Article(id=1200394148349071784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200394147019477416, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0910, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1690214400000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-25, revisedDate=1703433600000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764125867211, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1720713600000, pubDateStr=2024-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764125867211, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764125867211, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764125867211, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200394147019477416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='7', pageStart='1897', pageEnd='2182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764125866894, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225115484, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810425920115296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200394147019477416, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810425920115297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200394147019477416, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1932, endPage=1941, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200394148655255980, articleId=1200394148349071784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress of membrane biomimetic nanoparticles traversing the blood-brain barrier to treat brain diseases, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

At present, brain disease has become a "killer" in the field of general health, and the existence of blood-brain barrier has become one of the challenges in drug delivery into the brain. According to studies, cell membrane coating technique can endow nanoparticles with the characteristics of immune escape, long circulation, targeted delivery, and so on. Therefore, membrane biomimetic nanoparticles have been widely used in the field of disease treatment. Among them, the cell membrane derived from immune cells, tumor cells, and stem cells can cross the blood-brain barrier through the transcellular pathway and cell bypass pathway, which is used to prepare biomimetic membrane nanoparticles to break through the blood-brain barrier to achieve the treatment of brain diseases. What's more, the brain targeted ability of biomimetic nanoparticles would be further enhanced by modifying the cell membrane with peptides. This paper introduces the preparation methods of membrane biomimetic nanoparticles, expounds in detail the way that cell membrane coated nanoparticles break through the blood-brain barrier and achieve efficient intracerebral drug delivery. It also summarizes the prospects and challenges of this novel drug delivery system in the treatment of brain diseases, providing a reference for the research of membrane biomimetic nanoparticles in the treatment of brain diseases.

, correspAuthors=Hong-bin XU, Xin-chi JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hui LIU, Hong-bin XU, Jian-qing GAO, Xin-chi JIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200394149783523774, articleId=1200394148349071784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=膜仿生纳米制剂穿越血脑屏障治疗脑部疾病的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目前, 脑部疾病已经成为大健康领域的“一大杀手”, 血脑屏障限制药物递送入脑已成为脑部疾病治疗的难点之一。研究表明细胞膜包被技术可以赋予纳米粒免疫逃逸、长循环、靶向递送等优势, 因此膜仿生纳米制剂在药物递送和疾病治疗领域得到广泛运用。其中, 免疫细胞、肿瘤细胞及干细胞来源的细胞膜因其可以通过跨细胞途径和细胞旁路途径穿越血脑屏障, 被用于制备膜仿生纳米制剂以突破血脑屏障实现脑部疾病的治疗。而对细胞膜进行多肽修饰等方式进一步增强了膜仿生纳米制剂的脑靶向递送能力。本文对膜仿生纳米制剂的制备方法进行介绍, 详细阐述了细胞膜包被纳米粒突破血脑屏障, 实现药物高效脑内递送的途径, 并总结这一新型药物递送系统在脑部疾病治疗中的前景与挑战, 为膜仿生纳米制剂治疗脑部疾病的研究提供参考。

, correspAuthors=徐宏彬, 蒋心驰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*徐宏彬, Tel: 86-574-87085151, E-mail: ;
蒋心驰, Tel: 86-571-88208437, E-mail:
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3. Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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3.浙江大学 (杭州) 创新医药研究院, 浙江 杭州 310058
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Different nanoparticlesCell sourceTraverse pathwayRef.
Traverse BBB by natural CMC-NPsNeutrophilAdhere to activated endothelium via membrane adherent proteins, such as integrin β2 on neutrophils and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expressed on the endothelium.[74]
NKsThe integrins on the biomimetic nanoparticles interact with CAMs and VCAM-1 to start the cell signal cascade and unlock the tight junction.[25]
MacrophageIn brain tumor diseases, overexpression of integrin and macrophage 1 antigen (Mac-1) on the surface of macrophages facilitates the penetration by regulating tight junction.[60]
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)Paracellular and transcellular routes through G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and integrin very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and its ligand VCAM-1 dependent mechanisms.[63]
Traverse BBB by modified CMC-NPsMacrophageEngineered macrophage membrane with enhanced programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) expression, which could cross the BBB, respond to the brain tumor microenvironment (TME), and further target the PD-1/PD-L1 signal axis.[75]
Red blood cells (RBCs)Utilized CDX peptide, a peptide with high binding affinity to the nicotine acetylcholine receptor (nAChRs) expressed in brain endothelial cells, to bind it to the surface of RBCs membrane coated nanoparticles.[71]
RBCsModified RBCs with T7 and NGR peptide. T7, a ligand of transferrin receptors with seven peptides, is able to penetrate the BBB. NGR is a peptide ligand of CD13, showing a glioma-homing property.[76]
MSCsUsing CXCR4 overexpression MSCs membrane could improve nanoparticles to cross the BBB and efficiently target the CXCR4-CXCL12 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12) axis.[77]
), ArticleFig(id=1200470895073547164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394148349071784, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Different cell membrane coated nanoparticles to traverse the BBB

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Different nanoparticlesCell sourceTraverse pathwayRef.
