Article(id=1201096920182776364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201096916940579367, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0971, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1691942400000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-14, revisedDate=1695571200000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764293421073, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1712851200000, pubDateStr=2024-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764293421073, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764293421073, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764293421073, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201096916940579367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='4', pageStart='789', pageEnd='1100', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764293420298, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764293534792, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201097397242912862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201096916940579367, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201097397242912863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201096916940579367, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=918, endPage=929, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201096921688531540, articleId=1201096920182776364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=In vitro anti-tumor activities and mechanisms of phenothiazines in combined treatment with temozolomide in human glioma cell lines, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the study, to explore the anti-tumor effects and mechanisms of chlorpromazine (CPZ) and perphenazine (PPZ) combined with temozolomide (TMZ) on human glioma cell lines, we performed MTT assays to determine the growth inhibitory rate of CPZ, PPZ and TMZ in mono and combined treatments. The anti-tumor effects of CPZ and PPZ alone or in combination with TMZ were determined by colony formation, cell apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) detection (JC-1). The expression level of p53 was detected by immunofluorescence assay. Furthermore, autophagy under different administrations was detected by flow cytometry and confocal imaging to explore the anti-tumor mechanism of CPZ and TMZ. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) and proto-oncogene protein (c-Myc) were detected by immunofluorescence assay, tumor stem cell markers (CD44, CD133) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) were detected by flow cytometry to explore the anti-tumor mechanism of PPZ and TMZ. The results showed that after 72 h treatments of combinations, the values of half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of TMZ on U87 and U251 cells were reduced, and the ability of TMZ to induce apoptosis and cycle arrest was improved. In addition, the combination of CPZ and TMZ could induce an increased effect of autophagy via activating the relevant pathway of p53 gene in glioma cells. The combination of PPZ and TMZ increased the sensitivity of glioma cells to TMZ, and the underlying mechanism might be related to the inhibition of CIP2A/PP2A/c-Myc signaling pathway. In conclusion, CPZ and PPZ combined with TMZ, showed the significant synergistic effects in cancer treatment, which are the novel and potential therapeutic regimens providing a new treatment strategy for human glioma.

, correspAuthors=Fei-hong CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xin WEN, De-ming ZHAO, Fei-hong CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201096926444872520, articleId=1201096920182776364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=替莫唑胺联合吩噻嗪类药物对人脑胶质瘤的体外抗肿瘤作用和机制研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究主要探究替莫唑胺分别与氯丙嗪、奋乃静联合使用后对人脑胶质瘤的体外抗肿瘤作用及其作用机制。通过MTT法检测氯丙嗪、奋乃静和替莫唑胺单独及联合使用后对肿瘤细胞的生长抑制作用; 通过集落形成、细胞凋亡、周期分布、活性氧(ROS) 产生及线粒体膜电位(JC-1) 检测实验, 比较单独及联合用药的抗肿瘤效果; 通过免疫荧光实验检测p53基因的表达水平, 通过流式细胞术和共聚焦成像比较不同给药方式下肿瘤细胞的自噬情况, 探究氯丙嗪协同替莫唑胺的抗肿瘤作用机制; 通过免疫荧光实验检测蛋白磷酸酶2A (PP2A)、蛋白磷酸酶2A抑制剂(CIP2A) 和原癌基因(c-Myc) 蛋白的表达水平, 通过细胞流式检测细胞中肿瘤干细胞标记物(CD44、CD133) 和乙醛脱氢酶(ALDH) 的表达水平, 从而探究奋乃静和替莫唑胺联合使用的抗肿瘤作用机制。结果显示, 与单独使用替莫唑胺相比, 联合用药72 h后替莫唑胺对U87和U251细胞的半数抑制浓度(IC50) 均降低, 并且提高了替莫唑胺诱导细胞凋亡和周期阻滞的能力。此外, 氯丙嗪和替莫唑胺联用通过激活胶质瘤细胞中p53基因的相关通路诱导细胞自噬的增加; 奋乃静和替莫唑胺联用提高了胶质瘤细胞对替莫唑胺的敏感性, 其作用机制可能与抑制CIP2A/PP2A/c-Myc信号通路有关。综上所述, 替莫唑胺分别与氯丙嗪、奋乃静联合使用具有协同的抗肿瘤效果, 为人脑胶质瘤的治疗提供新策略。

, correspAuthors=陈飞虹, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*陈飞虹, Tel: 13813839472, E-mail:
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The novel combination of chlorpromazine and pentamidine exerts synergistic antiproliferative effects through dual mitotic action [J]. Cancer Res, 2007, 67: 11359-11367., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1201096934787342704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, awardId=82173852, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(82173852), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1201096927359230814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201096927367619424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, companyId=1201096927359230814, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201096927371813729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, companyId=1201096927359230814, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=东南大学化学化工学院, 江苏 南京 211189)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1201096930483986545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=4s5fcOeQWC6zD19+6FRPWQ==, figureFileBig=v4XWovE+HANwGTwLO7MQLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096931620642939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Effects of different concentrations of the measured compounds and the combinations on growth inhibitory of human glioma U251 and U87 cells. U251 and U87 cells were treated with drugs for 72 h, A: Temozolomide (TMZ, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>); B: Chlorpromazine (CPZ, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>); C: Perphenazine (PPZ, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>); D: The corresponding combination TMZ + CPZ; E: The corresponding combination TMZ + PPZ. Cell viability was analyzed using MTT assay. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span>±<i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=4s5fcOeQWC6zD19+6FRPWQ==, figureFileBig=v4XWovE+HANwGTwLO7MQLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096931910049938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=r2v7wic4gGDkC9Z7SKC5+g==, figureFileBig=aYXd7pRjwGaFfcD4wTTJXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096932061044892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Effects of drugs combination on proliferation of human glioma U251 and U87 cells. U251 and U87 cells were treated with drugs for 14 days, A: TMZ (15 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) in combination with CPZ (10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>); B: TMZ (15 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) in combination with PPZ (10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>), and cell proliferation was analyzed using clonogenic assay. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span>±<i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> TMZ , figureFileSmall=r2v7wic4gGDkC9Z7SKC5+g==, figureFileBig=aYXd7pRjwGaFfcD4wTTJXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096932224622757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=sbeUls70FMBdHsPtkwSqHw==, figureFileBig=me4NuHaPZKzjXHEk4rrk9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096932358840496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Effects of drugs combination on apoptosis of human glioma U251 and U87 cells. U251 and U87 cells were treated with drugs for 24 h, A: TMZ (30 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) in combination with CPZ (20 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>); B: TMZ (30 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) in combination with PPZ (20 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>). U251 and U87 cells were resuspended in a 500 μL 1× buffer and stained with Annexin V-FITC and PI 5 μL, and cell apoptosis was analyzed using flow cytometry. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span>±<i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> TMZ , figureFileSmall=sbeUls70FMBdHsPtkwSqHw==, figureFileBig=me4NuHaPZKzjXHEk4rrk9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096932539195579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=hQwPn23hxwvrgSj0/hnZrg==, figureFileBig=lfvVdzE0Nyb8MwnDyh4d2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096932669219011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Effects of drugs combination on cell cycle distributions in human glioma U251 and U87 cells. U251 and U87 cells were treated with drugs for 24 h, A: TMZ (30 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) in combination with CPZ (20 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>); B: TMZ (30 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) in combination with PPZ (20 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>). U251 and U87 cells were resuspend in a 500 μL mixed solution (Rnase A ∶ PI = 1 ∶ 9), and cell cycle was analyzed using flow cytometry. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span>±<i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> TMZ , figureFileSmall=hQwPn23hxwvrgSj0/hnZrg==, figureFileBig=lfvVdzE0Nyb8MwnDyh4d2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096932790853838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=acys9Fua8VTD8SEG2oinsQ==, figureFileBig=RwO7G6ovR09gjfiki2zFWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096932950237406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Effects of drugs combination on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human glioma U251 and U87 cells. U251 and U87 cells were treated with drugs for 24 h, A: TMZ (30 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) in combination with CPZ (20 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>); B: TMZ (30 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) in combination with PPZ (20 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>). U251 and U87 cells were resuspended in buffer and stained with H<sub>2</sub>DCFDA (DCFH-DA), and the level of ROS production was analyzed using flow cytometry , figureFileSmall=acys9Fua8VTD8SEG2oinsQ==, figureFileBig=RwO7G6ovR09gjfiki2zFWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096933084455146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=8WSAosPV1vScWr5r0IYq0A==, figureFileBig=VmO01bflwKXGoWBi4nSAJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096933201895668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Effects of drugs combination on mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in human glioma U251 and U87 cells. U251 and U87 cells were treated with drugs for 24 h, A: TMZ (30 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) in combination with CPZ (20 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>); B: TMZ (30 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) in combination with PPZ (20 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>). U251 and U87 cells were resuspended in 1× buffer and stained by adding JC-1 probe, and the decrease degree of mitochondrial membrane potential was analyzed using flow cytometry. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span>±<i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> TMZ , figureFileSmall=8WSAosPV1vScWr5r0IYq0A==, figureFileBig=VmO01bflwKXGoWBi4nSAJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096933348696320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=oLDe5AB9LXLhIG0dLsGlrQ==, figureFileBig=/bHGjxmMzRI3TTbAaC/ZeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096933503885576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Effects of CPZ and TMZ on DNA damage in human glioma U251 and U87 cells. U251 and U87 cells were treated with TMZ (30 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) in combination with CPZ (20 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) for 24 h. A: The degree of DNA damage was analyzed using comet assay; B: The expression level of phosphorylation of histone 2AX on S139 (<i>γ</i>H2AX) was analyzed using immunofluorescence. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span>±<i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> TMZ , figureFileSmall=oLDe5AB9LXLhIG0dLsGlrQ==, figureFileBig=/bHGjxmMzRI3TTbAaC/ZeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096933587771665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=OwRqs5ptYijbx8Q6JOr8wQ==, figureFileBig=JaXooPvLcF3r2tlq24B0IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096933675852061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= Effects of CPZ and TMZ on p53 expression level in human glioma U251 and U87 cells. U251 and U87 cells were treated with TMZ (30 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) in combination with CPZ (20 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) for 24 h. A: The expression level of p53 was analyzed using immunofluorescence; B: The expression level of LC3 protein was analyzed using Western blot; C: The expression level of LC3 was analyzed using immunofluorescence. