Article(id=1201158420318609438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201158414379479837, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0991, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1692720000000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-23, revisedDate=1701705600000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764308083848, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1707667200000, pubDateStr=2024-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764308083848, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764308083848, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764308083848, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201158414379479837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='269', pageEnd='492', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764308082432, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764308181123, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201158828365669286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201158414379479837, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201158828365669287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201158414379479837, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=455, endPage=463, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201158420712874019, articleId=1201158420318609438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Drug-free targeted thrombolytic strategy based on gold nanoparticles-loaded human serum albumin fusion protein delivery system, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Thrombus is a major factor leading to cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Although fibrinolytic anti-thrombotic drugs have been widely used in clinical practice, they are still limited by narrow therapeutic windows, short half-lives, susceptibility to inactivation, and abnormal bleeding caused by non-targeting. Therefore, it is crucial to effectively deliver thrombolytic agents to the site of thrombus with minimal adverse effects. Based on the long blood circulation and excellent drug-loading properties of human serum albumin (HSA), we employed genetic engineering techniques to insert a functional peptide (P-selectin binding peptide, PBP) which can target the thrombus site to the N-terminus of HSA. The fusion protein was expressed using Pichia pastoris and purified by Ni-chelating affinity chromatography. After being loaded with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), the fusion protein formed homogeneous and stable nanoparticles (named as PBP-HSA@Au) with a diameter of 17.7 ± 1.0 nm and a zeta potential of -11.3 ± 0.2 mV. Cytotoxicity and hemolysis tests demonstrated the superb biocompatibility of PBP-HSA@Au. Platelet-targeting experiments confirmed the thrombus-targeting ability conferred by the introduction of PBP into PBP-HSA@Au. Upon near-infrared ray (NIR) irradiation, PBP-HSA@Au rapidly converted light energy into heat, thereby disrupting fibrinogen and exhibiting outstanding thrombolytic efficacy. The designed HSA fusion protein delivery system provides a precise, rapid, and drug-free treatment strategy for thrombus therapy. This system is characterized by its simple design, high biocompatibility, and strong clinical applicability. All animal experiments involved in this study were carried out under the protocols approved by the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Jiangnan University [JN. No20230915S0301015(423)].

, correspAuthors=Min GAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jin-jin LU, Chun LIU, Si-rong SUN, Jing-hua CHEN, Min GAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201158423049101422, articleId=1201158420318609438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于金纳米粒-白蛋白融合蛋白递送系统的非药物靶向溶栓策略, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

血栓是导致心肌梗塞、脑卒中等心血管疾病的主要因素之一。纤维蛋白溶酶类抗血栓药物虽然已被广泛应用于临床, 但依然受到治疗窗口狭窄、半衰期短、易失活和因非靶向性造成的异常出血等不良反应的限制。因此, 有效地将溶栓物质靶向输送到血栓部位并将不良反应降至最低至关重要。基于人血清白蛋白(human serum albumin, HSA) 在血液中的长循环效果和优异的载药特性, 本研究运用基因工程技术在HSA的N末端融合一段能靶向血栓部位的功能肽(P-selectin binding peptide, PBP), 经毕赤酵母表达并纯化得到具有血栓靶向功能的白蛋白融合蛋白。该融合蛋白包载金纳米粒子(gold nanoparticles, Au NPs) 后能够形成均一稳定的纳米粒(PBP-HSA@Au), 粒径为17.7 ± 1.0 nm, zeta电位为-11.3 ± 0.2 mV。细胞毒性和溶血实验证明PBP-HSA@Au生物相容性好, 血小板靶向实验表明PBP的引入赋予了PBP-HSA@Au血栓靶向能力, 近红外光(near infrared ray, NIR) 照射后, PBP-HSA@Au能将光能快速转化为热能进而破坏纤维蛋白, 表现出优异的溶栓效果。本研究设计的白蛋白融合蛋白递送系统为血栓治疗提供了一种精准、快速、非药物的治疗策略, 该体系设计简单、生物相容性高, 具有较强的临床应用性。研究涉及的所有动物实验均按照江南大学动物实验伦理委员会批准的方案执行[JN.No20230915S0301015(423)]。

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*高敏, Tel: 86-510-85911900, E-mail:
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Adv Funct Mater, 2017, 27: 1701824., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1201158428631720505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420318609438, awardId=32101072, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(32101072), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1201158428736578110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420318609438, awardId=BK20210473, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省自然科学基金项目(BK20210473), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1201158423300759680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420318609438, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201158423309148290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420318609438, companyId=1201158423300759680, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201158423321731203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420318609438, companyId=1201158423300759680, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=江南大学生命科学与健康工程学院, 