (PH domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 1, PHLPP1) 形成蛋白复合物, 对其进行去泛素化从而稳定。敲除USP1会导致泛素化的PHLPP1快速积累并缩短其半衰期, 从而引发Akt1磷酸化和疾病进展[49]。USP1在非小细胞肺癌细胞中的表达受桩蛋白和整合素亚基β4蛋白的调控。微管相关的苏氨酸激酶1 (microtubule associated threonine kinase 1, MAST1) 的表达是产生顺铂耐药性的一个主要因素, 它通过重新连接丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, MEK) 途径来驱动癌症的顺铂抗性。然而, 负责调控MAST1赋予药物抗性的机制尚不清楚。Tyagi等[50]发现USP1通过阻止MAST1的K48连接的多泛素化而与之相互作用、稳定并延长其半衰期。USP1促进MAST1介导的MEK1的激活, 这是导致癌症中顺铂抗性的一个基本机制。USP1的缺失导致MAST1介导的顺铂抗性在体外和体内减弱。使用小分子抑制剂对USP1和MAST1进行联合药理抑制, 进一步降低MAST1水平, 并在小鼠异种移植模型中协同增强了顺铂疗效。
2018年, Lim等[51]再次证明了USP1在肿瘤治疗中积极的可能性, 他们确定了USP1可以作为合成致死策略的一个新靶点。DNA发生损伤时, 若无法正常通过同源重组(homologous recombination, HR) 修复通路来修复, 即为同源重组缺陷(homologous recombination defect, HRD)。编码同源重组蛋白的乳腺癌易感基因1 (breast cancer 1, BRAC1) 和乳腺癌易感基因2 (breast cancer 2, BRAC2) 的体细胞突变因为涉及遗传性乳腺癌和卵巢癌, 而成为HRD中的热门研究对象[52]。BRCA1基因缺陷的肿瘤细胞在HR修复和复制叉稳定性方面存在缺陷, 使BRCA1缺陷癌细胞高度依赖其他DDR途径, 从而导致癌细胞对PARP (poly ADP-ribose polymerase) 抑制剂等DDR抑制剂敏感[53]。他们证明, USP1在BRCA1基因突变的肿瘤中上调, USP1在复制叉处表现出DNA介导的激活, 保护复制叉, 并促进BRCA1缺陷细胞的存活。敲除或抑制USP1会导致复制叉失稳, 并降低BRCA1基因缺陷细胞的存活率, 揭示了一种合成致死关系。此外, 他们还发现BRCA1缺陷型肿瘤细胞对PARP抑制剂的耐受性可能来自两种主要机制: HR修复的恢复和复制叉的稳定。由这些机制导致的获得性PARP抑制剂抗性的BRCA1缺陷细胞已经产生, 但因复制叉稳定而产生的PARP抑制剂抗性细胞对USP1抑制剂仍然敏感。相反, 通过p53结合蛋白1沉默恢复HR的PARP抑制剂抗性细胞对USP1抑制剂具有抗性。因此, USP1抑制剂有助于治疗通过这种机制获得PARP抑制剂耐药性的BRCA1缺失肿瘤。
目前, 期刊报道的USP1小分子抑制剂数量较少, USP1小分子抑制剂专利20余篇, 由KSQ公司、Forma公司、Tango公司、先声再明公司、英矽智能公司等发表[54]。这些USP1抑制剂主要与USP1形成非共价相互作用, 且结合于别构调控位点, 属于变构抑制剂[55]。2020年, KSQ公司发表一款潜力first-in-class的USP1小分子抑制剂KSQ-4279 (1, 图 3), 其强力的药效、高度的选择性以及可缓解PARP抑制剂耐药性的优点让科研工作者重新看到了USP1这一靶点的潜力。同时, KSQ-4279也为USP1小分子抑制剂的设计提供了可参考的方向[56]
2011年, Chen等[57]利用泛素—罗丹明110作为荧光底物, 高通量筛选了约9 500多种与USP1-UAF1复合蛋白有生物活性的化合物, 发现了两个具有抑制活性的可逆抑制剂: 匹莫齐特(pimozide, 2) 和GW7647 (3)。且pimozide的半数抑制浓度(half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50) 为2 μmol·L-1, GW7647的IC50 = 5 μmol·L-1。尽管pimozide和GW7647能够抑制USP1-UAF1活性, 但选择性较差, 对泛素羧基末端水解酶等靶点也有明显的活性, 同时还具有脱靶毒性, 因此, 这大大限制了它们进一步的应用。
