Article(id=1198656290873503997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0869, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1689523200000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-17, revisedDate=1697644800000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711529700, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1699718400000, pubDateStr=2023-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711529700, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711529700, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711529700, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656283525087620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3476', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711527949, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711688683, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3210, endPage=3215, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656291607507245, articleId=1198656290873503997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Study on formulation screening of chloral hydrate oral solution, columnId=1198656285311861125, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Pharmaceutical Taste-Masking and Assessment Technologies, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Chloral hydrate is a commonly used central sedative drug before pediatric clinical examination, but its clinical safety and medication adherence are needed to focus on normally because of its poor stability and palatability. Under the premise of investigating the stability of different formulations, their palatability were also screened by using both human sensory and electronic tongue evaluation techniques. Human sensory evaluation has been conducted with the informed consent of all participants in accordance with the ethical requirements of the Good Clinical Practice for Drug Trials. The results showed that the addition of sorbitol and sucralose could effectively ensure the stability of the oral solution. Sorbitol is the main taste-masking component, and the ratio of 40% sorbitol and 0.5% sucralose can effectively mask the bitterness, astringency and spicy taste of 10% chloral hydrate oral solution. The results detected by human sensory and electronic tongue have good correlation and complementarity, and the combination of these two methods is more conducive to getting objective and reasonable conclusions.

, correspAuthors=Bao-ming NING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shu-ye QI, Wen-hui LIU, Hui-dan TU, Shang-chen YAO, Bao-ming NING), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656294384136644, articleId=1198656290873503997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=水合氯醛口服溶液的处方筛选研究, columnId=1198656285597073800, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 药品口感研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

水合氯醛是儿科临床检查前常用的中枢镇静药物, 但因其稳定性、适口性差, 严重影响临床使用的安全性和依从性。本文在考察不同处方稳定性前提下, 联用人体感官和仿生电子舌2种评价技术, 对水合氯醛口服溶液的适口处方进行筛选, 其中人体感官测试已按照药物临床试验质量管理规范的伦理要求经所有受试者知情同意。结果表明, 山梨醇、三氯蔗糖的添加可有效保障该口服溶液的稳定性; 山梨醇是主要的掩味成分, 40%山梨醇、0.5%三氯蔗糖配比下可有效掩蔽10%水合氯醛的苦味、涩味、辛辣味。感官评价与电子舌评价结果具有良好的相关性和互补性, 2种评价方式相互结合更有利于得到客观合理的结论。

, correspAuthors=宁保明, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*宁保明, Tel: 86-10-53851532, E-mail:
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Formulation F1-1 F1-2 F1-3 F1-4 F2-1 F2-2 F2-3 F2-4 F3-1 F3-2 F3-3 F3-4
Chloral hydrate 5 10 15 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Sorbitol 63.9 63.9 63.9 63.9 30 40 50 75 63.9 63.9 63.9 63.9
Sucralose 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.8 1.0 1.2
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Formulation information for 12 batches of samples (g·100 mL-1)

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Formulation F1-1 F1-2 F1-3 F1-4 F2-1 F2-2 F2-3 F2-4 F3-1 F3-2 F3-3 F3-4
Chloral hydrate 5 10 15 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Sorbitol 63.9 63.9 63.9 63.9 30 40 50 75 63.9 63.9 63.9 63.9
Sucralose 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.8 1.0 1.2
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Time/min Mobile phase A/% Mobile phase B/%
0 95 5
5 95 5
15 65 35
30 65 35
30.01 95 5
40 95 5
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Gradient elution chromatographic conditions of related substances in different prescriptions of chloral hydrate oral solutions

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Time/min Mobile phase A/% Mobile phase B/%
0 95 5
5 95 5
15 65 35
30 65 35
30.01 95 5
40 95 5
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水合氯醛口服溶液的处方筛选研究
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戚淑叶 1 , 刘文辉 2 , 涂慧丹 1 , 姚尚辰 1 , 宁保明 1, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 药品口感研究 2023,58(11): 3210-3215
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 药品口感研究 2023, 58(11): 3210-3215
水合氯醛口服溶液的处方筛选研究
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戚淑叶1, 刘文辉2, 涂慧丹1, 姚尚辰1, 宁保明1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629
  • 2.北京弘生医药科技有限公司, 北京 100076

通讯作者:

