Article(id=1198656287870382197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1693411200000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-31, revisedDate=1698595200000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711528985, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1699718400000, pubDateStr=2023-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711528985, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711528985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711528985, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656283525087620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3476', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711527949, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711688683, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3179, endPage=3184, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656288239480957, articleId=1198656287870382197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Taste masking pharmaceutical excipients and their applications, columnId=1198656285311861125, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Pharmaceutical Taste-Masking and Assessment Technologies, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The taste of drugs has an important impact on the compliance of patients, but most of the active drug ingredients have an uncomfortable taste, especially traditional Chinese medicine. Through a variety of pharmaceutical excipients with taste masking properties combined with corresponding technologies can improve the taste of drugs and the characteristics of other dosage forms, so as to improve patient compliance. Here, we mainly summarize the auxiliary materials used for taste masking, explain the mechanism of taste masking from the point of view of excipients and introduces related uses, so as to provide reference for further research on taste masking of pediatric preparations.

, correspAuthors=Jia-sheng TU, Chun-meng SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiang-an-ni KONG, Lei ZHAO, Wen-zhen ZHAN, Yu-xuan LI, Chang LI, Jia-sheng TU, Chun-meng SUN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656289816539299, articleId=1198656287870382197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=掩味用辅料及其应用, columnId=1198656285597073800, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 药品口感研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

药物的口感对患者的顺应性有着重要的影响, 但大多数活性药物成分具有让人不适的口感, 尤其是中药材。通过各种掩味性能的药用辅料结合相应技术可以改善药品口感和其他剂型特征, 从而提高患者顺应性。本文主要通过对掩味用辅料进行汇总, 从辅料角度解释掩味机制并介绍相关用途, 为儿童制剂掩味的进一步研究提供参考。

, correspAuthors=涂家生, 孙春萌, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*涂家生, Tel: 86-25-83271305, E-mail: ;
孙春萌, E-mail:
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Flavoring agent category Commonly used excipient
  Sweetener Natural sweetener: sucrose, sativoside, glycyrrhizin, brazzein
Artificial sweetener: saccharin sodium, sucralose, aspartame, neotame
  Flavor Peppermint essential oil, artificial flavors
  Thickening agent Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, xanthan gum, gelatin
  Effervescing agent Organic acid, sodium bicarbonate
), ArticleFig(id=1198960237068775852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656287870382197, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Commonly used flavoring agents in pharmaceutical preparations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Flavoring agent category Commonly used excipient
  Sweetener Natural sweetener: sucrose, sativoside, glycyrrhizin, brazzein
Artificial sweetener: saccharin sodium, sucralose, aspartame, neotame
  Flavor Peppermint essential oil, artificial flavors
  Thickening agent Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, xanthan gum, gelatin
  Effervescing agent Organic acid, sodium bicarbonate
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掩味用辅料及其应用
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孔祥安妮 1 , 赵磊 2 , 展文珍 1 , 李宇轩 1 , 李畅 3 , 涂家生 1, * , 孙春萌 1, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 药品口感研究 2023,58(11): 3179-3184
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 药品口感研究 2023, 58(11): 3179-3184
掩味用辅料及其应用
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孔祥安妮1, 赵磊2, 展文珍1, 李宇轩1, 李畅3, 涂家生1, * , 孙春萌1, *
作者信息
  • 1.国家药品监督管理局药物制剂及辅料研究与评价重点实验室, 中国药科大学药学院药剂系, 江苏 南京 210009
  • 2.国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心, 北京 100022
  • 3.天津医科大学药学院药剂学系, 天津 300041

通讯作者:

*涂家生, Tel: 86-25-83271305, E-mail: ;
孙春萌, E-mail:
Taste masking pharmaceutical excipients and their applications
Xiang-an-ni KONG1, Lei ZHAO2, Wen-zhen ZHAN1, Yu-xuan LI1, Chang LI3, Jia-sheng TU1, * , Chun-meng SUN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nangjing 210009, China
  • 2. Center for Drug Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing 100022, China
  • 3. Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300041, China
出版时间: 2023-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1015
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药物的口感对患者的顺应性有着重要的影响, 但大多数活性药物成分具有让人不适的口感, 尤其是中药材。通过各种掩味性能的药用辅料结合相应技术可以改善药品口感和其他剂型特征, 从而提高患者顺应性。本文主要通过对掩味用辅料进行汇总, 从辅料角度解释掩味机制并介绍相关用途, 为儿童制剂掩味的进一步研究提供参考。

药用辅料  /  掩味  /  儿童制剂  /  应用研究

The taste of drugs has an important impact on the compliance of patients, but most of the active drug ingredients have an uncomfortable taste, especially traditional Chinese medicine. Through a variety of pharmaceutical excipients with taste masking properties combined with corresponding technologies can improve the taste of drugs and the characteristics of other dosage forms, so as to improve patient compliance. Here, we mainly summarize the auxiliary materials used for taste masking, explain the mechanism of taste masking from the point of view of excipients and introduces related uses, so as to provide reference for further research on taste masking of pediatric preparations.