江苏 无锡 214122)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1201158426740089266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420318609438, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=5hjrHLEEFlSvzdvpnJ+XVQ==, figureFileBig=ees1CTtIueDmc8R+V3wI3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158426844946873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420318609438, language=CN, label=Scheme 1, caption= The schematic route of Au NPs-loaded HSA fusion protein (PBP-HSA@Au) and its application in targeted thrombolysis. The HSA fusion protein (PBP-HSA) was fabricated using genetic engineering technology, in which PBP was fused at the <i>N</i>-terminal of albumin and expressed by <i>Pichia Pastoris</i> strain GS115. After being loaded with Au NPs, the PBP-HSA@Au nanoparticles would undergo targeted accumulation at the site of blood clots and play a role in thrombolytic therapy upon NIR laser irradiation. NPs: Nanoparticles; HAS: Human serum albumin; PBP: P-selectin binding peptide , figureFileSmall=5hjrHLEEFlSvzdvpnJ+XVQ==, figureFileBig=ees1CTtIueDmc8R+V3wI3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158427084022224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420318609438, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rRBe+TsZiCpGbKG90/2wQw==, figureFileBig=lGYIID593oI0OlN8tZQLIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158427218239964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420318609438, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= The construction and characterization of PBP-HSA fusion protein. A: The PCR bands of recombinant colonies (P: Plasmid empty vector; M: GoldBand 5000 DNA marker; No.1-5: Different recombinant colonies); B: Screening of high copy recombinant transformants reflected by SDS-PAGE (P: Plasmid empty vector; M: Protein marker; No.1-5: Different recombinant colonies); C: Purification of PBP-HSA fusion protein by Ni-NTA; D: SDS-PAGE analysis of PBP-HSA in GS115/pPICZ<i>α</i>A- PBP-HSA (UF: Ultrafiltration sample before purification; Ni: Ni-sepharose purified sample; M: Protein marker); E: The circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of PBP-HSA; F: Hydrodynamic sizes of HSA (black) and PBP-HSA (red) protein in PBS solution. PDI: Polydispersity index , figureFileSmall=rRBe+TsZiCpGbKG90/2wQw==, figureFileBig=lGYIID593oI0OlN8tZQLIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158427314708961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420318609438, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FYCd2yCeJcVoMF7zLu1RtA==, figureFileBig=OUzeM+2g98jSr7QTz3k2Rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158427419566567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420318609438, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= The characterization of PBP-HSA@Au nanoparticles. A: Hydrodynamic size of Au NPs in aqueous solution detected by DLS and the morphology of Au NPs imaged by TEM; B: The combination of PBP-HSA and Au NPs confirmed by agarose gel retardation assay; C: The UV-Vis spectra of PBP-HSA, Au NPs and PBP-HSA@Au nanoparticles; D: Hydrodynamic size of PBP-HSA@Au in PBS solution; E: The comparison of particle sizes among PBP-HSA, Au NPs and PBP-HSA@Au; F: The comparison of zeta potentials among PBP-HSA, Au NPs and PBP-HSA@Au. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M2">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=FYCd2yCeJcVoMF7zLu1RtA==, figureFileBig=OUzeM+2g98jSr7QTz3k2Rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158427704779253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420318609438, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=GdN0wYJX22rjoG6tyE9w4g==, figureFileBig=srIXccWq9awMpc2h/bU+rA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158427813831160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420318609438, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= The biocompatibility and platelet-targeting capability of PBP-HSA@Au nanoparticles. A: Relative cell viability of VSMCs cells; B: HUVECs cells incubated with various concentrations of PBP-HSA and PBP-HSA@Au for 24 h; C: Hemolysis ratios of red blood cells (RBCs) with the treatment of PBP-HSA and Au NPs for 4 h; D: The optical images of activated platelets after thrombin treatment (<i>upper panel</i>); fluorescent images of rhodamine-labeled protein nanoparticles (PBP-HSA and HSA) accumulated on activated platelets (<i>lower panel</i>); E: Positive cell rate; F: fluorescent intensities of activated platelets detected by flow cytometry with the treatment of rhodamine-labeled PBP-HSA and HSA. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M3">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=GdN0wYJX22rjoG6tyE9w4g==, figureFileBig=srIXccWq9awMpc2h/bU+rA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158427918688769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420318609438, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=UaJ0Y6FLsCjFAcXnuQe4qA==, figureFileBig=Ic4Z+n87sNaCZ30dZCe3+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158428082266635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420318609438, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= The <i>in vitro</i> evaluation of photothermal effect. A: Infrared thermal images of PBS and PBP-HSA@Au nanoparticles; B: Photothermal curve of PBP-HSA@Au nanoparticles irradiated with NIR laser (808 nm, 2.5 W·cm<sup>-2</sup>); C: Infrared thermal images of PBP-HSA@Au under different power intensities (808 nm, 1, 2, 2.5 