Article(id=1201124486553756384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201124478286786612, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0764, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1687190400000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-20, revisedDate=1693152000000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764299993407, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1710172800000, pubDateStr=2024-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764299993407, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764299993407, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764299993407, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201124478286786612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='3', pageStart='493', pageEnd='788', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764299991434, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764300490467, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201126571420639892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201124478286786612, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201126571420639893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201124478286786612, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=532, endPage=542, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201124488046928687, articleId=1201124486553756384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress of natural product evodiamine-based antitumor drug design strategies, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Natural products are important sources for the discovery of anti-tumor drugs. Evodiamine is the main alkaloid component of the traditional Chinese herb Wu-Chu-Yu, and it has weak antitumor activity. In recent years, a number of highly active antitumor candidates have been discovered with a significant progress. This article reviews the research progress of evodiamine-based antitumor drug design strategies, in order to provide reference for the development of new drugs with natural products as leads.

, correspAuthors=Chun-quan SHENG, Shan-chao WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhe-wei XIA, Yu-hang SUN, Tian-le HUANG, Hua SUN, Yu-ping CHEN, Chun-quan SHENG, Shan-chao WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201124494225137909, articleId=1201124486553756384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=以天然产物吴茱萸碱为先导结构的抗肿瘤药物设计策略研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

天然产物是发现抗肿瘤药物的重要来源, 吴茱萸碱作为传统中药吴茱萸的有效成分, 具有微弱的抗肿瘤活性, 近年来, 以其为先导结构开展的药物研究发现了多个高活性抗肿瘤候选药物, 取得了较为显著的研究进展。本文综述了以吴茱萸碱为先导结构开展的抗肿瘤药物设计策略的研究进展, 以期为以天然产物为先导结构的新药开发提供借鉴和参考。

, correspAuthors=盛春泉, 武善超, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*盛春泉, Tel: 86-21-81871201, E-mail: ;
武善超, Tel: 86-21-81871242, E-mail:
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#共同第一作者.

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以天然产物吴茱萸碱为先导结构的抗肿瘤药物设计策略研究进展
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夏哲炜 # , 孙驭航 # , 黄天乐 , 孙华 , 陈玉平 , 盛春泉 * , 武善超 *
药学学报 | 综述 2024,59(3): 532-542
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药学学报 | 综述 2024, 59(3): 532-542
以天然产物吴茱萸碱为先导结构的抗肿瘤药物设计策略研究进展
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夏哲炜#, 孙驭航#, 黄天乐, 孙华, 陈玉平, 盛春泉* , 武善超*
作者信息
  • 中国人民解放军第二军医大学 (海军军医大学) 药学院, 教育部医药基础研究创新中心, 上海 200433

通讯作者:

*盛春泉, Tel: 86-21-81871201, E-mail: ;
武善超, Tel: 86-21-81871242, E-mail:
Research progress of natural product evodiamine-based antitumor drug design strategies
Zhe-wei XIA, Yu-hang SUN, Tian-le HUANG, Hua SUN, Yu-ping CHEN, Chun-quan SHENG* , Shan-chao WU*
Affiliations
  • The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
出版时间: 2024-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0764
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天然产物是发现抗肿瘤药物的重要来源, 吴茱萸碱作为传统中药吴茱萸的有效成分, 具有微弱的抗肿瘤活性, 近年来, 以其为先导结构开展的药物研究发现了多个高活性抗肿瘤候选药物, 取得了较为显著的研究进展。本文综述了以吴茱萸碱为先导结构开展的抗肿瘤药物设计策略的研究进展, 以期为以天然产物为先导结构的新药开发提供借鉴和参考。

天然产物  /  吴茱萸碱  /  药物设计  /  结构优化  /  抗肿瘤

Natural products are important sources for the discovery of anti-tumor drugs. Evodiamine is the main alkaloid component of the traditional Chinese herb Wu-Chu-Yu, and it has weak antitumor activity. In recent years, a number of highly active antitumor candidates have been discovered with a significant progress. This article reviews the research progress of evodiamine-based antitumor drug design strategies, in order to provide reference for the development of new drugs with natural products as leads.