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span>±<i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> TMZ , figureFileSmall=OwRqs5ptYijbx8Q6JOr8wQ==, figureFileBig=JaXooPvLcF3r2tlq24B0IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096933784903975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=hM+ETF+6TMdNeNA2M4WtbA==, figureFileBig=Gk/JH8eyFrVZ2n1EgyJiOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096933885567276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, language=CN, label=Figure 9, caption= Effects of CPZ and TMZ on autophagy of human glioma U251 and U87 cells. U251 and U87 cells were treated with TMZ (30 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) in combination with CPZ (20 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) for 24 h, cell autophagy was analyzed using flow cytometry. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span>±<i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> TMZ , figureFileSmall=hM+ETF+6TMdNeNA2M4WtbA==, figureFileBig=Gk/JH8eyFrVZ2n1EgyJiOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096934023979314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3wSHScVnvWU3/RzSxq+f4g==, figureFileBig=AOwDVoLL6L24XlcyFkwQyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096934107865400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, language=CN, label=Figure 10, caption= Effects of PPZ and TMZ on cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A, A), protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A, B) and Myc proto-oncogene protein (c-Myc, C) expression levels in human glioma U251 and U87 cells. U251 and U87 cells were treated with TMZ (30 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) in combination with PPZ (20 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) for 24 h, and the related protein expression levels were analyzed using immunofluorescence , figureFileSmall=3wSHScVnvWU3/RzSxq+f4g==, figureFileBig=AOwDVoLL6L24XlcyFkwQyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096934212723010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ZLE2OSFFM+2i3MMWHumy4A==, figureFileBig=Tja+Q1nF4TaVGJP+IbchzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096934351135049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, language=CN, label=Figure 11, caption= Effects of PPZ and TMZ on cancer stem cell markers (CD44, CD133 and ALDH1) expression levels in human glioma U251 and U87 cells. U251 and U87 cells were treated with TMZ (30 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) in combination with PPZ (20 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) for 24 h, and the related cells were analyzed using flow cytometry. A: CD44<sup>+</sup>/CD133<sup>+</sup> cells; B: ALDH1<sup>+</sup> cells. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span>±<i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05<i>, </i> <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> TMZ , figureFileSmall=ZLE2OSFFM+2i3MMWHumy4A==, figureFileBig=Tja+Q1nF4TaVGJP+IbchzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096934502130007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=gpGWNxRHvYyfLkGZ+90zWg==, figureFileBig=qZt32pwuxR5BsDpZKUuFfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096934644736353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096920182776364, language=CN, label=Figure 12, caption= Schematic diagram of the anti-tumor activities and mechanisms of phenothiazines (CPZ and PPZ) in combined treatment with TMZ in human glioma cell lines , 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替莫唑胺联合吩噻嗪类药物对人脑胶质瘤的体外抗肿瘤作用和机制研究
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温鑫 , 赵德明 , 陈飞虹 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(4): 918-929
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(4): 918-929
替莫唑胺联合吩噻嗪类药物对人脑胶质瘤的体外抗肿瘤作用和机制研究
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温鑫, 赵德明, 陈飞虹*
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  • 东南大学化学化工学院, 江苏 南京 211189

通讯作者:

*陈飞虹, Tel: 13813839472, E-mail:
In vitro anti-tumor activities and mechanisms of phenothiazines in combined treatment with temozolomide in human glioma cell lines
Xin WEN, De-ming ZHAO, Fei-hong CHEN*
Affiliations
  • School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
出版时间: 2024-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0971
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本研究主要探究替莫唑胺分别与氯丙嗪、奋乃静联合使用后对人脑胶质瘤的体外抗肿瘤作用及其作用机制。通过MTT法检测氯丙嗪、奋乃静和替莫唑胺单独及联合使用后对肿瘤细胞的生长抑制作用; 通过集落形成、细胞凋亡、周期分布、活性氧(ROS) 产生及线粒体膜电位(JC-1) 检测实验, 比较单独及联合用药的抗肿瘤效果; 通过免疫荧光实验检测p53基因的表达水平, 通过流式细胞术和共聚焦成像比较不同给药方式下肿瘤细胞的自噬情况, 探究氯丙嗪协同替莫唑胺的抗肿瘤作用机制; 通过免疫荧光实验检测蛋白磷酸酶2A (PP2A)、蛋白磷酸酶2A抑制剂(CIP2A) 和原癌基因(c-Myc) 蛋白的表达水平, 通过细胞流式检测细胞中肿瘤干细胞标记物(CD44、CD133) 和乙醛脱氢酶(ALDH) 的表达水平, 从而探究奋乃静和替莫唑胺联合使用的抗肿瘤作用机制。结果显示, 与单独使用替莫唑胺相比, 联合用药72 h后替莫唑胺对U87和U251细胞的半数抑制浓度(IC50) 均降低, 并且提高了替莫唑胺诱导细胞凋亡和周期阻滞的能力。此外, 氯丙嗪和替莫唑胺联用通过激活胶质瘤细胞中p53基因的相关通路诱导细胞自噬的增加; 奋乃静和替莫唑胺联用提高了胶质瘤细胞对替莫唑胺的敏感性, 其作用机制可能与抑制CIP2A/PP2A/c-Myc信号通路有关。综上所述, 替莫唑胺分别与氯丙嗪、奋乃静联合使用具有协同的抗肿瘤效果, 为人脑胶质瘤的治疗提供新策略。

替莫唑胺  /  氯丙嗪  /  奋乃静  /  脑胶质瘤  /  联合用药  /  抗肿瘤作用

In the study, to explore the anti-tumor effects and mechanisms of chlorpromazine (CPZ) and perphenazine (PPZ) combined with temozolomide (TMZ) on human glioma cell lines, we performed MTT assays to determine the growth inhibitory rate of CPZ, PPZ and TMZ in mono and combined treatments. The anti-tumor effects of CPZ and PPZ alone or in combination with TMZ were determined by colony formation, cell apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) detection (JC-1). The expression level of p53 was detected by immunofluorescence assay. Furthermore, autophagy under different administrations was detected by flow cytometry and confocal imaging to explore the anti-tumor mechanism of CPZ and TMZ. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) and proto-oncogene protein (c-Myc) were detected by immunofluorescence assay, tumor stem cell markers (CD44, CD133) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) were detected by flow cytometry to explore the anti-tumor mechanism of PPZ and TMZ. The results showed that after 72 h treatments of combinations, the values of half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of TMZ on U87 and U251 cells were reduced, and the ability of TMZ to induce apoptosis and cycle arrest was improved. In addition, the combination of CPZ and TMZ could induce an increased effect of autophagy via activating the relevant pathway of p53 gene in glioma cells. The combination of PPZ and TMZ increased the sensitivity of glioma cells to TMZ, and the underlying mechanism might be related to the inhibition of CIP2A/PP2A/c-Myc signaling pathway. In conclusion, CPZ and PPZ combined with TMZ, showed the significant synergistic effects in cancer treatment, which are the novel and potential therapeutic regimens providing a new treatment strategy for human glioma.