*宁保明, Tel: 86-10-53851532, E-mail:
Study on formulation screening of chloral hydrate oral solution
Shu-ye QI1, Wen-hui LIU2, Hui-dan TU1, Shang-chen YAO1, Bao-ming NING1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
  • 2. Beijing Hongsheng Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100076, China
出版时间: 2023-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0869
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水合氯醛是儿科临床检查前常用的中枢镇静药物, 但因其稳定性、适口性差, 严重影响临床使用的安全性和依从性。本文在考察不同处方稳定性前提下, 联用人体感官和仿生电子舌2种评价技术, 对水合氯醛口服溶液的适口处方进行筛选, 其中人体感官测试已按照药物临床试验质量管理规范的伦理要求经所有受试者知情同意。结果表明, 山梨醇、三氯蔗糖的添加可有效保障该口服溶液的稳定性; 山梨醇是主要的掩味成分, 40%山梨醇、0.5%三氯蔗糖配比下可有效掩蔽10%水合氯醛的苦味、涩味、辛辣味。感官评价与电子舌评价结果具有良好的相关性和互补性, 2种评价方式相互结合更有利于得到客观合理的结论。

水合氯醛  /  口服溶液  /  稳定性  /  适口性  /  处方筛选

Chloral hydrate is a commonly used central sedative drug before pediatric clinical examination, but its clinical safety and medication adherence are needed to focus on normally because of its poor stability and palatability. Under the premise of investigating the stability of different formulations, their palatability were also screened by using both human sensory and electronic tongue evaluation techniques. Human sensory evaluation has been conducted with the informed consent of all participants in accordance with the ethical requirements of the Good Clinical Practice for Drug Trials. The results showed that the addition of sorbitol and sucralose could effectively ensure the stability of the oral solution. Sorbitol is the main taste-masking component, and the ratio of 40% sorbitol and 0.5% sucralose can effectively mask the bitterness, astringency and spicy taste of 10% chloral hydrate oral solution. The results detected by human sensory and electronic tongue have good correlation and complementarity, and the combination of these two methods is more conducive to getting objective and reasonable conclusions.