natural product  /  evodiamine  /  drug design  /  structural optimization  /  antitumor
夏哲炜, 孙驭航, 黄天乐, 孙华, 陈玉平, 盛春泉, 武善超. 以天然产物吴茱萸碱为先导结构的抗肿瘤药物设计策略研究进展. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (3) : 532 -542 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0764
Zhe-wei XIA, Yu-hang SUN, Tian-le HUANG, Hua SUN, Yu-ping CHEN, Chun-quan SHENG, Shan-chao WU. Research progress of natural product evodiamine-based antitumor drug design strategies[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (3) : 532 -542 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0764
天然产物是发现抗肿瘤药物的重要来源, 大约有三分之二的抗肿瘤药物来源于天然产物[1-3]。然而, 未经修饰的天然产物往往存在活性不足、结构复杂、不良反应大等明显缺陷, 很难直接成药[4], 因而需要开展药物设计以提升其成药性、改善理化性质, 最终发现抗肿瘤候选新药。
吴茱萸碱(evodiamine, 图 1) 是传统中药芸香科植物吴茱萸的主要活性成分, 是一个含有吲哚结构的五环生物碱天然产物, 具有广泛的生物活性, 如抗肿瘤[5-11]、抗炎[12]、抗阿尔茨海默症[13]等。特别是在抗肿瘤方面, 吴茱萸碱能够有效抑制肺癌、乳腺癌、肝癌、前列腺癌、骨肉瘤、甲状腺癌等肿瘤细胞的生长[5-11]。然而, 未经修饰的吴茱萸碱存在抗肿瘤活性弱、水溶性差、药代动力学性能不佳等缺陷, 不仅影响了其体内外抗肿瘤活性, 也进一步限制了其临床开发和应用。为了克服这些缺点, 近年来, 以吴茱萸碱为先导结构开展了大量的药物设计工作, 大幅提升了吴茱萸碱的抗肿瘤药效。鉴于此, 本文将从药物设计策略视角综述近年来以吴茱萸碱为先导结构的抗肿瘤药物研发的典型案例, 以期为以天然产物为先导结构的药物开发提供借鉴和参考。
目前, 以天然产物吴茱萸碱为先导结构的抗肿瘤药物设计策略主要有四种: 骨架修饰、分子杂交、骨架跃迁、改善理化性质的结构优化或材料包载。
近年来, 人们在吴茱萸碱的A环上引入了各种取代基(如卤素、烷基、烷氧基、硝基、氨基、羟基等[14, 15]) (图 2), 以研究不同取代基对吴茱萸碱的理化性质和抗肿瘤活性的影响。此外, 在A环上引入了长链烷基、酰基和芳香侧链[16], 以消除对A环所在活性腔的空间位阻效应。目前报道修饰最多的主要是通过引入不同取代基对A环C-10位进行修饰。其中, 活性最好的是Sheng课题组[14]报道的10-羟基吴茱萸碱(1a, 图 2)。该化合物能显著提升吴茱萸碱的体外抗肿瘤活性, 对大多数肿瘤细胞的半数生长抑制率(half maximal inhibitory, IC50) 低于0.003 μmol·L-1。作用机制研究发现, 化合物1a是DNA拓扑异构酶(topoisomerase, Top) Ⅰ和Top Ⅱ双重抑制剂; 分子对接显示, A环C-10位引入的羟基的氧原子能与Top Ⅰ的Arg 364形成氢键相互作用, 并且D-环羰基氧原子与Asn 352也能形成额外的氢键, 此外, A环C-10位羟基也能与Top Ⅱ的Ile 88酰胺形成氢键。