pharmaceutical excipient  /  taste masking  /  pediatric medicine  /  application
孔祥安妮, 赵磊, 展文珍, 李宇轩, 李畅, 涂家生, 孙春萌. 掩味用辅料及其应用. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (11) : 3179 -3184 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1015
Xiang-an-ni KONG, Lei ZHAO, Wen-zhen ZHAN, Yu-xuan LI, Chang LI, Jia-sheng TU, Chun-meng SUN. Taste masking pharmaceutical excipients and their applications[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (11) : 3179 -3184 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1015
药物主要由三大部分组成: 活性药物成分(active pharmaceutical ingredient, API)、药用辅料和药包材。药用辅料是指制剂中除API外其他成分的总称, 优良的药用辅料不仅可以增强API稳定性, 延长药品的有效期, 更好地调控活性成分在体内外的溶出或释放行为, 还可以改善病人依从性, 同时影响药物的安全性、有效性、稳定性、依从性和经济价值, 是药物制剂的基础材料和重要组成部分, 在制剂剂型和生产中起着关键作用[1]
儿童制剂是一种特殊的制剂, 主要面向儿童群体。美国一项来自800多名儿科医生的调查显示, 90.8%的急性儿科病人和83.9%的慢性儿科病人服药顺应性差, 从而影响病人的坚持服药率[2]。而为了减少孩子对药物的抗拒, 部分家长会将药物溶解在糖水、牛奶、饮料中, 这很可能对药物疗效造成影响。因此, 有必要通过掩味用辅料对儿童制剂进行掩味, 改善儿童服药的顺应性进而提高药物疗效。本文对药物制剂中常见掩味用辅料进行了汇总并主要介绍了其掩味机制及应用。
掩味最常见的方式就是通过在处方中添加矫味剂, 刺激甜味受体混淆大脑味觉感知或阻断苦味受体信号传递到大脑以降低苦味。药物制剂中使用的矫味剂包括甜味剂、芳香剂、增稠剂、味蕾麻痹剂等, 表 1列举了药物制剂中常用矫味剂。甜味剂与芳香剂通过甜味、嗅觉产生的神经冲动与苦味产生的神经冲动在中枢综合后混淆大脑味觉, 淡化对苦味的感受。味觉增效剂常与人工甜味剂联用, 提高大脑对甜味的感知并掩盖人工甜味剂的不良后味。增稠剂多用于液体制剂中增加黏度, 干扰味蕾味觉而矫味。味蕾麻痹剂可暂时麻痹味蕾上的味觉细胞, 提高苦味阈值, 使患者服药时感受不到苦味或使苦味减轻, 由有机酸与碳酸氢钠组成的泡腾剂遇水可产生大量二氧化碳麻痹味蕾。
添加甜味剂是首选的掩味技术, 其不需要专门的生产设备、操作简便, 适用于各种固体和液体剂型。不同的甜味剂对苦味的抑制作用不同, 若药物的苦味较轻, 可以只用一种甜味剂做矫味剂。甜味剂可以和味觉感受器上的G蛋白结合[3], 从而阻断苦味信号传递大脑, 便不会产生苦味。常用的甜味剂可分为天然甜味剂和人工合成甜味剂。
天然甜味剂主要有甘草甜素、蔗糖、单糖浆及甜菊糖等, 其中蔗糖作为最为常见的甜味剂之一, 已被收录于中国药典(ChP) 和美国药典(USP) 中, 并用于包括片剂、胶囊及注射剂等多种剂型。甜菊糖高甜度、低热量, 甜度是甘蔗的200倍, 而热量仅为甘蔗的1/300, 对于心脑血管患者和糖尿病患者有一定的治疗作用[4]。Zhang等[5]认为甜菊糖在不影响黄柏苍术汤疗效的情况下, 对黄柏苍术汤苦味抑制效果突出, 并且有较高的安全性, 使用者的肝肾功能并未在用药后有明显的损害。
