Article(id=1201158422986191134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201158414379479837, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0731, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1686240000000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-09, revisedDate=1693497600000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764308084483, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1707667200000, pubDateStr=2024-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764308084483, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764308084483, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764308084483, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201158414379479837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='269', pageEnd='492', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764308082432, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764308181123, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201158828365669286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201158414379479837, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201158828365669287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201158414379479837, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=448, endPage=454, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201158423414010177, articleId=1201158422986191134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Construction and evaluation of novel self-assembled nanoparticles of Herpetospermum caudigerum Wall., columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

It has become an industry consensus that self-assembled nanoparticles (SAN) are formed by molecular recognition of chemical components in traditional Chinese medicine during the decoction process. The insoluble components in the decoction are mostly in the form of nanoparticles, which can improve the problem of poor water solubility. However, the transfer rate of these insoluble components in the decoction is still very low, which limits the efficacy of the drug. This study aimed to refine the traditional decoction self-assembly phenomenon. The self-assembled nanoparticles were constructed by micro-precipitation method (MP-SAN), and characterized by particle size, zeta potential, stability index and morphology. The formation of MP-SAN and alterations in related physicochemical properties were evaluated using modern spectroscopic and thermal analysis techniques. The quality value transmitting pattern of lignan components within the MP-SAN was assessed via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The MP-SAN showed sphere-like structure with uniform morphology, particle size of (245.3 ± 3.2) nm, polydispersity index (PDI) of (0.13 ± 0.03), zeta potential of (-48.9 ± 5.9) mV and stability index (SI) of (86.05% ± 2.27%). Comprehensive analyses using ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and other techniques confirmed molecular recognition between the decoction and ethanol extraction, leading to electron rearrangement under the influence of non-covalent bonding. This resulted in the formation of nanoparticles possessing superior thermal stability. As determined by HPLC, the encapsulation rates of the index components in the MP-SAN were all greater than 75% (dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol: 77.00%; herpetolide A: 78.57%; herpetrione: 94.53%), and the transfer rates were all higher than 65% (dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol: 96.01%; herpetolide A: 67.86%; herpetrione: 65.55%), which were 1.34, 1.38 and 4.81 times compared with those of the traditional decoction. In summary, this study successfully constructed the MP-SAN based on micro-precipitation method to achieve high transfer rate and high encapsulation rate of insoluble components in docoction, which provides a pharmaceutics idea for the efficient utilization of pharmacodynamic substance basis of traditional Chinese medicine.

, correspAuthors=Ling-yu HANG, Hai-long YUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-wen ZHU, Xiang DENG, Li CHEN, Jian-tao NING, Yu-ye XUE, Bao-de SHEN, Ling-yu HANG, Hai-long YUAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201158425158840771, articleId=1201158422986191134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=波棱瓜子新型自组装纳米粒的构建及评价, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

中药在煎煮过程中化学成分会发生分子识别形成自组装纳米粒(self-assembled nanoparticles, SAN) 业已成为行业共识。煎煮液中难溶性成分多以纳米颗粒的形式存在, 在一定程度上改善低溶解度的问题, 但难溶性成分在煎煮液中的转移率依旧很低, 限制了药效的发挥。本研究对传统中药煎煮自组装现象进行改良, 将波棱瓜子的水煎液和醇提液以微沉淀的方式构建自组装纳米粒(micro-precipitation self-assembled nanoparticles, MP-SAN), 开展形貌学表征, 利用现代光谱和热分析技术检验MP-SAN的形成及其理化性质的变化, 用高效液相色谱法研究MP-SAN中木脂素类成分的量值传递规律。MP-SAN呈现类球状结构, 形态均匀, 粒径为(245.3 ± 3.2) nm, 多分散性指数为(0.13 ± 0.03), zeta电位为(-48.9 ± 5.9) mV, 稳定系数为(86.05% ± 2.27%); 综合紫外-可见光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、差示扫描量热法等技术研究表明, 水煎液和醇提液间发生分子识别, 在非共价键的作用下发生电子云的重排, 所形成的MP-SAN具有更好的热稳定性; 经高效液相色谱仪测定, MP-SAN中去氢双松柏醇、波棱内酯A、波棱甲素包封率分别为77.00%、78.57%、94.53%, 转移率分别为96.01%、67.86%、65.55%, 相较于传统水煎液的转移率分别提高了1.34、1.38、4.81倍。综上, 本研究基于微沉淀法成功构建MP-SAN, 实现中药汤剂中难溶性成分的高转移率和高包封率, 为中药药效物质基础的高效利用提供了制剂学思路。

, correspAuthors=杭凌宇, 袁海龙, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*杭凌宇, Tel: 86-10-66928506, E-mail: ;
袁海龙, Tel: 86-10-66928505, E-mail:
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波棱瓜子新型自组装纳米粒的构建及评价
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朱煜文 1, 2 , 邓翔 1 , 陈莉 1 , 宁建涛 1 , 薛玉叶 1 , 申宝德 2 , 杭凌宇 1, * , 袁海龙 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(2): 448-454
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(2): 448-454
波棱瓜子新型自组装纳米粒的构建及评价
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朱煜文1, 2, 邓翔1, 陈莉1, 宁建涛1, 薛玉叶1, 申宝德2, 杭凌宇1, * , 袁海龙1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.空军军医大学, 空军特色医学中心药学部, 北京 100142
  • 2.江西中医药大学现代中药制剂教育部重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330004

通讯作者:

*杭凌宇, Tel: 86-10-66928506, E-mail: ;
袁海龙, Tel: 86-10-66928505, E-mail:
Construction and evaluation of novel self-assembled nanoparticles of Herpetospermum caudigerum Wall.