吴茱萸碱骨架B环的结构修饰主要集中在吲哚氮原子上, 通过引入烷基、苯甲酰基、苄基、酯、长链烷氧基、甲磺酰基等基团, 开展B环取代构效关系研究[17-20]。分子对接显示, 在吴茱萸碱与Top Ⅰ-DNA复合物的对接构象中, 吴茱萸碱的A、B和C环具有嵌入DNA碱基对的独特的L型空间构象, 因而B环上的N-13与Top Ⅰ的Arg 364通过氢键和π-π相互作用。发现只有部分吴茱萸碱插入到DNA碱基对中, B环的N-13位置指向DNA的大凹槽, 表明结构优化仍有空间。因此, 合理优化N-13可显著提高吴茱萸碱的抗肿瘤效果。尤其是当苯甲酰基作为取代基时, 抗肿瘤活性显著提升, 其中, 4-氯-苯甲酰衍生物2a (图 3) 对人乳腺癌细胞MDA-BA-435细胞的体外抗肿瘤活性最佳, IC50值为0.049 μmol·L-1, 对肺癌A549细胞和人结肠癌HCT116细胞也具有良好的体外抑制活性, IC50值分别为0.86和2.6 μmol·L-1。在衍生物2a的A环C-10位引入羟基取代基(2b, 图 3) 可显著增强2a对人乳腺癌MDA-MB-435细胞(IC50 < 0.002 μmol·L-1) 和人结肠癌HCT116细胞(IC50 = 0.05 μmol·L-1) 的抗肿瘤活性, 但对人肺癌A549细胞的抗肿瘤活性(IC50 = 26.58 μmol·L-1) 下降较为明显。以上研究表明, B环吲哚N原子为活性非必需基团, 引入保持氢键相互作用基团时有助于吴茱萸碱抗肿瘤活性提升。
目前对吴茱萸碱的C环的改造主要集中在C-7位。研究人员受喜树碱结构启发, 通过将含羰基的基团引入C环中合成了一系列吴茱萸碱衍生物[21], C7取代的羧基能与Top Ⅰ的Lys 751和Asn 722形成氢键, 但抗癌活性明显降低。而C-7位引入-COOH可以显著增加对沉默调节蛋白3 (silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 3, SIRT3) 的抑制活性, 在200 μmol·L-1的浓度下抑制率达到61%, 而-COOCH3取代基(图 4, 3a3b) 可以显著增加SIRT2的抑制活性, 在200 μmol·L-1浓度下的抑制率分别达到78%和80%, 并且研究发现S-构型3bR-构型3a表现出更好的针对SIRT2的抑制活性。这些研究结果表明, 吴茱萸碱可以作为SIRT抑制剂先导化合物。
近年来, 对D环的骨架修饰主要集中在N-14位上, 对N-14位进行去甲基化修饰能显著提高抗肿瘤活性[22-29]。Lei等[22]也对吴茱萸碱进行了构效关系研究, 在D环上进行取代基修饰, 最终发现了两个化合物有较强的抑制肝癌的作用。体外抗增殖活性表明, 化合物4a4b (图 5) 对肝癌HUH7细胞(IC50值分别为0.05和0.04 μmol·L-1) 和SK-Hep-1细胞(IC50值分别为0.07和0.06 μmol·L-1) 均有明显的抑制作用。化合物4a4b还可以双重抑制Top Ⅰ和Top Ⅱ, 抑制细胞的侵袭和迁移, 将细胞周期阻断在G2/M期, 并诱导细胞凋亡。分子对接显示, 4a的吲哚NH与Top Ⅰ的Asn 352形成氢键, 4b的侧链羰基与Top Ⅰ的Lys 452形成氢键, 4a4b的A环与Lys 425形成π-阳离子相互作用。然而, 吴茱萸碱与Top Ⅰ-DNA复合物之间没有形成氢键, 这可能是其活性低的原因之一。4a的吲哚NH与Top Ⅱ-DNA的Asn 95形成氢键。对于化合物4b, 在侧链羰基与Top Ⅱ-DNA的Arg 98之间和D环的羰基与Asn 120之间形成了三个氢键。与Top Ⅰ-DNA复合物一样, 吴茱萸碱和Top Ⅱ-DNA复合物之间没有形成氢键。此外, 化合物4a4b还可以抑制大鼠肝星细胞HSC-T6的激活, 减少Ⅰ型胶原的分泌, 从而延缓肝纤维化的进展。最重要的是, 在相同给药剂量和给药途径下化合物4b在裸鼠体内对肿瘤生长抑制作用比阳性药物索拉非尼更强, 化合物4b和索拉菲尼的肿瘤生长抑制率(tumor growth inhibition rate, TGI) 分别为60.36%和46.27%。上述结果表明, 化合物4b是一个潜在治疗肝癌的候选化合物。