继发现pimozide和GW7647后, 科研工作者一直在寻找抑制活性更强, 选择性更高的USP1-UAF1抑制剂。在2014年, Dexheimer等[58]发表了一种活性更高的嘧啶化合物ML323 (4), 其IC50 = 76 nmol·L-1。ML323在浓度为20 μmol·L-1时对18种DUBs、70种不相关的蛋白酶和451种激酶均不起作用, 并且在Cerep的“先导筛选2”中, ML323只命中了80个靶点中的7个。尽管ML323的IC50低于100 nmol·L-1, 选择性较好, 但ML323在H1299细胞存活试验中的半最大效应浓度为3 μmol·L-1, 因此在临床上没有得到广泛应用, 而多用于药理试验等基础研究中。
2020年, 在第32届EORTC-NCI-AACR分子靶点及癌症治疗研讨会上, KSQ公司宣布了KSQ-4279这一款强力选择性USP1别构抑制剂[59]。KSQ公司利用专有的技术平台得到了USP1抑制剂KSQ-4279, 并且筛选了700多个癌细胞系, 鉴定去泛素化酶USP1是在卵巢癌和三阴性乳腺癌中表现出选择性抗肿瘤活性的首要靶点之一。KSQ公司在体外评估了KSQ-4279的选择性和效力, 并在体内评估了该分子的疗效和耐受性, 发现在BRCA1突变细胞中, KSQ-4279可诱导细胞周期阻滞和DNA损伤, 导致细胞凋亡和死亡, 构成合成致死策略。同时, 功能性基因组耐药筛选表明, USP1抑制剂和PARP抑制剂得分最高的耐药基因不同, 因此联合使用可以良好解决PARP抑制剂耐药性问题。其次, 在卵巢癌PDX模型中, KSQ-4279单药治疗有效, 表现出了剂量依赖性肿瘤生长抑制作用。并在多个卵巢癌和三阴乳腺癌的人源性组织异种移植模型中, KSQ-4279与PARP抑制剂联合使用比单独使用任何一种药物都有更显著的抗肿瘤活性, 在PARP抑制剂仅能实现部分肿瘤控制的情况下, 联合治疗能使肿瘤持久消亡, 多个肿瘤模型出现完全缓解。最后, 在安全性试验中, 初步数据表明, KSQ-4279作为单药和与奥拉帕尼联合使用都具有良好的耐受性, 没有证据表明存在剂量限制的血液系统相关毒性。KSQ公司的证据表明了USP1是一个极具潜力的药物靶点。KSQ-4279目前正处于治疗实体瘤的Ⅰ期临床试验阶段中, 也是USP1小分子抑制剂中临床试验进度最好的药物。
2022年, Rennie等[60]首次使用ML323揭示了一种特殊的小分子抑制剂与USP1的结合模式(图 4)。他们利用冷冻电镜研究了USP1和ML323的酶—底物—抑制剂复合物, 发现抑制剂破坏了USP1的部分疏水核心, 二级结构的构象变化导致活性位点的细微重排, 这是抑制机制的基础。在棕榈树子域上, 含有催化天冬氨酸751 (Asp751) 的回路中存在细微的变化。这种中断重新定位了Asp751, 使其进一步远离催化His593, 破坏它们之间的氢键。而相邻的Asp752, 更接近其与咪唑环形成新的氢键。在未结合状态下, His593准备去质子化催化Cys90, 然后允许对同肽进行亲核攻击。咪唑环的这种翻转可能是ML323催化速率降低的基础。因此, ML323可归类为Ⅳ型去泛素化酶抑制剂—在泛素结合位点外结合并变构抑制催化。这些研究为以USP1为靶点的基于结构的药物设计提供平台。
2013年, Mistry等[61]以二硫苏糖醇为还原剂, 筛选了150 000种化合物, 发现了C527 (5) 这一活性在μmol·L-1级的USP1-UAF1抑制剂, 但这一类含醌化合物选择性极差。虽然C527的近似物SJB2-043 (6) 的IC50 = 544 nmol·L-1, SJB3-019A (7) 的IC50 = 78.1 nmol·L-1, 两者活性较高, 但后者在3 μmol·L-1浓度下抑制了大约一半的DUBs, 因此这类化合物不能得到广泛应用。