chloral hydrate  /  oral solution  /  stability  /  palatability  /  formulation screening
戚淑叶, 刘文辉, 涂慧丹, 姚尚辰, 宁保明. 水合氯醛口服溶液的处方筛选研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (11) : 3210 -3215 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0869
Shu-ye QI, Wen-hui LIU, Hui-dan TU, Shang-chen YAO, Bao-ming NING. Study on formulation screening of chloral hydrate oral solution[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (11) : 3210 -3215 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0869
水合氯醛是三氯乙醛的水合物, 小剂量可产生镇静作用, 较大剂量可引起睡眠, 临床上主要用于治疗失眠、缓和儿童检查前焦虑、抗惊厥等。由于该药物服用后数分钟即可入睡, 醒后无不适感, 不易产生蓄积中毒, 是儿科临床上广泛应用的中枢镇静药物。
但水合氯醛溶液不稳定, 久置、光照及高温等贮存条件均会促进其分解, 生成盐酸及三氯乙酸、二氯乙醛等副产物, 对人体有刺激性且影响临床疗效[1]。现有水合氯醛制剂, 大多稳定性较差、具有刺激性味道, 对儿童用药安全性、顺应性产生不良影响。目前已有大量研究关注水合氯醛产品的稳定性、适口性问题[2], 但改良效果有限。例如室温下0.1 g·mL-1的水合氯醛溶液有效期约为6天, 临床使用时需采用临用新制的方式[3]。Song等[4]尝试在水合氯醛口服溶液中加入β-环糊精来制备包合物以提高稳定性, 但该产品有效期仅提高至46.63天, 未有显著改善。Yun等[5]在水合氯醛溶液中加入一水枸橼酸或无水枸橼酸, 并通过降低溶液pH值(1.0~2.9)、提高水合氯醛浓度(44%~80%) 等方式, 有效提高了水合氯醛溶液的稳定性; 但该方法下, 水合氯醛溶液仍具有极强烈的刺激性味道, 包括苦和辛辣, 对口腔和消化道具有强烈刺激, 不具备成药性。Liu等[6]提出使用水合氯醛栓剂的方式进行婴幼儿镇静给药, 栓剂的起效时间更短, 维持时间更长, 但后续并未有水合氯醛栓剂的质量控制标准及稳定性考察结果; 水合氯醛的使用需要根据儿童体重调整给药剂量, 栓剂的给药剂量难以控制, 导致制药企业无法按药品技术要求开发相应剂型。基于上述考虑, 水合氯醛口服溶液应是一种可提高稳定性、改善适口性、准确分剂量的儿童适宜剂型, 但尚未有成功案例。因此本研究旨在开发一种既能满足稳定性要求、适口性要求、且可灵活调整剂量的溶液剂。
本文尝试通过多处方比较, 通过稳定性检测、适口性评价等方式, 分析水合氯醛口服溶液处方筛选过程, 即在处方稳定性满足要求的前提下, 比较不同浓度的药物活性成分或辅料组合的适口性情况, 确定矫掩味成分及其效果, 以提供一种儿童适宜的新型溶液剂。
样品  所有水合氯醛口服溶液样品均由北京弘生医药科技有限公司提供。水合氯醛(批次: 20191207), 青岛宇龙海藻有限公司; 三氯蔗糖(批次: 20210301)、山梨醇(批次: 20211201), 江西阿尔法高科药业有限公司; 安赛蜜(批次: 2002055V), 安徽维多食品配料有限公司; 蔗糖(批次: TF28210502), 湖南九典宏阳制药有限公司; 氯化钠(批次: 20220110), 江苏勤奋药业有限公司; 苯甲酸钠(批次: C02202110002), 武汉有机实业有限公司; 柠檬香精(批次: SZL10723), 蓝太平洋香精(苏州) 有限公司; 草莓香精(批次: 98AF5529), 森馨香精色素科技(中国) 有限公司。
稳定性试验样品1的制备: 30 g水合氯醛与0.1 g三氯蔗糖、0.1 g安赛蜜、20 g山梨醇、30 g蔗糖分别溶于100 mL水, 制备成4个稳定性试验样品, 依次命名为S1~4。
稳定性试验样品2的制备: 10、15、20、25 g水合氯醛与0.5 g柠檬香精、0.5 g三氯蔗糖、70 g山梨醇、0.1 g氯化钠分别溶于100 mL水, 制备成4个浓度等级的水合氯醛口服溶液稳定性试验样品, 依次命名为S5~S8; 另外, 20%浓度的水合氯醛溶液S7平行添加一定质量的苯甲酸钠, 制备成样品S9。