在吴茱萸碱E环上进行结构修饰, C-3位的取代基对抗肿瘤活性的影响最大[14, 30-32]。Sheng课题组[14]将C-3位用-F、-Cl、-OH、-NH2取代均提高了化合物的抗肿瘤活性, 其中C-3位被氟原子取代(5a, 图 6) 的抗肿瘤活性最好, 对人乳腺癌细胞MDA-BA-435细胞、肺癌A549细胞、人结肠癌HCT116细胞的IC50值都小于0.003 μmol·L-1, 在E环上的取代基与A环上C-10的羟基具有协同效应, 在HCT116异种移植模型每日腹腔注射2 mg·kg-1, 四个化合物5a5b5c5d都有良好的体内活性, 其中5d的体内活性最高。
活性氧(ROS) 是正常氧代谢的天然副产物, 例如, 在细胞信号传导和稳态中起关键作用的过氧化氢(H2O2) 等。肿瘤细胞微环境中呈现ROS浓度高的特点, 硼酸盐是ROS的应激性官能团, 因而利用硼酸盐作为触发单元能提高抗肿瘤药物的靶向性。Li等[33]针对吴茱萸碱衍生物5a体内抗肿瘤活性不佳的问题, 通过各种可断裂的连接子在吴茱萸碱衍生物的C-10位引入硼酸盐作为触发单元, 合成了一系列化合物, 并筛选其抗肿瘤活性。其中, 化合物6a (图 7) 在体外抗肿瘤活性测试中, 对结肠癌细胞HCT116、乳腺癌细胞MCF-7和肺癌细胞A549的IC50值分别为0.016、0.033和0.037 μmol·L-1, 在裸鼠结肠癌HCT116异种移植模型中, 腹腔注射剂量为10 mg·kg-1, 每天2次, 表现出良好的体内抗肿瘤活性(TGI = 64.4%)。作用机制研究发现, 化合物6a可以剂量依赖性诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡, 阻滞细胞周期于G2期。化合物6a作为活性氧触发的吴茱萸碱硼酸盐衍生物, 与母体吴茱萸碱相比, 其体内抗肿瘤活性大幅提升, 毒性有所降低, 表明采用硼酸盐作为触发单元能够提高吴茱萸碱体内抗肿瘤活性。
H2S具有抗肿瘤活性, 但由于H2S的剂量不可控、毒性大, 临床上并不能直接使用H2S, 因而, 研究人员经常使用H2S释放剂(H2S供体) 来调节H2S的水平, 用以抗肿瘤。Hu等[34]将吴茱萸碱与H2S供体偶联以发现高选择性抗肿瘤药物, 分别以5-对羟基苯基-3H-1, 2-二硫杂环戊烯-3-硫酮(ADT-OH) 和α-硫辛酸两种外源性H2S供体为原料合成了16种衍生物。体外抗肿瘤活性测试发现, 化合物7a (图 8) 对人白血病HL-60和上皮性大肠腺癌Caco-2细胞的抑制作用最强, IC50值分别为0.58和2.02 μmol·L-1, 进一步的作用机制研究证实7a可诱导HL-60细胞凋亡, 阻滞细胞周期于G2/M期。7a还可以上调Bax、细胞色素C、caspase-3、caspase-9和p53蛋白表达, 下调Bcl-2的相对水平, 诱导线粒体内源性凋亡, 导致线粒体功能紊乱。
氮芥是DNA烷基化剂, 因具有广谱抗肿瘤活性和强抗增殖能力而被广泛应用于肿瘤化疗中。然而, 缺乏选择性导致严重的不良反应, 以及获得的耐药性限制了氮芥在临床上的使用。烷基化剂与理想的天然产物骨架结构相结合是提高氮芥类药物活性和减少不良反应的一种较好策略。Hu等[35]将氮芥与吴茱萸碱偶联, 合成了一系列吴茱萸碱衍生物。利用4种不同类型的人肿瘤细胞株(前列腺癌细胞PC-3、肝癌细胞HepG2、人单核细胞白血病细胞THP-1和人早幼粒白血病细胞HL-60) 及正常人外周血单个核细胞PBMC对衍生物进行了抗增殖活性测试, 发现所有目标化合物对人肿瘤细胞株均有一定的抗增殖活性, 对正常人PBMC细胞无抑制作用。其中, 目标化合物8a (图 9) 对两种肿瘤细胞株(THP-1和HL-60) 表现出最强的细胞毒性, 其IC50值分别为4.05和0.50 μmol·L-1。进一步研究其作用机制, 结果表明, 8a可通过线粒体相关途径诱导HL-60细胞凋亡, 并在纳摩尔浓度下阻滞细胞周期于G2期。