Yu-wen ZHU1, 2, Xiang DENG1, Li CHEN1, Jian-tao NING1, Yu-ye XUE1, Bao-de SHEN2, Ling-yu HANG1, * , Hai-long YUAN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Department of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Air Force Medical University, Beijing 100142, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
出版时间: 2024-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0731
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中药在煎煮过程中化学成分会发生分子识别形成自组装纳米粒(self-assembled nanoparticles, SAN) 业已成为行业共识。煎煮液中难溶性成分多以纳米颗粒的形式存在, 在一定程度上改善低溶解度的问题, 但难溶性成分在煎煮液中的转移率依旧很低, 限制了药效的发挥。本研究对传统中药煎煮自组装现象进行改良, 将波棱瓜子的水煎液和醇提液以微沉淀的方式构建自组装纳米粒(micro-precipitation self-assembled nanoparticles, MP-SAN), 开展形貌学表征, 利用现代光谱和热分析技术检验MP-SAN的形成及其理化性质的变化, 用高效液相色谱法研究MP-SAN中木脂素类成分的量值传递规律。MP-SAN呈现类球状结构, 形态均匀, 粒径为(245.3 ± 3.2) nm, 多分散性指数为(0.13 ± 0.03), zeta电位为(-48.9 ± 5.9) mV, 稳定系数为(86.05% ± 2.27%); 综合紫外-可见光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、差示扫描量热法等技术研究表明, 水煎液和醇提液间发生分子识别, 在非共价键的作用下发生电子云的重排, 所形成的MP-SAN具有更好的热稳定性; 经高效液相色谱仪测定, MP-SAN中去氢双松柏醇、波棱内酯A、波棱甲素包封率分别为77.00%、78.57%、94.53%, 转移率分别为96.01%、67.86%、65.55%, 相较于传统水煎液的转移率分别提高了1.34、1.38、4.81倍。综上, 本研究基于微沉淀法成功构建MP-SAN, 实现中药汤剂中难溶性成分的高转移率和高包封率, 为中药药效物质基础的高效利用提供了制剂学思路。

波棱瓜子  /  微沉淀法  /  自组装  /  汤剂  /  纳米粒

It has become an industry consensus that self-assembled nanoparticles (SAN) are formed by molecular recognition of chemical components in traditional Chinese medicine during the decoction process. The insoluble components in the decoction are mostly in the form of nanoparticles, which can improve the problem of poor water solubility. However, the transfer rate of these insoluble components in the decoction is still very low, which limits the efficacy of the drug. This study aimed to refine the traditional decoction self-assembly phenomenon. The self-assembled nanoparticles were constructed by micro-precipitation method (MP-SAN), and characterized by particle size, zeta potential, stability index and morphology. The formation of MP-SAN and alterations in related physicochemical properties were evaluated using modern spectroscopic and thermal analysis techniques. The quality value transmitting pattern of lignan components within the MP-SAN was assessed via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The MP-SAN showed sphere-like structure with uniform morphology, particle size of (245.3 ± 3.2) nm, polydispersity index (PDI) of (0.13 ± 0.03), zeta potential of (-48.9 ± 5.9) mV and stability index (SI) of (86.05% ± 2.27%). Comprehensive analyses using ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and other techniques confirmed molecular recognition between the decoction and ethanol extraction, leading to electron rearrangement under the influence of non-covalent bonding. This resulted in the formation of nanoparticles possessing superior thermal stability. As determined by HPLC, the encapsulation rates of the index components in the MP-SAN were all greater than 75% (dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol: 77.00%; herpetolide A: 78.57%; herpetrione: 94.53%), and the transfer rates were all higher than 65% (dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol: 96.01%; herpetolide A: 67.86%; herpetrione: 65.55%), which were 1.34, 1.38 and 4.81 times compared with those of the traditional decoction. In summary, this study successfully constructed the MP-SAN based on micro-precipitation method to achieve high transfer rate and high encapsulation rate of insoluble components in docoction, which provides a pharmaceutics idea for the efficient utilization of pharmacodynamic substance basis of traditional Chinese medicine.