temozolomide  /  chlorpromazine  /  perphenazine  /  glioma  /  combinational treatment  /  anti-tumor activity
温鑫, 赵德明, 陈飞虹. 替莫唑胺联合吩噻嗪类药物对人脑胶质瘤的体外抗肿瘤作用和机制研究. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (4) : 918 -929 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0971
Xin WEN, De-ming ZHAO, Fei-hong CHEN. In vitro anti-tumor activities and mechanisms of phenothiazines in combined treatment with temozolomide in human glioma cell lines[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (4) : 918 -929 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0971
作为最常见、最致命的原发性恶性脑肿瘤之一, 人脑胶质瘤发生于中枢神经系统的不同部位[1, 2]。人脑胶质瘤的标准治疗方法包括手术切除、放疗和化疗。然而, 由于其强侵袭能力和高度遗传异质性, 治疗效果仍然不尽如人意[3-5]。此外, 血脑屏障限制了化疗药物从血液到大脑的运输和扩散, 降低了化疗药物输送到肿瘤部位的能力, 这也导致了人脑胶质瘤的预后较差, 其5年生存率仅为5.6%, 中位总生存期为14.6个月[6, 7]。替莫唑胺(temozolomide, TMZ) 是一种口服烷基化剂, 在体内主要通过DNA甲基化诱导细胞死亡发挥抗肿瘤作用, 因其耐受性好, 易透过血脑屏障, 口服生物利用度可达100%, 是治疗人脑胶质瘤的一线药物[8, 9]。TMZ虽然是治疗胶质瘤的标准化药物, 但其疗效并不显著, 对胶质瘤的作用只能维持几个月的时间, 之后胶质瘤细胞便会产生耐药性, 使得治疗效果明显降低[10]。一种新药的研发往往需要15年以上的时间, 且成功率很低。近年来药物的再利用因在肿瘤治疗方面具有不错的成效受到广泛关注, 已上市药物的再利用可以缩短开发时间并降低风险, 因为这些药物已经在临床使用, 它们的毒理学、安全性等已被研究。
自噬是一种细胞形成双膜自噬囊泡的过程, 这些囊泡隔离细胞器和蛋白质, 并在溶酶体中进行靶向降解, 研究表明自噬在肿瘤中发挥复杂的作用[11-14]。在肿瘤发生的早期阶段, 细胞自噬可能限制肿瘤细胞的存活。然而, 在已确诊的肿瘤中, 自噬则有利于肿瘤细胞的存活, 调节自噬的药物可能是一种治疗脑胶质瘤患者的有效策略[15]。氯丙嗪(chlorpromazine, CPZ) 是一种用于治疗精神类疾病的吩噻嗪类药物, 研究表明其具有一定的抗肿瘤作用。研究发现, CPZ可通过抑制Akt/mTOR的激活或上调p21waf1/cip1的表达发挥抗脑肿瘤的增殖活性作用[16, 17]。CPZ还可以通过抑制sirtuin 1的表达并激活p53基因, 在结直肠癌中发挥促凋亡的作用[18]。这些成果为CPZ的抗肿瘤作用研究提供了有力的证据。
肿瘤干细胞(cancer stem cells, CSCs) 对各种治疗方法的耐药是肿瘤复发、转移和耐药的重要原因。恶性脑胶质瘤中肿瘤干细胞的发现于2002年首次报道, 脑胶质瘤干细胞(glioma stem cells, GSCs) 的存在是脑胶质瘤复发及对化疗药物耐药的主要原因[19, 20]。GSCs具有耐药、自我更新、向不同子代分化等特征, 其特异性标志物包括八聚体结合转录因子4 (octamerbinding transcription factor 4, OCT4)、性别决定区Y框蛋白2 (sex determining region Y box protein 2, SOX2) 等[21, 22]。Wnt/β-catenin通路、Notch通路和Sonic Hedgehog通路的异常调控在GSCs的起源和维持中起着至关重要的作用, 其中Wnt/β-catenin通路是GSCs的关键驱动因素[21, 23-25]。研究表明, 奋乃静(perphenazine, PPZ) 作为一种吩噻嗪类药物对CSCs具有抑制作用, 可以通过抑制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路协同吉非替尼对肺癌细胞发挥抗肿瘤作用, 并且对胶质瘤细胞的增殖具有抑制作用[26, 27]
本研究分别将氯丙嗪、奋乃静与替莫唑胺联合使用, 探究其对人脑胶质瘤的治疗效果, 旨在为脑胶质瘤患者治疗提供新思路。
细胞  人脑胶质瘤细胞株U251、U87购自上海ATCC细胞库。
药物  氯丙嗪购自北京沿程科技有限公司, 批号: 1ST7128; 奋乃静购自上海玻尔化学试剂有限公司, 批号: B622326; 替莫唑胺购自上海迈瑞尔化学技术有限公司, 批号: 85622-9391。