Traverse BBB by natural CMC-NPsNeutrophilAdhere to activated endothelium via membrane adherent proteins, such as integrin β2 on neutrophils and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expressed on the endothelium.[74]
NKsThe integrins on the biomimetic nanoparticles interact with CAMs and VCAM-1 to start the cell signal cascade and unlock the tight junction.[25]
MacrophageIn brain tumor diseases, overexpression of integrin and macrophage 1 antigen (Mac-1) on the surface of macrophages facilitates the penetration by regulating tight junction.[60]
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)Paracellular and transcellular routes through G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and integrin very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and its ligand VCAM-1 dependent mechanisms.[63]
Traverse BBB by modified CMC-NPsMacrophageEngineered macrophage membrane with enhanced programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) expression, which could cross the BBB, respond to the brain tumor microenvironment (TME), and further target the PD-1/PD-L1 signal axis.[75]
Red blood cells (RBCs)Utilized CDX peptide, a peptide with high binding affinity to the nicotine acetylcholine receptor (nAChRs) expressed in brain endothelial cells, to bind it to the surface of RBCs membrane coated nanoparticles.[71]
RBCsModified RBCs with T7 and NGR peptide. T7, a ligand of transferrin receptors with seven peptides, is able to penetrate the BBB. NGR is a peptide ligand of CD13, showing a glioma-homing property.[76]
MSCsUsing CXCR4 overexpression MSCs membrane could improve nanoparticles to cross the BBB and efficiently target the CXCR4-CXCL12 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12) axis.[77]
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膜仿生纳米制剂穿越血脑屏障治疗脑部疾病的研究进展
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刘慧 1 , 徐宏彬 2, * , 高建青 1, 3, 4 , 蒋心驰 1, 3, 4, *
药学学报 | 综述 2024,59(7): 1932-1941
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药学学报 | 综述 2024, 59(7): 1932-1941
膜仿生纳米制剂穿越血脑屏障治疗脑部疾病的研究进展
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刘慧1, 徐宏彬2, * , 高建青1, 3, 4, 蒋心驰1, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1.浙江大学药学院, 浙江 杭州 310058
  • 2.宁波大学附属第一医院, 浙江 宁波 315010
  • 3.浙江大学 (杭州) 创新医药研究院, 浙江 杭州 310058
  • 4.先进药物递释系统全国重点实验室, 浙江 杭州 310058

通讯作者:

*徐宏彬, Tel: 86-574-87085151, E-mail: ;
蒋心驰, Tel: 86-571-88208437, E-mail:
Research progress of membrane biomimetic nanoparticles traversing the blood-brain barrier to treat brain diseases
Hui LIU1, Hong-bin XU2, * , Jian-qing GAO1, 3, 4, Xin-chi JIANG1, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
  • 2. Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, China
  • 3. Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
  • 4. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Hangzhou 310058, China
出版时间: 2024-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0910
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目前, 脑部疾病已经成为大健康领域的“一大杀手”, 血脑屏障限制药物递送入脑已成为脑部疾病治疗的难点之一。研究表明细胞膜包被技术可以赋予纳米粒免疫逃逸、长循环、靶向递送等优势, 因此膜仿生纳米制剂在药物递送和疾病治疗领域得到广泛运用。其中, 免疫细胞、肿瘤细胞及干细胞来源的细胞膜因其可以通过跨细胞途径和细胞旁路途径穿越血脑屏障, 被用于制备膜仿生纳米制剂以突破血脑屏障实现脑部疾病的治疗。而对细胞膜进行多肽修饰等方式进一步增强了膜仿生纳米制剂的脑靶向递送能力。本文对膜仿生纳米制剂的制备方法进行介绍, 详细阐述了细胞膜包被纳米粒突破血脑屏障, 实现药物高效脑内递送的途径, 并总结这一新型药物递送系统在脑部疾病治疗中的前景与挑战, 为膜仿生纳米制剂治疗脑部疾病的研究提供参考。

膜仿生纳米制剂  /  血脑屏障  /  细胞膜包被技术  /  脑部疾病  /  入脑递送

At present, brain disease has become a "killer" in the field of general health, and the existence of blood-brain barrier has become one of the challenges in drug delivery into the brain. According to studies, cell membrane coating technique can endow nanoparticles with the characteristics of immune escape, long circulation, targeted delivery, and so on. Therefore, membrane biomimetic nanoparticles have been widely used in the field of disease treatment. Among them, the cell membrane derived from immune cells, tumor cells, and stem cells can cross the blood-brain barrier through the transcellular pathway and cell bypass pathway, which is used to prepare biomimetic membrane nanoparticles to break through the blood-brain barrier to achieve the treatment of brain diseases. What's more, the brain targeted ability of biomimetic nanoparticles would be further enhanced by modifying the cell membrane with peptides. This paper introduces the preparation methods of membrane biomimetic nanoparticles, expounds in detail the way that cell membrane coated nanoparticles break through the blood-brain barrier and achieve efficient intracerebral drug delivery. It also summarizes the prospects and challenges of this novel drug delivery system in the treatment of brain diseases, providing a reference for the research of membrane biomimetic nanoparticles in the treatment of brain diseases.

