Article(id=1198656350336155780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0920, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1690560000000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-29, revisedDate=1695052800000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711543878, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1702310400000, pubDateStr=2023-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711543878, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711543878, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711543878, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656343151313891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='12', pageStart='3477', pageEnd='3726', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711542164, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711721609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198657095835943176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198657095840137481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3644, endPage=3654, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656350743003296, articleId=1198656350336155780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Hepatoprotective activity of Zha Xun and its different solvent-eluting components, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A pharmacophore-based study was conducted to investigate the therapeutic activity of the traditional Tibetan medicine Zha Xun (ZX) in liver diseases. In the present study, the protective effect of ZX on the acute liver injury induced by concanavalin A (ConA) and 0.15% carbon tetrachloride (0.15% CCl4) in ICR mice was evaluated, and the results showed that ZX significantly reduced serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the ConA-induced acute immune liver injury model and the CCl4-induced acute oxidative liver injury model (P < 0.05). Subsequently, the protective effects of aqueous, 95% ethanol, 60% ethanol and 30% ethanol eluting fractions of ZX, and fulvic acid, the main water-soluble constituent of ZX, were evaluated against acute oxidative liver injury induced by 0.15% CCl4 in mice. The results showed that different solvent-eluting fractions of ZX showed certain hepatoprotective activities, among which the aqueous extract of ZX and 30% ethanol extract of ZX significantly reduced the serum levels of ALT, AST, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in mice (P < 0.05), and the serum levels of LDH in mice were significantly reduced by fulvic acid (P < 0.05), which showed significant hepatoprotective activity. The protective activities and preliminary mechanisms of the total extract of ZX, the aqueous extract of ZX, the 30% ethanol extract of ZX, and fulvic acid against hepatocellular injury in vitro were further evaluated by using the H2O2-induced hepatocellular injury model. The results showed that the components could significantly inhibit H2O2-induced hepatocellular injury, reduce the levels of ALT, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and LDH, improve the survival rate of hepatocellular cells, and reduce the content of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell culture. At the same time, it can inhibit hepatocyte apoptosis by increasing the expression ratio of Bcl-2/BAX protein and decreasing the expression ratio of cleaved caspase-3/pro caspase-3 protein. The present study showed that ZX has clear hepatoprotective activity in vitro and in vivo, and the different solvent elution fractions of ZX showed certain hepatoprotective activity, among which the aqueous extract of ZX, 30% ethanol extract of ZX had better hepatoprotective activity, and the activity of 60% ethanol extract of ZX was stronger than that of 95% ethanol extract of ZX. The activity of ZX and its water-soluble elution site exerted hepatoprotective effects by inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis and oxidative stress. The animals used in this experiment and related disposal meet the requirements of animal welfare, and have been reviewed and approved by the Laboratory Animal Management and Use Committee of the Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (approval number: 00004018).