人工合成的甜味剂主要有糖精钠、糖精、阿司帕坦和三氯蔗糖等, 均被收载入USP和ChP中, 三氯蔗糖是最为理想的甜味剂之一, 以蔗糖为原料, 安全度高, 甜度可达蔗糖的400~800倍。糖精是最早的合成甜味剂, 不过因其具有致癌风险, 已逐渐被市场所淘汰。甜蜜素价格低廉, 在我国仍是符合标准的添加剂之一, 其甜度是蔗糖的50倍左右。阿斯巴甜多用于饮料中, 市场需求量大, 甜度是蔗糖的200倍。Chen等[6]认为阿斯巴甜在醋蛋保健口服液中的矫味效果显著。甜味剂依据功能可分为营养甜味剂、高强度甜味剂和多元醇和氢化淀粉水解物三种, 它们有不同的感官特性、功能特性, 由于个体差异性, 很难找到特定的适合每个人个体甜味剂, 因此大多通过使用混合甜味剂来降低特定甜味剂的摄取率[7]
芳香剂主要通过影响嗅觉来混淆大脑以掩盖药物的不良味道, 常用的芳香剂包括天然香料和香精两大类。天然香料多从植物中提取而来, 比如从薄荷中提取薄荷油, 桂皮中提取桂皮油, 还有酊剂、醑剂、芳香水剂等。香精即人造香料, 通过调配而产生天然风味, 在制剂中比较常见的有柠檬香精、巧克力香精、桔子香精等。儿童喜甜, 在一些口服制剂中添加水果风味的香精, 可以大大减弱苦味带来的不适感。Guan等[8]对5, 6-二氢-1, 3, 5-二噻嗪类物质作为食用香精的合成与应用研究进行了概述。Zuo等[9]发现在复方玄参口腔喷雾剂中, 添加薄荷脑的矫味效果显著。
增稠剂由于其性质黏稠缓和, 可以将药物的释放延缓, 从而控制药物的不良味道向味蕾扩散, 干扰味蕾的味觉以达到掩味的效果, 同时其黏稠的性质也可以使溶液增稠。临床上常用的增稠剂包括羧甲基纤维素钠、黄原胶、明胶、阿拉伯胶及甲基纤维素等。另外, 芳香剂、胶浆剂和与甜味剂联合使用能提高掩味效果。患有口咽吞咽困难的老年人无法安全吞咽药丸, 因此其中一些人使用液体配方药物与增稠剂混合, 以确保安全[10]。据报道[11], 某些类型的增稠剂添加在口崩片中会影响片剂的分解和溶解, 因此在处方设计时选择一种不影响药物溶解性、活性的增稠剂是很有必要的。
根据美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA) 对泡腾片的定义, 泡腾片是在给药前在水中溶解或分散的片剂[12]。泡腾片含有酸性物质(柠檬酸、酒石酸、苹果酸或任何其他合适的酸或酸酐) 和碳酸盐或碳酸氢盐(钠、钾或任何其他合适的碱金属碳酸盐或碳酸氢盐)[13]。酸性物质与碱性物质在水的存在下发生泡腾反应, 生成并释放大量的气体, 可有效麻痹味觉, 结合甜味剂和芳香剂, 会产生如糖果般美妙的口感, 所以多用于儿童制剂中。Pather等[14]使用泡腾剂作为芬太尼泡腾片处方之一, 以达到更好的矫味效果。
苦味抑制剂通过生化干扰苦味信号从口腔向大脑传导以达到掩味的目的。根据苦味信号传导受阻过程的不同可将苦味抑制剂可分为两类, 一类为苦味受体拮抗剂, 另一类为苦味传导抑制剂。
苦味受体拮抗剂是指能够同药物竞争性地与苦味受体(type 2 bitter taste receptor, TAS2Rs) 结合从而阻止苦味蛋白释放的物质。苦味受体拮抗剂通常是已知苦味化合物的结构类似物, 因此与同一受体结合[15]。小分子4-(2, 2, 3-三甲基环戊基) 丁酸是第一个被报道的苦味受体拮抗剂, 它抑制了人类TAS2Rs受体的激活[16]。随后, 丙磺舒、半萜类内酯、6-甲氧基黄酮、γ-氨基丁酸和Nα、Nα-双(羧甲基)-L-赖氨酸被确定为人类TAS2Rs的拮抗剂[17]
