Article(id=1201096922552562287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201096916940579367, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0984, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1692547200000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-21, revisedDate=1697472000000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764293421638, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1712851200000, pubDateStr=2024-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764293421638, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764293421638, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764293421638, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201096916940579367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='4', pageStart='789', pageEnd='1100', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764293420298, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764293534792, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201097397242912862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201096916940579367, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201097397242912863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201096916940579367, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=899, endPage=907, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201096923110404740, articleId=1201096922552562287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress on detection methods and traceability of alkaloid toxins in Aconitum species, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As the predominant toxic constituent within the Aconitum genus, Aconitum alkaloids (ATs) exhibit both significant pharmaceutical value and substantial toxicity, have been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine and the realm of contemporary clinical medicine. However, owing to their high toxicity, inappropriate employment of ATs in pharmaceuticals, edibles, and the environment will pose serious threats to human health, inciting a series of toxic incidents. Consequently, it is very important to develop effective analytical methods. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the advancements in research pertaining to the pretreatment and detection methods in common substrates, including high performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and rapid detection methods. To explore the specific sources of ATs in actual poisoning cases, the comprehensive traceability strategy based on plant morphology, chemical fingerprint analysis and DNA barcoding technology was discussed, proposing a comprehensive prospect for the development of ATs analysis and traceability, in order to provide guidance for related research within the forensic science domain.

, correspAuthors=Rui-qin YANG, Yun-feng ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tian-yu LIU, Ge SONG, Rui-qin YANG, Yun-feng ZHANG, Cheng-long ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201096924779737852, articleId=1201096922552562287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=乌头属植物中生物碱毒素检验方法及溯源研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

作为乌头属植物中最主要的化学毒素成分, 乌头类生物碱(Aconitum alkaloids, ATs) 同时具有重要的药用价值, 在传统中医药以至现代临床医学领域都有极为广泛的应用。然而, 受其剧毒毒性的影响, ATs在药品、食品、环境中的不合理使用会对人体健康造成严重威胁, 由此引发一系列中毒案件。因此, 开发有效的检验方法至关重要。文中综述了常见基质中ATs前处理和检验方法的研究进展, 包括高效液相色谱法、液相色谱-质谱联用法以及快速检测方法。此外, 为进一步探究实际中毒案例中ATs的具体来源, 探讨了基于植物形态学、化学指纹图谱分析以及DNA条形码技术的综合溯源策略, 对ATs的检验和溯源技术发展提出综合性的展望, 以期为法庭科学领域相关研究提供参考。

, correspAuthors=杨瑞琴, 张云峰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*杨瑞琴, E-mail: ;
张云峰, E-mail:
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MatrixAnalyteSample preparationDetection methodAnalytical timeRecoveryLODRef.
Aconitum RadixMA, HA, ACIsopropyl alcohol-ethyl acetate (1∶1, V/V)HPLC-PDA33 min95.8%-101.6%2.68-7.14 µg·g-1[17]
Blood4 ATsLLE∶etherQTRAP
UPLC-MS/MS
18 min78.8%-116.2%0.31-3.26 ng·mL-1[26]
Urine5 ATsAcetonitrile-deionized water (1∶1, V/V)LC-MS/MS20 min82.2%-96.4%2.5-10.0 ng·mL-1[27]
Drinks and cooked foodsMA, HA, AC-SERS3 min0.2%-9.0%5.0 ng·mL-1[28]
Herb6 ATsAcid and alkaid extractionIC-ELISA5 min-25 ng·mL-1[29]
Radix aconitumMA, HA, AC-ELIDI-MS30 s--[30]
FuziDDAsIsopropyl alcohol-ethyl acetate (1∶1, V/V)2D quantitative NMR< 30 min96.8%-101.1%36.7 µmol·L-1[31]
20 Aconitum proprietary medicines9 ATs-Online extraction
ESI-MS
< 15 min-0.001-0.015 ng·mL-1[32]
Rat intestinal bacteriaMA, HA, AC-DART-MS< 10 s-Semi quantitative[33]
Fuzi Lizhong Pills5 ATsEthyl ether extraction and dissolved with 0.05% hydrochloric acid methanol solutionMIR sensor
(MIPs ratiometric fluorescence sensor)
8 min95.2%-103.1%24 nmol·L-1[34]
SerumAC-Electrochemical sensor< 10 min-0.18 μmol·L-1[35]
), ArticleFig(id=1201096930551099600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096922552562287, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Detection methods for aconitum alkaloids. MA: Mesaconitine; HA: Hypaconitine; AC: Aconitine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MatrixAnalyteSample preparationDetection methodAnalytical timeRecoveryLODRef.