, correspAuthors=Teng-fei JI, Hua SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Mo-di LIN, Zhi-wei CHEN, Jian-shen BIANBA, Ma MI, Ren CI, Teng-fei JI, Hua SUN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656353226031387, articleId=1198656350336155780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=藏药渣驯及其不同溶剂洗脱组分的肝保护活性研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

对传统藏药渣驯肝脏病治疗活性进行药效物质基础研究。在本研究中, 首先评价了渣驯总提取物(Zha Xun, ZX) 对刀豆蛋白A (concanavalin A, ConA) 和0.15%四氯化碳(0.15% CCl4) 诱导ICR小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用, 结果显示, 渣驯总提取物在ConA诱导的小鼠急性免疫性肝损伤模型和CCl4诱导的小鼠急性氧化性肝损伤模型中可显著降低肝损伤小鼠血清谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT) 和谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST) 水平(P < 0.05)。随后评价了渣驯水、95%乙醇、60%乙醇、30%乙醇不同溶剂洗脱组分及渣驯中主要水溶性成分富里酸(fulvic acid) 对0.15% CCl4诱导小鼠急性氧化性肝损伤的保护作用, 结果显示, 渣驯不同溶剂洗脱组分均表现一定保肝活性, 其中渣驯水提取物、渣驯30%乙醇提取物能显著降低小鼠血清中ALT、AST、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) 水平(P < 0.05), 富里酸可显著降低小鼠血清中LDH水平(P < 0.05), 表现显著肝保护活性。进一步利用过氧化氢(H2O2) 诱导的肝细胞损伤模型评价渣驯总提取物、渣驯水提取物、渣驯30%乙醇提取物及富里酸对体外肝细胞损伤的保护活性及初步机制。结果表明, 各组分均能显著抑制H2O2诱导的肝细胞损伤, 降低细胞培养上清转氨酶ALT、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)、LDH水平, 提高肝细胞存活率, 降低细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 含量。同时可通过提高Bcl-2/BAX蛋白表达比例、降低cleaved caspase-3/pro caspase-3蛋白表达比例, 抑制肝细胞凋亡。本研究表明, 渣驯具有明确的体内外肝保护活性, 渣驯不同溶剂洗脱组分均表现一定肝保护活性, 其中渣驯水提取物、渣驯30%乙醇提取物肝保护活性更佳, 渣驯60%乙醇提取物活性强于渣驯95%乙醇提取物。渣驯及其水溶性洗脱部位通过抑制肝细胞凋亡和氧化应激发挥肝保护作用。本实验所用动物及相关处置符合动物福利的要求, 实验开展前经过中国医学科学院药物研究所实验动物管理和使用委员会的审查批准(批准号: 00004018)。

, correspAuthors=吉腾飞, 孙华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*吉腾飞, Tel: 86-10-63165226, E-mail: ;
孙华, Tel: 86-10-63165203, E-mail:
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A: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum; B: Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum. <i>n</i> = 8-11, mean ± SEM. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> ConA model group. ZX: Zha Xun , figureFileSmall=nr5VGH5/3uBmpNZk+91ILQ==, figureFileBig=Z0tV85Nr19jxCZA282VjIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960225010151590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656350336155780, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=1KCDeUiqseC7WqIj5JJcSg==, figureFileBig=lVSVBRvkVz606Lc4UPhGBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960225119203510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656350336155780, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Serum transaminase levels in 0.15% CCl<sub>4</sub> model. A: ALT in serum; B: AST in serum. <i>n</i> = 7-9, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> 0.15% CCl<sub>4</sub> model group , figureFileSmall=1KCDeUiqseC7WqIj5JJcSg==, figureFileBig=lVSVBRvkVz606Lc4UPhGBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960225266004173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656350336155780, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=QGZS1xYfYRfzqZP3kPPxJA==, figureFileBig=pZYdfhkRCTJt07Rjh87Ltw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960225396027608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656350336155780, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Serum transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in 0.15% CCl<sub>4</sub> model. A: ALT in serum; B: AST in serum. C: LDH in serum. <i>n</i> = 5-7, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> 0.15% CCl<sub>4</sub> model group , figureFileSmall=QGZS1xYfYRfzqZP3kPPxJA==, figureFileBig=pZYdfhkRCTJt07Rjh87Ltw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960225513468136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656350336155780, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2yo8n6iyanePoMPP7OOX8Q==, figureFileBig=m1Gg09eWW9VgbEiT5cBfhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960225681240316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656350336155780, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= ZX and its different solvent eluting salleviated H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-induced hepatotoxicity. A-D: Effect of ZX and its different solvent eluting on the viability of HepG2 cells; E: Effect of ZX and its different solvent eluting on the viability of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-induced damage in HepG2 cells; F-H: Levels of ALT, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and LDH in cell culture medium. <i>n</i> = 5, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> model , figureFileSmall=2yo8n6iyanePoMPP7OOX8Q==, figureFileBig=m1Gg09eWW9VgbEiT5cBfhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960225861595413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656350336155780, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=JJBfYoGHzOQKI37cOSqd3A==, figureFileBig=1Nz/w7GVJnpc6ocTJi/Z8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960225970647328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656350336155780, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= ZX and its different solvent eluting alleviated H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-induced oxidative stress. 2', 7'-Dichlorofluorescein (DCF) fluorescence intensity. <i>n</i> = 5, mean ± SEM. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> model , figureFileSmall=JJBfYoGHzOQKI37cOSqd3A==, figureFileBig=1Nz/w7GVJnpc6ocTJi/Z8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960226088087851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656350336155780, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=wcS2fr2DPwrVOIe6pRHrHw==, figureFileBig=Ra6P+RkwribYWnsnlZwfUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960226209722685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656350336155780, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= ZX and its different solvent eluting alleviated H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-induced apoptosis. A: Representative images of flow cytometry Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis assay; B: Proportion of apoptotic cells detected by flow cytometry; C: Fluorescence intensity (FI) of JC-1. <i>n</i> = 3, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> model , figureFileSmall=wcS2fr2DPwrVOIe6pRHrHw==, figureFileBig=Ra6P+RkwribYWnsnlZwfUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960226318774598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656350336155780, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=fkGlC+RZp5o2Qs+Nya3wjg==, figureFileBig=tK3AaWUM0rwP4NJAYZuJkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960226432020823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656350336155780, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= The effect of ZX and its different solvent eluting on cellular protein expression. 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藏药渣驯及其不同溶剂洗脱组分的肝保护活性研究
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林莫迪 1 , 陈智伟 1 , 边巴坚参 2 , 米玛 2 , 次仁 3 , 吉腾飞 1, * , 孙华 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(12): 3644-3654
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(12): 3644-3654
藏药渣驯及其不同溶剂洗脱组分的肝保护活性研究
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林莫迪1, 陈智伟1, 边巴坚参2, 米玛2, 次仁3, 吉腾飞1, * , 孙华1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050
  • 2.西藏藏医药大学, 西藏 拉萨 850007
  • 3.西藏自治区藏医院, 西藏 拉萨 850002