membrane biomimetic nanoparticle  /  blood-brain barrier  /  cell membrane coating technique  /  brain disease  /  brain delivery
刘慧, 徐宏彬, 高建青, 蒋心驰. 膜仿生纳米制剂穿越血脑屏障治疗脑部疾病的研究进展. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (7) : 1932 -1941 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0910
Hui LIU, Hong-bin XU, Jian-qing GAO, Xin-chi JIANG. Research progress of membrane biomimetic nanoparticles traversing the blood-brain barrier to treat brain diseases[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (7) : 1932 -1941 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0910
脑部疾病主要包括神经系统类疾病和精神类疾病。前者包括帕金森、阿尔茨海默症、缺血性脑卒中、多发性胶质母细胞瘤等, 后者包括抑郁症、精神分裂、自闭症等。发表在《柳叶刀-神经病学》的全球神经系统疾病负担报告指出, 过去30年, 神经系统疾病导致的绝对死亡人数增加了39%[1], 对于全球健康而言是一大挑战。因此针对脑部疾病中神经系统类疾病治疗这一前沿热点, 不同领域的研究者进行了深入研究, 相关成果不断涌现。但是, 很长的一段时间里, 无法突破脑部疾病药物精准递送的主要限制性因素——血脑屏障, 导致被递送进入脑内的药物无法达到治疗剂量, 治疗效果不佳。
随着纳米技术的不断发展, 纳米药物对于满足脑部疾病治疗的需求展现出巨大的潜力。针对不同药物的特点进行个体化纳米药物递送系统设计, 实现了突破血脑屏障, 将药物靶向递送至脑实质特定受损区域的目的[2]。合理的粒径可以减少药物进入机体后被网状内皮系统(reticuloendothelial system, RES) 吞噬的比例, 从而延长药物在血液的循环时间, 增加药物在疾病区域蓄积; 利用靶向配体(蛋白质、小分子、抗体等) 修饰可以增加药物对血脑屏障的靶向性[3]; 通过特洛伊木马(trojan horse) 伪装策略可以实现药物跨内皮细胞转运[4]; 通过改变纳米材料电荷性质, 可以利用其吸附介导的转胞吞作用(transcytosis) 使药物突破血脑屏障入脑[5]等。但受限于缺乏选择性、容易被免疫清除、亲和力有限、制备过程繁琐等因素, 经修饰后的载药纳米颗粒穿透血脑屏障的能力仍较低[6]
仿生纳米粒作为一种多功能的纳米药物递送系统在近几年得到广泛研究, 可以克服上述缺陷, 简化递送系统的制备过程, 实现血脑屏障穿透、疾病部位高积聚和免疫逃逸的目的。仿生纳米技术主要是指利用细胞膜[7]、细胞外囊泡[8]、外泌体[9]、白蛋白[10]等天然来源的材料修饰纳米粒, 该技术提供了一种有效的自上而下的纳米颗粒功能化策略, 简化了纳米粒载药平台功能的开发[11], 根据不同的应用场景选择相应的仿生策略以制备特异性纳米粒发挥疗效[12]。其中, 利用细胞膜包被纳米粒应用最为广泛[13]。细胞膜上具有细胞发挥作用所需的功能蛋白, 使得细胞膜包被的纳米粒在保留纳米粒本身的理化性质的基础上, 继承细胞良好的生物相容性和特定的生物功能, 例如病灶区域靶向性、长循环能力等[14]。而且细胞膜来源广泛, 根据不同的药物递送需求和治疗目的, 可以选择不同细胞来源的细胞膜, 例如利用红细胞膜包被纳米粒可以延长体内保留时间[15], 利用血小板膜有利于将药物靶向递送至血栓形成部位[16], 利用肿瘤细胞膜可以实现同型肿瘤的高度靶向和药物富集的目的[17], 利用免疫细胞膜可以在脑部疾病状况下将药物精准递送入脑内[18]。由此可见, 利用膜仿生纳米粒作为新型药物递送载体的技术已经发展得较为全面。本文将主要介绍膜仿生纳米制剂的制备及其如何穿透血脑屏障治疗脑部疾病。