Aconitum RadixMA, HA, ACIsopropyl alcohol-ethyl acetate (1∶1, V/V)HPLC-PDA33 min95.8%-101.6%2.68-7.14 µg·g-1[17]
Blood4 ATsLLE∶etherQTRAP
UPLC-MS/MS
18 min78.8%-116.2%0.31-3.26 ng·mL-1[26]
Urine5 ATsAcetonitrile-deionized water (1∶1, V/V)LC-MS/MS20 min82.2%-96.4%2.5-10.0 ng·mL-1[27]
Drinks and cooked foodsMA, HA, AC-SERS3 min0.2%-9.0%5.0 ng·mL-1[28]
Herb6 ATsAcid and alkaid extractionIC-ELISA5 min-25 ng·mL-1[29]
Radix aconitumMA, HA, AC-ELIDI-MS30 s--[30]
FuziDDAsIsopropyl alcohol-ethyl acetate (1∶1, V/V)2D quantitative NMR< 30 min96.8%-101.1%36.7 µmol·L-1[31]
20 Aconitum proprietary medicines9 ATs-Online extraction
ESI-MS
< 15 min-0.001-0.015 ng·mL-1[32]
Rat intestinal bacteriaMA, HA, AC-DART-MS< 10 s-Semi quantitative[33]
Fuzi Lizhong Pills5 ATsEthyl ether extraction and dissolved with 0.05% hydrochloric acid methanol solutionMIR sensor
(MIPs ratiometric fluorescence sensor)
8 min95.2%-103.1%24 nmol·L-1[34]
SerumAC-Electrochemical sensor< 10 min-0.18 μmol·L-1[35]
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乌头属植物中生物碱毒素检验方法及溯源研究进展
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刘天宇 1 , 宋歌 2 , 杨瑞琴 1, * , 张云峰 2, * , 张成龙 1
药学学报 | 综述 2024,59(4): 899-907
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药学学报 | 综述 2024, 59(4): 899-907
乌头属植物中生物碱毒素检验方法及溯源研究进展
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刘天宇1, 宋歌2, 杨瑞琴1, * , 张云峰2, * , 张成龙1
作者信息
  • 1.中国人民公安大学侦查学院, 北京 100038
  • 2.公安部鉴定中心, 北京 100038

通讯作者:

*杨瑞琴, E-mail: ;
张云峰, E-mail:
Research progress on detection methods and traceability of alkaloid toxins in Aconitum species
Tian-yu LIU1, Ge SONG2, Rui-qin YANG1, * , Yun-feng ZHANG2, * , Cheng-long ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, China
  • 2. Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China
出版时间: 2024-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0984
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作为乌头属植物中最主要的化学毒素成分, 乌头类生物碱(Aconitum alkaloids, ATs) 同时具有重要的药用价值, 在传统中医药以至现代临床医学领域都有极为广泛的应用。然而, 受其剧毒毒性的影响, ATs在药品、食品、环境中的不合理使用会对人体健康造成严重威胁, 由此引发一系列中毒案件。因此, 开发有效的检验方法至关重要。文中综述了常见基质中ATs前处理和检验方法的研究进展, 包括高效液相色谱法、液相色谱-质谱联用法以及快速检测方法。此外, 为进一步探究实际中毒案例中ATs的具体来源, 探讨了基于植物形态学、化学指纹图谱分析以及DNA条形码技术的综合溯源策略, 对ATs的检验和溯源技术发展提出综合性的展望, 以期为法庭科学领域相关研究提供参考。

乌头属植物  /  生物碱  /  检测  /  指纹图谱  /  溯源

As the predominant toxic constituent within the Aconitum genus, Aconitum alkaloids (ATs) exhibit both significant pharmaceutical value and substantial toxicity, have been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine and the realm of contemporary clinical medicine. However, owing to their high toxicity, inappropriate employment of ATs in pharmaceuticals, edibles, and the environment will pose serious threats to human health, inciting a series of toxic incidents. Consequently, it is very important to develop effective analytical methods. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the advancements in research pertaining to the pretreatment and detection methods in common substrates, including high performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and rapid detection methods. To explore the specific sources of ATs in actual poisoning cases, the comprehensive traceability strategy based on plant morphology, chemical fingerprint analysis and DNA barcoding technology was discussed, proposing a comprehensive prospect for the development of ATs analysis and traceability, in order to provide guidance for related research within the forensic science domain.