通讯作者:

*吉腾飞, Tel: 86-10-63165226, E-mail: ;
孙华, Tel: 86-10-63165203, E-mail:
Hepatoprotective activity of Zha Xun and its different solvent-eluting components
Mo-di LIN1, Zhi-wei CHEN1, Jian-shen BIANBA2, Ma MI2, Ren CI3, Teng-fei JI1, * , Hua SUN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2. University of Tibetan Medicine, Lhasa 850007, China
  • 3. Hospital of Tibetan Traditional Medicine, Lhasa 850002, China
出版时间: 2023-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0920
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对传统藏药渣驯肝脏病治疗活性进行药效物质基础研究。在本研究中, 首先评价了渣驯总提取物(Zha Xun, ZX) 对刀豆蛋白A (concanavalin A, ConA) 和0.15%四氯化碳(0.15% CCl4) 诱导ICR小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用, 结果显示, 渣驯总提取物在ConA诱导的小鼠急性免疫性肝损伤模型和CCl4诱导的小鼠急性氧化性肝损伤模型中可显著降低肝损伤小鼠血清谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT) 和谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST) 水平(P < 0.05)。随后评价了渣驯水、95%乙醇、60%乙醇、30%乙醇不同溶剂洗脱组分及渣驯中主要水溶性成分富里酸(fulvic acid) 对0.15% CCl4诱导小鼠急性氧化性肝损伤的保护作用, 结果显示, 渣驯不同溶剂洗脱组分均表现一定保肝活性, 其中渣驯水提取物、渣驯30%乙醇提取物能显著降低小鼠血清中ALT、AST、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) 水平(P < 0.05), 富里酸可显著降低小鼠血清中LDH水平(P < 0.05), 表现显著肝保护活性。进一步利用过氧化氢(H2O2) 诱导的肝细胞损伤模型评价渣驯总提取物、渣驯水提取物、渣驯30%乙醇提取物及富里酸对体外肝细胞损伤的保护活性及初步机制。结果表明, 各组分均能显著抑制H2O2诱导的肝细胞损伤, 降低细胞培养上清转氨酶ALT、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)、LDH水平, 提高肝细胞存活率, 降低细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 含量。同时可通过提高Bcl-2/BAX蛋白表达比例、降低cleaved caspase-3/pro caspase-3蛋白表达比例, 抑制肝细胞凋亡。本研究表明, 渣驯具有明确的体内外肝保护活性, 渣驯不同溶剂洗脱组分均表现一定肝保护活性, 其中渣驯水提取物、渣驯30%乙醇提取物肝保护活性更佳, 渣驯60%乙醇提取物活性强于渣驯95%乙醇提取物。渣驯及其水溶性洗脱部位通过抑制肝细胞凋亡和氧化应激发挥肝保护作用。本实验所用动物及相关处置符合动物福利的要求, 实验开展前经过中国医学科学院药物研究所实验动物管理和使用委员会的审查批准(批准号: 00004018)。

藏医药  /  渣驯  /  富里酸  /  细胞凋亡  /  氧化应激  /  肝损伤

A pharmacophore-based study was conducted to investigate the therapeutic activity of the traditional Tibetan medicine Zha Xun (ZX) in liver diseases. In the present study, the protective effect of ZX on the acute liver injury induced by concanavalin A (ConA) and 0.15% carbon tetrachloride (0.15% CCl4) in ICR mice was evaluated, and the results showed that ZX significantly reduced serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the ConA-induced acute immune liver injury model and the CCl4-induced acute oxidative liver injury model (P < 0.05). Subsequently, the protective effects of aqueous, 95% ethanol, 60% ethanol and 30% ethanol eluting fractions of ZX, and fulvic acid, the main water-soluble constituent of ZX, were evaluated against acute oxidative liver injury induced by 0.15% CCl4 in mice. The results showed that different solvent-eluting fractions of ZX showed certain hepatoprotective activities, among which the aqueous extract of ZX and 30% ethanol extract of ZX significantly reduced the serum levels of ALT, AST, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in mice (P < 0.05), and the serum levels of LDH in mice were significantly reduced by fulvic acid (P < 0.05), which showed significant hepatoprotective activity. The protective activities and preliminary mechanisms of the total extract of ZX, the aqueous extract of ZX, the 30% ethanol extract of ZX, and fulvic acid against hepatocellular injury in vitro were further evaluated by using the H2O2-induced hepatocellular injury model. The results showed that the components could significantly inhibit H2O2-induced hepatocellular injury, reduce the levels of ALT, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and LDH, improve the survival rate of hepatocellular cells, and reduce the content of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell culture. At the same time, it can inhibit hepatocyte apoptosis by increasing the expression ratio of Bcl-2/BAX protein and decreasing the expression ratio of cleaved caspase-3/pro caspase-3 protein. The present study showed that ZX has clear hepatoprotective activity in vitro and in