血脑屏障(图 1) 是血液和脑实质之间的屏障, 由内皮细胞、血管平滑肌细胞、星形胶质细胞、小胶质细胞、周细胞和神经元等组成[19]。其具有严密的保护作用, 是药物递送入脑的主要限制性因素。血脑屏障可以选择性调控特定的营养物质(葡萄糖、核苷、脂肪酸、氨基酸等) 从脉管系统进入脑实质, 限制有害的外源性生物分子(例如神经毒剂) 通过, 从而维持脑稳态[20]。这一作用主要基于内皮细胞紧密连接形成的物理屏障, 及膜转运蛋白、囊泡机制和外排机制组成的转运屏障[21]。从结构上看, 血脑屏障的完整性依赖于内皮细胞, 其顶端侧暴露于脑毛细血管的血流中, 而基底侧暴露于脑脊液中[22]。不同于外周组织内皮细胞, 脑内皮细胞具有两个最重要的特征: ①脑内皮细胞之间的紧密连接蛋白和黏附连接蛋白形成了血管和脑实质之间的物理密封; ②脑内皮细胞表达的转运蛋白可以选择性地向脑实质转运物质, 其转胞吞效率较之外周组织内皮细胞更低[23]。因此, 粒径较大(> 100 nm)、分子质量较大(> 500 Da)、低脂溶性或水溶性药物分子都难以透过血脑屏障, 导致药物生物利用度极低, 脑部血药浓度无法达到治疗剂量, 限制疗效, 而提高给药剂量则可能对外周组织产生毒性反应[24]。因此, 针对脑靶向药物递送系统的设计首先需要保证适宜的粒径和脂溶性。
基于脑内皮细胞的特殊性质, 突破血脑屏障主要通过两种方式, 即突破物理屏障和调节转运屏障。
早期研究中, 利用化学试剂前处理能够破坏内皮细胞之间的紧密连接蛋白或黏附连接蛋白, 从而突破物理屏障。该方式可能对血脑屏障的紧密连接造成不可逆的损伤, 在促进治疗药物穿透血脑屏障的同时也会导致中枢神经系统有害物质的入脑, 产生严重的毒副作用[20]。因此, 唐本忠团队[25]为了避免此不可逆的损伤, 利用免疫细胞来源的细胞膜调节紧密连接, 从而打开物理屏障, 促进药物入脑。
除此之外, 也可以通过调节转运屏障实现药物高效穿透血脑屏障, 治疗脑部疾病[22]。血脑屏障中的物质转运涉及到载体介导的转运、受体介导的转运、吸附介导的转运和外排泵这4种转运机制[26]。载体介导的转运是一种底物特异性转运, 是葡萄糖、氨基酸、金属离子等小分子的主要转运途径, 载体蛋白能与小分子特异性结合, 通过自身构象变化实现转运, 例如葡萄糖转运蛋白1 (GLUT1)[27]、大氨基酸转运蛋白1 (AF2hc/LAT1)[28]。受体介导的转运主要实现大分子的入脑递送, 大分子首先与血脑屏障表面的受体结合, 发生分子内吞作用, 形成囊泡后转运至血脑屏障另一侧, 通过胞吐成功入脑。常见的参与受体介导的转运蛋白有低密度脂蛋白、转铁蛋白、胰岛素等[19]。不同于前两者, 吸附介导的穿透血脑屏障途径是通过分子的正电性与血脑屏障内皮细胞膜的负电性的静电相互作用产生的, 不依赖于某种蛋白。研究表明, 正电性的分子、用胺基官能化后的载体均能促进药物通过吸附介导的转运穿透血脑屏障入脑[29]。外排泵转运主要通过P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein, P-gp) 主动将毒性代谢物和异源性物质排出, 以维持大脑正常的生理功能, 通过化学手段抑制外排泵发挥作用, 可以减少药物被作为异源性物质排出的比例。
膜仿生纳米制剂可以通过上述两种方式突破血脑屏障。第一种为可逆打开内皮细胞紧密连接, 突破物理屏障入脑, 该途径要求用于修饰的细胞膜具有促进纳米粒在血脑屏障上停滞、滚动、横向爬行入脑的功能蛋白, 因此干细胞或免疫细胞来源的细胞膜成为主要研究对象; 第二种调节转运屏障入脑的途径, 要求用于修饰的细胞膜具有转运相关的功能蛋白, 通过对细胞膜上相应蛋白功能过表达或增加多肽修饰, 细胞膜仿生纳米制剂也可以突破血脑屏障递送药物。
综上, 用于突破血脑屏障的膜仿生纳米制剂需要在制备过程中较为完整地保留细胞膜上功能蛋白, 实现细胞膜对纳米粒的高覆盖率, 且纳米制剂具备粒径较小(约100 nm), 均一性较好(分散系数PDI < 0.3) 等特征, 这对制备过程提出了较高的要求。
膜仿生纳米制剂的制备方法通常分为3个步骤(图 2): ①制备载药纳米粒; ②提取细胞膜; ③细胞膜包被纳米粒。
首先需要制备载药纳米粒, 为了实现载体穿透血脑屏障、增加药物入脑量的目的, 纳米粒需保证粒径较小(约100 nm) 且均一, 同时有较好的载药能力和包封率。根据原料不同, 纳米粒制备方法分为两大类: 第一种是成型聚合物的分散法, 第二种是单体的聚合法。通过聚合物的分散法制备纳米粒主要有乳化溶剂蒸发法、乳化溶剂扩散法、盐析-乳化扩散法、纳米粒共沉淀法、超临界流体技术等; 单体的聚合法包括界面聚合法、亲水性聚合物凝聚法和乳液聚合法[30]