Aconitum  /  alkaloid  /  detection  /  fingerprint analysis  /  traceability
刘天宇, 宋歌, 杨瑞琴, 张云峰, 张成龙. 乌头属植物中生物碱毒素检验方法及溯源研究进展. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (4) : 899 -907 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0984
Tian-yu LIU, Ge SONG, Rui-qin YANG, Yun-feng ZHANG, Cheng-long ZHANG. Research progress on detection methods and traceability of alkaloid toxins in Aconitum species[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (4) : 899 -907 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0984
乌头属植物在我国应用历史悠久, 在我国主要分布于云南、四川等地, 其中约有40种可供药用, 如附子、川乌等, 合理使用可以对风湿病、多种肿瘤及系统性红斑狼疮等疾病具有积极的治疗作用[1-4]。中国药典(2020年版) 收录的涉及乌头成分的方剂有87种, 如附子理中丸、三七伤药片等, 占总数的5.41%[5]。乌头类生物碱(Aconitum alkaloids, ATs) 是乌头属植物普遍含有的一类二萜生物碱, 含有剧毒, 如乌头碱(aconitine, AC)、次乌头碱(hypaconitine, HAC)、中乌头碱(mesaconitine, MAC) 等, 种类高达数十种, 在化学结构上相似(图 1), 根据酯键的数量可归为二酯二萜类(DDAs)、单酯二萜类(MDAs)、氨醇类(NDAs) 三种。DDAs在体内通过酶转化形成中MDAs, 之后进一步转化为低毒性的NDAs。
ATs具有强毒性, 每年因植物自制中药或误认某种优质中药治病、养生而发生中毒事件屡见不鲜[6-8], 利用其毒性进行的犯罪案件也时有发生, 对中药质量控制以及公共安全的维护提出了巨大挑战。准确有效的ATs检测方法有助于侦查人员确定中毒原因, 为中毒案事件的侦查工作提供方向。本文综述了ATs检验过程中先进的前处理技术与检测分析方法, 并着重概述近年来针对ATs的溯源鉴别方法研究, 以期为侦查人员挖掘有毒植物信息资源提供帮助, 为进一步预防和打击乌头属植物中毒案件的发生提供参考和借鉴。
在法庭科学领域, ATs常见的分析基质为生物样本、草药或中成药煎煮药渣、食品等, 基质体系、种类复杂。合理的样品前处理能有效提取目标成分, 减少基质效应的影响, 提高检验灵敏度。
QuEChERS法基于盐析效应提取与分散固相萃取分离, 既可以净化提取物, 还能从复杂的基质中分离出各种分析物, 在血浆、尿液等生物样本的前处理中应用广泛[9, 10]。Natori等[11]采用QuEChERS法, 以MgSO4-NaAC (4∶1) 作盐析剂提取全血中的9种ATs, 结合LC-MS/MS分析了人体死后10个不同部位的血液样本中的ATs, 基质效应为94%~100%, 为后续研究ATs体内药物再分配提供了依据。Zhong等[12]采用改良的QuEChERS法结合UHPLC-MS/MS测定血液中的乌头碱、新乌头碱、次乌头碱、滇乌头碱。以NaCl作为盐析剂, 有效避免了MgSO4作盐析剂吸水放热引发的ATs分解, PSA与C18作吸附剂, 对4种ATs的加标回收率为96.3%~109%。