vivo, and the different solvent elution fractions of ZX showed certain hepatoprotective activity, among which the aqueous extract of ZX, 30% ethanol extract of ZX had better hepatoprotective activity, and the activity of 60% ethanol extract of ZX was stronger than that of 95% ethanol extract of ZX. The activity of ZX and its water-soluble elution site exerted hepatoprotective effects by inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis and oxidative stress. The animals used in this experiment and related disposal meet the requirements of animal welfare, and have been reviewed and approved by the Laboratory Animal Management and Use Committee of the Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (approval number: 00004018).

Tibetan medicine  /  Zha Xun  /  fulvic acid  /  apoptosis  /  oxidative stress  /  liver injury
林莫迪, 陈智伟, 边巴坚参, 米玛, 次仁, 吉腾飞, 孙华. 藏药渣驯及其不同溶剂洗脱组分的肝保护活性研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (12) : 3644 -3654 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0920
Mo-di LIN, Zhi-wei CHEN, Jian-shen BIANBA, Ma MI, Ren CI, Teng-fei JI, Hua SUN. Hepatoprotective activity of Zha Xun and its different solvent-eluting components[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (12) : 3644 -3654 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0920
肝脏是机体合成营养物质、代谢毒性物质、促进造血的重要器官[1]。病毒性感染、服用具有肝毒性的药物、误食有毒物质等多种因素均能引起急性肝功能损伤。急性肝损伤是临床上多种急、慢性肝病的共同病理基础, 反复持续的肝损伤最终会进展为肝硬化、肝癌甚至肝功能衰竭, 从而降低人们的生活质量, 对社会造成了巨大的经济负担[2]。藏医是我国医学宝库中的重要组成部分, 具有悠久的历史文化、鲜明的民族特征及独特的治疗作用。传统藏医学认为, 肝病属于“赤巴病”的范畴, 其源于胆腑, 主要由于饮食不洁、饮食不当、消化不良、恚怒引起, 疾病一旦产生, 将波及全身[3]
传统藏药渣驯(Zha Xun, ZX), 藏译音“渣”是高山及岩石的名称, “驯”为岩石中流出的岩汁或液体, 意译为“岩石的精华”, 亦称为“岩精”。在印度语中也可称为shilajit, 音译为喜来芝。渣驯作为传统藏药应用已有1 300多年历史。在藏药中, 渣驯归属土类或精华药部, 在藏药典籍《月王药诊》、《四部医典》、《四部甘露藏》和《无垢晶曼》均有记载。其源自石山, 岩石经过日晒融化其精华凝结为渣驯[4], 主产于喜马拉雅山脉海拔1 000~5 000米的山区, 味甘、苦, 性凉, 功能清热。在《部版藏药标准》收载的201个成方制剂中, 有42个含有渣驯膏, 在711个藏药成方制剂和医院制剂中, 其使用频率排名第六, 足见其在藏医药中的重要地位[5]。渣驯主要用于肝热、肾热、胃热等热性疾病, 以及木布病、痛风、眼疾、热性水肿、体虚等[6]。在藏医经典《四部医典·论说续》第20章“药物功效讲解”中“土类药”中记载: “渣驯对诸热病等有效, 清除胃肝肾热效最优”。其能治疗陈旧性的肝病, 尤其以治疗肝热病效果佳。肝热病是因湿热疫毒之邪侵及中焦, 郁蒸肝胆、肝失疏泄、脾失健运所致, 临床表现为湿热蕴结和肝火上扰。病毒、酒精、饮食不当及内心郁结, 均可引起肝热病。现代药理学研究亦显示, 渣驯具有抗炎、免疫调节、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗癫痫、治疗溃疡性结肠炎等多种药理学活性[7-14]。有研究表明, 渣驯正丁醇部位对刀豆蛋白A (concanavalin A, ConA)、对乙酰氨基酚(paracetamol, APAP)、四氯化碳(CCl4) 诱导的急性肝损伤具有保护作用[15, 16]。渣驯也可改善非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)[17]。富里酸(fulvic acid) 也称为黄腐酸, 是已有研究中渣驯的组成成分之一, 具有水溶性, 在渣驯中含量为19.69%~41.43%[18], 研究显示, 富里酸可调节肝细胞的物质代谢, 在CCl4诱导的大鼠肝纤维化模型及CCl4联合肝脏缺血再灌注损伤大鼠模型中, 表现出降低谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT) 的肝保护活性[19-22]。但目前对渣驯的研究均不深入, 近年来渣驯相关论述和使用亦出现归属不明、来源混乱等问题, 严重影响到相关藏药的生产使用。明确渣驯肝保护活性药效物质基础和可能的机制, 以此建立质量标准体系, 对于渣驯的清本正源和安全有效用药至关重要。
本研究采用ConA诱导的小鼠急性免疫性肝损伤模型、CCl4诱导的小鼠急性氧化性肝损伤模型和H2O2诱导的HepG2细胞损伤模型, 较系统评价了渣驯总提取物及其不同溶剂洗脱组分的肝保护活性及初步机制, 进一步明确了渣驯具有显著的保肝活性, 同时不同溶剂洗脱组分肝保护活性不同, 渣驯治疗肝脏病的主要活性组分存在于水提取物和30%乙醇提取物, 富里酸仍可能是渣驯的活性成分之一。同时发现, 渣驯肝保护活性的主要机制与抗氧化及降低线粒体膜电位、抑制肝细胞凋亡有关。本研究为传统藏医药渣驯肝脏病治疗的药效物质基础和初步机制提供了数据参考, 为渣驯藏药材安全有效用药及衍生品研究提供科学依据。
药物及主要试剂  渣驯总提取物(ZX)、渣驯水提取物[ZX (water)]、渣驯95%乙醇提取物[ZX (95% ethanol)]、渣驯60%乙醇提取物[ZX (60% ethanol)]、渣驯30%乙醇提取物[ZX (30% ethanol)]、富里酸由中国医学科学院药物研究所吉腾飞课题组提供, 渣驯药材来源于四川甘孜州。ConA (SLBX7517) 购自Sigma公司; CCl4 (20190516) 购自北京化工厂; 双环醇(20180428) 由北京协和药厂提供; 还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH) (G8180)、DMEM高糖培养基(12100-500)、胰蛋白酶-EDTA消化液(T1300) 购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司; 活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 检测试剂盒(S0033S) 购自碧云天生物技术公司; ALT (210931)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)(210907)、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)(220921)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)(231191) 检测试剂盒购自中生北控生物科技股份有限公司; Annexin V-FITC/PI凋亡检测试剂盒(AP101)、线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒(MJ101) 购自Multi Science公司; Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bcl-2 assaciated X protein, BAX)(4000000164)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2, Bcl-2)(4000000173)、剪切体半胱天冬酶3 (cleaved caspase-3)(3523011331)、前体胱天蛋白酶3 (pro caspase-3) (3560394016) 抗体购于ABclonal公司。