目前处于临床研究阶段的USP1小分子抑制剂除了KSQ-4279外, 还有ISM-3091; 同时, TNG-348、FT-3171、SP-002这3个药物处于临床前研究阶段, 后4个药物的具体化学结构均未公布。ISM-3091是由英矽智能公司自主研发的USP1小分子抑制剂, 处于Ⅰ期临床试验阶段, 拟用于治疗晚期实体瘤。ISM-3091在包括BRCA1/2突变对PARP耐药、非BRCA1/2的HRD的模型以及非HRD模型中都具有非常良好的单药或者联用的药效。ISM-3091没有显著的毒理风险, 且具有良好的成药性。TNG-348是由Tango公司自主研发的USP1小分子抑制剂, 目前处于临床前研究阶段。FT-3171是Forma公司研发的一种USP1小分子抑制剂, 有可能在PARP抑制剂敏感和耐药中治疗多种肿瘤。SP-002是先声再明公司研发的一种高选择性USP1小分子抑制剂, 其在人乳腺癌细胞(MDA-MB-436) 中与PARP抑制剂奥拉帕尼联合使用具有协同抗增殖作用[62]
专利分析包含了由10余家医药科技公司发表的20余篇USP1小分子抑制剂专利。根据专利中的化合物结构, 可将化合物按母核结构分类来对不同母核结构的USP1小分子抑制剂进行讨论以及构效关系分析(structure-activity relationships, SAR)。
2014年, 报道了第一篇USP1小分子抑制剂专利WO2014105952[63]。专利以氨基嘧啶为母核, 包含80个化合物, 其中含有部分nmol·L-1级的高活性USP1-UAF1抑制剂。该专利也是第一个进入临床试验的药物ML323的核心专利, 但因为ML323临床试验结果并不理想, 现已撤销。
专利首先在c部分进行改造(图 5), 此部分的改造对活性影响并不显著, 但发现4位苯环取代具有良好耐受性, 例如4-苯基苄胺。且相较于pimozide和GW7647在选择性上有所提高, 对部分DUBs没有明显活性, 并且仅对451种激酶中的一种有明显的抑制作用。接着对a部分进行改造, 并发现嘧啶2位为吸电子基时活性减少或丧失, 为给电子基时活性增加, 其中以2-异丙基苯活性最高, 且亲酯性的异丙基对活性和代谢较为关键。而母核b部分, 用嘧啶取代喹唑啉是耐受的, 且这种变化是有益的, 因为它会降低先导化合物的分子量和亲脂性, 得到了具有相当效力的化合物。最后, 在确定了a和b分别为2-异丙苯基和5-甲基嘧啶基团后, 又对c部分结构重新进行改造。专利把对c部分的注意力集中到双环结构, 第一个环以六元环活性最高, 四元环和五元环活性降低; 将第二个环改造为含氮杂环, 其中以三唑环活性最高。最终得到ML323这一高活性、高选择性的USP1-UAF1抑制剂。但ML323代谢稳定性较低, 其t1/2 = 15 min, 主要代谢物涉及N-苄基的氧化去除和异丙基的羟基化。
2023年, 亚虹医药公司同样发表一篇以氨基嘧啶为母核的USP1小分子抑制剂专利[64]。专利包含216个化合物(图 6), 其USP1 IC50活性最高为0.45 nmol·L-1, MDA-MB-436 IC50活性最高为0.022 nmol·L-1, 专利分别对母核左边结构, 母核上取代基和母核右边结构进行改造。对于母核, 专利尝试了将母核中的氨基与嘧啶5位成环、嘧啶4和5位成环以及用不同取代基替换嘧啶5位氢原子等方法, 发现这些改变是耐受的, 且改造后的化合物活性均良好。同时发现, 当母核左边结构为间二取代的嘧啶和吡唑、单取代的苯和吡啶时活性较高; 母核右边结构为间二取代的咪唑和吡唑时活性较高。专利还指出, 部分化合物有良好的药代动力学性质, 但具体数据并未给出。
KSQ公司的专利WO2020132269[65]中化合物以1H-吡唑并[3, 4-d]嘧啶为分子母核, 是KSQ公司进入Ⅰ期临床试验的药物KSQ-4279的核心专利(图 7)。但KSQ-4279并不是这篇专利中活性最好的化合物, 可能是出于成药性或者选择性考虑。这篇专利一共包含214个化合物, 大部分化合物IC50 < 100 nmol·L-1, 其中较多化合物的IC50 < 10 nmol·L-1。专利中高活性化合物对USP1-UAF1选择性高, 不结合其他去泛素化酶、USP蛋白质或UAF1复合物, 如USP49-UAF1等。
专利中用符号代表化合物活性处于某一范围, 没有具体活性数值。SAR分析将结构分为a、b、c三个部分。b部分为化合物母核, 是活性必需结构; 母核上取代基对活性影响不明显。a部分为2-异丙基苯或间二取代嘧啶和吡唑时活性较高, 三取代活性较低; 但当间二取代的取代基均为环状结构或者取代基过长时活性会降低。c部分为间二取代吡唑和咪唑时活性较高, 当为三唑时活性降低; 且在双取代基团中, -CF3是一个关键药效团, 而另一取代基碳链过长则活性将会降低。