W·cm<sup>-2</sup>). <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M4">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=UaJ0Y6FLsCjFAcXnuQe4qA==, figureFileBig=Ic4Z+n87sNaCZ30dZCe3+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158428224872980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420318609438, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=wkyIESSioyCvw0BKQ66s4Q==, figureFileBig=NCg3XAusIeyOwInIqbINwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158428325536283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420318609438, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= The <i>in vitro</i> evaluation of thrombolytic effect. A: Images of established <i>in vitro</i> thrombus model and thrombolytic effects of PBP-HSA@Au and Au NPs irradiated with NIR laser (808 nm, 2.5 W·cm<sup>-2</sup>); B: The fibrous protein level assayed by UV-Vis absorptiophotometry after different concentrations of PBP-HSA@Au and Au NPs with laser treatment; C: The hemoglobin level assayed by UV-Vis absorptiophotometry after different concentrations of PBP-HSA@Au and Au NPs with laser treatment; D: The fibrous protein level assayed by UV-Vis absorptiophotometry during different irradiation duration; E: The hemoglobin level assayed by UV-Vis absorptiophotometry during different irradiation duration. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M5">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>***</sup> <i>P</i> < 0.001 <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.0001 , figureFileSmall=wkyIESSioyCvw0BKQ66s4Q==, figureFileBig=NCg3XAusIeyOwInIqbINwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158428426199589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420318609438, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=QTmuVnyr1inX8GVK4U7e7Q==, figureFileBig=0uJ7slskb6pa/U5AqWYBbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158428518474286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420318609438, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= The <i>in vivo</i> evaluation of thrombolytic effect. A: Thrombus model in left carotid artery of rats; B: Representative histological analysis of blood vessels after photothermal treatment with HSA@Au and PBP-HSA@Au nanoparticles. 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基于金纳米粒-白蛋白融合蛋白递送系统的非药物靶向溶栓策略
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鲁津津 , 刘春 , 孙思荣 , 陈敬华 , 高敏 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(2): 455-463
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(2): 455-463
基于金纳米粒-白蛋白融合蛋白递送系统的非药物靶向溶栓策略
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鲁津津, 刘春, 孙思荣, 陈敬华, 高敏*
作者信息
  • 江南大学生命科学与健康工程学院, 江苏 无锡 214122

通讯作者:

*高敏, Tel: 86-510-85911900, E-mail:
Drug-free targeted thrombolytic strategy based on gold nanoparticles-loaded human serum albumin fusion protein delivery system
Jin-jin LU, Chun LIU, Si-rong SUN, Jing-hua CHEN, Min GAO*
Affiliations
  • School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
出版时间: 2024-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0991
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血栓是导致心肌梗塞、脑卒中等心血管疾病的主要因素之一。纤维蛋白溶酶类抗血栓药物虽然已被广泛应用于临床, 但依然受到治疗窗口狭窄、半衰期短、易失活和因非靶向性造成的异常出血等不良反应的限制。因此, 有效地将溶栓物质靶向输送到血栓部位并将不良反应降至最低至关重要。基于人血清白蛋白(human serum albumin, HSA) 在血液中的长循环效果和优异的载药特性, 本研究运用基因工程技术在HSA的N末端融合一段能靶向血栓部位的功能肽(P-selectin binding peptide, PBP), 经毕赤酵母表达并纯化得到具有血栓靶向功能的白蛋白融合蛋白。该融合蛋白包载金纳米粒子(gold nanoparticles, Au NPs) 后能够形成均一稳定的纳米粒(PBP-HSA@Au), 粒径为17.7 ± 1.0 nm, zeta电位为-11.3 ± 0.2 mV。细胞毒性和溶血实验证明PBP-HSA@Au生物相容性好, 血小板靶向实验表明PBP的引入赋予了PBP-HSA@Au血栓靶向能力, 近红外光(near infrared ray, NIR) 照射后, PBP-HSA@Au能将光能快速转化为热能进而破坏纤维蛋白, 表现出优异的溶栓效果。本研究设计的白蛋白融合蛋白递送系统为血栓治疗提供了一种精准、快速、非药物的治疗策略, 该体系设计简单、生物相容性高, 具有较强的临床应用性。研究涉及的所有动物实验均按照江南大学动物实验伦理委员会批准的方案执行[JN.No20230915S0301015(423)]。

血栓  /  光热治疗  /  靶向溶栓  /  融合蛋白  /  人血清白蛋白  /  金纳米粒

Thrombus is a major factor leading to cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Although fibrinolytic anti-thrombotic drugs have been widely used in clinical practice, they are still limited by narrow therapeutic windows, short half-lives, susceptibility to inactivation, and abnormal bleeding caused by non-targeting. Therefore, it is crucial to effectively deliver thrombolytic agents to the site of thrombus with minimal adverse effects. Based on the long blood circulation and excellent drug-loading properties of human serum albumin (HSA), we employed genetic engineering techniques to insert a functional peptide (P-selectin binding peptide, PBP) which can target the thrombus site to the N-terminus of HSA. The fusion protein was expressed using Pichia pastoris and purified by Ni-chelating affinity chromatography. After being loaded with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), the fusion protein formed homogeneous and stable nanoparticles (named as PBP-HSA@Au) with a diameter of 17.7 ± 1.0 nm and a zeta potential of -11.3 ± 0.2 mV. Cytotoxicity and hemolysis tests demonstrated the superb biocompatibility of PBP-HSA@Au. Platelet-targeting experiments confirmed the thrombus-targeting ability conferred by the introduction of PBP into PBP-HSA@Au. Upon near-infrared ray (NIR) irradiation, PBP-HSA@Au rapidly converted light energy into heat, thereby disrupting fibrinogen and exhibiting outstanding thrombolytic efficacy. The designed HSA fusion protein delivery system provides a precise, rapid, and drug-free treatment strategy for thrombus therapy. This system is characterized by its simple design, high biocompatibility, and strong clinical applicability. All animal experiments involved in this study were carried out under the protocols approved by the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Jiangnan University [JN. No20230915S0301015(423)].