试剂与仪器  PBS缓冲液、胰蛋白酶、DMEM培养基、多聚甲醛溶液、细胞通透液Triton X-100、RIPA裂解液、PMSF、DAPI、MTT、细胞凋亡检测试剂盒(Annexin V-FITC/PI)、细胞周期检测试剂盒(RNase A/PI)、活性氧(ROS) 荧光探针(DCFH-DA)、吖啶橙(acridine orange, AO) 检测试剂盒和线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒(JC-1) 均购自江苏凯基生物技术有限公司; 胎牛血清购自杭州四季青生物技术有限公司; DMSO购自阿拉丁试剂公司。
给药方法  收集处于对数生长期的U251和U87细胞, 1 500 r·min-1离心5 min后, 使用新配置的DMEM完全培养基(DMEM不完全培养基∶胎牛血清= 9∶1) 重悬细胞, 将其均匀地铺于6孔板中, 每孔的细胞数量约为2×105个, 放置于37 ℃、CO2浓度为5%的恒温培养箱内培养, 待细胞完全贴壁后, 吸去旧培养基, 用PBS清洗细胞代谢物和残余培养基后, 加入新的培养基并给药。阴性对照组不加入任何药物, 单独给药组分别将20 μmol·L-1 CPZ、20 μmol·L-1 PPZ和30 μmol·L-1 TMZ加入U251和U87细胞中, 联合给药组则在U251和U87细胞中各加入相应浓度的药物, 然后进行细胞凋亡、细胞周期阻滞、活性氧、线粒体膜电位检测、彗星和免疫荧光等实验; 单独给药组将10 μmol·L-1 CPZ、10 μmol·L-1 PPZ和15 μmol·L-1 TMZ分别加入U251和U87细胞中, 联合给药组在U251和U87细胞中各加入相应浓度的药物, 然后进行细胞集落形成实验。
MTT细胞毒性实验  收集生长状态良好且处于对数生长期的细胞, 将细胞与适量的DMEM完全培养基混合均匀后, 接种于96孔板内, 每孔的细胞数目保持在5 000个左右, 置于恒温培养箱内培养24 h, 待细胞贴壁后, 更换培养基并将呈浓度梯度的药物稀释液加入到96孔板内, 每个浓度设定3个平行对照组, 空白组则加入等体积的培养基, 孵育72 h后, 每孔加入10 μL浓度为5 mg·mL-1 MTT溶液, 孵育4 h后, 吸去上清液, 每孔加入130 μL DMSO溶解MTT甲臜沉淀, 置于摇床上5 min使沉淀完全溶解, 最后使用酶标仪在490 nm的条件下测定每个孔的吸光度值(A), 并通过SPSS软件计算出半数抑制浓度(half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50), 最终结果取3次平行实验的平均值。抑制率的计算方法: 抑制率= (A空白组 - A给药组)/A空白组。根据Chou-Talalay联合指数法计算联合用药的协同作用指数(combination index, CI)。
细胞集落形成实验  收集生长状态良好且处于对数生长期的细胞, 用适量DMEM完全培养基稀释成每毫升约含1×104个细胞的悬液并均匀接种于6孔板内, 待细胞完全贴壁后给药, 空白组加入等体积的DMSO (< 1‰), 给药处理14天后, 吸除培养基, 用PBS清洗2次, 每孔加入1 mL多聚甲醛溶液固定20 min, 吸除固定液后, 加入1 mL结晶紫进行染色, 15 min后洗去结晶紫, 室温下干燥24 h后拍照并计算细胞克隆形成抑制率。
细胞凋亡实验  收集给药后的细胞, 加入500 μL缓冲液重悬, 加入Annexin V-FITC和PI各5 μL避光染色15 min, 用流式细胞仪计数, 并分析细胞凋亡情况。
细胞周期阻滞实验  收集给药后的细胞, 加入500 μL 75%预冷的乙醇重悬, 置于4 ℃冰箱, 固定过夜, 随后在1 500 r·min-1、4 ℃条件下离心5 min, 弃去上清液加入缓冲液重悬细胞, 加入500 μL染液(RNase A∶PI = 1∶9), 避光染色30 min后, 用流式细胞仪计数, 并分析细胞周期分布情况。
ROS产生检测实验  收集给药后的细胞, 用DCFH-DA染色处理20 min后, 用流式细胞仪计数, 并分析ROS产生的水平。
线粒体膜电位检测实验  收集给药后的细胞, 加入缓冲液重悬, JC-1探针染色20 min后, 用流式细胞仪计数, 并分析线粒体膜电位的下降程度。
彗星实验  收集给药后的细胞于PBS中, 将细胞与融化的琼脂糖混合均匀, 平铺于载玻片上, 待其冷却后置于DMSO和裂解液的混合溶液中裂解1 h, 然后在pH > 13的碱性溶液(200 mmol·L-1 NaOH, 1 mmol·L-1 EDTA) 中进行DNA解旋, 40 min后置于水平电泳槽内, 在25 V的电压条件下电泳25 min, 然后用pH = 7.5的0.4 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl漂洗3次, 每次10 min, 最后加入PI染色, 30 min后进行共聚焦成像。用彗星尾定量分析法进行损伤级别评价, 即tail/total < 5%为0级损伤, tail/total < 20%为1级损伤, tail/total < 50%为2级损伤, tail/total > 50%为3级损伤。
AO检测实验  收集给药后的细胞重悬于PBS中, 取500 μL细胞悬液与10 μL AO染液混合均匀, 室温避光染色15 min后, 使用流式细胞仪进行荧光测定。