组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase, HDAC) 在肿瘤细胞诱导分化、抑制生长、促进凋亡、增强化疗敏感性和抑制血管生成等生物学过程中具有重要作用。HDAC抑制剂与各种抗肿瘤药物(如DNA损伤剂和抗微管蛋白药物) 联合使用时, 会导致HDAC致敏肿瘤细胞, 协同细胞凋亡, 提高治疗效果。拓扑异构酶(Top Ⅰ和Top Ⅱ) 是多靶向药物设计的一个很好的起点, 因为异构体HDAC和Top Ⅱ共同定位在功能复合物中。基于DNA拓扑异构酶和HDAC抑制剂之间的协同效应, 在上述研究的基础上, 本课题组扩大了吴茱萸碱衍生物库, 并发现部分吴茱萸碱的衍生物表现出对Top Ⅰ和Top Ⅱ的双重抑制作用, 如衍生物9a (图 10)。基于此, 作者采取药效团融合策略设计合成了一系列化合物。大多数HDAC抑制剂通常由三部分构成: 位于疏水隧道外并与HDAC表面残基相互作用的疏水帽区(Cap)、占据活性部位疏水隧道的连接基团(linker) 以及在HDAC活性部位底部与催化性锌离子螯合的锌结合基团(ZBG)。因此在后续研究中将前期发现的活性优秀的吴茱萸碱衍生物作为Cap基团, 羟胺结构作为ZBG, 通过疏水linker将两者连接构建了一系列具有Top/HDAC双重抑制作用的新型衍生物, 并成功筛选出了高选择性的组蛋白去乙酰化酶1 (HDAC1) 和拓扑异构酶Ⅱ (Top Ⅱ) 双抑制剂化合物9a9b9c9d[36-38] (图 10)。
化合物9a在体内外均显示出优秀的抗肿瘤活性, 体外抗结肠癌细胞HCT116增殖活性的IC50值为1.6 nmol·L-1, 体内结肠癌HCT116移植瘤模型中, 口服150 mg·kg-1 9a, 每天2次, 肿瘤生长抑制率为75.2%, 且无明显毒性, 抗肿瘤效果优于HDAC抑制剂伏立诺他、Top抑制剂吴茱萸碱单独给药及其联合用药。作用机制研究发现, 该类衍生物能够同时抑制Top和HDAC, 阻滞细胞周期于G2期并能有效诱导细胞凋亡。深入的构效关系研究发现, 化合物9d具有优秀的广谱抗肿瘤活性, 有效阻滞白血病细胞HEL细胞周期于S期, 并浓度依赖性地诱导细胞凋亡。在HEL异种移植模型中具有比9a更好的口服活性, 显示出良好的体内抗肿瘤效果(TGI = 68.5%, 10 mg·kg-1), 以上工作表明吴茱萸碱类Top/HDAC双靶点抑制剂可以作为新型抗肿瘤候选药物用于白血病、结肠癌的治疗。
骨架跃迁是天然产物结构优化中常用的手段, Wang等[39]采用骨架跃迁策略将吴茱萸碱骨架中的C环进行翻转, 设计得到了吲哚并哌嗪并喹唑啉酮抗肿瘤新分子骨架, 进一步通过构效关系研究发现了抗肿瘤活性优秀的10a (图 11), 该化合物具有较好的体外抗肿瘤活性, 尤其是对结肠癌细胞HCT116的抗肿瘤活性达到了2 nmol·L-1, 抗肿瘤作用机制研究发现, 化合物10a具有Top Ⅰ和微管蛋白(tubulin) 的双重抑制作用, 能诱导细胞凋亡并阻滞细胞周期于G2期。由于10a在体内生理条件下的水溶性较差(pH值为7.4时为1.5 μg·mL-1), 化合物10a被改造成季铵盐10b (图 11), 其水溶性大幅提升(pH值为7.4时为850.4 μg·mL-1), 将化合物10b以16 mg·kg-1的剂量连续腹腔注射给药21天后, 表现出显著的抗肿瘤活性, 肿瘤生长抑制率(TGI) 为66.6%, 与临床抗肿瘤药物拓扑替康(TGI = 68.5%) 相当, 同时, 受试裸鼠没有明显体重下降, 证明化合物10b安全有效。以上研究表明, 吲哚并哌嗪并喹唑啉酮衍生物10b作为抗肿瘤候选药物极具开发前景。