其中, 乳化溶剂蒸发法是常用的制备载药纳米粒的方法, 操作过程简便并且对温度敏感型药物影响小, 且适用于溶解性不同的药物。针对脂溶性药物, 将聚合物溶解在有机溶剂中(二氯甲烷、氯仿等), 再将药物分散在聚合物溶液中(通常将水溶性助溶剂如丙酮等添加到有机溶剂中以提高载药量和包封效率), 与溶有表面活性剂(聚乙烯醇、明胶、泊洛沙姆等) 的水相混合, 在机械力的作用下连续搅拌将该混合物乳化, 随着有机溶剂的不断蒸发, 液滴收缩并固化成聚合物颗粒, 得到水包油型(O/W) 纳米粒混悬液[31, 32]。这种方法操作简单, 但是存在粒度分布不均和包封率差的问题[33]。而对于水溶性药物的包载则需要制备水包油包水型(W/O/W) 的复乳, 即将水溶性药物溶解在水中, 继而分散在聚合物的有机溶液中快速形成初乳, 再将初乳分散在含有表面活性剂的外水相中, 最后挥发溶剂[34]。复乳法可能出现水溶性药物在乳化过程中快速地分散到外层水相中从而影响包封率的问题, 可以在初乳制备过程中向内水相添加稳定剂、增加药物脂溶性或降低初乳比例形成稳定的O/W体系这些方法以减少内部水溶性药物的外漏[35]
近年来微流体技术[36]、电喷雾技术[37]、喷雾干燥技术[34]成为生产质量均一可控的小粒径纳米粒的新型策略, 以实现穿透血脑屏障递药的目的。微流体技术通过向不同的通道入口注入不混溶的两相(药物-聚合物油相和含表面活性剂的水相), 在交叉处的高剪切力作用下形成混合液滴颗粒, 即纳米粒。微流体技术可以设置流速、通道形状等不同参数, 以满足不同纳米粒的结构需求, 制备符合穿透血脑屏障、靶向入脑需求的高度复杂的载药纳米粒[38]。电喷雾技术通过电压差使得喷嘴处喷射出的雾化的混合溶液液滴转化为颗粒, 可以通过调节电压和喷射速度, 产生具有不同尺寸和形态的颗粒, 对于制备尺寸较小(约100 nm) 且均一的纳米粒具有明显优势[39]。不同于电喷雾技术, 喷雾干燥技术通过注入热空气使得喷嘴处溶剂迅速蒸发, 雾化的液体转化为颗粒。电喷雾技术和喷雾干燥技术制备纳米粒的过程都具有自动化、高包封率、粒径调节灵活、质量可控的优势, 同时二者都适用于包封蛋白质、肽、DNA等, 又因不涉及溶剂相, 脂溶性或水溶性药物均适用该法。
总之, 根据不同的药物性质可以选择合适的载药纳米粒制备方法, 使得纳米粒具有较好的载药能力, 并保证载药纳米粒粒径较小且均一, 这是实现膜仿生纳米制剂穿透血脑屏障、提高药物在脑部疾病区域蓄积的前提。
为了更好地发挥膜仿生纳米制剂延长体内循环时间、穿透血脑屏障的功能, 要求尽可能完整保留细胞膜上功能蛋白, 避免蛋白变性或缺失导致细胞膜功能丧失。
常用的细胞膜分离的方法有低渗裂解、反复冻融、超声波破碎和均质化。低渗裂解的原理是细胞会在低渗透压下肿胀和破裂, 继而通过分离纯化得到细胞膜, 该方法较为简便但是分离效率较低, 常用于无核、结构简单的红细胞的分离提取[40, 41]。反复冻融通过重复的冻融循环和低速离心的方法使细胞结构破碎, 导致细胞内物质形成颗粒状被排空, 得到细胞膜, 该方法比较常用于血小板细胞膜的提取, 但是冻融和解冻的过程都可能会导致细胞膜上蛋白损失或变性, 可以在制备过程中加入一些冷冻保护剂保护膜蛋白[42, 43]。使用超声波破碎法是一种很高效的分离细胞膜和细胞内容物的方法, 将收集到的细胞加入到含有蛋白酶抑制剂的缓冲液中, 再利用超声处理破碎细胞, 得到细胞膜, 但是超声过程中会产生大量热, 需要同时使用冰水浴, 避免细胞膜上蛋白质在高温条件下变性[44]。均质化即将细胞重悬于特定的隔离缓冲液并补充蛋白酶抑制剂, 再用均质器将细胞悬液均质化, 使细胞破碎, 分离得到细胞膜[45-47], 均质化所得到的细胞膜具有均一性, 适用于各种规模和多种类型细胞膜的生产, 其缺陷在于耗能大并且不适用黏度较大的样品分离。
在实际的生产应用中, 可以针对不同细胞膜的特征, 选择两到三种上述分离方法混合使用, 在不损伤膜蛋白的同时高效分离提取细胞膜。后续可以通过离心法反复洗涤纯化细胞膜进行纯化[48], 而对于有核细胞通常需要通过梯度离心的方式清除杂质, 纯化细胞膜[49]
在细胞膜与纳米粒融合实现膜包被的制备过程中, 为了赋予纳米粒天然细胞的仿生功能, 实现药物入脑递送, 不仅要求膜蛋白被完整保留, 还要求细胞膜包被纳米粒的包覆率高、最终形成的膜仿生纳米制剂粒径较小且均一。细胞膜包被纳米粒最常用的有3种方法, 为共挤出法、超声法及微流体电穿孔法。
共挤出法即将纯化后的细胞膜通过聚碳酸酯多孔膜挤出数次(一般7~20次), 可以得到尺寸均匀的细胞膜衍生囊泡[45]。进一步定量混合细胞膜衍生囊泡和载药纳米粒, 使用微型挤出机使混合液通过聚碳酸酯多孔膜(孔径根据实际情况选择) 挤出数次, 二者在纳米孔道中通过挤出外力作用融合成细胞膜包被纳米粒结构[50]。2011年加州大学张良方团队[51]第一次提出细胞膜包被纳米粒的研究中便使用该方法。共挤出法具有步骤简单, 细胞膜包覆率高的优势, 但是因为某样品会保留在多孔聚碳酸酯膜上, 而导致损失, 所以在大规模生产时, 共挤出方法存在不足[52]
超声法利用超声的能量将细胞膜包裹在纳米粒表面, 将纯化后的细胞膜与纳米粒定量混合, 于特定的参数下进行超声。该方法避免了共挤出法在大规模生产中的样品损失问题[53]。为了保护细胞膜蛋白质结构在超声条件下免受破坏或变性, 需要针对不同细胞膜, 特异性地优化超声仪工艺参数, 包括超声时间、超声功率等[54]