thrombus  /  photothermal therapy  /  targeted thrombolysis  /  fusion protein  /  human serum albumin  /  gold nanoparticle
鲁津津, 刘春, 孙思荣, 陈敬华, 高敏. 基于金纳米粒-白蛋白融合蛋白递送系统的非药物靶向溶栓策略. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (2) : 455 -463 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0991
Jin-jin LU, Chun LIU, Si-rong SUN, Jing-hua CHEN, Min GAO. Drug-free targeted thrombolytic strategy based on gold nanoparticles-loaded human serum albumin fusion protein delivery system[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (2) : 455 -463 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0991
血栓是目前三大心血管疾病(心肌梗死、脑卒中、静脉血栓栓塞症) 共同的病理基础, 也是全球死亡率的主要来源之一[1, 2]。血栓主要由不溶性纤维蛋白、激活的血小板, 以及聚集的白细胞和红细胞等组成的无结构凝块[3], 当其破裂并阻断健康器官的血液供应时会发生致命的心血管疾病。基于血栓的主要成分, 现有抗血栓药物可分为抗血小板药、抗凝药和纤溶药三大类, 虽然它们在临床上得到了广泛应用, 但依然存在治疗窗口狭窄、半衰期短、靶向性差、非正常出血等不良反应[4-6]。因此, 将溶栓物质有效输送到血栓部位并将不良反应降至最低至关重要。血小板在生理条件下维持血管完整, 但是在病理条件下参与了血栓形成[7]。在血栓形成的进程中, P-选择素在活化的血小板和内皮细胞表面快速表达, 驱动血小板间和血小板-内皮细胞相互作用的辅助机制, 进而促进血栓的形成[8], 因此, P-选择素已被评估为血栓疾病早期诊断及治疗的典型生物标志物[9, 10]。P-选择素的高表达也使其成为靶向受损动脉的极佳候选分子, 研究表明谷氨酸-色氨酸-缬氨酸-天冬氨酸-缬氨酸序列(Glu-Trp-Val-Asp-Val, EWVDV) 与P-选择素具有极高亲和力和结合特异性[11, 12]
光热疗法(photothermal therapy, PTT) 是一种常用的非侵入性的肿瘤治疗方式, 具有良好的精准性和较低的毒副作用, 其作为一种新型的血栓治疗方式也引起了人们的广泛关注[13, 14]。由光热转换剂介导的局部热效应可以破坏纤维蛋白之间的非共价连接进而分解血凝块并增强药物的溶栓效果。其中, 金纳米粒(gold nanoparticles, Au NPs) 具有良好的局域表面等离子体共振特性, 较好的生物相容性, 不会引起显著的毒性或免疫反应, 在药物递送和光热治疗方面应用最广[15, 16]。当近红外光(near infrared ray, NIR) 照射到Au NPs上时, Au NPs能够将光能转化为热能, 迅速产生局部升温, 破坏血栓中的纤维蛋白实现溶栓效果[15, 17]。此外, 金纳米粒还具有计算机断层扫描(computed tomography, CT) 成像功能[18], 然而, Au NPs本身无法准确靶向和富集到血栓部位, 导致成像效果和溶栓效果不理想。这种非靶向和高剂量的Au NPs在施以光照时容易对周围组织和细胞可能带来一定的光毒性, 导致正常组织的损伤或其他不良反应。
纳米技术的发展极大地提升了药物或其他活性分子的递送效率和生物利用度。将活性分子包载在精细化设计的纳米载体中能够赋予其靶向性、溶解性、响应释放、富集药物等多种功能。其中, 蛋白纳米粒作为纳米载体的研究越来越受到关注, 内源性蛋白相比合成的聚合物载体等材料具有更好生物相容性, 无抗原性。人血清白蛋白(human serum albumin, HSA) 是由585个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白质, 是血浆的主要成分也是许多内源因子和外源药物的载体[19]。HSA在人体血液循环中的半衰期约为20天, 稳定性极佳且体内分布广, 没有酶学和免疫学活性, 具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗凝和抗血小板聚集活性以及胶体渗透作用[20, 21]。此外, 白蛋白独特的空间结构能通过物理吸附或者化学键合的方式包载药物, 因此是一种理想的运输溶栓物质的生物活性蛋白载体。利用基因工程技术还可以将功能性的肽段与白蛋白基因融合, 选择合适的系统表达获得具有多功能的蛋白载体[22, 23]。Albiglutide首次使用白蛋白融合技术制备了成人2型糖尿病治疗药物, 并获得了FDA和欧洲药品管理局的批准[24]
基于上述研究现状, 本研究以人血清白蛋白HSA为核心蛋白, 运用基因工程技术将靶向血栓部位的多肽序列(P-selectin binding peptide, PBP) 与HSA蛋白序列融合, 通过毕赤酵母表达系统(GS115) 获得具有血栓靶向能力的融合白蛋白载体(PBP-HSA), 通过HSA对金纳米粒(Au NPs) 的物理吸附作用将Au NPs包载在PBP-HSA中形成复合物(PBP-HSA@Au)。该递送体系将Au NPs富集在血栓部位, 施加808 nm近红外激光辐照后显示出良好的光热溶栓效果(合成路线1)。这种无药物的靶向溶栓策略设计简单、安全性高, 具有较强的临床应用性。