不同处方样品的制备: 每100 mL含有水合氯醛5~15 g、山梨醇30~75 g、三氯蔗糖0.3~1.2 g、氯化钠0.1 g、草莓香精0.5 g、苯甲酸钠0.2 g。在上述浓度范围下, 按水合氯醛(F1)、山梨醇(F2)、三氯蔗糖(F3) 三个单因素、四个浓度水平进行实验设计, 获得组内浓度依次升高的3组12批待考察处方样品—F1-1~4、F2-1~4、F3-1~4, 具体处方如表 1所述。
稳定性检测  使用日本岛津SHIMADZU LC-20A高效液相色谱仪进行S1~S9样品的水合氯醛含量和有关物质测量, 上述样品分别在制备当天和在60 ℃条件下正放或倒放加速3个月取样测量, 分别命名为0d、Z3m、D3m。
含量的测试条件为: 用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂(Ultimate XB C18, 150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm或效能相当的色谱柱); 以0.01 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(用磷酸调节pH值至3.0)-乙腈(88∶12) 为流动相; 流速为1.0 mL·min-1; 柱温为25 ℃; 检测波长为210 nm; 进样体积20 µL。
有关物质的测试条件为: 用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂(Ultimate XB C18, 250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm或效能相当的色谱柱); 以0.01 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(用磷酸调节pH值至4.0) 为流动相A, 以乙腈为流动相B, 按表 2进行梯度洗脱; 流速为1.0 mL·min-1; 柱温为25 ℃; 检测波长为205 nm; 进样体积10 µL。
有关物质测试项目包括6个已知单杂(甲酸、氯乙酸、二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸、二氯乙醛水合物、三氯乙醇)、最大未知单杂、总杂、杂质个数。
电子舌测量  装置1: 使用日本INSENT的SA402B味觉分析系统进行测试, 传感器种类包括: 负极传感器——酸味CA0、鲜味与丰富性AAE、咸味CT0、盐酸盐苦味BT0、矿物苦味AN0; 正极传感器——涩味与涩味回味AE1、苦味与苦味回味C00、甜味GL1。取1 mol·L-1 KCl溶液1 mL置于100 mL量瓶中, 加入不同批次水合氯醛口服溶液定容, 混匀后待测。测试方法为按照SA402B标准操作规程进行每个样品完整测试[7, 8], 包括传感器活化、清洗、自检(传感器两次输出结果小于0.5 mV)、参比测试1 (重复4次, 取后3次平均, 得基准电势Vr)、样品测试(重复4次, 取后3次平均, 得样品电势Vs)、简单清洗、参比测试2 (重复4次, 取后3次平均, 得样品回味电势Vr′)、清洗, 其中, 先味值= Vs-Vr, 回味值= Vr′-Vr。经过设备内置的味觉值转换算法, 将上述电势差转换成相应味觉指标值。
装置2: 使用法国Alpha MOS的Astree II V5电子舌进行测试, 采用第6套传感器系统, 包括AHS、PKS、CTS、NMS、CPS、ANS、SCS共7根传感器, 选择银/氯化银(Ag/AgCl) 作为参比电极。取不同批次水合氯醛口服溶液25 mL置于样品杯直接进行测试。测试方法为按照ASTREE标准操作规程进行每个样品完整测试[9], 包括传感器活化、校准、诊断、样品测试(重复7次, 取最后3次结果平均)。
装置3: 使用浙江浙科仪器设备有限公司的iTongue20电子舌进行测试, 传感器种类包括铂、金、钯、钨、钛和银六种惰性贵金属电极, 参比电极为Ag/AgCl电极。测试方法为用纯化水清洗传感器后擦干, 将15 mL水合氯醛口服溶液直接倒入样品杯中进行测量, 分别调整6根传感器的灵敏度至响应信号均介于0.5~10 V, 同一份待测样品测3次。
成人口尝实验  选取知情同意并且味觉正常的成人志愿者10人(男性3人, 女性7人), 在试验前1 h内未食用刺激性饮品、水果等食物; 设置单盲试验: 试验员将样品交予受试者依次口尝试验, 且试验员不参加测试; 志愿者将水合氯醛口服溶液含入口中20 s后少量吞服、其余吐出, 从舌尖、舌根至喉部充分感受样品口感, 对样品的目标味觉—苦味、甜味、辛辣味选择强度等级及评分值(口尝评价标准: 1级—几乎没有滋味, 评分范围1~3; 2级—滋味较弱, 评分范围4~6; 3级—滋味较强, 评分范围7~9); 每个样品试验后用水漱口3~5次, 待口中完全没有异味后1~2 min才能测试下一个样品。将所有志愿者的测试数据按味道分别取平均值。本文成人感官味觉评价实验属于研究性质的临床试验, 已按照药物临床试验质量管理规范的伦理要求, 经所有受试者知情同意。