专利WO2021247606[66]包含371个化合物(图 8), 绝大部分化合物的IC50 < 100 nmol·L-1。专利将4, 5, 6, 7-四氢吡唑并[1, 5-a]嘧啶作为母核, 且在母核和苯环之间的连接上尝试改造: 用NH基团或O原子来代替C原子起连接作用, 但发现此处的改变对活性影响较低, 而母核左右两边结构的变化对活性影响较为明显, 这篇专利中没有化合物被筛选进入临床试验。
Impact公司发表的专利WO2022199652[67]中包含78个化合物(图 9), 大部分化合物以1H-吡唑并[4, 3-d]嘧啶为母核。活性最高的化合物IC50 < 10 nmol·L-1且只有一个, 其母核为5H-吡咯并[3, 2-d]嘧啶, 其他化合物的IC50在10~100 nmol·L-1之间。
英矽智能公司发表了一篇专利WO2023083285[68], 专利包含15个化合物(图 10), 这篇专利首次尝试将苯环替换为立方烷, 并且这种替换是耐受的。同时改变了母核中吡唑上N原子的相对位置, 以1H-吡唑并[3, 4-d]嘧啶为化合物母核。
2022年, Forma公司发表了一篇USP1小分子抑制剂专利WO2022216820[69]。专利一共包含216个化合物, 生物活性部分展示了22个化合物的数据(图 11)。这篇专利舍弃了其公司前一篇专利中对母核的改造方法, 将五元环和六元环相对位置互换, 并把六元脂肪环重新替换为关键的药效团: 嘧啶环。其次, 专利把对母核的改造集中在五元环上, 尝试不同的五元和六元杂环结构, 最终以噻唑或恶唑并[4, 5-d]嘧啶-2(3H)-酮作为专利中绝大部分化合物的母核; 同时在母核嘧啶2位引入了KSQ公司WO2020132269专利中的优势药效团: 间二取代嘧啶基团。通过这些尝试, 专利得到部分IC50 < 10 nmol·L-1的高活性USP1-UAF1抑制剂。Forma公司的一款处于临床前研究阶段的USP1小分子抑制剂药物FT-3171可能就是来自于这篇专利, 但具体的化学结构并未公布。
Forma公司的专利WO2020139988[70]对母核的结构进行了其他尝试(图 12), 将其第一篇专利母核中的嘧啶环替换为脂肪环, 并交换五元环和六元环的位置, 以5, 6, 7, 8-四氢咪唑并[1, 5-a]吡嗪作为母核。专利包含86个化合物, 从专利给出的活性数据来看, 这篇专利中86个化合物活性均较低, 且大部分化合物IC50在μmol·L-1级。
Impact公司的专利WO2022253188[71]包含18个化合物(图 13)。相较于Impact公司之前发表的专利, 这篇专利将母核中五元环和六元环中的N原子替换位置, 以咪唑并[5, 1-f][1, 2, 4]三嗪为化合物母核, 得到一个高活性的化合物48, IC50 = 2.44 nmol·L-1, 其在MDA-MB-436细胞的IC50 = 103.57 nmol·L-1
Tango公司发表的专利WO2020174184[72]包含208个化合物(图 14), 高活性化合物的IC50 < 30 nmol·L-1。专利以5H-吡咯并[3, 2-d]嘧啶为化合物母核, 这篇专利变换了母核中五元芳杂环上N原子的数量和位置, 且选择将母核右边的苯环结构连接在母核中五元环的C原子上。可将专利中化合物分为4个部分进行分析, 左边a部分以4, 6-二取代嘧啶或邻位取代苯基和吡啶时抑制USP1-UAF1的活性较高; b部分为嘧啶并吡咯母核, 是活性必需结构; c部分以苯环最佳, 用其他环替换苯环时活性会降低; d部分为间二取代吡唑和咪唑时活性较高, 并且, 当芳杂环中C原子上连接-CF3基团, N原子上连接短脂肪链和三元或四元脂肪环基团时活性较高。
海思科公司发表了一篇包含38个化合物的USP1小分子抑制剂专利WO2023143424[73] (图 15)。专利以6H-吡咯并[2, 3-d]嘧啶-6-酮为母核, 母核左右两边结构分别为间二取代嘧啶和咪唑。专利中包含了USP1和MDA-MB-436的IC50数据, 同时还提供了化合物的最大血药浓度和药时曲线下面积等数据。发现化合物57在各项数据中表现较好, 具有良好的抑制活性和口服吸收性能。