三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer, TNBC) 是一种具有侵袭性的乳腺癌亚型, 其治疗方式有限。Xu等[40]也采用骨架跃迁的方式设计了一系列新型的吴茱萸碱稠杂环衍生物(图 12), 最有效的化合物11a (图 12) 的机制研究表明, Top Ⅰ是11a的靶点, 直接不可逆地诱导Top Ⅰ与DNA共价复合体的形成或通过活性氧介导的间接机制引发氧化损伤。更重要的是, 体内研究表明, 11a在TNBC患者来源的肿瘤异种移植模型中显示出优秀的抗肿瘤活性, 在20 mg·kg-1剂量下抑制肿瘤生长, 小鼠体重无明显变化。这些结果提示11a可能是治疗难治性TNBC的一个有希望的候选药物, 值得进一步研究。
除此之外, Nie等[41]采用吴茱萸碱与噻吩并[2, 3-d]嘧啶酮杂合的方式进行骨架跃迁, 合成了数十种吴茱萸碱与噻吩并[2, 3-d]嘧啶酮杂合的衍生物(图 13)。体外肿瘤细胞抗增殖实验发现, 化合物12a对人非小细胞肺癌细胞A549、PC-9、人前列腺癌细胞PC-3和人乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7具有较强的细胞毒性, 且对A549细胞具有较强的集落形成抑制作用, 表明噻吩并[2, 3-d]嘧啶酮和吴茱萸碱的杂交衍生物在抗肿瘤治疗方面具有一定潜在价值。
Yang等[42]发现具有类似吴茱萸碱五环结构的化合物calothrixin A (CAA) 也同样具有Top Ⅰ和Top Ⅱ的双重抑制作用, 但CAA的水溶性较差(< 5 μg·mL-1), 故以提高水溶性设计了化合物13a (图 14), 其水溶性得到显著的提升(> 5 mg·mL-1), 与此同时其抗肿瘤活性也得到了数十倍的提升, 细胞实验表明, 在Top Ⅰ和Top Ⅱ高表达的细胞株A375和HCT116具有较强的抗增殖活性(IC50分别为20和50 nmol·L-1)。13a在10和20 mg·kg-1剂量下可以明显抑制肿瘤生长, 对小鼠体重无明显影响, 而临床使用的Topo Ⅱ抑制剂VP-16显著降低了小鼠体重。以上研究表明, 13a有望成为开发新型双Top Ⅰ和Top Ⅱ类抗肿瘤药物的先导分子。
化合物10-羟基吴茱萸碱1a腹腔注射有效[14], 但其口服抗肿瘤药效有限, 阻碍了其临床应用。为了克服这一障碍, 本课题组又陆续设计合成了一系列含有水溶性基团的10-羟基吴茱萸碱衍生物(氨基酸、磷酸、磺酰胺和琥珀酸) 以改善其水溶性增加体内抗肿瘤活性[16], 其中, 在A环10位用磷酸基团和磺胺基团取代的衍生物14a (水溶性由1a的11 μg·mL-1提升至36 μg·mL-1)、14b (水溶性由1a的11 μg·mL-1提升至37 μg·mL-1) 的水溶性提升较为明显, 且对多种肿瘤细胞具有优秀的体外抗增殖活性, 尤其是对结肠癌细胞HCT116抑制效果最好(14a, IC50 = 0.066 μmol·L-1; 14b, IC50 = 0.04 μmol·L-1; 图 15)。在结肠癌肿瘤HCT116裸鼠异种移植瘤模型中10-磷酸吴茱萸碱(14a, 图 15) 在灌胃给药150 mg·kg-1每天2次的情况下, 肿瘤生长抑制率为57%, 显示出良好的口服活性。抗肿瘤机制研究表明, 化合物14a具有Top Ⅰ/Top Ⅱ/微管蛋白三重抑制作用, 并可以浓度依赖性诱导细胞凋亡, 阻滞细胞周期于G2/M期, 磷酸盐吴茱萸碱衍生物14a可以作为抗肿瘤先导化合物, 具有深入研究的价值, 同时, 这些研究也进一步扩展了吴茱萸碱的构效关系。