数据分析  稳定性数据采用日本岛津高效液相色谱仪自带的Lab Solutions软件进行分析; 适口性数据采用各家电子舌自带软件进行分析, 如日本INSENT的DBMS数据库系统、法国Alpha MOS的Alpha Soft软件、浙江浙科仪器设备有限公司的模型分析软件。
所有稳定性试验样品1及其在60 ℃下加速3个月后的含量和总杂质数据如图 1AB所示。除了S4在加速3个月后杂质总量有所增加, 其余样品保持稳定, 提示三氯蔗糖、山梨醇或安赛蜜对水合氯醛口服溶液的稳定性均有积极作用, 但蔗糖效果一般。
以三氯蔗糖和山梨醇为主要辅料成分进行处方设计, 进一步考察上述辅料对不同浓度水合氯醛口服溶液的稳定性作用。所有稳定性试验样品2及其在60 ℃下加速3个月后的含量数据如图 1C所示。对于S5~S8而言, 水合氯醛浓度从10%依次增加至25%, 但所有样品在加速3个月后均保持稳定, 提示现有处方中山梨醇、三氯蔗糖等辅料及其浓度对该制剂的稳定性作用良好。若在上述处方基础上进一步添加抑菌剂苯甲酸钠(S9), 可在保障产品稳定性的同时, 提升产品安全性。由此确定水合氯醛口服溶液主要的处方组分可为水合氯醛、山梨醇、三氯蔗糖、苯甲酸钠等。
基于每个样品3次测量相对标准偏差(RSD) 应不大于5%的原则, SA402B采集的丰富性、苦味回味、涩味回味、盐酸盐苦味暂不作为本次味觉分析的基础数据, 其甜味、酸味、鲜味、咸味、矿物苦味、苦味、涩味这7类味觉数据保留; ASTREE采集的7根传感器数据均保留; iTongue采集的钯、钨电极数据保留, 上述数据进一步开展主成分分析(principle component analysis, PCA), 结果如图 2所示。
三家电子舌在整体口感差异分析上具有区分能力、且区分结果之间具有相似性, 提示可用任意一家电子舌配套PCA数据分析来说明处方间或产品间口感一致性。在处方中辅料配比一定的前提下, F1-1~3样品的信号强度与水合氯醛浓度成线性相关, 提示水合氯醛在传感器上有特异响应, 电子舌适用于该品种口服溶液剂的适口性评价; 该制剂的适口性好坏与水合氯醛的自身浓度高低存在高度相关。F2-1~4样品间的距离较大, 即上述样品处方间口感存在较大差异, 提示不同浓度的山梨醇对水合氯醛的掩味作用明显, 应进一步分析山梨醇合适的添加量。F3-1~4样品间的距离最短, 即上述样品处方间口感相似性最高, 提示不同浓度的三氯蔗糖对水合氯醛的掩味作用较弱, 本身浓度的变化对产品适口性的影响较小。根据辅料添加尽可能少的原则, 提示三氯蔗糖的处方用量可在0.3~1.2 g·100 mL-1浓度内选择较低的添加水平。
在上述结果基础上, 进一步结合SA402B味觉指标值(图 3) 进行分析。
根据能斯特方程, 该设备的电势差与离子对数浓度成线性关系, 当味觉值是负数时, 口感分析待测液中的呈味物质浓度特别低, 表现为感官分析时的无差异化, 因此暂不对呈现负值的酸味和矿物苦味做处方间差异分析。
对于F1-1~3 (图 3A), 随着水合氯醛的浓度增加, 样品的苦味和涩味依次增加; 针对F1-2和F1-4, 同等浓度的山梨醇掩味效果比蔗糖略好, 其苦味和涩味相对较低, 提示山梨醇的添加可在有效保障药物稳定性的同时达到良好的掩味效果。
对于F2-1~4 (图 3B), 各个味觉指标值存在批次间差异, 尤其是F2-2相较于F2-1、F2-3、F2-4, 表现为不良味道苦味和涩味值最低, 提示40%山梨醇掩味效果最为突出, 整体口感趋于甜味这一单一味道。
对处方F2-1~4进行成人口尝实验, 结果如图 4所示。
上述4个处方中F2-2的苦味程度和辛辣程度最低, 甜味更强, 70%的志愿者认为该批次适口性最好, 为口感最优处方, 该结论与电子舌结果一致。成人口尝实验结果中, 处方F2-1~4样品间的甜味差距不大, 其中F2-2甜度最高。不同浓度的山梨醇对苦味和辣味的掩蔽效果有较大差异, F2-2对应的40%山梨醇对水合氯醛的苦味掩盖效果最好, 其次是F2-1对应的30%山梨醇, 该人尝结果与SA402B电子舌结果一致。
人尝法和电子舌在甜度部分的结果有差异, 表现为电子舌测试中甜度最低的F2-2在人尝时甜度反而最高, 分析原因如下: 一是F2-2的掩味效果较好, 在人尝时苦味和辣味基本消失, 该制剂口感趋于单一甜味, 使得甜味本身更加突出; 而对于F2-3和F2-4, 多位受试志愿者有“甜到发苦”的描述, 可能伴随苦味等不良感受的冲击, 导致受试者对这些批次样品的喜好感受有所下降, 表现为甜味评分值相对低。二是INSENT甜味传感器GL1对中性甜味剂具有特异响应、带离子的苦味物质对该传感器响应的干扰较少, 基本单一反映出甜味物质本身的强度差异。提示应该充分认识到味觉间的相互干扰对人尝法或电子舌评价的影响, 应谨慎分析口感结果。