实验动物及饲养条件  无特定病原体级(specific pathogen free, SPF) 雄性ICR小鼠(20~22 g), 由北京华阜康生物科技股份有限公司提供, 动物许可证号: SCKX (京) 2019-0008。动物饲养于中国医学科学院药物研究所GLP动物实验中心。室温22~24 ℃, 相对湿度40%~60%。最小换气次数为每小时20次, 间隔12 h开灯光照。动物饲养于聚丙烯小鼠群养笼中, 每笼4~5只。所有动物均由培训合格的人员进行饲养管理, 整个饲养过程中保持动物饮食和活动自由。本实验所用动物及相关处置符合动物福利的要求, 实验开展前经过中国医学科学院药物研究所实验动物管理和使用委员会(IACUC) 的审查批准(批准号: 00004018)。
ConA模型: 动物适应环境后根据体重随机分为5组, 分别为空白对照组、ConA模型组、阳性对照组双环醇200 mg·kg-1组、渣驯总提取物500 mg·kg-1组、渣驯总提取物1 000 mg·kg-1组, 每组8~11只。药物均采用0.5% CMC-Na配置成混悬液, 各组动物每天1次灌胃给予相应药物, 共给药5次。在末次给药2 h后, 除空白对照组给予溶剂对照外, 其余各组尾静脉注射给予20 mg·kg-1 ConA生理盐水溶液。随后, 小鼠禁食不禁水16 h后, 收集动物血清。
0.15% CCl4模型: ①动物适应环境后根据体重随机分为4组, 分别为空白对照组、0.15% CCl4模型组、阳性对照组双环醇200 mg·kg-1组、渣驯总提取物500 mg·kg-1组, 每组7~9只。化合物分别于造模前4天灌胃给药, 每天1次, 双环醇200 mg·kg-1组于造模前一天的下午, 当天的上、下午各灌胃给药1次, 空白对照组及模型组动物给予同等剂量的生理盐水。末次给药2 h后, 除空白对照组, 各组小鼠腹腔注射0.15% CCl4 10 mL·kg-1 (花生油配制) 一次, 空白对照组腹腔注射同等剂量花生油。小鼠禁食不禁水16 h后, 收集动物血清。②动物适应环境后随机分为8组, 分别为空白对照组、0.15% CCl4模型组、阳性对照药双环醇200 mg·kg-1组、渣驯水提取物500 mg·kg-1、渣驯95%乙醇提取物500 mg·kg-1、渣驯60%乙醇提取物500 mg·kg-1、渣驯30%乙醇提取物500 mg·kg-1、富里酸500 mg·kg-1, 每组5~7只。各提取物和双环醇组, 每日灌胃给药一次, 空白对照组及模型组动物给予同等剂量的双蒸水, 共计5天。末次给药2 h后, 除空白对照组, 各组小鼠腹腔注射0.15% CCl4 10 mL·kg-1 (花生油配制) 一次, 空白对照组腹腔注射同等剂量花生油。小鼠禁食不禁水16 h后, 收集动物血清。
细胞系  人肝癌HepG2细胞为本实验室传代保存, 用含100 u·mL-1青霉素(penicillin)、100 µg·mL-1链霉素(streptomycin) 及10%灭活新生牛血清的DMEM高糖培养基, 在37 ℃、含5% CO2细胞培养箱中培养。细胞约每隔2~3天传代。取对数生长期的细胞开始实验。
血清转氨酶检测  收集小鼠血清, 采用全自动生化分析仪(TBA-40FR, 日本东芝株式会社) 检测血清中ALT、AST、LDH含量。
细胞毒性分析  采用MTT法检测渣驯总提取物、渣驯水提取物、渣驯30%乙醇提取物、富里酸的细胞毒性。取对数生长期HepG2细胞以8 000个/孔接种于96孔板中, 培养24 h后, 加入不同浓度渣驯总提取物、渣驯水提取物、渣驯30%乙醇提取物、富里酸的细胞毒性作用24 h, 弃去培养液, 每孔加入100 µL 0.5 mg·mL-1 MTT, 继续培养4 h, 弃去MTT液, 每孔加入150 µL二甲基亚砜(DMSO), 于酶标仪(Multiskan FC, 赛默飞世尔科技中国有限公司) 570 nm波长处测定吸光度(OD) 值。细胞存活率(%) = (给药细胞OD平均值/溶剂对照细胞OD平均值) ×100%。
细胞存活率检测  HepG2细胞以8 000个/孔接种于96孔细胞培养板, 培养24 h后, 加入无毒浓度的渣驯总提取物、渣驯水提取物、渣驯30%乙醇提取物、富里酸, 同时设阳性对照组、溶剂对照组及模型组, 药物预孵育12 h。随后除溶剂对照组外, 其余各组均加入终浓度为400 µmol·L-1 H2O2继续作用细胞12 h。弃去培养液, 采用MTT法检测细胞存活率。
细胞培养上清生化指标检测  细胞处理同“细胞存活率检测”, 收集细胞培养上清, 采用全自动生化分析仪(TBA-40FR, 日本东芝株式会社) 检测细胞培养上清中ALT、ALP、LDH含量。
ROS检测  HepG2细胞以8 000个/孔接种于96孔细胞培养板, 培养24 h后, 加入渣驯总提取物、渣驯水提取物、渣驯30%乙醇提取物、富里酸, 同时设阳性对照组、溶剂对照组及模型组, 药物预孵育24 h。除溶剂对照组, 其余各组均加入终浓度为100 µmol·L-1 H2O2继续作用细胞1 h。弃去培养液, 每孔加入10 μmol·L-1 ROS检测探针溶液100 μL, 37 ℃孵育30 min, 使用荧光酶标仪(Cytation 1, 美国Biotek伯腾仪器公司) 检测荧光强度。
JC-1线粒体染色  细胞处理方法同“ROS检测”。药物预孵育24 h。除溶剂对照组, 其余各组均加入终浓度为100 µmol·L-1 H2O2继续作用细胞1 h。随后每孔加入2 µmol·L-1 JC-1染色液, 放入培养箱中继续孵育30 min。弃去JC-1染色液, 用PBS洗3次。随后采用荧光酶标仪检测荧光强度。
Annexin V-FITC/PI凋亡检测  HepG2细胞以每毫升1.2×105个接种于6孔细胞培养板中, 每孔2 mL, 培养24 h后, 加入无毒浓度的渣驯总提取物、渣驯水提取物、渣驯30%乙醇提取物、富里酸, 同时设溶剂对照组及模型组, 药物预孵育24 h。除溶剂对照组外, 其余各组均加入终浓度为400 µmol·L-1 H2O2继续作用细胞12 h。1 000 r·min-1离心3 min后收集细胞, 加入500 µL结合缓冲液重悬细胞, 随后加入Annexin V-FITC和PI染料进行染色, 流式细胞仪(BD FACSverse, 美国BD Bioscience公司) 进行凋亡分析。
Western blot检测  细胞处理方法同“Annexin V-FITC/PI凋亡检测”。收集细胞, 然后将细胞在补充有蛋白酶和磷酸酶抑制剂混合物的RIPA裂解缓冲液中裂解。通过BCA蛋白质定量试剂盒测量蛋白质浓度并用上样缓冲液煮沸变性。通过在十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺(SDS-PAGE) 凝胶电泳分离变性的蛋白质样品, 然后将这些蛋白质转移到0.22 μm聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF) 膜上并用5%脱脂奶粉封闭膜。随后, 膜与特定的一抗和二抗反应, 用Tanon ECL化学发光系统(Tanon 5200, 上海天能科技有限公司) 显现印迹。使用Gel-Pro Analyzer 4.0分析条带的密度。
统计学分析  使用GraphPad Prism 8进行单因素方差分析(one way ANOVA) 以确定组间差异显著性。数据显示为平均值±平均值标准误差(SEM), 并且在P < 0.05时被认为具有统计学意义。
渣驯总提取物灌胃给药5天, 各组小鼠状态正常, 体重无显著变化, 提示动物耐受性良好。
转氨酶ALT与AST在肝细胞内分布位置不同, ALT主要分布于肝细胞浆内, 肝细胞内ALT的浓度高于血清中1 000~3 000倍, 1%的肝细胞被损伤破坏, 血清中ALT含量即显著增加, 血清ALT水平是目前公认的肝功能损害最敏感的检测指标。AST主要分布于肝细胞浆和肝细胞线粒体中, AST升高则提示肝细胞内线粒体存在损伤。血清ALT和AST升高程度与肝细胞受损程度呈正相关[19]。ConA是一种植物蛋白成分提取物, 尾静脉注射ConA后能引起肝脏内T细胞活化, 导致肝脏炎症及损伤[20]。在本研究中(图 1), ConA 20 mg·kg-1模型组小鼠血清ALT、AST水平较空白对照组显著升高(P < 0.001), 提示肝损伤严重。与模型组相比, 渣驯总提取物在500和1 000 mg·kg-1剂量下均可显著降低血清ALT、AST水平(P < 0.01, P < 0.05; P < 0.001, P < 0.05); 并且渣驯总提取物在500和1 000 mg·kg-1剂量下降低AST活性方面优于阳性对照药双环醇200 mg·kg-1