材料包载是一种提升药物药效常用的策略。利用纳米脂质体去包载药物有很多优势, 例如, 由磷脂双分子层包封水相囊泡构成, 脂质体弹性大, 生物相容性好。并且对所载药物有广泛的适应性, 水溶性药物载入内水相、脂溶性药物溶于脂膜内, 两亲性药物可插于脂膜上, 而且同一个脂质体中可以同时包载亲水和疏水性药物。磷脂本身是细胞膜成分, 因此纳米脂质体注入体内无毒, 生物利用度高, 不引起免疫反应。能够保护所载药物, 防止体液对药物的稀释, 及被体内酶的分解破坏。Han课题组[43]为了整合诊断成像和组合疗法, 将吴茱萸碱和吲哚菁绿(indocyanine green, ICG) (美国食品和药物管理局批准的近红外光谱光敏剂) 封装到纳米脂质体系统(即EI@Lipo, 图 16, 15a) 中。由于纳米脂质体载体, 吴茱萸碱较差的水溶性得到了显著改善, 并且还实现了基于增强渗透性和滞留效应的肿瘤被动靶向能力。在吴茱萸碱和ICG的存在下, EI@Lipo对腔鳞状细胞癌(oral squamous cell carcinoma, OSCC) 具有化学抗肿瘤作用和光动力疗法作用。此外, 吴茱萸碱被发现能够催化辣根过氧化物酶, 其将内源性肿瘤H2O2转化为ROS, 作为辅助化学动力学疗法的抗肿瘤模式。他们也进行了雄性裸鼠OSCC模型的实验, 肿瘤体积达20 mm3后, 每3天进行一次治疗, 等效吴茱萸碱剂量为2.0 mg·kg-1或ICG剂量为2.0 mg·kg-1。其中, EI@Lipo释放的吴茱萸碱能够触发化疗, 持续破坏光动力疗法后残留的肿瘤细胞, 从而达到化学光动力治疗的协同治疗效果, 具有很强的抗肿瘤能力。并且通过ICG完成体内光学成像, 通过68Ga标记的吴茱萸碱(图 16, 15b) 进行正电子发射断层摄影术/计算机断层摄影术(positron emission tomography/computed tomography, PET/CT) 成像, 这使得能够早期发现全身性肿瘤并有效评估肿瘤代谢。在光学成像和PET/CT成像的指导下, EI@Lipo通过三模式组合——化学/化学动力学/光动力学组合疗法显示出优秀的肿瘤生长抑制作用。这些结果也为吴茱萸碱的抗肿瘤机制研究以及未来治疗OSCC的潜在药物开发提供了新见解。
以天然产物为先导物的抗肿瘤药物开发在新药研究中占据了重要的地位。天然产物吴茱萸碱在体外表现出广谱抗肿瘤活性, 可以很好地抑制多种肿瘤细胞的生长、迁移和侵袭, 是一个不可多得的抗肿瘤先导化合物, 然而, 其水溶性较差、生物利用度低、体内抗肿瘤活性不佳等仍是目前限制其开发成新药所面临的巨大挑战。
为克服以上缺陷所开展的吴茱萸碱药物研究手段日益增多, 越来越多的吴茱萸碱类似物抗肿瘤候选新药被发现, 尤其是近年来, 主要通过骨架修策略、分子杂交策略、骨架跃迁策略以及改善其理化性质和材料包载策略对吴茱萸碱进行改造和优化。骨架修饰策略是最传统的药物化学设计策略。分子杂交策略是一种经典的药物设计方法, 它是依据现有的结构特征, 将具有不同生物活性的药效团片段通过“强强联合”组合得到的新化学实体的过程。优势片段的杂交策略可提高化合物的生物活性和药代性质, 相比于传统的药物研发, 这种基于优势结构相结合的方法成功率更高, 具有较为广阔的应用前景。骨架跃迁策略通常以已知的活性化合物为起点, 通过改变分子的核心结构获得新颖的化学结构, 不仅应用于具有已知配体的项目, 骨架跃迁也广泛应用于先导化合物优化。改善其理化性质和材料包载策略能提高生物利用度, 降低毒副作用。通过这四种策略, 在一定程度上发现了活性和选择性更优的新型分子, 显著增强了体内药理活性, 改善了不良理化性质, 并且基于肿瘤微环境开发具有肿瘤靶向性的吴茱萸碱衍生物也是当前研究的热点, 有助于天然产物来源药物的临床应用和推广。