Herpetospermum caudigerum Wall.  /  micro-precipitation method  /  self-assembled  /  decoction  /  nanoparticle
朱煜文, 邓翔, 陈莉, 宁建涛, 薛玉叶, 申宝德, 杭凌宇, 袁海龙. 波棱瓜子新型自组装纳米粒的构建及评价. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (2) : 448 -454 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0731
Yu-wen ZHU, Xiang DENG, Li CHEN, Jian-tao NING, Yu-ye XUE, Bao-de SHEN, Ling-yu HANG, Hai-long YUAN. Construction and evaluation of novel self-assembled nanoparticles of Herpetospermum caudigerum Wall.[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (2) : 448 -454 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0731
中药汤剂是中医药的高效给药形式, 集中体现了中医药整体观念和辨证论治思想。作为治疗复杂疾病的首选剂型, 其化学成分来源广泛, 结构独特, 具有复杂的化学骨架和丰富的修饰位点, 煎煮过程中中药分子在静电引力、范德华力、π-π堆积、氢键等非共价键的作用下形成聚集体或自组装纳米粒(self-assembled nanoparticles, SAN), 呈现出“复杂多相态”状态, 存在形式的不同影响了药物的吸收和功效[1, 2]。据研究表明, SAN相较于其他相态具有更好的药理活性, 具有靶向功能, 能通过多种机制促进有效成分的吸收[3-5]。但SAN对药物的包载受到药物溶解性的限制, 难溶性成分在水煎煮过程中转移率低, SAN包载量少, 这极大限制了中药有效成分的高效递送[6]。此外, SAN的zeta电位小, 稳定性较差, 易发生聚集, 在温度、加热时间、pH值等因素发生变化时, 其稳定性也随之变化, 这限制了SAN的临床应用[1]
波棱瓜子是葫芦科植物波棱瓜(Herpetospermum caudigerum Wall.) 的干燥成熟种子, 具有悠久的用药历史。早在公元8世纪, 《月王药诊》已有记载, 是藏医治疗肝病的常用药物, 在《部颁药品标准(藏药)》治疗肝病的成方中, 有60%以上含有波棱瓜子[7]。波棱瓜子味苦, 性寒, 具有清肝利胆, 健脾助运的功效, 主治黄疸型传染性肝炎。现代研究表明, 波棱瓜子的主要活性成分为木脂素类化合物, 如波棱甲素、波棱内酯A、波棱酮、去氢双松柏醇等, 具有保肝降酶、抗乙肝病毒及抗肝纤维化等疗效[8, 9]。但木脂素类化合物在水中溶解度低, 传统煎煮工艺转移率低, 因而疗效受限。
本课题组前期研究发现, 难溶性成分波棱甲素在乙醇中溶解度良好, 通过微沉淀法形成纳米颗粒, 明显提高了波棱甲素的生物利用度[10]。受此现象启发, 本研究采用微沉淀法改良自组装过程, 即波棱瓜子水煎煮后, 以适当浓度乙醇提取残渣, 两液合并, 搅拌, 除醇, 水煎液和醇提液发生分子识别并在过饱和驱动力下形成自组装纳米粒(micro-precipitation self-assembled nanoparticles, MP-SAN)[11]。相比较传统水煎煮, 难溶性成分转移率大幅度提高, 且纳米粒粒径更小和更加稳定。本文采用紫外-可见光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射、热重分析和差示扫描量热法检验MP-SAN的形成并对其理化性质做表征。以去氢双松柏醇(dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol, DA)、波棱内酯A (herpetolide A, HPA)、波棱甲素(herpetrione, Her) 为代表性成分, 以含量和转移率为评价指标, 探讨波棱瓜子药材与MP-SAN间木脂素类成分的量值传递规律。本研究首次正视难溶性成分在煎煮液中转移率不高的事实, 通过探索中药汤剂新型制备方法, 为提高中药难溶性成分生物利用度提供新的思路。