药品与试剂  大肠杆菌DH5α、JM109及pPICZαA质粒均由本实验室保存; 柠檬酸钠(北京颖诺凯胜科技有限公司, KYGJ910); 巴斯德毕赤酵母GS115 (D0412)、酵母粉(ST969)、质粒小量抽提试剂盒(D0007M) (碧云天生物技术公司); Zeocin选择性抗生素(S24063)、琼脂糖(S25757) (上海源叶生物科技有限公司); Gelred核酸染料(P1902978)、四氯金酸(HAuCl4, 01032322)、甘氨酸(P2232057)、胎牛血清(Fetal Bovine Serum, FBS, P2273445) (Adamas公司); 氯化钠(NaCl, P2534927)、胰蛋白胨(3604646) (英国OXOID有限公司); 无氨基酵母氮源培养物(YNB, Y8040)、山梨醇(S8090) (索莱宝生命科学有限公司); 生物素、四氮唑蓝(MTT, C10769614) (上海生工生物有限公司); 咪唑(I823673, 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司); GoldBand 5000 DNA Marker (10504ES60)、BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒(20201ES76)、三色预染蛋白质分子量标准Marker(20350ES) (翌圣生物科技股份有限公司); 胰酶细胞消化液(21089531, 上海泰坦科技股份有限公司); Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium培养基(DMEM, RNBL3626, 美国Sigma公司); 其他试剂均为分析纯并购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
仪器  超净工作台、CO2细胞培养箱、酶标仪(Thermo Scientific公司); 电子天平[奥豪斯仪器(常州) 有限公司]; 恒温振荡培养箱(苏州捷美电子有限公司); 电转仪、PCR仪、eppendorf-5804 R高速离心机(德国Eppendorf公司); 红外热成像仪(美国菲力尔公司); MOS-450圆二色光谱仪(法国比奥罗杰有限公司); 超纯水机(上海和泰仪器有限公司); 超滤离心浓缩管、切向超滤仪Lab (美国Millipore公司); 蛋白纯化仪(思拓凡生物科技有限公司, Cytiva); 电泳仪(伯乐中国公司); zeta电位及纳米粒度分析仪(英国马尔文公司); 紫外分光光度计[岛津(上海) 实验器材有限公司]。
动物  SD大鼠, SPF级, 雄性, 5~7周, 体重110~150 g, 合格证号: NO.202362393, 许可证号: SCXK (苏) 2022-0006; 昆明小鼠, SPF级, 雌性, 6周, 体重30~35 g, 合格证号: NO.202371399, 许可证号: SCXK (苏) 2022-0006。均购自苏州斯贝福生物技术有限公司。本研究的全部动物实验均按照江南大学动物实验伦理委员会批准的方案执行[JN.No20230915S0301015(423)]。
酵母最适密码子的优化  从NCBI数据库中获得人血清白蛋白的基因编码序列(coding sequence, CDS), 将其与PBP序列的基因序列相结合, 利用密码子的简并性, 通过毕赤酵母的密码子偏好性数据进行密码子优化, 选择Xho Ⅰ和Not Ⅰ作为酶切位点, 合成目的基因。
表达菌株GS115/pPICZαA-PBP-HSA的构建  将携带表达载体pPICZαA-PBP-HSA的大肠杆菌JM 109菌株进行质粒抽提, 并将10 μg质粒利用Sal Ⅰ酶切线性化并回收, 电转至毕赤酵母GS115感受态细胞中(1 500 V, 5.5 ms), 通过添加博来霉素的抗性YPD平板筛选阳性菌株, 经过菌落PCR鉴定重组菌。其中载体的通用引物序列为: AOX1上游引物5′-GACTGGTTC CAATTGACAAGC-3′, AOX1下游引物5′-GGCAAAT GGCATTCTGACAT-3′。PCR设置条件为94 ℃预变性3 min; 94 ℃ 10 s、55 ℃ 20 s、72 ℃ 30 s扩增30个循环; 补充延伸72 ℃ 5 min, 最终产物4 ℃保存。鉴定成功的菌株命名为GS115/pPICZaA-PBP-HSA。目的基因与载体pPICZαA的构建均经测序验证。
融合蛋白的诱导表达  在超净工作台内挑取单菌落接种于10 mL YPD培养基培养24 h (29 ℃, 220 r·min-1, 下同), 用接种环挑取GS115/pPICZαA-PBP-HSA的菌液进行平板划线, 调整抗性平板的博来霉素浓度为50、100、150 μg·mL-1, 进行高拷贝子筛选。最终挑取浓度为150 μg·mL-1抗性平板中的多个单菌落进行蛋白表达验证。将单菌落接种于10 mL YPD培养基培养24 h, 以1%的体积分数接种到20 mL BMGY培养基中培养至吸光度A600 nm至2~6 L·mol-1·cm-1, 室温离心(1 500~3 000 ×g; 5 min) 收集菌体, 用BMMY培养基重悬菌体后加入20 mL BMMY培养基中, 每24 h添加1% (体积分数) 甲醇进行诱导培养96 h; 随后低温离心(10 000 r·min-1; 10 min) 收集上清液, 通过SDS-PAGE进一步鉴定目的融合蛋白的表达, 筛选高表达蛋白菌株进行后续发酵。离心收集发酵上清液后, 通过切向超滤仪浓缩上清液用于AKTA蛋白纯化系统进一步纯化蛋白。通过PBP-HSA融合蛋白的C末端的His标签与镍柱的亲和作用实现目的蛋白的分离纯化, 洗脱过程用含有0.5 mol·L-1咪唑的洗脱液进行0%~100%线性洗脱并收集紫外吸收峰处样品, 随后用Millipore超滤浓缩管对所得纯蛋白进行浓缩置换。