苦味传导抑制剂是通过阻断苦味信号传导下游的通路而掩味。如果苦味传导通路的后期阶段能够被阻断, 那么广泛的苦味抑制很有可能成为一种平台技术。味觉传导过程如图 1[2]所示, 苦味受体拮抗剂与苦味受体相互作用阻断苦味传导(1), 苦味传导抑制剂可以在以下途径中发生潜在作用: 与G蛋白偶联受体相互作用(2), G蛋白偶联受体的激活(3), G蛋白偶联后效应器(磷脂酶C) 相互作用(4), 第二信使的产生(5), 以及离子通道激活(6)。单磷酸腺苷通常用于苦味食品的掩味, 已作为一种食品添加剂被FDA批准, 其掩味的机制在于通过干扰苦味信号传导通路中G蛋白偶联受体的激活而阻滞苦味的传导[18]。瞬时受体电位阳离子通道亚家族M成员5 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 5, Trpm5), 是离子通道这一步骤的重要组成部分。通过控制Trpm5的活性, 可以减轻不想要的苦味, 或者可以增强理想的甜味和鲜味。目前正在开发专门抑制或增强Trpm5活性的化合物, 作为药品和加工大豆和可可等食品的苦味阻滞剂; 然而, 预计几年内它们不会商业化[2]
聚甲基丙烯酸酯常用作薄膜包衣材料, 其具有可电离的官能团, 处于结合状态时不溶于溶剂, 当足够数量的官能团被电离时会产生溶解的一类聚合物, 表现出pH依赖的溶解性。由于唾液的pH为6.97~7.40, 与胃肠道的pH存在差异, 利用这一原理, 聚甲基丙烯酸酯在口腔中不溶解, 药物释放少, 而在特定pH条件下溶解释放药物从而达到掩蔽某种药物的苦味的作用。根据所带电荷种类的不同, 聚甲基丙烯酸酯可分为阳离子、阴离子以及中性(非离子) 三类。
阳离子聚甲基丙烯酸酯可溶于胃液和弱酸性缓冲溶液中。常见的为甲基丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸二甲胺基乙酯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯(1∶2∶1) 共聚物。用于苦味掩蔽的具有pH依赖性溶解度的最常见聚合物之一是Eu⁃dragit®E[19]
Alshehri等[20]通过热熔挤出技术在不同的药物-聚合物用量比下用Eudradit®E PO包覆甲芬那酸, 并将其成功制备成具有良好脆性和崩解时间的口腔崩解片, 电子舌结果显示该口崩片在唾液中释放减少, 与原药物相比提高了苦味掩蔽效果和溶解度。Petereit等[21]将布洛芬与Eudradit®E PO以不同的比例共聚。一位小组成员的口感证实, 当药物浓度达到25%时, 掩味作用明显, 当药物浓度达到33%以上时有苦味产生。研究人员还提出, 布洛芬的苦味掩盖是药物与聚合物相互作用的结果, 相互作用的形式是药物以分子形式分散在聚合物基质中。差示扫描量热法、X射线粉末衍射法和傅里叶变换红外光谱证实了上述结论。
阴离子聚合物在pH较低的胃中不溶解, 但会溶于pH较高的小肠。常见的为甲基丙烯酸/丙烯酸乙酯(1∶1) 聚合物(以Eudragit®L30D-55为代表)、羟丙甲纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯、甲基丙烯酸/甲基丙烯酸甲酯(7∶13) 聚合物(以Eudragit®S100为代表)、甲基丙烯酸/甲基丙烯酸甲酯(1∶1) 聚合物(以Eudragit®L100为代表)。
Maniruzzaman等[22]将盐酸西替利嗪、盐酸维拉帕米、盐酸苯海拉明、盐酸普萘洛尔4种阳离子API与Eudragit®L 100和Eudragit®L 100-552种不同级别的阴离子聚甲基丙烯酸酯通过热熔挤出技术嵌入处理, 以6名健康志愿者的体内评价和以电子舌为基础的体外评价对挤出药物的苦味掩蔽效果进行评估。结果均显示, 和API相比, 制得的产品口感有显著改善。此外, 固态分析结果表明API以无定形或分子状态存在, 表明药物与聚合物相互作用有效的遮盖了API的苦味。
中性聚甲基丙烯酸酯是一种不溶性的药物载体, 防止药物在口腔中溶解, 同时在吞咽后能在胃中快速释放, 常被用于缓释制剂中, 常见的为丙烯酸乙酯/甲基丙烯酸甲酯/甲基丙烯酸氯化三甲铵基乙酯(3∶6∶1) 聚合物(以Eudradit® RL100为代表)、丙烯酸乙酯/甲基丙烯酸甲酯/甲基丙烯酸氯化三甲铵基乙酯(6∶13∶1) 聚合物(以Eudradit® RS100为代表)。