仪器  Winner 802纳米激光粒度仪(济南微纳颗粒仪器股份有限公司); Tecnai G2 F30场发射透射电镜(美国FEI公司); KH5200DB型数控超声波清洗器(昆山禾创超声仪器有限公司); JM-A6002型电子天平(诸暨市超泽衡器设备有限公司); DK-98-I电热恒温水浴锅(天津泰斯特仪器有限公司); LC-20AD型高效液相色谱仪、岛津DSC-60 plus差示扫描量热仪、UV-2401PC紫外可见分光光度计(日本岛津公司); STA449F5 Jupiter同步热分析仪(德国耐驰仪器制造有限公司); D8 ADVANCEX-射线衍射仪(德国Bruker公司); Lab-1A-50型冻干机(北京博医康实验仪器有限公司); Nicolet™ iS50 FTIR光谱仪(赛默飞世尔科技公司)。
药品与试剂  波棱甲素(批号: 2206391101, 纯度≥ 98%)、波棱内酯A (批号: 2206391201, 纯度≥ 98%)、去氢双松柏醇(批号: HR868W1, 纯度≥ 98%) 均购自宝鸡市辰光生物科技有限公司。波棱瓜子购自四川恒诚致远生物科技有限公司, 经空军特色医学中心袁海龙研究员鉴定为相应药材。乙腈和甲醇均为色谱纯, 购自美国Fisher公司。其余试剂均为分析纯。
传统水煎液和MP-SAN的制备  传统水煎液的制备采用水煎煮工艺, 取波棱瓜子30 g, 加12倍量超纯水浸泡30 min, 回流煎煮1 h, 无纺纱布过滤, 重复提取1次, 过滤, 合并滤液并浓缩, 得传统水煎液(traditional decoction), 其中的纳米颗粒为SAN。采用微沉淀构建MP-SAN, 取波棱瓜子30 g, 加12倍量超纯水浸泡30 min, 回流煎煮1 h, 无纺纱布过滤, 得水煎液(decoction)。药渣再加8倍75%乙醇提取1 h, 过滤, 得醇提液(ethanol extraction)。合并两次滤液, 200 r·min-1搅拌5 min, 60 ℃减压旋转蒸发除去乙醇并浓缩, 得MP-SAN。
传统水煎液与MP-SAN的表征  取传统水煎液和MP-SAN适量, 稀释至合适浓度, 在25 ℃下用Winner 802纳米激光粒度仪测量粒径和多分散性指数(polydispersity index, PDI), 用JS94微电泳仪测定zeta电位; 分别吸取少量传统水煎液和MP-SAN滴于覆有碳膜的铜网上, 自然干燥后, 于透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM) 下观察形貌特征。以稳定系数(stability index, SI) 作为评价稳定性的指标。分别取适量待测样品溶液置于离心管中, 在3 000 r·min-1下离心15 min, 取未沉淀部分测定粒径[12]。采用下列公式计算SI: SI (%) =离心后未沉淀部分的平均粒径÷离心前的平均粒径×100%。其中, SI越接近100%, 稳定性越好。
紫外光谱检测  取水煎液、醇提液和MP-SAN适量, 分别装入两面透光的比色皿中, 用紫外-可见分光光度计测其在190~400 nm之间的吸收曲线。
红外光谱检测  称取适量水煎液、醇提液和MP-SAN冻干粉分别与光谱级溴化钾粉末以适当的质量比混合研磨。研磨均匀后压片, 傅里叶变换红外光谱仪的扫描范围为4 000~400 cm-1, 光谱分辨率为4 cm-1, 空气为背景。光谱软件(OMNIC 8.2) 记录和存储红外光谱。
X射线衍射分析  将水煎液、醇提液和MP-SAN的冻干粉置于研钵中研磨成粉末, 取适量粉末装入样品槽, 载玻片压片表面后, 放入衍射仪中进行测试。参数设置如下: Cu靶, 管压40 kV, 管电流25 mA, 扫描范围(2θ) 为3~60°, 扫描速率为2°·min-1[13]