CD44+/CD133+、ALDH1+检测实验  收集给药后的细胞重悬于PBS中, 加入CD44-FITC抗体和CD133-PE抗体对细胞进行染色, 30 min后通过流式细胞仪检测CD44+/CD133+细胞, 并分析表达比例。
收集给药后的细胞, 加入1 mL 4%多聚甲醛固定, 20 min后吸除固定液, 加入1 mL浓度为0.5% Triton X-100进行细胞通透, 30 min后吸除通透液, PBS洗涤3次, 再加入5%奶粉封闭40 min, 随后加入ALDH1一抗孵育过夜, PBS清洗一抗后再加入相应的二抗孵育2 h, 最后收集细胞通过流式细胞仪确定ALDH1+细胞的比例。
免疫荧光实验  收集给药后的细胞, 用1 mL浓度为4%的多聚甲醛溶液固定细胞, 用1 mL浓度为0.5% Triton X-100进行细胞通透, 30 min后用PBS清洗, 然后加入2 mL FBS封闭液进行封闭处理, 1 h后加入一抗, 4 ℃条件下孵育12 h, 用PBS清洗一抗后再加入相应的二抗孵育2 h, 用DAPI染色10 min后, 荧光显微镜观察得到免疫荧光图像。
Western blot收集给药后的细胞, RIPA裂解液和1% PMSF提取总蛋白, 加入蛋白上样缓冲液, 100 ℃煮沸15 min, 储存于-20 ℃冰箱。取适量的蛋白样品于SDS-PAGE凝胶中电泳, 将目的蛋白转移至PVDF膜上, 5%脱脂奶粉封闭1 h, 然后加入对应的一抗, 4 ℃条件下孵育过夜, 加入相应的二抗孵育1 h, 使用ECL化学发光试剂显色, 曝光检测, Image-Pro Plus 6.0软件进行灰度分析。
统计学方法  通过SPSS 16.0软件进行统计学分析, 计量数据为(x±s), 两组间比较用独立样本t检验, 多组间比较采用单因素方差分析。P < 0.05为数据差异有统计学意义。
采用MTT法分析CPZ、PPZ和TMZ单独或联合使用对U87和U251细胞的体外抑制活性。分别将CPZ、PPZ和TMZ用DMSO稀释成5、10、20、30和40 μmol·L-1浓度梯度, 给药处理72 h后, 结果如图 1所示, 细胞增殖抑制率随着药物剂量的增加而提高。3种药物作用于U87和U251细胞均表现出一定的细胞毒性, CPZ和PPZ的加入能增强TMZ对肿瘤细胞的抑制效果, TMZ对U251和U87细胞的IC50值为(9.458 ± 0.72) μmol·L-1和(5.216 ± 0.21) μmol·L-1, TMZ和CPZ按1∶1的比例联用后, IC50值为(6.381 ± 0.29) μmol·L-1和(3.548 ± 0.09) μmol·L-1, TMZ和PPZ按1∶1的比例联用后, IC50值为(3.926 ± 0.14) μmol·L-1和(3.798 ± 0.39) μmol·L-1。结果表明, 联合用药的治疗效果明显优于单独用药, 证明TMZ分别和CPZ、PPZ联合使用具有较好的协同作用。单独给药方式下, 当TMZ的浓度超过30 μmol·L-1后再升高其浓度, 对U87和U251细胞的抑制率没有明显提高, 所以后续联合用药时TMZ的浓度选择为30 μmol·L-1; 当CPZ和PPZ的浓度超过20 μmol·L-1后再升高其浓度, 对两种胶质瘤细胞的抑制率增加不明显, 所以后续联合用药时CPZ和PPZ的浓度选择为20 μmol·L-1
通过CI判断药物的协同性, TMZ和CPZ联合使用在U87和U251细胞的CI指数分别为0.279 ± 0.012和0.325 ± 0.025; TMZ和PPZ联合使用在U87和U251细胞的CI指数分别为0.330 ± 0.014和0.350 ± 0.021, 均为强协同作用, 表明CPZ和PPZ可以协同TMZ对人脑胶质瘤细胞发挥抑制作用。
使用集落形成实验检测CPZ、PPZ和TMZ单独或联合使用对U87和U251细胞增殖能力的影响。如图 2所示, 3种药物对U87和U251细胞的克隆形成均具有抑制作用, 与单独用药相比, 联合用药对U87和U251细胞的集落形成具有更强的抑制作用(P < 0.05), 表明CPZ和PPZ可以增强TMZ对胶质瘤细胞增殖的抑制作用。
通过细胞流式术分析CPZ、PPZ和TMZ单独或联合使用对诱导细胞凋亡能力的影响。CPZ与TMZ联合使用时U87和U251细胞的凋亡率分别为60.0% ± 3.26%和57.98% ± 2.87% (图 3A, P < 0.01); PPZ与TMZ联合使用时U87和U251细胞的凋亡率分别为61.8% ± 1.95%和45.6% ± 2.45% (图 3B, P < 0.05)。联合用药组的细胞凋亡率均高于单独用药组, 表明TMZ分别与CPZ、PPZ联合使用具有更强的诱导细胞凋亡能力。
采用细胞周期阻滞实验检测不同给药方式对U87和U251细胞周期分布的影响。经TMZ单独处理的细胞S期和G0/G1期的百分比降低, G2/M期的百分比明显增加, 当CPZ和TMZ联合使用后, 阻滞在G2/M期的细胞百分比达到71.22% ± 2.72% (U87细胞) 和79.65% ± 3.56% (U251细胞), 对G2/M期的阻滞效果比药物单独使用更加明显(图 4A, P < 0.05), 表明CPZ和TMZ可以协同将细胞周期阻滞于G2/M期, 从而抑制细胞的生长。当PPZ和TMZ联用后, 发生G2/M期阻滞的细胞百分比达到72.45% ± 1.94% (U87细胞)和68.74% ± 2.51% (U251细胞), G2/M周期阻滞增加(图 4B), 但相对于单独使用TMZ提升效果并不显著。