金纳米粒子的合成  用超纯水配制质量分数为1%的四氯金酸和质量分数为1.14%的柠檬酸钠溶液作为母液, 置于4 ℃的冰箱中备用。先在圆底烧瓶中加入50 mL 0.01%的HAuCl4溶液, 油浴加热并剧烈搅拌使溶液沸腾, 随后迅速加入1.5 mL的柠檬酸钠持续搅拌。当观察到溶液由浅黄色变为蓝色最终变为酒红色时停止搅拌, 冷却至室温后收集溶液, 并通过高速离心(13 000 r·min-1, 15 min) 收集沉淀, 用超纯水洗涤3次后, 重悬得到合成的Au NPs置于4 ℃的冰箱中避光保存。
融合蛋白PBP-HSA的理化表征  将市售HSA或表达纯化得到的融合蛋白PBP-HSA用PBS缓冲液(pH 7.4) 稀释至1 mg·mL-1, 采用动态光散射(dynamic light scattering, DLS) 测量其在PBS缓冲液中的粒径、zeta电位。采用圆二色光谱仪对融合蛋白的二级结构进行测定, 以确定蛋白活性, 融合蛋白水溶液测试浓度为0.1 mg·mL-1, 波长范围为0~250 nm。
Au NPs的理化表征  用超纯水将Au NPs按照一定比例稀释, 采用DLS测量其粒径、zeta电位。并利用透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM) 对制备的粒子进行形貌观察。
PBP-HSA@Au的制备及理化表征  于室温下将融合蛋白PBP-HSA与Au NPs二者混合搅拌2 h, 离心除去未包载Au NPs (13 000 r·min-1, 15 min), 通过凝胶阻滞及考马斯亮蓝染色观察蛋白-金复合物阻滞情况考察包封情况。采用DLS测量其粒径、zeta电位, 紫外分光光度计观察特征峰验证二者的结合。
细胞毒性测定  PBP-HSA及PBP-HSA@Au分别经0.22 μm滤膜过滤除菌并稀释至一系列浓度。通过MTT法测定蛋白和Au NPs对人主动脉血管平滑肌细胞(HA-VSMC) 及人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC) 的毒性。具体操作步骤为: 取生长状态良好的HA-VSMC或HUVEC细胞, 在96孔板中以每孔8 000个细胞的密度接种, 待细胞贴壁后, 用不同浓度的样品(0、0.2、0.5、1、2、3 mg·mL-1) 处理细胞24 h, PBS为对照组。24 h后, 吸去培养液, PBS清洗细胞3遍后, 用培养基稀释MTT溶液至浓度为0.5 mg·mL-1, 每孔加入100 μL并于培养箱中继续培养4 h。最后, 吸去培养液, 每孔加入100 μL DMSO, 置于摇床上低速振荡10 min, 用酶标仪测定490 nm处吸光度值, 并计算细胞存活率。
溶血实验  从昆明小鼠眼眶采集血液样本于抗凝管中, 玻璃棒搅动除去纤维蛋白后, 离心(1 500 r·min-1, 15 min, 4 ℃) 获得红细胞, 并用PBS洗涤至上清无色, 将获得的红细胞用PBS稀释10倍。PBP-HSA、Au NPs为实验组, PBS为阴性对照, 去离子水为阳性对照, 分别与红细胞稀释液等体积混合。所有组别在37 ℃孵育4 h, 离心(1 500 r·min-1, 15 min) 获取上清, 使用酶标仪在540 nm处检测上清液吸光度计算溶血率。
活化血小板靶向实验  从昆明小鼠眼眶采集血液样本与抗凝剂混合, 离心(200 ×g, 10 min, 室温) 取上清液, 即得富血小板血浆(platelet rich plasma, PRP), 将PRP再次离心(1 200 ×g, 5 min, 室温) 获得白色沉淀, 即为血小板。使用PBS重悬血小板, 细胞计数仪计数后以每孔1×107个细胞的密度铺于96孔板中, 37 ℃孵育1 h使其贴壁。随后, 加入100 μL凝血酶(1 U·mL-1), 保持37 ℃孵育30 min, 得到活化的血小板。分别在活化的血小板中加入罗丹明修饰的融合蛋白PBP-HSA和未融合PBS的人血清白蛋白溶液。37 ℃孵育1 h后吸去上清, PBS洗涤3次, 利用荧光显微镜观察红色荧光情况, 再将孔板中的血小板收集后利用流式细胞仪分析阳性细胞情况。
体外光热效应测定  以PBS作为空白对照对测试样品施以808 nm近红外激光辐照10 min, 使用热成像仪监测PBP-HSA@Au的温度变化。随后调整近红外激光辐照功率(1.0、2、2.5 W·cm-2), 记录温度变化情况。
体外溶栓实验  从昆明小鼠眼眶采集血液样本, 4 ℃放置24 h形成血凝块, PBS洗涤血凝块至上清无色。随后, 将凝块切割成相同体积小凝块并置于多个玻璃瓶中, 设置PBS为对照, 加入等体积PBP-HSA@Au (2、3、5 mg·mL-1) 和Au NPs (以上述PBP-HSA@Au为定量标准, 使得每组加入Au NPs等量) 与上述凝块孵育, 近红外激光辐照(808 nm, 2.5 W·cm-2, 20 min) 后取上清液, 测定450及540 nm处吸光度, 作为血栓溶解后纤维蛋白及血红蛋白的指标评估溶栓情况。