固相萃取(solid-phase extraction, SPE) 简单高效, 是乌头属植物毒素检测分析的重要前处理方式之一。SPE使用有机溶剂的量少, 同传统的液液萃取法(liquid-liquid extraction, LLE) 相比更加绿色安全, 同时能有效弥补QuEChERS法对基质类型敏感、基质效应高的缺点。SPE可选择的吸附剂种类多, C18[13]、MCX[14]、HLB[15]等吸附剂已被广泛应用于提取各种基质中的ATs。Song等[16]开发了在线固相萃取结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定中药保健品中10种ATs含量的方法, 以C18为吸附剂, 10种ATs的加标回收率为86.1%~112.9%。
大多数SPE吸附剂在强酸或强碱条件下的物理和化学稳定性有限, 加之容量小、耗时长, 一定程度上限制了SPE的应用。目前, 诸多研究团队正致力于新型固相萃取吸附剂以及纳米材料的研发, 以适配于不同分析体系与基质的前处理需求, 低成本与低污染是发展的趋势。Liu等[17]采用NKA-II树脂填充柱对乌头植物中的6种ATs进行富集, 平均回收率为89.2%~104.6%。近年来, 碳纳米管[18]和石墨烯[19]因其独特的结构和性质, 如高表面积、易于以共价和非共价形式官能化等, 在新型SPE吸附剂的研究中受到广泛关注。He等[20]合成了一种新型离子液体与纳米二氧化钛包覆改性氧化石墨烯复合材料, 以其为吸附剂快速提取人体血浆中的3种ATs, 样品回收率为82.7%~108%, 基质效应为82.9%~106%。与未经处理的血浆样本相比, 经该方法处理后的基质效应与回收率得到明显改善, 为人体血浆中ATs的提取分析提供了思路。
磁性固相萃取(magnetic solid-phase extraction, MSPE) 在传统SPE的基础上创新而成, 省去了传统SPE较长的平衡时间, 更加快速高效。MSPE吸附剂易于分散, 接触面积更大, 能够在短时间从大体积待测体系中吸附和萃取待测物质, 无需离心和过滤处理, 只需外部磁场即可收集, 简化了分离过程(图 2A)[21]。Fe3O4纳米颗粒易于修饰、回收能力强、分散性好, 是磁性纳米颗粒(MNPs) 最常用的材料。Zhang等[22]制备了一种Fe3O4纳米颗粒包覆羟基化多壁碳纳米管的碳纳米材料(Fe3O4-EC-MWCNTs-OH), 用于人血清中AC、MAC、HAC三种生物碱的萃取, 有效改善了基质效应, 回收率在98.0%~103.0%。近年来, 碳纳米管(CNTs) 磁性复合材料与分子印迹聚合物因其独特的结构和非凡的理化性能[23, 24], 在MSPE领域具有巨大的探索和应用潜力。Cheng等[25]合成了一种聚酰胺功能化磁性碳纳米管(PAMAM@Mag-DCNTs), 用于分离肉类和蔬菜中12种ATs, 对肉类样本中回收率为83.4%~125%, 对蔬菜中回收率为84.4%~122%, 证明了在食品基质中分离ATs的能力。之后, 该研究组将该方法与其他两种材质(NH2-SPE与Oasis PriME HLB) 的固相萃取效果进行比较, 回收率明显优于其他两种前处理方法(图 2B)。然而, 功能化Fe3O4纳米颗粒的制备工艺复杂, 特别是磁性分子印迹聚合物(MMIP) 和磁性聚合物材料; 另一方面, 功能化Fe3O4可能会影响分离修饰材料(如表面活性剂) 对目标分析物的检测。因此, 开发物理化学稳定性高、使用寿命长、吸附容量大、萃取效率高、选择性好的新型磁性纳米材料仍是MSPE领域的重要研究课题。
目前, 液相色谱与液相色谱-质谱联用是检测ATs最行之有效的手段, 方法检出限低、重现性好, 可实现准确定量。近些年随着检测需求的不断提升, 光谱法、免疫分析、环境质谱法等快速检测技术也逐步应用于ATs的现场检验分析, 与传统检测方法形成补充, 有效提升了检测效率, ATs不同检测方法的比较见表 1[17, 26-35]