ROS是机体氧化应激反应和信号传导的重要媒介, 在癌症的发病机制及各种治疗方式(如化疗和放疗) 的潜在机制中发挥着重要作用, 作为细胞代谢的产物, ROS的产生是引起线粒体损伤的主要途径之一[28, 29]。如图 5所示, 给药组的DCFH-DA平均荧光水平比对照组更高, 表明药物的使用可诱导更多的ROS产生, 且联合用药后的诱导作用更强, 表明TMZ分别与CPZ、PPZ联合使用可以提高细胞内ROS的水平, 表现出更强的抗肿瘤作用。
实验结果如图 6所示, 与对照组相比, CPZ、PPZ和TMZ在单独使用时都使线粒体膜电位下降百分比增加, 即药物作用使线粒体发生损伤。这种效果在联合用药后得到了增强, 在CPZ和TMZ联合使用处理的U87和U251细胞中, 处于低电位的百分含量分别为70.8% ± 1.78%和71.9% ± 3.18% (图 6A, P < 0.05); 在PPZ和TMZ联合用药处理的U87和U251细胞中, 处于低电位的百分含量分别为46.1% ± 2.36%和45.1% ± 1.93% (图 6B, P < 0.05)。表明联合给药方式具有更强的降低线粒体膜电位的能力。
TMZ主要通过诱导DNA损伤发挥抗肿瘤作用, CPZ的加入是否会影响TMZ在这方面的抗肿瘤效果需要进一步研究。磷酸化的H2AX (phosphorylation of histone 2AX on S139, γH2AX) 是DNA断裂的标志物, 在一些癌症中表达上调, 其表达水平也反映DNA损伤的程度[30]。本研究通过彗星实验来衡量细胞内DNA的损伤程度, 根据免疫荧光实验测定γH2AX的表达情况, 验证不同给药方式对胶质瘤细胞DNA损伤作用的影响。
实验结果显示, CPZ单独使用时, U251和U87细胞出现了轻微的拖尾现象, TMZ单独处理后的细胞拖尾现象更加明显, 损伤等级达2级。TMZ和CPZ联合使用后, U251细胞的彗星tail/total达到了56.33% ± 2.19%, 损伤程度达3级(图 7A, P < 0.05)。在单独用药组中, TMZ处理的细胞γH2AX的表达显著增加, 但CPZ的单独使用几乎不影响γH2AX在U87细胞中的表达, 当CPZ和TMZ联合使用后, U87和U251细胞中γH2AX的表达显著增加(图 7B)。结果表明CPZ可以提高TMZ对人脑胶质瘤细胞的DNA损伤能力, 联合用药具有更强的DNA损伤效果。
p53基因是一种著名的肿瘤抑制基因, 在预防肿瘤发展方面发挥着重要作用, 其基因产物p53蛋白是一种多功能转录因子, 能被多种信号激活, 可调节细胞周期、凋亡和DNA转录[31]。p53/mTOR信号通路在调节细胞自噬方面发挥巨大作用, p53可以通过激活mTOR上游的调节因子, 如AMPK和PTEN等, 抑制mTOR信号通路, 促进细胞自噬, 从而发挥诱导细胞死亡的作用[32, 33]。本研究通过探究不同给药方式对p53表达的影响及检测自噬相关蛋白的表达情况, 研究CPZ和TMZ联合作用的潜在机制。
实验结果显示, 空白组的胶质瘤细胞p53基因的表达较低, 在单独用药组中, p53的表达有所提高, 且TMZ组的作用效果更好, CPZ和TMZ联合使用组p53的表达得到进一步增强(图 8A)。LC3蛋白是细胞自噬的一种生物标记物, 在细胞内的表达水平与细胞自噬呈正相关[34]。CPZ的使用诱导细胞中LC3-II蛋白的表达上调, TMZ的作用弱于CPZ, 当CPZ与TMZ联用后, 可以上调LC3-II蛋白的表达(图 8BC, P < 0.05)。表明CPZ与TMZ联合使用可以通过激活胶质瘤细胞的p53信号通路促进细胞发生自噬, 诱导细胞凋亡, 从而提高药物的抗肿瘤活性。
形成酸性囊泡细胞器(acidic vesicular organelles, AVO) 是自噬的特点之一, AO是一种荧光染料, 可用于检测AVO, 所以可以通过AO染色检测肿瘤细胞的自噬作用。本研究通过细胞流式术检测不同给药方式下U87和U251细胞的自噬情况。结果显示, CPZ和TMZ联合使用后发生自噬的细胞数量明显增加(图 9, P < 0.01), 表明CPZ可以通过诱导细胞自噬增强TMZ对人脑胶质瘤细胞的抗肿瘤作用。
蛋白磷酸酶2A (protein phosphatase 2A, PP2A) 是一种重要的肿瘤抑制因子, 细胞中许多蛋白质的丝氨酸/苏氨酸的磷酸化活性来源于PP2A。研究表明, PP2A主要通过对多种癌蛋白(如β-catenin、c-Myc、AKT和Bcl2) 的去磷酸化发挥抗肿瘤作用[35, 36]。PP2A的癌性抑制因子(cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A, CIP2A) 可直接与PP2A作用限制PP2A的肿瘤抑制功能。CIP2A已被证明在多种癌症中过表达, 因此可以通过抑制CIP2A的方式激活PP2A并增强磷酸酶的磷酸化活性[37, 38]。另外, CIP2A可以直接与原癌基因(Myc proto-oncogene protein, c-Myc) 相结合并且抑制PP2A对c-Myc蛋白氨基端62位丝氨酸(S62) 的脱磷酸化作用, 从而抑制c-Myc蛋白水解, 促进肿瘤细胞的增殖和侵袭[39, 40]。因此, 抑制CIP2A的表达可能成为治疗肿瘤的有效策略。