微流体电穿孔技术是依靠施加的电场来分解细胞膜上的介电层, 为生物分子和纳米颗粒进入细胞膜创造多个瞬态孔, 完成细胞膜包被纳米粒的制备。根据细胞膜囊泡与纳米粒特征, 选择不同通道参数(高度、宽度、电极) 及电压和流速, 再将细胞膜囊泡和纳米粒分别注入微流控芯片, 电穿孔结束后, 从出口收集所得混合物即为细胞膜包被的纳米粒[54, 55]。该方法通过可控的高通量、一步成型的细胞膜包被纳米粒生产, 实现高包覆率、保留膜蛋白功能、高批间一致性等目的[56]
总之, 现阶段关于制备膜仿生纳米制剂的技术手段丰富。为了提高纳米粒突破物理屏障或调节转运屏障的能力, 需要根据药物性质和疾病治疗需求选择合适的制备手段, 制备均一的小粒径载药纳米粒, 并通过细胞膜包被赋予纳米粒关键的生物功能, 延长药物在体内循环时间, 提高药物穿透血脑屏障的能力和在疾病区域的蓄积总量。
近年来膜仿生纳米制剂应用于脑部疾病的治疗, 实现血脑屏障穿透的研究主要分为两类(图 3): ①利用天然免疫细胞、肿瘤细胞和干细胞来源的细胞膜功能, 通过跨细胞途径和细胞旁路途径穿透血脑屏障; ②对细胞膜进行修饰, 通过配体/多肽-受体介导的跨血脑屏障途径入脑。
有临床试验表明, 当脑部发生缺血性脑卒中[57]或脑肿瘤[58]等相关病变后, 脑部会有明显的炎症反应。此时, 脑内皮细胞会上调细胞表面黏附因子(P-selections and E-selections)、血管黏附因子(vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, VCAM-1)、细胞黏附因子(cell adhesion molecules, CAMs) 和整合素等, 这促使免疫细胞启动在内皮细胞上的滚动、激活、停滞的机制[20]。同时, 在肌动蛋白的极化下, 被激活的免疫细胞可以在内皮细胞上横向爬行, 最终其膜蛋白与内皮细胞的相互作用诱导内皮细胞形成垂直的微绒毛状突起, 为免疫细胞透过血脑屏障提供跨细胞和细胞旁路迁移的途径[59]。因此, 在疾病条件下, 利用免疫细胞膜蛋白与脑内皮细胞的相互作用, 可以在中枢神经系统免疫监测调控下, 实现调节血脑屏障紧密连接的目的, 促进免疫细胞膜包被的纳米粒透过血脑屏障, 进入脑实质发挥药物作用。唐本忠团队[25]利用自然杀伤细胞(nature killer cell, NK) 来源的细胞膜包被携载药物的纳米粒实现脑肿瘤的靶向递药治疗, 研究者首先利用蛋白质印迹实验证明NK细胞膜包被的纳米粒上保留功能相关抗原1 (leukocyte function-associated antigen 1, LFA-1) 等与脑内皮细胞相互作用的NK细胞膜蛋白。并且通过Transwell实验, 证实了膜仿生纳米粒因保留了膜表面的整合素, 会与CAMs、VCAM-1相互作用, 启动细胞信号级联, 通过解开紧密连接结构的方式, 促进药物透过血脑屏障入脑。体内荧光成像实验也表明, 免疫细胞膜包被的纳米粒可以大量透过血脑屏障, 特异性地聚集在脑肿瘤中, 提高脑内药物含量。该结果证实, 免疫细胞来源的细胞膜包被载药纳米粒, 可以通过细胞膜上功能蛋白与脑内皮细胞上高表达的蛋白相互作用实现血脑屏障高穿透能力。
巨噬细胞作为另一大免疫细胞也常用于制备脑靶向膜仿生制剂。李亚平团队[60]在研究脑肿瘤疾病中发现, 巨噬细胞表面过表达的整合素和巨噬细胞-1抗原(Mac-1), 有利于巨噬细胞膜包被的载药纳米粒通过调节紧密连接穿透血脑屏障, 靶向脑肿瘤。史向阳团队[61]利用巨噬细胞膜在脑肿瘤疾病中血脑屏障穿透和靶向肿瘤部位的优势, 开发了一种巨噬细胞膜仿生聚(N-乙烯基己内酰胺) 共载二氧化锰和顺铂的纳米粒。研究结果显示, 巨噬细胞膜包被可以明显增强纳米粒药物穿透体外肿瘤环境下的血脑屏障模型的能力, 从而提高了膜仿生纳米粒对肿瘤细胞杀伤能力。中国科学院蔡林涛教授团队[62]的研究再次验证了巨细胞膜包被纳米粒穿透体外血脑屏障的优势, 并进一步通过体内荧光共定位的实验方法证实巨噬细胞膜包被的纳米粒相比游离药物具有进入脑实质的优势, 其可以在脑肿瘤区域大量积累, 并最终实现更好的脑胶质瘤治疗效果。由此可见, 利用巨噬细胞膜仿生纳米制剂保留了细胞膜上的功能蛋白, 促进了纳米粒对血脑屏障的穿透和对胶质瘤的靶向。