热重分析  将水煎液、醇提液和MP-SAN的冻干粉放入氧化铝坩埚中进行制样, 在氮气保护下用热重分析仪测定样品随温度的升高而发生的变化。测试温度范围为35~500 ℃, 升温速率为10 ℃·min-1, 气体流速为30 mL·min-1
差示扫描量热分析  将水煎液、醇提液和MP-SAN的冻干粉置于差示扫描量热仪中, 在氮气保护下检测样品在35~400 ℃内的吸放热峰形。设置升温速率为10 ℃·min-1, 气体流速为30 mL·min-1[14]
样品含量测定及量值传递研究  精密称取1.0 g波棱瓜子粉末置于具塞锥形瓶中, 加入50 mL甲醇, 称定质量, 回流提取1 h, 放冷, 再称定重量, 用甲醇补足减失的重量, 摇匀、静置, 得药材供试品溶液。分别精密量取传统水煎液和MP-SAN溶液2 mL至10 mL量瓶中, 加入适量甲醇, 超声15 min, 取出放冷, 加入甲醇补充至刻度线, 0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤后待测。通过HPLC测定传统水煎液、MP-SAN和药材的供试品溶液中DA、Her、HPA含量, 计算转移率; 取适量传统水煎液和MP-SAN溶液置于离心管中, 13 000 r·min-1离心30 min, 取上清液1 mL用甲醇定容至5 mL, HPLC进样分析, 计算包封率。色谱条件如下, 色谱柱: Inertsil ODS-3 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm); 流动相: 水-乙腈(77∶23); 流速: 1.0 mL·min-1; 柱温: 30 ℃; 进样体积: 20 μL; 检测波长: 230 nm。
数据处理  采用SPSS 26.0软件对数据进行分析, 结果以$ \overline{x} $ ± s表示, 各组间数据比较采用单因素方差分析, 以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
图 1可知, 淡白色的水煎液和亮黄色的醇提液合并除醇后, 所得MP-SAN为棕黄色, 出现明显乳浊现象, 无沉降, 能较长时间稳定存在, 说明水煎液与醇提液中的化学成分发生相互作用, 使MP-SAN呈现复杂多相态状态。经Winner 802纳米激光粒度仪测定, SAN平均粒径为(459.5 ± 7.5) nm, PDI为(0.45 ± 0.06), MP-SAN平均粒径为(245.3 ± 3.2) nm, PDI为(0.13 ± 0.03), 粒径和PDI显著低于SAN组; 经TEM观察, MP-SAN呈现类球状结构且形态均匀, 而传统水煎液中的SAN出现团聚现象, 粒子间的边界不清晰且粒径差异大, 这与粒径分布结果一致。此外, MP-SAN的电位为(-48.9 ± 5.9) mV, SI为(86.05% ± 2.27%), 分别是SAN的2.21和1.23倍, 表明经由微沉淀法自组装形成的MP-SAN具有更好的稳定性。
为验证MP-SAN成功组装, 使用紫外可见分光光度计和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪分别检测水煎液、醇提液和MP-SAN。由图 2A可知, 水煎液的特征吸收峰在200和266 nm处, 醇提液的特征吸收峰在200 nm处, MP-SAN的特征吸收峰在203和288 nm处, 相较于水煎液和醇提液, MP-SAN的吸收峰发生红移且吸光度明显升高。由此推测, 水煎液和醇提液合并后发生分子间的相互作用引起共轭基团电子云排布变化。
图 2B可知, 水煎液红外图谱在3 272 cm-1处为羟基的伸缩振动吸收峰; 在1 544 cm-1处为酰胺的弯曲振动吸收峰。醇提液红外图谱在1 743 cm-1处为酯基上C=O伸缩振动吸收峰; 在1 600和1 515 cm-1处为苯环骨架振动吸收峰; 1 270和1 030 cm-1处分别为芳香醚和脂肪醚中C-O伸缩振动吸收峰, 这与木脂素类化合物中的苯环和醚键结构相吻合。MP-SAN的特征峰既包含水煎液和醇提液的特征峰如3 285、1 601、1 270 cm-1, 也存在新产生的吸收峰如1 377、1 327 cm-1。此外, MP-SAN在1 544 cm-1处酰胺的弯曲振动吸收峰消失, 这表明酰胺基团是发生自组装的重要作用位点。