通过免疫荧光实验检测不同给药方式对U87和U251细胞中CIP2A、PP2A和c-Myc蛋白表达的影响。如图 10所示, TMZ单独使用对U87和U251细胞中CIP2A和c-Myc表达的抑制能力较弱, 且不能显著上调PP2A的表达; PPZ的使用则可以显著降低CIP2A和c-Myc的表达, 并且上调PP2A的表达, 为PP2A的去磷酸化作用提供基础。PPZ的使用可以抑制CIP2A的表达, 进而影响其下游靶基因c-Myc的表达, 抑制CIP2A/PP2A/c-Myc通路并上调PP2A, 提高了人脑胶质瘤细胞对化疗药物TMZ的敏感性。
CSCs信号通路具有多样性, 可以通过分析肿瘤干细胞标志物(cancer stem cell markers, CD44、CD133 and ALDH1) 的变化来观察不同给药方式对CSCs的影响。如图 11所示, TMZ能够抑制U87和U251细胞中CD44+/CD133+和ALDH1+的表达, PPZ对CD44+/CD133+和ALDH1+的表达抑制效果比TMZ明显, PPZ和TMZ联合使用后, 具有更强的抑制效果(P < 0.01)。
恶性脑胶质瘤是最常见的原发性脑肿瘤之一, 具有很强的侵袭性, 即使经过手术切除、放疗和化疗等常规治疗, 肿瘤复发仍是不可避免的。TMZ是人脑胶质瘤化疗的一线烷基化剂, 能有效通过血脑屏障, 通过诱导DNA双链损伤发挥抗肿瘤作用。目前, 人脑胶质瘤的标准治疗方法是术后TMZ给药, 但随着化疗的进行, 大部分患者对TMZ产生了化疗耐药, 限制了TMZ在人脑胶质瘤患者中的疗效。
自噬是细胞通过溶酶体降解自身细胞器和蛋白质等大分子物质的过程。研究表明, 长期的过度自噬会抑制人脑胶质瘤细胞DNA损伤的能力, 导致肿瘤细胞的自我降解, 从而增强TMZ等化疗药物的抗肿瘤作用。CPZ是一种抗精神病药物, 主要作用于中枢神经系统, 通过拮抗多巴胺受体起作用。近些年发现, CPZ可以在肿瘤细胞中发挥抗肿瘤作用, 如CPZ可以通过抑制有丝分裂驱动蛋白KSP/Eg5的表达, 导致有丝分裂的阻滞, 从而抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖[41]。肿瘤干细胞由于具有自我更新、高迁移率、无限生长和多向分化等特性, 被认为是肿瘤发生、发展、耐药和复发的根本原因。PPZ是一种主要用于治疗精神类疾病的吩噻嗪类药物, 已被证明对CSCs具有抑制作用, 可以通过调控Wnt/β-catenin信号通路来影响CSCs的生长。
MTT和集落形成实验结果表明, CPZ、PPZ和TMZ在单独或联合使用时均可抑制人脑胶质瘤细胞U87、U251的增殖, 协同地抑制肿瘤细胞的生长, CPZ和PPZ通过ROS介导的内源性线粒体途径诱导细胞凋亡, 并诱导细胞周期阻滞于G2/M期。CPZ和TMZ联用提高了胶质瘤细胞的DNA损伤程度, 并上调了细胞中p53的表达, 进而提高了激活mTOR相关通路的能力。进一步检测LC3蛋白的表达情况以及细胞AVO的变化, 发现CPZ和TMZ联合使用组的胶质瘤细胞具有更高的自噬水平, 表明CPZ和TMZ联用可以通过激活胶质瘤细胞中p53基因的相关通路诱导细胞自噬的增加, 说明与两种药物单独使用相比联合用药的抗肿瘤效果更好。PPZ可以通过CIP2A/PP2A/c-Myc信号通路活化PP2A蛋白, 并且降低肿瘤干细胞标志物CD44+/CD133+和ALDH1+的表达, 提高了胶质瘤细胞对TMZ的敏感性, 从而达到更强的抑制肿瘤效果(图 12)。
总之, CPZ和PPZ能够提高TMZ的抗肿瘤作用, 具有协同TMZ的抗肿瘤功效, 药物的联合使用为人脑胶质瘤患者治疗提供了新思路。
作者贡献: 温鑫负责实验研究、文章撰写与修改; 赵德明负责实验指导与文章修改; 陈飞虹负责实验方案设计、实验指导、文章撰写、修改与审核。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(82173852)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0971
  • 接收时间:2023-08-14
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-14
  • 修回日期:2023-09-25
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国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(82173852)
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    东南大学化学化工学院, 江苏 南京 211189

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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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