除此之外, 干细胞来源的细胞膜也可用于修饰向脑部递送的载体[63], 因为干细胞具有和免疫细胞类似的入脑迁移机制。病理环境下, 旁分泌信号能调节干细胞向脑部疾病区域转移[64]。以脑肿瘤为例, 脑肿瘤会释放基质细胞衍生因子-1 (stromal cell-derived factor-1, SDF-1)、白细胞介素8 (interleukin-8, IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) 和缺氧诱导因子-1α (hypoxia inducible factor-1α, HIF-1α) 等因子, 为干细胞的迁移提供“吸引剂”[65]。干细胞膜中晚期抗原4 (very late antigen-4, VLA-4) 的存在可以促进它们与VCAM-1相互作用, 这有利于干细胞膜对脑内皮细胞的锚定[66]。除此之外, 干细胞膜高度表达的I型跨膜蛋白CD44可以与脑内皮细胞中普遍存在的透明质酸发生黏附作用, 也是一种锚定迁移的可能机制[66]。因此, 可以选择干细胞来源的细胞膜作为膜仿生材料, 帮助纳米粒锚定血脑屏障, 调节紧密连接, 实现膜仿生纳米制剂对血脑屏障的穿透与迁移。在此基础上, 神经间充质干细胞(neural stem cell, NSC) 膜表面不表达主要组织相容性复合体II型, 因此利用NSC来源的细胞膜修饰后的纳米粒几乎不会引起任何的宿主免疫反应[67]。浙江大学王奕团队[68]利用NSC可以穿透血脑屏障、减少免疫清除的优势, 将NSC膜包被纳米粒用于帕金森病的治疗, 实验结果表明NSC膜的包被可以调节血脑屏障紧密连接, 促进纳米粒突破物理屏障, 增加药物在脑部积累量, 显著改善了药物治疗疾病的效果。
综上, 利用天然来源细胞膜包被纳米粒可以通过膜表面的功能蛋白与脑组织病变区域上调的因子相互作用, 实现膜仿生纳米制剂主动迁移到脑内皮细胞并调节紧密连接穿透血脑屏障, 增加药物入脑提高疾病治疗效果。
除了直接利用天然细胞来源的细胞膜进行仿生纳米粒制备外, 也有研究根据不同疾病性质, 对细胞膜进行相关功能蛋白的修饰, 调节转运屏障, 从而提高仿生药物载体穿透血脑屏障的能力。实现细胞膜上功能蛋白的过表达主要有两种方式: ①直接对细胞进行调控, 促进细胞膜上重要功能蛋白的过表达; ②对分离得到的细胞膜进行多肽修饰。
直接调控细胞蛋白表达的优势在于稳定性好, 并能保证较高的修饰成功率。例如上调SDF-1α/CXCR4 (C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4) 配体-受体这一信号通路有利于促进干细胞向脑部主动迁移, 穿透血脑屏障进入脑实质[69]。在脑损伤、脑局部缺血等情况下, 疾病微环境中SDF-1上调, 吸引CXCR4过表达的细胞主动向脑内迁移。耶鲁大学周江兵团队[67]利用这一特质, 使用过表达CXCR4的NSC的细胞膜包被载格列本脲[70]的聚(乳酸-乙醇酸) 纳米粒治疗缺血性脑卒中。研究结果显示, 在CXCR4与SDF-1的相互作用介导下, 修饰后的干细胞膜仿生纳米粒穿透血脑屏障的功能得到加强, 到达缺血脑组织区域的药物剂量显著提高, 在减少病变体积方面表现出更显著的疗效。
第二种修饰方式是在膜仿生的基础上, 结合多肽对纳米粒进行双重修饰, 利用前者免疫原性低、生物安全性好、长循环的优势和后者高效靶向和穿透的能力, 实现药物向脑部精准、安全递送。有研究者选择与脑内皮细胞表达的烟碱乙酰胆碱受体(nAChRs) 具有高结合亲和力的肽——CDX肽, 将其修饰于红细胞膜包被纳米粒的表面, 治疗脑胶质瘤。该方法具有良好的治疗效果, 并且显著降低了外周药物的积累, 减少药物的不良反应[71], 具有广泛的应用前景。此外, 可以选择能侵袭中枢神经系统产生神经毒性的病毒中分离得到的短肽对细胞膜进行修饰, 赋予膜仿生纳米制剂更强的穿透血脑屏障的能力。如来自梅毒的短肽TP0751肽, 已经被证实是促进梅毒穿透血脑屏障的主要因素[72]。山东大学姜新义团队[73]在包裹载药纳米粒的干细胞膜表面修饰TP0751肽, 介导膜仿生纳米制剂与脑内皮细胞发生黏附并穿透血脑屏障, 促进药物入脑发挥脑转移瘤的治疗作用。
不同细胞膜包被纳米粒穿透血脑屏障的途径, 见表 1[25, 60, 63, 71, 74-77]
综上, 膜仿生纳米制剂在脑部疾病的治疗中得到了广泛运用。研究结果证实, 在介导药物脑部靶向递送中, 由于膜仿生纳米制剂保留了细胞膜表面部分功能蛋白, 赋予了纳米粒逃避免疫清除、延长体内循环时间、提高靶向递送能力、增加药物进入脑实质并在疾病区域的富集等优势。针对不同疾病的特征, 可以选择天然来源的细胞膜或利用修饰后的细胞膜包被纳米粒以发挥特异性的药物递送作用, 实现穿透血脑屏障和靶向受损脑组织[78-80]
除了膜仿生纳米粒外, 外泌体等细胞囊泡也是一种较为常见的仿生药物递送载体, 后者同样也具有小尺寸、高生物相容性、逃避免疫清除、靶向递送等优点。而在制备过程中, 细胞膜仿生纳米制剂具有显著的经济优势。相较于外泌体、线粒体等细胞器的提取, 细胞膜的提取和分离成本低、操作方法简便、技术手段更为成熟, 有利于进入批量生产[81]。并且相比于利用外泌体等囊泡作为载体复杂的载药过程和较低的载药能力, 利用分离提取得到的细胞膜直接包裹携载药物的纳米粒过程简单、操作可控, 不会因细胞器内部复杂的生物成分在体内释放而产生不可控的安全风险。