2017年, Forma公司发表了一篇包含544个化合物的USP1小分子抑制剂专利WO2017087837[74] (图 16), 是除2014年外的另一篇早期专利, 奠定了分子的基本骨架。Forma公司参照了ML323的结构, 保留了ML323中的氨基嘧啶结构, 不同的是, 此专利选择将母核中嘧啶的5, 6位成环, 以7, 9-二氢-8H-嘌呤-8-酮作为母核。这篇专利中的化合物片段类型丰富, 可以将化合物分为五个部分进行分析。
专利中a部分为邻位单取代的苯及苯的衍生物时活性较高, 且取代基多为异丙基, 甲氧基和环丙基等基团, 但长链和大环等体积过大的取代基会降低活性。而c部分则尝试用甲基、环丙基和环丁基取代亚甲基上一个氢, 发现此改变对活性影响不显著。专利在d部分尝试用脂肪杂环代替苯环, 但发现活性显著减低。e部分为吡唑和咪唑时活性较高, 用脂肪链、其他芳环或芳环并杂环时活性会降低, 同时, e部分上的取代基以间位二取代时活性较高, 单取代时活性会降低。
Tango公司的专利WO2022197892[75]包含200多个化合物(图 17), 高活性化合物IC50 < 30 nmol·L-1, 母核为7, 9-二氢-8H-嘌呤-8-亚胺。母核左右两边的结构与其第一篇专利类似, 母核左边结构为间二取代嘧啶、邻位取代苯环和吡啶、间二取代吡唑和咪唑; 母核右边结构为间二取代吡唑、咪唑和噻唑等。同时, 这篇专利在这些环上的取代基做了更丰富的改造。Tango公司在WO2022174184和WO2022197892这两篇专利中筛选了一个化合物TNG-348进行临床前研究, 具体结构并未公布。
英矽智能公司的专利WO2023083286[76]包含32个化合物(图 18), 大部分化合物USP1 IC50 < 50 nmol·L-1。这篇专利对母核的处理类似Forma公司WO2020139988这篇专利, 将母核中的六元芳杂环变为六元脂肪杂环, 并交换五元环和六元环的相对位置, 专利最终以4, 5, 6, 7-四氢-1H-吡唑并[4, 3-c]吡啶为母核, 同时通过将苯环替换为立方烷或吡啶来区别于其他专利。
Impact公司的专利WO2023066299[77]包含47个化合物(图 19), 专利将其第二篇专利WO2022253188母核中的五元环和六元环互换位置, 最终以[1, 2, 4]三唑并[1, 5-a]吡啶为母核, 母核左右两边的结构分别是其确定的优势结构: 间二取代的嘧啶、咪唑和吡唑等。
英矽智能公司的专利WO2023083297[78]包含39个化合物(图 20), 一半以上化合物USP1 IC50 < 50 nmol·L-1。专利中大部分化合物以吡啶并[2, 3-d]嘧啶-7(8H)-酮为母核, 将母核左边部分的邻位取代苯基替换为间二取代嘧啶, 且将部分化合物母核右边部分的苯环替换为立方烷。
先声再明公司发表的专利WO2022214053[79]包含了88个化合物(图 21)。绝大部分化合物的USP1 IC50 < 100 nmol·L-1, 其中许多化合物的IC50 < 50 nmol·L-1, 同时, 化合物对MDA-MB-436增殖抑制活性IC50也都在50 nmol·L-1左右。这篇专利的化合物母核主要是嘧啶并恶嗪及其衍生物, 而Forma公司、英矽智能公司和Aurigene Oncology公司[80]发表的专利中也含有此母核结构的化合物, 但当母核为二氢蝶啶时活性会降低。
先声再明公司的专利WO2023030295[81]包含15个化合物(图 22), 这篇专利中的母核与其第一篇的设计思路类似, 不同的是将六元二杂环改为七元二杂环, 以嘧啶并[1, 4]二杂卓为母核, 其他部分的结构是间二取代嘧啶和咪唑等优势药效团。先声再明公司从WO2023030295和WO2022214053这两篇专利中筛选出一个化合物SP-002进行临床前研究, 但并未公布具体结构。
山东轩竹公司发表了两篇USP1小分子抑制剂专利, 均以三并环为母核, 但两篇专利的并环种类和位置不同。第一篇专利WO2022228399[82]包含50个化合物(图 23), 其中抑制USP1-UAF1的IC50最高可达到1.6 nmol·L-1。这篇专利首次尝试了以三并环结构作为母核, 主要是将嘧啶环、吡唑环、咪唑环等杂环以六元环—五元环—五元环的方式构成三并环。同时, 专利还尝试了用氘取代分子左边嘧啶上甲基中的氢, 但发现氘对活性没有明显影响。