ATs主要成分为二萜类生物碱, 相对分子质量介于400~700, 挥发性弱, 采用气相色谱检测灵敏度差, 通常采用基于液相色谱的分离与分析方法, 目前检测灵敏度达到ng·mL-1级别, 满足痕量检测的需要。Wang等[36]建立了检测人体血浆中AC、MA、HA及其代谢物的HPLC-DAD方法, 采用235 nm的检测波长, 方法检出限为1.6~2.1 ng·mL-1。Cho等[37]报道了一例急性乌头中毒案例, 采用LC-MS/MS对人体死后血液、脑脊液和尿液中的MA、HA、AC进行检测, 方法检出限分别为0.02、0.02、0.2 ng·mL-1, 首次在脑脊液中发现ATs残留。Natori等[11]采用QuEChERS法结合LC-MS/MS对尸检血液标本中的AC及其代谢物进行分析, 选取10个采样部位, 分析物回收率为75%~80%, 检出限为0.2 ng·mL-1。ATs在人死后右心房的浓度最高, 说明AC和HA在右心房血液积累, 为中毒案例中的ATs采样分析提供依据。液相色谱与质谱联用定性准确度高、抗干扰抗污染能力强, 能够对多种ATs实现大规模筛查[38]; 与高分辨质谱(TOF[39]、Orbitrap[40]) 联用, 通过高分辨质谱数据实现对共有峰的指认、鉴定以及未知物质的充分挖掘, 获取的物质信息更加准确、客观[41]。Wei等[42]采用超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱对乌头与蜂蜜结合使用后的毒性成分变化, 共筛查出118种化合物, 在加工后消失6种化合物, 产生5种化合物, 为进一步加强质量控制与阐明解毒机制奠定基础。Shen等[43]采用UHPLC-MS/MS同时定量大鼠血浆中参附注射液(SFI) 的28种主要活性成分, 包括18种人参皂苷和10种ATs。质谱分析采用正、负离子化切换模式的多反应监测, 整个分析过程在14 min内完成, 成功应用于大鼠血浆中多种成分的药代动力学研究, 为SFI的临床使用和药物相互作用提供科学依据。
HPLC与LC-MS已经被证实是检测ATs的可靠工具。然而, 这些方法需要复杂的样品前处理和制备步骤, 无法在紧急情况下实现快速检验和识别中毒患者所摄入的有毒中草药成分。因此, 探索利用快速样品提取和便携式仪器设备进行现场分析的快检方法, 是未来发展的重要趋势。
光谱分析技术凭借无损、快速的优势, 目前已应用于多种基质中ATs的筛选与检测。Dai等[44]应用近红外光谱(NIR) 结合最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM) 建立了附子中关键成分的快速无损检验方法, 可快速预测DDAs和MDAs的总量, 结果与HPLC法检测结果实现印证。Wang等[28]开发了对三种结构相似的Ats (AC、HA、MA) 进行痕量检测的表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS) 法, 采用100 nm的Ag NPs胶体作为SERS底物, 在3 min内实现了对食品和饮料样品中添加的微量ATs的定性和半定量分析, LOD为5.0 ng·mL-1, 线性范围为5.0~100.0 ng·mL-1。目前, 光谱法的灵敏度已能够满足公共安全应急响应所需的浓度水平, 有望应用于食品安全和刑事鉴定领域的ATs快速检验。