水合氯醛口服溶液作为一种广泛使用的儿童用药, 其产品的适口性直接影响多次服用药物的依从性。本研究在保证处方具有良好稳定性的前提下, 借助多款电子舌与成人口尝法评价不同处方适口性, 对该制剂的处方筛选提供技术支撑。
首先, 对于适口性评价方法而言, 三家电子舌可通过各自原始数据的PCA处理得到具有可比性的分析结果; 而电子舌与人尝法结果之间存在一定的相关性、但仍有差异。受限于传感器检测原理, INSENT电子舌SA402B仅仅能够给出苦味值、涩味值和甜味值, 但不能实现辛辣味的数值输出; 而成人口尝法能够感知到辛辣味, 但受限于味蕾灵敏度, 不能有效感知产品的涩味, 提示两种方法的联用可实现口感评价结果的相互补充, 以提高数据完整性。另外, 上述两种评价方法对不同处方中苦味的评价结果大致相同, 表明在电子舌传感器上具有专属响应的味觉指标值通常与人尝结果具有相关性, 提示两种方法的联用可实现口感评价结果的相互验证, 以提高数据可靠性。但当人尝法和电子舌结果发生分歧时, 应深入分析原因, 排除非样品本身引起的差异, 尽可能给出与目标人群感受一致的评价结果。
其次, 对于掩味作用而言, 电子舌及口尝结果均提示山梨醇是主要的掩味成分。山梨醇在口服溶液中既是甜味剂也是稳定剂, 除本身具有甜味外, 还可降低溶液流动性, 通过与苦味药物充分竞争味蕾TAS2Rs受体, 干扰其他味道产生的神经兴奋, 实现水合氯醛不良口感的掩蔽作用[10-12]
除山梨醇外, 水合氯醛口服溶液处方中的三氯蔗糖理论上也可产生掩味作用, 但在电子舌测试时, 三氯蔗糖现有浓度改变未对水合氯醛产生有差异化的掩味效果, 原因是水合氯醛口服溶液中呈苦味、涩味等不良味道的呈味物质在传感器上的响应不受现有三氯蔗糖浓度的干扰。
此外, 对于10%水合氯醛口服溶液而言, 建议选用处方F2-2, 即使用每100 mL含有水合氯醛10 g、山梨醇40 g、三氯蔗糖0.5 g、氯化钠0.1 g、草莓香精0.5 g、苯甲酸钠0.2 g。实验结果表明, 药物活性成分水合氯醛与不同配比的矫味剂配伍后掩味效果不同, 并非矫味剂的含量越高越好, 只有在矫味剂配比达到特定值时才能获得最优口感, 该结果与文献[13]一致。
但值得注意的是, 上述适口处方的建议是基于电子舌和健康成人口尝得到的, 应关注到儿童比成人的味觉敏感度更高、甜味喜好度更高, 但同时对苦味、涩味、辛辣味等不良味道的阈值更低, 容易产生口感不舒适的感觉[14, 15]。由于儿童生理尚不成熟、易受到身体损伤, 一般不建议直接进行口尝试验, 导致如何选定儿童这一目标人群更为接受的口感成为目前面临的难题。
针对上述问题, 可尝试从以下几个方面来建立儿童适用的口感评价体系: ①考察电子舌和成人或儿童口尝法相关性, 并尝试建立体内外数据的转换算法, 实现电子舌部分替代人尝法; ②考察成人口尝和儿童口尝结果相关性, 并尝试找到成人口尝结果用于儿童口感评价的校正系数, 实现成人口尝结果外推至儿童; ③结合儿童人群的喜好性调研对电子舌或成人口尝结果进行分析和验证, 以实现电子舌或成人口尝测试前提下筛选得到儿童更为接受的适口处方。
作者贡献: 戚淑叶负责实验研究、数据分析和文章撰写; 刘文辉、涂慧丹负责实验研究和文章修改; 姚尚辰负责文章思路指导; 宁保明负责文章思路指导和内容审核。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明没有利益冲突。
  • 国家药品监督管理局化学药品质量研究与评价重点实验室课题(2023HYZX15)
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2023年第58卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0869
  • 接收时间:2023-07-17
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-17
  • 修回日期:2023-10-19
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国家药品监督管理局化学药品质量研究与评价重点实验室课题(2023HYZX15)
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    1.中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629
    2.北京弘生医药科技有限公司, 北京 100076

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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