Douroumis等[23]通过流化床包衣技术, 利用中性聚甲基丙烯酸酯Eudradit® RL 30D对盐酸西替利嗪进行包覆, 并将所制备的颗粒加入到口崩片中。体外评价结果表明, 此种口崩片可在10 s内快速崩解, 志愿者的味觉评价也证明了Eudradit®RL 30D在苦味掩蔽和适口性方面的优良效果。
离子交换树脂(ion exchange resins, IER) 是一种不溶于水、含有酸性或碱性官能团的高分子聚合物。由于口腔唾液中没有足够的离子进行交换, 因此与IER复合的苦味药物不会在口腔中溶解产生苦味。进入胃肠道后, 胃肠道中存在的大量离子会从IER中置换药物使得药物快速释放。
Shang等[24]利用IER将盐酸倍他司汀设计成了一种无苦味的缓释口腔溶解膜片, 该口腔膜片在实现掩味的基础上, 同时具备延长药物在体内作用时间、低吸湿性等良好性能。Kouchak等[25]利用Amberlite IPR64掩盖儿科用硫酸亚铁混悬剂的味道, 改善制剂适口性。Guimarães等[26]使用Amberlite IRP 64、Amberlite IRP 69、Amberlite IRP 88三种IER对抗疟药物氯喹进行味觉掩蔽。结果显示, 三种IER均可降低电子舌系统对氯喹苦味的感知, 其中Amberlite IRP 88物理化学稳定性良好, 有望应用于儿科药物临床。
目前, 大部分IER作为辅料被制成咀嚼片或口崩片[27], 如何将IER进一步加工成其他剂型, 如何调节pH值来防止树脂中药物在唾液里分离, 以及如何提高IER的稳定性仍有待解决。
利用两亲性物质在水溶液中的自组装特性, 减少生物碱成分在真溶液中的分配, 实现掩味的目的。研究发现, 单甲氧基聚乙二醇-聚乳酸的掩味效果与生物碱的结构息息相关, 掩味效果随着苦味成分供氢体、可旋转键的数目增多而增大, 相对分子质量、疏水性的增大而加强, 表面静电势正值、亲电性、与苦味受体的结合能的增强而降低。因此, 从苦味分子的结构角度掩蔽苦味是值得注意的[28]。Li等[29]报道了嵌段共聚物: 甲氧基聚乙二醇-聚(L-乳酸)、甲氧基聚乙二醇-聚己内酯、甲氧基聚乙二醇-聚乳酸-共乙醇酸、聚乙二醇-聚乳酸-聚乙二醇可通过在水溶液中形成胶束干扰苦味药物疏水基团与口腔苦味受体的结合来掩盖药物的不良口感。Lo等[30]使用泊洛沙姆407和甘油酯制备阿奇霉素微球, 药物的释放是通过阿奇霉素晶体溶解形成的较大孔隙和泊洛沙姆溶解形成的较小的孔隙之间相互连接扩散而发生的。临床研究结果表明, 该阿奇霉素混悬液处方有效提高了掩味效果及患者服药耐受性。
壳聚糖(chitosan, CS) 是一种天然高分子材料, 因其生物相容性、可变性和体内可降解性而被广泛应用于药物制剂中[31]。其在中性和碱性条件下几乎不溶解, 但溶于稀酸。这种两性的理化性能使得CS所形成的微囊在口腔环境中几乎不溶。因此CS可以通过包裹苦味物质在口腔中形成苦味药物和苦味感受器之间的物理屏障, 而在胃酸环境中快速溶解和释放药物, 不影响所包裹的药物的体内溶出, 由此达到对所包载苦味物质进行矫掩味的目的[32]
CS通过上述原理达到掩味目的的方法已应用于多种药物, 例如恩诺沙星、盐酸西替利嗪、环丙沙星和盐酸恩丹西酮[33]。Stagner等[34]通过离子交联和喷雾干燥, 构建了用于掩盖异烟肼苦味的壳聚糖纳米粒, 推测除了药物包裹机制外, CS还可能通过自身氨基或羟基与异烟肼之间的弱键合作用来掩盖味道。此外, CS还可以通过静电和吸附作用实现遮味[35, 36]
海藻酸钠可通过与二价钙离子交联, 形成不溶于水且韧性良好的凝胶, 实现对苦味药物的完全包封。除单独使用外, 海藻酸盐还可以与壳聚糖配合使用, 壳聚糖分子链上的伯氨基与海藻酸盐分子链上的羧基通过正、负电荷吸引发生聚电解质络合反应成膜, 用以包合药物不仅可起到掩味、缓释、控释、靶释的作用, 同时可降低酸、碱、酶等不良因素对药物的影响, 提高药物稳定性。