体内溶栓实验  用异氟烷麻醉SD大鼠, 解剖分离其左侧颈动脉, 再将浸泡过浓度为10%的三氯化铁(FeCl3) 水溶液的滤纸条包裹住分离的颈动脉5 min, 随后取下滤纸条, 观察动脉血栓造模成功后缝合伤口。通过尾静脉分别给药PBP-HSA@Au与HSA@Au (25 mg·kg-1), 30 min后利用近红外辐照(808 nm, 2.5 W·cm-2) 血栓部位15 min进行光热治疗。治疗结束后处死大鼠, 剥离颈总动脉制作切片并进行苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin, HE) 染色, 在显微镜下观察血管栓塞情况。
统计学分析  所有实验至少独立重复3次, 实验数据以平均值±标准差($ \overline{x} $ ± s) 表示, 所得数据采用GraphPad Prism 8.0进行作图, 采用t检验进行两组样本组间比较, 以P < 0.05表示具有统计学差异。
线性化质粒导入毕赤酵母后, 菌落PCR的琼脂糖凝胶电泳图(图 1A) 显示1~5号单克隆均在2 500 bp左右出现明显条带, 与预期2 424 bp一致, 而未处理的毕赤酵母对照组未出现明显条带, 实验结果表明pPICZαA-PBP-HSA成功转入毕赤酵母GS115表达菌株中。经甲醇诱导后, 收集发酵培养的上清液进行SDS-PAGE, 结果显示1号及5号菌株在72 kDa上方出现明显的蛋白条带(图 1B), 该条带分子量范围与预期的74 kDa相符合, 说明PBP-HSA融合蛋白在毕赤酵母中完成了胞外分泌表达。根据上述实验结果, 本研究选用1号菌株进行后续发酵。收集发酵液经切向超滤仪初步浓缩后进入镍柱纯化, 0.5 mol·L-1咪唑洗脱液进行0~100%线性洗脱并收集唯一吸收峰处样品(图 1C), 收集得到的蛋白样品经SDS-PAGE分析显示条带单一, 分子量正确(图 1D)。经计算, PBP-HSA融合蛋白的摇瓶产量可达2 g·L-1。上述实验结果表明, PBP-HSA融合蛋白可由毕赤酵母胞外分泌表达, 表达产物中杂蛋白不多, 结合亲和层析可以获得高纯度PBP-HSA。圆二色光谱图(图 1E) 显示PBP-HSA融合蛋白在208和222 nm出现双负峰, 该峰型是典型的α螺旋结构与市售HSA具有相同二级结构[25]。通过纳米粒度仪测得PBP-HSA融合蛋白粒径为6.7 ± 1.8 nm (图 1F), 与HSA (4.3 ± 1.1 nm) 大小相似。上述实验结果说明, PBP靶向肽的引入并未造成HSA主体的构象改变, PBP-HSA融合蛋白具有HSA类似活性。
纳米粒度分析仪测得Au NPs在超纯水中粒径约为13.3 ± 0.3 nm, PDI为0.161, 粒子分散性较好, TEM图像显示Au NPs呈均匀球形(图 2A)。蛋白吸附金纳米粒子后会使金纳米粒阻滞在凝胶中, 因此, 本研究采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳评估融合蛋白PBP-HSA对Au NPs的包载情况以及二者的最适比例。电泳图(图 2B) 显示, 在Au NPs质量不变的情况下, 调整Au NPs∶PBP-HSA质量比为1∶50时, 形成的复合物存在明显阻滞效果, 而游离的Au NPs未见其阻滞在上样孔中, 结果表明PBP-HSA能够稳定吸附Au NPs, 后续PBP-HSA@Au样品均采用Au NPs∶PBP-HSA = 1∶50的最佳比例制备。经离心除去未包载的Au NPs后, 对样品进行紫外-可见光吸收峰扫描, 图 2C的光谱图显示PBP-HSA@Au除具有280 nm处蛋白特征吸收峰外, 还出现了与游离Au NPs相同的520 nm处特征峰, 结果证明PBP-HSA融合蛋白对Au NPs的成功吸附。采用zeta电位及纳米粒度仪测量PBP-HSA@Au的粒径与尺寸分布及电位变化, 结果显示PBP-HSA@Au的粒径约17.7 ± 1.0 nm (图 2D), 与PBP-HSA相比有所增大(图 2E), 该现象再次说明PBP-HSA@Au复合物的成功制备; 由于融合蛋白本身带负电荷, 柠檬酸钠法合成的金纳米粒子也呈负电荷, 二者形成的复合物表明电位下降(图 2F), 该趋势与理论吻合。
载体的生物相容性对于溶栓治疗至关重要, 良好的血液相容性意味着载体与血液的相容性高, 不易引发不良反应, 也可以确保递送载体在血液中的稳定性, 使其能够有效地输送活性成分到血栓部位。同样, 载体对血管平滑肌细胞和内皮细胞的毒性也是设计心血管疾病药物递送载体需要考量的重点。本研究采用MTT法检测PBP-HSA@Au体系对VSMC和HUVEC细胞活力的影响, 两种细胞与不同浓度PBP-HSA、PBP-HSA@Au孵育24 h后, 细胞的存活率均大于80% (图 3AB)。溶血实验结果显示, 与阴性组相比, PBP-HSA及PBP-HSA@Au的溶血率远低于上限(5%) (图 3C)。上述实验结果表明PBP-HSA的生物相容性较好, HSA是血液中最丰富的蛋白质之一, 能够在血液循环中维持稳定的浓度, 具有极佳的血液相容性, 本研究的实验现象同样说明了构建的PBP-HSA融合蛋白具有与HSA相当的生物安全性。