渣驯总提取物500 mg·kg-1灌胃给药5天, 各组小鼠状态正常, 体重无显著变化, 提示动物耐受性良好。
CCl4所致急性肝损伤模型为研究保肝药物药效的经典模型, 该模型的肝组织病理学特征与人类病毒性肝炎极为相似。肝脏CYP450酶系可将CCl4代谢为·CCl3, 引起生物膜脂质过氧化, 及细胞内ROS积聚, DNA突变、断裂, 从而导致肝细胞严重损伤[21]。在本研究中, CCl4所致急性肝损伤模型组小鼠血清ALT、AST水平较空白对照组显著升高(P < 0.05)。与模型组相比, 渣驯总提取物500 mg·kg-1剂量下均可显著降低血清ALT、AST水平(P < 0.05); 且渣驯总提取物500 mg·kg-1剂量下降低AST活性方面优于阳性对照药双环醇200 mg·kg-1 (图 2)。
在明确渣驯于小鼠体内具有明确的肝保护活性的基础上, 进一步考察了渣驯不同溶剂提取物, 包括渣驯水提取物500 mg·kg-1、渣驯95%乙醇提取物500 mg·kg-1、渣驯60%乙醇提取物500 mg·kg-1、渣驯30%乙醇提取物500 mg·kg-1, 以及渣驯中大量含有的富里酸成分[18], 对0.15% CCl4诱导急性氧化性肝损伤的保护作用。结果显示, 渣驯各溶剂提取物及富里酸灌胃给药5天, 各组小鼠状态正常, 体重无显著变化, 提示各组小鼠耐受性良好。
实验结果表明, 与空白对照组相比, 模型组小鼠血清ALT、AST水平较空白对照组显著升高(P < 0.05)。与模型组相比, 渣驯不同溶剂提取物在0.15% CCl4诱导的氧化性肝损伤中均表现出一定的保护活性, 其中, 渣驯水提取物500 mg·kg-1、渣驯30%乙醇提取物500 mg·kg-1均可显著降低小鼠血清中ALT、AST含量(P < 0.05) (图 3AB), 对AST的降低作用优于阳性药双环醇。渣驯60%乙醇提取物、渣驯95%乙醇提取物、富里酸500 mg·kg-1对小鼠血清ALT、AST亦有降低的趋势, 在不同乙醇浓度提取物中, 提取溶剂乙醇含量越低, 其相应提取物对ALT、AST降低作用越强。LDH主要存在于心肌、肝、肾等组织中, 是糖酵解过程中一种重要的酶, 肝细胞损伤可导致LDH逸出, 引起血清LDH活力增加[22]。与空白对照组相比, 模型组小鼠血清LDH含量显著增加(P < 0.05); 与模型组相比, 渣驯水提取物500 mg·kg-1、渣驯30%乙醇提取物500 mg·kg-1、富里酸500 mg·kg-1可显著降低小鼠血清中LDH含量(P < 0.05), 且效果优于阳性药双环醇(图 3C)。渣驯60%乙醇提取物、渣驯95%乙醇提取物亦有降低小鼠血清中LDH含量的趋势, 与ALT、AST结果相似, 渣驯30%乙醇提取物对LDH的降低作用最强。综上结果表明, 在本动物模型中, 各洗脱组分活性强弱对比: 渣驯水提取物≈渣驯30%乙醇提取物 > 渣驯60%乙醇提取物 > 渣驯95%乙醇提取物。
利用体外实验进一步考察渣驯总提取物及其体内研究中表现显著活性的水溶性洗脱部位(渣驯30%乙醇提取物、渣驯水提取物、富里酸) 体外肝细胞保护活性及可能的作用机制。细胞毒性实验结果显示, 渣驯总提取物及渣驯水提取物、富里酸、渣驯30%乙醇提取物在10~100 μg·mL-1浓度下均对HepG2细胞的存活率无显著影响(图 4A~D)。在本研究中, 使用400 μmol·L-1 H2O2刺激HepG2细胞12 h建立肝细胞氧化应激损伤模型。与溶剂对照组比较, 400 μmol·L-1 H2O2显著降低HepG2细胞存活率(P < 0.001)。渣驯总提取物(100 μg·mL-1) (P < 0.001)、渣驯水提取物(25、100 μg·mL-1) (P < 0.01)、富里酸(1、10 μg·mL-1) (P < 0.01)、渣驯30%乙醇提取物(10、25、50、100 μg·mL-1) (P < 0.001, P < 0.05, P < 0.05, P < 0.001) 均能显著提高H2O2诱导的人肝细胞的存活率(图 4E)。随后每组选择对体外肝细胞损伤药效较优的两个浓度进行后续实验。检测细胞培养上清中肝细胞损伤生物标记物ALT水平, 结果表明, 渣驯总提取物100 μg·mL-1 (P < 0.001)、渣驯水提取物(25、100 μg·mL-1) (P < 0.01, P < 0.05)、富里酸100 μg·mL-1 (P < 0.01) 可以显著降低细胞培养上清的ALT水平(图 4F), 渣驯30%乙醇提取物(25、100 μg·mL-1) 亦有降低细胞培养上清ALT水平的趋势。ALP是广泛分布于人体肝脏、骨骼、肠、肾和胎盘等组织并经肝脏向胆外排出的一种酶, 循环中ALP活动升高被普遍认为是骨骼或肝胆疾病的标志物[23]。检测细胞培养上清中肝细胞损伤生物标记物ALP水平, 结果表明, 渣驯总提取物100 μg·mL-1 (P < 0.001)、渣驯水提取物100 μg·mL-1 (P < 0.001)、渣驯30%乙醇提取物100 μg·mL-1 (P < 0.05) 可以显著降低细胞培养上清的ALP水平(图 4G), 富里酸(10、100 μg·mL-1) 亦存在降低趋势。检测细胞培养上清中肝细胞损伤生物标记物LDH水平, 结果表明, 渣驯总提取物100 μg·mL-1 (P < 0.01)、渣驯水提取物(25、100 μg·mL-1) (P < 0.01, P < 0.001)、富里酸(10、100 μg·mL-1) (P < 0.01, P < 0.001)、渣驯30%乙醇提取物25 μg·mL-1 (P < 0.05) 可显著降低细胞培养上清中肝细胞损伤生物标记物LDH水平(图 4H)。以上结果表明, 渣驯总提取物及其水溶性洗脱部位具有改善H2O2诱导的HepG2细胞损伤的活性。
HepG2细胞在受到H2O2的刺激后会发生显著的氧化应激, 从而导致肝细胞发生损伤。在本研究中使用活性氧荧光探针(DCFH-DA) 检测了HepG2细胞内ROS水平。DCFH-DA其本身无荧光, 可以自由穿过细胞膜, 进入细胞内后, 可以被细胞内的酯酶水解生成DCFH。而DCFH不能透过细胞膜, 从而使探针被装载到细胞内。细胞内的活性氧可以氧化无荧光的DCFH生成荧光产物2', 7'-二氯荧光素(DCF)。因此检测DCF的荧光强度可以反映细胞内ROS的水平。与空白对照组相比, 模型组细胞内ROS水平显著升高(P < 0.001); 与模型组相比, 渣驯总提取物100 μg·mL-1 (P < 0.001)、渣驯水提取物(25、100 μg·mL-1) (P < 0.01, P < 0.05)、富里酸100 μg·mL-1 (P < 0.05)、渣驯30%乙醇提取物(25、100 μg·mL-1) (P < 0.05) 可显著降低肝细胞内ROS水平(图 5)。
细胞凋亡是机体为维持内环境稳态, 在生理或病理情况下, 特定基因调控与一系列酶的参与下, 使生物体内无用或受损细胞程序性死亡的过程[24]。细胞凋亡是正常的细胞生理应答反应, 凋亡的细胞最终将被体内吞噬细胞处理, 然而过度的细胞凋亡将直接导致组织器官功能的下降。Annexin V-FITC/PI双染是检测细胞凋亡的经典方法之一, Annexin V选择性结合磷脂酰丝氨酸(phosphatidylserine, PS)。PS主要分布在细胞膜内侧, 在细胞凋亡早期, PS外翻到细胞膜外侧, 有绿色荧光的荧光探针FITC标记的Annexin V, 即Annexin V-FITC, 可与细胞膜外侧的PS结合, 产生绿色荧光。碘化丙啶(propidium iodide, PI) 可以染色坏死细胞或凋亡晚期丧失细胞膜完整性的细胞, 呈现红色荧光。与空白对照组比较, 400 μmol·L-1 H2O2作用细胞12 h可导致显著的肝细胞凋亡(P < 0.01)。与模型组比较, 渣驯总提取物100 μg·mL-1 (P < 0.01)、渣驯水提取物100 μg·mL-1 (P < 0.001)、富里酸(10、100 μg·mL-1) (P < 0.05, P < 0.01)、渣驯30%乙醇提取物25 μg·mL-1 (P < 0.01) 可显著降低H2O2诱导的肝细胞凋亡细胞的占比(图 6AB)。
之后使用JC-1荧光探针检测HepG2细胞线粒体膜电位, 在线粒体膜电位较高时, JC-1聚集在线粒体的基质中, 形成聚合物(J-aggregates) 产生红色荧光; 线粒体膜电位的下降是细胞凋亡早期的一个标志性事件, 在线粒体膜电位较低时, 此时JC-1为单体, 可以产生绿色荧光。与模型组相比, 渣驯总提取物100 μg·mL-1 (P < 0.01)、渣驯水提取物(25、100 μg·mL-1) (P < 0.05)、富里酸(10、100 μg·mL-1) (P < 0.001)、渣驯30%乙醇提取物(25、100 μg·mL-1) (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) 可显著降低H2O2诱导的细胞线粒体膜电位改变(图 6C)。