同时, 吴茱萸碱的作用机制、作用靶点的不明确限制了吴茱萸碱类的新药开发, 作者认为包括吴茱萸碱在内的天然产物的研究重点除了改善性质(毒性大、理化性质不佳、给药剂量大等) 外, 目前的研究重心应向“靶标确证”的药物化学生物学转移, 例如, 可以基于亲和性蛋白组分析(affinity-based protein profiling, AfBPP) 策略, 采用原位(in situ) 的光亲和标记(photoaffinity labeling, PAL) 技术进行Pull-Down实验, 开展靶标垂钓, 寻找可能的作用靶点; 采用转录组及蛋白质组联合分析的方法, 探究化合物作用于肿瘤细胞后引起的蛋白质组变化, 筛选作用前后丰度差异较大的蛋白, 通过聚类分析寻找可能的作用通路和关键蛋白, 初步分析化合物可能的作用蛋白; 结合以上两种方法分析确定可能的作用靶标, 进一步采用化学生物学方法(如分子水平活性测试、Western blot实验、实时荧光定量聚合酶链锁反应实验、siRNA敲除实验、计算机模拟等) 对可能的作用靶标进行验证, 并在此基础上对靶蛋白所在通路进行分析, 深入揭示目标化合物的生物功能。在确证靶标和作用机制的前提下, 再通过本文中的研究策略将极大助力吴茱萸碱类药物的开发进程。不仅如此, 也将为更多天然产物的新药开发提供借鉴和参考。
到目前为止, 还没有吴茱萸碱类药物上市, 相信随着吴茱萸碱成药性结构优化的不断开展, 作用机制研究的不断深入, 将会有以其为先导结构的抗肿瘤药物上市。
作者贡献: 所有作者都参与了文献调研、手稿设计与撰写。夏哲炜、孙驭航、黄天乐、孙华、陈玉平开展文献调研和手稿撰写; 武善超、盛春泉获取经费资助并指导整个研究。所有作者都认可手稿的最终版本。
利益冲突: 本文的发表不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(22377145)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(22077138)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(22107115)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81725020)
  • 上海市青年科技启明星项目(22QA1411300)
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2024年第59卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0764
  • 接收时间:2023-06-20
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-20
  • 修回日期:2023-08-28
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(22377145)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(22077138)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(22107115)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81725020)
上海市青年科技启明星项目(22QA1411300)
作者信息
    中国人民解放军第二军医大学 (海军军医大学) 药学院, 教育部医药基础研究创新中心, 上海 200433

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*盛春泉, Tel: 86-21-81871201, E-mail: ;
武善超, Tel: 86-21-81871242, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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