山东轩竹公司的第二篇专利WO2022233263[83]包含27个化合物(图 24), 大部分化合物USP1 IC50 < 20 nmol·L-1, IC50最高为3.98 nmol·L-1。这篇专利的母核同样为三并环结构, 但与其第一篇的三并环结构不同, 母核中嘧啶并吡唑结构不变, 在两者上方并上脂肪环。这篇专利也尝试将分子左边嘧啶上甲氧基的氢换为氘, 同样发现氘对活性没有明显影响。
通过对这些专利的分析, 发现许多专利的母核之间差异较为明显, 而母核左右两边的结构相对固定。母核中的嘧啶基团和左右两边的间二取代芳杂环可能是关键药效团(图 25)。
泛素-蛋白酶体系对蛋白质降解的调节对于维持正常细胞的生理活动至关重要, 其稳态体系失衡也是导致癌细胞中癌蛋白累积的关键原因。而DUBs在这些过程中发挥着重要作用, 它们的异常表达会引发多种疾病。USP1是DUBs家族中重要成员, 并且已得到较为深入的研究, 其在肝癌、骨肉瘤、B细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病、前列腺癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、胶质瘤等多种肿瘤中过度表达。
USP1在癌症发展过程中与多种信号通路相互作用, 包括TGF-β通路、Hippo通路、Wnt/β-catenin通路和PI3K/Akt通路[84, 85], USP1已经逐渐成为一个有前途的癌症治疗靶点。除此之外, USP1调控的更多潜在机制仍有待阐明, 以丰富对USP1致癌作用的认识。体外抑制USP1会使癌细胞对辐射敏感, 并增加其对各种化疗药物的敏感性, 因此靶向USP1-UAF1复合物可能克服抗药性以及扩大癌症联合疗法的应用。尽管如此, 现在仍然没有靶向USP1药物获批上市, 仅有两个药物处于Ⅰ期临床试验阶段。USP1小分子抑制剂仍需要付出努力来加快开发, 转化临床药物使有需要的患者受益。
USP1抑制剂的开发充满挑战和机遇, 研究仍需要深入探究其生物学与疾病之间的关联。尽管已有研究揭示了USP1抑制剂的抑制机制, 但对于在去泛素化过程中USP1的激活机制、USP1如何与其底物相互作用以及各机制之间的差异并未明确。而这些分子机制的全面了解对于开发USP1抑制剂十分重要。总之, USP1是治疗癌症十分有潜力的一个靶点, 未来的研究应关注USP1在致癌过程中的分子机制, 获得更多的分子共结晶数据, 以促进更加有效的USP1靶向药物的开发, 最终造福患者。
作者贡献: 徐嘉浩、李宏瑞和把睿先负责文献查阅、初稿撰写、插图和表格绘制; 刘同超和熊兵负责论文指导和修改, 对论文结构和质量进行把控。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明本论文不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82204187)
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2024年第59卷第4期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1076
  • 接收时间:2023-09-16
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-16
  • 修回日期:2024-01-04
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(82204187)
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    1.江西中医药大学药学院, 江西 南昌 330004
    2.沈阳药科大学, 辽宁 沈阳 110016
    3.中国科学院上海药物研究所, 上海 201203
    4.长三角药物高等研究院, 江苏 南通 226133

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*刘同超, Tel: 86-21-68077888, E-mail: ;
熊兵, Tel: 13661970096, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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