免疫分析是一种基于抗原和抗体特异性反应的快速检测方法, 通过酶、放射性元素、胶体金或其他可用标记材料放大标记抗原或抗体的反应信号, 价格低廉, 可简化前处理过程。目前应用于ATs的免疫分析法包括酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA) 与免疫分析测定(ICA), Liu等[45]开发了一种新的ELISA方法, 用于定量测定大鼠血浆中的BHA, 检出限为0.35 ng·mL-1, 为快速测定生物样本中单酯型ATs提供了思路; 2020年, Li等[29]通过小鼠筛选出一种高特异性和高灵敏度的单克隆抗体, IC-ELISA法对乌头碱的检出范围为1.13~11.76 ng·mL-1。之后, 该研究团队在此基础上研发了胶体金试纸用于检测药材中的AC, 5 min内即可得到结果, 视觉检出限为10 ng·mL-1, 为中药材中AC的快速检测和质量筛查提供了方法。需要特别注意的是, 由于ATs结构的相似性, 免疫分析法有时会产生假阳性结果[46], 在采用免疫分析法时, 需要标准方法进行验证。
环境质谱法(AMS) 可以对样品进行直接表面分析, 通过离子化技术产生离子进行质谱分析, 包括电喷雾激光解吸电离质谱(ELDI-MS)、实时直接分析质谱(DART-MS) 等[47]。AMS只需极少或无需样品前处理, 同传统的LC-MS相比更加快速高效。Zhou等[48]建立了对乌头切片进行原位分析的DART-MS方法, 通过多级串联质谱对ATs的36种代谢物实现定性分析, 同UPLC-MS与ESI-MS法相比, 检测时间更短、有机溶剂用量更少, 可提供更多代谢物类型信息; Su等[30]利用ELDI-MS对草药中AC、MA、HA进行测定, 在30 s内对样品完成分析。同标准的LC-MS/MS数据进行比较, 由于LC复杂的前处理过程造成部分目标物质的损失, ELDI-MS法检出的AC、MA、HA含量分别是LC-MS/MS法的1.27倍、1.38倍和1.28倍, 可作为色谱方法的有效补充。直接质谱分析检测速度快, 有望应用于样品的在线连续监测, Qiu等[49]采用萃取电喷雾电离质谱法(EESI-MS), 建立了中药熬制体系连续采样与实时定量分析的装置, 对复方附子-肉的熬制方法进行长达150 min的实时监测, 对熬制过程中毒性的变化做出了评估, 为中药复方的实时分析与评价开拓了新的研究思路。
ATs本源于毛茛科乌头属植物, 这类植物在自然界中分布广泛, 同时由于近代化学和农业技术在医药学中的发展, 越来越多从植物中提取ATs而制成的药品、保健品、食品、标准品等产品出现在人们的生产生活中, 以致因ATs中毒的案事件频频发生, 其毒素成分的检验和溯源是医院抢救和公安侦查迫切需要的关键信息。然而, 目前对此类植物中毒的判定仅依据有限的几种毒素成分的鉴定, 如AC、MAC、HAC等, 对于植物资源信息挖掘整合程度有限, 毒素来源往往根据现场调查结果推断, 带来了一定的滞后性和不确定性。近年来关于有毒植物的形态组织学、指纹图谱、DNA条形码的研究, 为毒案件的植物毒素的溯源、质量控制以及案件性质的判定提供了新思路、新途径(图 3)。
植物的根、茎、种子形态性状相对稳定, 不同产地、不同种属在细胞、纤维特征上有其固有的特征, 可作为植物鉴别、质量评价及系统分类的科学依据[50]。Liu等[51]采用连续切片法对乌头根的显微结构进行分析, 构建了乌头的石蜡切片的三维模型, 为微观形态鉴定提供了新方法; Dang等[52]借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜观察药材性状及根、茎、叶、花粉粒、药材粉末的显微特征, 发现根、叶上表皮的显微特征及花粉粒的形态特征可作为鉴别不同品种乌头的依据, 露蕊乌头的花序特征与另外2种药材存在明显区别。然而, 形态学仅根据外观形状进行判断, 不能提供具体的物质信息, 对鉴定人员资质要求高。此外, 实际案例中的涉案乌头植物样本往往是中药药渣, 也给常规的形态学鉴定造成了困难。