Western blot研究结果(7A) 显示, 与模型组比较, 富里酸10 μg·mL-1可显著升高Bcl-2蛋白表达水平(图 7B), 其余各部位亦有升高趋势。渣驯水提取物100 μg·mL-1 (P < 0.05)、富里酸10 μg·mL-1 (P < 0.05)、渣驯30%乙醇提取物25 μg·mL-1 (P < 0.05) 可显著降低BAX蛋白表达水平(图 7C), 其余各部位亦有降低趋势。渣驯总提取物及其水溶性部位均有升高Bcl-2/BAX蛋白表达比例的趋势(图 7D); 与模型组比较, 渣驯30%乙醇提取物(25、100 μg·mL-1) 均可显著降低cleaved caspase-3/pro caspase-3的比例(P < 0.05), 其余各组分亦有降低的趋势(图 7E~G)。该结果进一步提示, 渣驯总提取物及其水溶性洗脱部位可能通过调控线粒体介导的内源性凋亡通路对H2O2诱导的肝细胞凋亡具有抑制活性。
ConA和CCl4是急性肝损伤动物模型的常用造模剂。ConA是一种植物蛋白成分提取物, T淋巴细胞表面存在其受体, ConA可以激活T淋巴细胞导致干扰素-γ (interferon-γ, IFN-γ) 和肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor α, TNF-α) 释放, 从而引起动物自身免疫性肝炎[25]。CCl4可经过肝脏CYP450酶系代谢产生三氯甲基自由基(CCl3·), 该自由基可以与蛋白质、脂质、核酸等结合, 导致线粒体损伤和氧化应激, CCl3·还可以与O2反应形成CCl3OO·, 从而引发脂质过氧化链式反应, 破坏细胞膜, 最终导致肝脏损伤[26]。H2O2是诱导细胞产生氧化应激和凋亡的常见刺激剂[27]。本研究使用ConA与CCl4作为造模剂评价了渣驯总提取物体内肝保护活性, 利用CCl4作为造模剂评价了渣驯不同溶剂洗脱部位, 包括渣驯水提取物、渣驯95%乙醇提取物、渣驯60%乙醇提取物、渣驯30%乙醇提取物的体内肝保护活性, 同时对目前研究显示的渣驯主要水溶性成分富里酸亦进行了体内肝保护活性考察。另外, 利用H2O2作为造模剂在体外细胞水平进一步评价了在体内研究中显示显著活性的渣驯总提取物、渣驯水提取物、渣驯30%乙醇提取物及富里酸的肝保护活性和可能的作用机制。
有文献研究显示, 渣驯对骨肉瘤大鼠模型中病灶转移引起的肝脏和肾脏损害具有保护作用, 可以显著降低骨肉瘤大鼠ALT、AST、ALP水平[28]。另外, 在高脂饮食诱导的大鼠NAFLD模型中, 渣驯也具有降低肝损伤标志物, 改善肝组织病理的作用[17]。富里酸作为渣驯中已知的主要组分, 已有研究显示其能够刺激大鼠肝细胞线粒体呼吸[29], 喂食小鼠富里酸饲料19周可显著增强小鼠肝细胞内山梨醇脱氢酶、单胺氧化酶的活性, 且可增强肝巨噬细胞内酸性磷酸酶的活性, 调节肝细胞的物质代谢、增强肝生物转化[30]。在CCl4诱导的大鼠肝纤维化模型及CCl4联合肝脏缺血再灌注损伤大鼠模型中, 富里酸都表现出显著的肝保护活性[31, 32]。本研究进一步确证了渣驯总提取物及富里酸的体内外肝保护活性, 为渣驯用于肝病治疗进一步提供了科学依据。另外, 本研究的重要发现在于获得渣驯不同溶剂的洗脱组分, 并对这些洗脱组分进行了药效学比较研究, 结果表明, 渣驯不同溶剂洗脱组分对CCl4诱导的氧化性肝损伤模型均表现一定的活性, 其中水提取物和30%乙醇提取物表现的肝保护活性更佳, 各洗脱组分活性强弱对比: 水提取物≈30%乙醇提取物 > 60%乙醇提取物 > 95%乙醇提取物, 结合各洗脱溶剂的水溶性, 提示渣驯保肝活性组分多存在于水溶性洗脱部位中。且研究中发现, 渣驯水提取物和30%乙醇提取物对血清AST和LDH的降低作用明显优于阳性对照药双环醇。目前, 对渣驯药效物质基础的研究多集中在渣驯正丁醇提取物, 有文献报道显示, 渣驯正丁醇提取物在对乙酰氨基酚及ConA诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤模型中表现肝保护活性, 但其效果略逊于阳性药联苯双酯[15, 33]。综合分析正丁醇的溶剂特点, 其水溶性弱于60%乙醇, 更弱于30%乙醇, 该文献为本研究结果也提供了佐证, 进一步提示渣驯治疗肝脏病的有效成分具有水溶性。
富里酸作为目前多数研究中认为的渣驯中主要组分, 在水、酸、碱、乙醇中均具有良好的溶解性。本研究亦发现, 在0.15% CCl4诱导的小鼠氧化性肝损伤模型中, 渣驯水提取物、渣驯30%乙醇提取物对小鼠血清ALT、AST水平的降低作用优于富里酸; 在体外H2O2诱导的人肝细胞损伤模型中, 渣驯水提取物、渣驯30%乙醇提取物100 μg·mL-1对细胞培养上清中ALP的降低作用优于富里酸100 μg·mL-1, 渣驯水提取物100 μg·mL-1对细胞培养上清中LDH的降低作用亦优于富里酸100 μg·mL-1, 提示渣驯水溶性组分中除了富里酸为活性成分, 尚存在其他具有肝保护活性的组分, 深入的研究有待进一步开展。
氧化应激是体内氧化与抗氧化作用失衡的一种状态, 过量的ROS生成与脂质、蛋白质和DNA几种重要生物分子的氧化损伤有关, 这些大分子的损伤与肝脏疾病息息相关[34]。本研究结果显示在体外细胞水平, 渣驯、其水溶性活性洗脱部位及富里酸均具有降低细胞内ROS的作用。
细胞死亡受体介导的信号通路和线粒体介导的信号通路是控制细胞凋亡的两种主要信号通路。在线粒体诱导的细胞凋亡途径中, Bcl-2家族具有核心作用。Bcl-2家族蛋白通过调节线粒体膜通透性参与细胞凋亡, 该家族主要包括Bcl-2抗凋亡蛋白和BAX促凋亡蛋白。Bcl-2可以与线粒体结合并阻止细胞色素c (线粒体凋亡因子) 从线粒体移动到细胞质中。另一方面, 促凋亡成员BAX可以插入线粒体外膜并扩大线粒体通透性, 从而促进线粒体膜电位降低和细胞色素c释放。此外, 已经证实Bcl-2/BAX的比例是细胞凋亡易感性的关键决定因素[35]。Caspase-3是细胞程序性死亡(细胞凋亡) 的重要介质, 在细胞发生凋亡时, 前体caspase-3分解为剪切体caspase-3, 降解多聚(ADP-核糖) 聚合酶(PARP) 导致细胞程序性死亡[36]。本研究表明, 渣驯总提取物、其水溶性活性洗脱部位及富里酸可显著改善H2O2诱导的肝细胞线粒体膜电位改变, 并可能通过提高Bcl-2/BAX比值、降低cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3比值抑制肝细胞凋亡。
综上所述, 本研究进一步确证了渣驯和富里酸对肝损伤的保护作用, 且发现渣驯治疗肝病的有效成分多集中在水溶性洗脱部位, 渣驯保肝活性的主要机制与抗氧化及降低线粒体膜电位、抑制肝细胞凋亡有关。渣驯进一步的药效物质基础和质量标准的研究尚在开展中。
作者贡献: 林莫迪负责细胞实验操作、数据处理及文章撰写; 陈智伟负责动物实验操作; 孙华负责文章修改; 吉腾飞、边巴坚参、米玛、次仁负责提取工作。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程重大协同创新项目(2021-I2M-1-028)
  • 西藏自治区科技计划项目(XZ202201YD0012C)
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2023年第58卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0920
  • 接收时间:2023-07-29
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-29
  • 修回日期:2023-09-19
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中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程重大协同创新项目(2021-I2M-1-028)
西藏自治区科技计划项目(XZ202201YD0012C)
作者信息
    1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050
    2.西藏藏医药大学, 西藏 拉萨 850007
    3.西藏自治区藏医院, 西藏 拉萨 850002

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*吉腾飞, Tel: 86-10-63165226, E-mail: ;
孙华, Tel: 86-10-63165203, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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