Kulkarni等[37]采用挤出滚圆法制备了海藻酸钠对乙酰氨基酚微丸, 与氯化钙溶液交联后, 味觉试验显示可成功掩蔽原药物的苦味。另一项研究[38]以海藻酸钠和壳聚糖等作为原料, 制备了海藻酸钙-壳聚糖-恩诺沙星双重掩味微胶囊, 成功掩盖了原药物的不良气味。
环糊精(cyclodextrin, CD) 是一种具有筒状结构的环状低聚糖, 在水溶液和固体中都能与其他分子形成包合物。CD内腔疏水, 外腔亲水, 其空腔内可以容纳多种有机和无机小分子。CD发挥掩味作用的基理在于CD包裹不良的苦味药物形成包合物, 阻碍其与味蕾的相互作用, 从而掩蔽苦味。据悉, CD掩味的程度取决于游离药物的数量。
Lopalco等[39]基于羟丙基倍他环糊精(hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin, HP-β-CD) 水溶液, 提高了螺内酯在水中的溶解度, 并在一定程度上改善药物适口性, 为儿科用药的进一步探索提供可能性。Chay等[40]利用HP-β-CD包合物掩蔽盐酸雷尼替丁的苦味, 并进行味觉传感系统评估。结果表明, 包合物口感与原料药相比存在显著差异。Ono等[41]针对α-CD、β-CD、γ-CD和HP-β-CD四种辅料对盐酸苯海拉明等五种抗组胺药物的掩味性能进行考察, 结果显示CD均能形成包合物抑制苦味, 其中β-CD和HP-β-CD抑制苦味效果更好。
利用环糊精辅料进行掩味最适用于低剂量药物, 保证药物包裹在空腔中以达到最佳的掩味效果。同时, CD的空腔结构会使其他辅料间接或直接地与药物竞争, 在空腔内相互作用形成络合物, 改变药物-CD包合物的平衡, 也需要考虑包合物的形成对药物在体内的生物利用度产生的潜在影响, 避免影响药效。
药用辅料是药剂学科领域的基石, 在药物剂型设计层面和制剂研究、开发和生产过程举足轻重。尽管药用辅料不会提供任何治疗效果, 但却可以改变递药系统性能。药用辅料选择不当会增加药物制剂的稳定性下降, 生物利用度降低, 患者顺应性大打折扣的风险。儿童生理心理等方面的发育在各年龄段存在差异化, 且均有别于成人, 特别在不良味道的耐受性方面, 口感不佳导致的不良用药行为风险一直呈上升趋势。目前国内的儿童制剂市场仍有较大空缺, 掩味辅料仍需进一步调研开发。在原料药仍有较大研发空间的前提下, 未来仍应以儿童药用辅料为抓手, 对当前能够起矫味作用的药用辅料进行再评价, 仿创结合, 在保证患儿用药安全的基础上, 善用合理的药用辅料, 提供用药依从性更高的适宜剂型和个性化药品, 增加儿童服药的顺应性, 填补国内治疗药物的空白, 提升儿童用药质量, 让吃药不再痛苦。
作者贡献: 孔祥安妮负责文献查阅和写作; 赵磊、展文珍、李宇轩、李畅参与资料调研; 孙春萌和涂家生负责论文指导与修改。
利益冲突: 本文作者声明无任何利益冲突。
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2023年第58卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1015
  • 接收时间:2023-08-31
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-31
  • 修回日期:2023-10-30
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    1.国家药品监督管理局药物制剂及辅料研究与评价重点实验室, 中国药科大学药学院药剂系, 江苏 南京 210009
    2.国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心, 北京 100022
    3.天津医科大学药学院药剂学系, 天津 300041

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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