为了考察PBP的引入是否可以赋予HSA靶向血栓的能力, 本研究使用凝血酶刺激血小板构建了血栓部位活化血小板的模型, 从光学显微镜拍摄的图片可以看出, 凝血酶刺激后的血小板形态发生变化, 体积变大, 该现象与已有文献报道一致, 证明活化血小板模型的成功构建。PBP通过与血栓部位活化的血小板特异性结合实现靶向, 从荧光显微镜观察到修饰靶向肽的融合蛋白PBP-HSA比未修饰靶向肽的白蛋白HSA在活化的血小板中分布更多(图 3D), 流式细胞术的定量结果也显示, PBP-HSA组相比HSA组有更高的阳性细胞率(图 3E) 和更强荧光强度(图 3F), 实验现象证实了PBP-HSA的靶向性。
当Au NPs的尺寸和形状满足特定条件时会发生表面等离子体共振, 使得Au NPs对特定波长的光强吸收, 并将其转化为热能。为了考察Au NPs包载在PBP-HSA融合蛋白时是否还具有光热转换能力, 利用热成像仪检测了808 nm近红外激光辐照下PBP-HSA@Au的光热转换效应。实验结果显示, 激光持续照射10 min内PBP-HSA@Au产生的温度逐渐上升并趋于平缓, 而对照组未见明显上升(图 4AB), 随着辐照强度提升, 温度上升越明显(图 4C), 因此, PBP-HSA@Au的光热性能表现出明显的时间依赖性, 强度依赖性, 随着功率提升, 升温效果更显著, PBS-HSA的包覆并未影响Au NPs的光热转换能力。为了保证后续实验效果和效率, 本研究选用激光强度为2.5 W·cm-2、辐照时间10 min进行后续实验。
为了评价PBP-HSA@Au的溶栓效果, 将等体积血凝块分别与2、3、5 mg·mL-1 PBP-HSA@Au或Au NPs共孵育并用近红外激光辐照后, 观察到血凝块迅速崩解, 体积减小, 上清中出现明显浑浊[26], 图 5A直观地证明血栓被有效溶解, 并且蛋白与金纳米结合的复合体系溶栓现象更明显。此外, 使用酶标仪测量上清在450及540 nm处吸光度值, 与PBS组(0.09 ± 0.01) 相比, 不同浓度下的PBP-HSA@Au组溶液中纤维蛋白明显增加(1.02 ± 0.05、1.37 ± 0.04、1.40 ± 0.04), 相同浓度下的Au NPs组的纤维蛋白含量比之较少(0.41 ± 0.01、0.64 ± 0.01、0.96 ± 0.01) (图 5B); 此外, 血红蛋白含量比PBS组(0.08 ± 0.01) 也明显上升(0.80 ± 0.04、1.02 ± 0.02、1.13 ± 0.03), 而相同浓度的Au NPs的血红蛋白含量也较低(0.38 ± 0.01、0.53 ± 0.01、0.85 ± 0.01) (图 5C), 每组间差异均具有统计学意义, 5 mg·mL-1 PBP-HSA@Au组纤维蛋白和血红蛋白含量均为最高。通过不同时间点上清吸光度分析, PBP-HSA@Au的光热溶栓具有明显的时间依赖性和浓度依赖性(图 5DE)。体外溶栓实验证明了PBP-HSA@Au这种非药物溶栓策略的可行性与有效性。
图 6A所示, 实验采用FeCl3成功诱导建立了主动脉血栓模型。动脉组织切片染色图片(图 6B) 显示正常血管腔内无凝块填充, 造模后血管腔内几乎完全栓塞。非靶向组HSA-@Au给药并光照处理后的血管腔内凝块有少许溶解, 而靶向组PBP-HSA@Au处理的血管内凝块出现大量塌陷和溶解, 血管通畅程度明显改善。实验结果表明Au NPs产生的光热效应可以破坏纤维蛋白网状结构进而消融血栓凝块, 融合靶向肽的白蛋白包载Au NPs可以增强其对血栓病灶部位的靶向性, 进而提升溶栓效果。
本研究通过基因工程技术成功构建了GS115/pPICZαA-PBP-HSA表达菌株, 并通过甲醇诱导得到以人血清白蛋白HSA为核心主体的能够靶向激活血小板的融合蛋白PBP-HSA, 发酵表达产量较高, 易于纯化。PBP-HSA包载Au NPs后形成的非药物靶向溶栓复合物(PBP-HSA@Au) 显示出良好的稳定性, 生物相容性, 优异的光热性能和靶向激活血小板的能力。在HSA上引入PBP靶向肽形成的融合蛋白载体保留了HSA自身优异的生物活性还赋予了递送体系靶向血栓的能力, 该载体与Au NPs形成的复合物保留了Au NPs自身的光热转换能力, 还能将Au NPs富集在血栓部位, 在体内外均展现出显著的溶栓效果。本研究设计的非药物靶向溶栓策略能够减轻现存非靶向溶栓药物治疗造成的出血并发症, 具有一定的临床应用潜力, 能够为新型溶栓疗法的设计提供参考依据和理论基础。
作者贡献: 鲁津津负责实验操作和文章撰写; 刘春和孙思荣参与了部分实验操作; 陈敬华负责实验总体设计; 高敏负责实验总体设计, 经费支持及稿件修改。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(32101072)
  • 江苏省自然科学基金项目(BK20210473)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0991
  • 接收时间:2023-08-23
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-23
  • 修回日期:2023-12-05
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(32101072)
江苏省自然科学基金项目(BK20210473)
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    江南大学生命科学与健康工程学院, 江苏 无锡 214122

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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