但是, 将膜仿生纳米制剂运用于脑部疾病仍存在一定的挑战。首先, 细胞膜分离和提取的过程虽已经形成较为完整、成熟的技术手段, 但制备过程仍可能损伤细胞膜结构[82], 也存在细胞膜质量不稳定, 储存稳定性差等问题[14], 这会影响膜仿生纳米制剂在体内靶向脑部、穿透血脑屏障的效率。针对该问题, 一方面需要针对不同细胞来源的细胞膜, 选择相对应的提取方法。在制备方法筛选过程中, 可以结合Western blot等表征提取得到的细胞膜蛋白种类、含量的实验手段, 保证利用该制备工艺生产出的细胞膜有较好的批间一致性。
其次, 为了实现进一步提高血脑屏障穿透能力和病变位置靶向能力, 有研究通过物理或化学手段向细胞膜上插入肽进行修饰[71, 83], 这可能会导致细胞膜结构完整性被破坏, 影响其生物功能, 进而影响膜仿生纳米制剂的递送效果。针对该问题, 一方面可以改变修饰方式, 例如利用条件更温和的脂质插入法进行修饰, 减少对细胞膜表面结构完整性的破坏; 另一方面可以使用杂化膜包被纳米粒实现多功能的药物递送, 从而避免额外的肽修饰。根据特定的疾病特征选择两种细胞膜杂化, 例如可以选择红细胞膜结合肿瘤细胞膜, 在避免免疫清除的同时也可以实现药物穿透血脑屏障入脑和脑肿瘤的特定靶向。
除此之外, 完整的细胞膜包被纳米粒可能对药物释放产生影响, 减慢药物从载体中释放的速率。当某种疾病条件下需要药物在疾病区域快速释放时, 细胞膜在纳米粒表面的完整包覆反而会阻碍药物在疾病区域发挥作用。因此, 可以考虑结合光热反应, 加入光敏剂, 在细胞膜仿生制剂于特定区域富集后, 利用激光照射, 实现药物的快速释放。
随着细胞膜仿生纳米制剂在脑部疾病治疗研究中的广泛运用, 为了进一步提高新型制剂的药物递送效率, 研究者们开始联合各种手段进行治疗。结合物理手段实现血脑屏障的穿透, 如聚焦超声技术或微泡技术, 实现安全、无创、可逆地开放血脑屏障并递送药物。除此之外, 可以结合针对血脑屏障生理特征实现增强穿透能力的方法, 提高药物治疗效果。例如针对血脑屏障内皮细胞的物质运输方式——转胞吞, 韩亮团队[84]已经证实内皮细胞的转胞吞作用在血脑屏障脂质转运蛋白(Mfsd2a) 存在时会受到抑制, 因此通过阻断血脑屏障脂质转运蛋白就可以暂时性地提高血脑屏障通透性实现药物递送。
总体而言, 在脑部疾病治疗中, 考虑到血脑屏障穿越效率、生物安全性和生物相容性, 膜仿生纳米制剂具有其独特的优势, 相信在未来能有更大的应用场景。
作者贡献: 刘慧负责文章的撰写和修改; 徐宏彬和高建青负责文章的修改和完善; 蒋心驰指导综述框架的设计和文章修改。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金区域创新发展联合基金重点项目(U22A20383)
  • 浙江省自然科学基金重大项目(LD22H300002)
  • 宁波市“科技创新2025”重大专项(2021Z028)
  • 宁波市“科技创新2025”重大专项(2022Z150)
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2024年第59卷第7期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0910
  • 接收时间:2023-07-25
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-25
  • 修回日期:2023-12-25
基金
国家自然科学基金区域创新发展联合基金重点项目(U22A20383)
浙江省自然科学基金重大项目(LD22H300002)
宁波市“科技创新2025”重大专项(2021Z028)
宁波市“科技创新2025”重大专项(2022Z150)
作者信息
    1.浙江大学药学院, 浙江 杭州 310058
    2.宁波大学附属第一医院, 浙江 宁波 315010
    3.浙江大学 (杭州) 创新医药研究院, 浙江 杭州 310058
    4.先进药物递释系统全国重点实验室, 浙江 杭州 310058

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*徐宏彬, Tel: 86-574-87085151, E-mail: ;
蒋心驰, Tel: 86-571-88208437, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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