指纹图谱技术利用色谱技术分析药材化学成分, 探究同一种属植物的相似性, 反映复杂成分的中药及其制剂内在质量的稳定性, 对中药质量控制和溯源研究具有优秀的应用价值。目前已有20余种中药指纹图谱检验方法收录在中国药典中, HPLC指纹图谱是目前使用最多的化学指纹图谱[31], 在乌头属植物的溯源研究中潜力巨大。Yang等[53]对高乌头炮制前后毒性部位多波长指纹图谱进行了研究, 建立了生、制品高乌头毒性部位指纹图谱, 通过对比发现炮制后该部位化学成分发生了明显的变化, 消失10个色谱峰, 新增7个色谱峰, 这可能是高乌头“减毒存效”的物质基础, 为进一步开展谱-毒关系与谱-效关系研究奠定基础。Jamtsho等[54]将传统民族生药学和现代生药学评价相结合, 研究了两种喜马拉雅乌头属植物在生态适应、微观形态、解剖、化学性质和HPLC指纹图谱等方面的差异, 为不丹藏药的质量和安全控制提供依据。Luo等[55]构建乌头植物的HPLC指纹图谱, 对来自4个产地的42个乌头样品进行分析, 结合主成分分析(PCA)、层次聚类分析(HCA) 等统计学方法阐明不同地区乌头样品的生物碱含量存在明显差异, 雪上一枝蒿乙素的含量可能是确定道地药材产地的关键因素; Miao等[56]选取6种代表性ATs进行含量测定, 结合生物碱含量、指纹图谱相似度以及线性判别分析对三个乌头药材产地实现区分, 为乌头产地溯源提供了可参考的预测模型。
近年来在指纹图谱的建立与研究中, UPLC凭借其高效快速的分析能力, 弥补了传统HPLC指纹图谱操作周期长、无法表征无紫外吸收物质的不足, 逐渐成为指纹图谱研究的可靠手段[57]。指纹图谱结合化学计量法在多特征性化学成分的发现和ATs溯源研究中发挥着重要的作用[58], Shi等[59]建立了乌头属植物的UPLC指纹图谱, 对13种乌头属植物共121份样品进行分析, 将指纹图谱、UPLC-QTOF-MS数据、代谢物数据库与化学计量学相结合, 基于QTOF-MS数据集生成PCA、OPLS-DA和S-plot模型, 发现MA、HA、BMA与附子灵是乌头的标志物质, 此外确定了15种可作为区分乌头与伪品的标志物, 用于鉴别其他近缘种或掺假种。需要注意的是, ATs的代谢消除变化可能对溯源研究产生影响, 因此有必要针对ATs代谢指纹图谱进行研究, Sui等[60]采用UPLC-Q-TOF对大鼠血浆、尿液中的ATs代谢产物进行研究, 筛选出19种判定ATs中毒的生物标志物, 包括单酯型与氨醇型二萜生物碱、原卟啉IX、左旋肉碱等, 并揭示了相关的代谢途径, 为生物样本中ATs的溯源提出思路。
DNA条形码技术是加拿大动物学家Paul Hebert于2003年首次提出的一种新型分子诊断技术[61], 摆脱了传统形态鉴定方法依赖长期经验的障碍。通过建立鉴定数据库将物种信息数字化, 仅需少数几个基因片段即可对绝大部分物种进行准确鉴定[62, 63]。该技术操作简单, 具有高重复性和稳定性。同时, 可通过互联网和信息平台对物种序列信息进行集中统一管理, 有效缓解分类鉴定人才短缺的问题, 成为有毒植物分子鉴定方法学上的创新[64]
在国际上, 加拿大奎尔夫大学于2007年初步建立生命条形码数据库系统(BOLD)。国内DNA条形码鉴定技术也在近几年迅速发展, 多学科多用途的条形码数据库建设不断完善。中国医学科学院药用植物研究所率先开展了中药材DNA条形码分子鉴定方法研究, 经过十余年的努力, 已构建全球最大的中药材DNA条形码鉴定数据库, 其中包括中国、日本、韩国、印度、欧盟和美国等多国药典收载的95%以上的中草药品种。中草药DNA条形码分子鉴定指导原则, 已被纳入中国药典(2015版)。
目前, DNA条形码技术已被广泛应用于生物物种鉴定, 在ATs溯源方面具有巨大潜力。Meng等[65]在研究中确定了乌头属物种鉴定的8个可变区作为DNA条形码, 实现乌头与其他属植物的区分。Wang等[66]发展了乌头属植物的23个碱基核苷酸标记, 即使DNA浓度低至0.2 µg·mL-1, 仍可从食物样本中提取核苷酸序列, 成功应用于已加工乌头成分的检测, 在DNA条形码鉴定已加工样品和DNA降解食品混合物方面具有重要意义, 为乌头属植物毒素的鉴定和检测提供了新视角和有力支持。
在ATs的前处理方面, QuEChERS法被广泛应用于从生物样本中提取ATs, 如血浆、尿液等。SPE是目前最为行之有效的方法, 在食品、药材以及生物样本中均有出色的分离效果, 吸附材质的种类是影响分离效果的重要因素, 研究人员正致力于新型吸附材质的合成以提高萃取效率, 如多孔树脂、石墨烯等。MSPE在传统SPE的基础上进一步缩短了前处理时间, Fe3O4纳米颗粒是目前应用最广泛的磁芯材质, 部分新型材料也正应用于ATs的前处理, 如碳纳米管、MIP等。
在ATs的检测方面, HPLC与LC-MS法检出限低、可重复性高, 是目前ATs检测的黄金标准。然而, 基于液相色谱的传统检验方法需要复杂的样品预处理过程, 无法在紧急情况下实现快速检验。光谱法、环境质谱、免疫分析等技术已用于中药、食品、生物样本中ATs的快速检测中。其中, NIR和SERS已经被证实分别是定性和定量ATs的可靠方法, 微型化发展是未来发展的方向; DART、ELIDI等可以实现原位质谱分析, 分析效率高; ELISA、ICA是目前应用范围广的免疫分析技术, 但ATs结构类似, 在免疫分析的过程需要注意假阳性的情况。因此, 以上方法均有望推广于ATs的分析领域。
在ATs的溯源方面, 综合运用植物形态学研究、化学指纹图谱、DNA条形码技术, 可以有效的深度挖掘中毒案件中的植物信息, 是建立ATs综合溯源研究的有效策略之一。针对不同类型的样本, 尤其是面对陈旧样本时, ATs代谢产物可能比原型成分更具有分析价值, 成为溯源鉴定的重要标志物。针对于ATs的溯源工作, 未来应注重以下方面: 一是继续探索适用于复杂基质的前处理与检测方法, 提升分析效率; 二是进一步缩短分析时间, 开发高通量、低成本和自动化的检测仪器与方法, 降低对工作人员的使用门槛; 三是积极与机器学习、区块链等统计学方法与现代计算机技术相结合, 完善形态学、指纹图谱、DNA条形码数据库的建立, 实现ATs成分的精准溯源, 合理质控, 保障人民的生命财产安全。
作者贡献: 刘天宇为本文第一作者, 负责构建论文框架、查找文献和论文撰写; 宋歌、杨瑞琴、张云峰负责论文整体设计及修改指导; 张成龙对论文语言修改提供了一定帮助。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 中国人民公安大学刑事科学技术双一流创新研究专项(2023SYL06)
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费库重点项目(2022JB004)
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2024年第59卷第4期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0984
  • 接收时间:2023-08-21
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-21
  • 修回日期:2023-10-17
基金
中国人民公安大学刑事科学技术双一流创新研究专项(2023SYL06)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费库重点项目(2022JB004)
作者信息
    1.中国人民公安大学侦查学院, 北京 100038
    2.公安部鉴定中心, 北京 100038

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*杨瑞琴, E-mail: ;
张云峰, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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