水煎液、醇提液和MP-SAN的X射线衍射光谱见图 3。水煎液和醇提液分别在2θ = 19.0°和19.4°有一个宽衍射峰, 表明水煎液和醇提液中具有非晶特征的物质。经自组装后, MP-SAN在2θ = 21.4°的衍射峰相较于水煎液和醇提液的衍射峰半峰宽更宽、强度增加且衍射峰位置右移。衍射峰的强度增加是因为经自组装形成的纳米颗粒内部产生了更高的有序度, 即使没有形成完整的晶体结构, 但与水煎液和醇提液相比, 局部有序性增强[15]; 根据布拉格公式可知, 衍射峰右移, 晶面间距减小, 晶格常数减小。MP-SAN衍射峰的右移说明醇提液和水煎液中的物质发生相互作用, 导致晶格畸变, 使得晶格常数减小[16-18]。但中药中较低的晶体含量、多种成分衍射峰的重叠和无定型成分对X射线的弥散作用限制了利用XRD技术对中药成分及其自组装过程做进一步分析。为克服这些局限性, 下面利用热分析技术研究自组装后理化性质的变化。
通过热重曲线和热重微分曲线评估了水煎液、醇提液和MP-SAN的热稳定性。如图 4所示, 水煎液的初始重量损失在35~115 ℃, 是由水分或其他挥发性化合物的蒸发造成的, 在265~425 ℃时, 重量大幅下降, 这与水煎液中多糖等生物大分子的热降解有关[19]。醇提液的热降解反应发生在200~380 ℃, 这可能涉及醇提液中的木脂素类成分的有机骨架结构的降解。MP-SAN的重量损失主要发生在280~430 ℃, 仅在340 ℃有一个热分解峰, 这可能与分子间的组装和重新排列有关。由热重曲线可知, MP-SAN的热稳定性增强, 相较于水煎液和醇提液, 其热分解温度更高, 在500 ℃时重量损失总量更少。热稳定性的提升可能与自组装过程后的结晶度升高和规律的晶粒排列有关[20, 21]
图 5可知, 水煎液、醇提液和MP-SAN的玻璃化转变温度(glass transition temperature, Tg) 分别为55.88、62.68和76.87 ℃, 其表现为吸热峰而非台阶式变化是因为样品在Tg处伴随着分子弛豫现象, 当温度接近Tg时, 样品为回归热力学平衡态会从环境中吸热[22]。MP-SAN玻璃化转变吸热少, 是因为经过自组装后MP-SAN中无定型区域相较于水煎液和醇提液更少, 这与XRD结果相符。水煎液和醇提液在353.72和341.61 ℃分别有一个大的放热峰, 此处涉及样品的晶型变化和氧化降解等, 而MP-SAN在400 ℃前无成型的放热峰, 这与其热稳定性的显著提升有关[23]
通过建立DA、HPA和Her的HPLC方法学, 以药物的转移率和包封率为评价指标, 探讨波棱瓜子药材与MP-SAN间木脂素类成分的量值传递规律。经HPLC测定, MP-SAN中DA、HPA和Her的转移率均高于65% (图 6), 分别是96.01%、67.86%、65.55%, 为传统水煎液的1.34、1.38和4.81倍, 说明MP-SAN能有效克服难溶性成分转移率低的问题。MP-SAN中DA、HPA和Her的包封率均大于75%, 分别是77.00%、78.57%、94.53%, 为传统水煎液的2.29、1.25、1.38倍, 说明MP-SAN在自组装过程中能更好的包载木脂素类成分。此外, 综合DA、HPA、Her的转移率和包封率结果与药物的理化性质, 可推测水煎液中转移率越低的药物, 在采用改良工艺后, 其转移率提升越多且具有更高的包封率。
中药化学成分经煎煮后易发生分子间相互作用, 形成SAN, 可能发挥增溶、增效或减毒等功效, 但SAN中难溶性成分转移率不高的问题有待解决。本研究采用微沉淀法改良传统汤剂的自组装过程, 所形成的MP-SAN粒径均一, 呈现类球型结构, 无聚集现象, 其zeta电位的绝对值远高于SAN, 离心稳定性和热稳定性均优于SAN, 有效解决SAN稳定性差, 易聚集的问题; 同时, 利用光谱等分析技术对水煎液和醇提液间的自组装过程进行研究, 发现两者在非共价键的作用下发生电子云的重排, 进而使得MP-SAN的热稳定性提升。经HPLC测定, MP-SAN中的指标性成分DA、HPA、Her的转移率分别为96.01%、67.86%、65.55%, 分别是传统水煎液的1.34、1.38和4.81倍, 其转移率均大于65%。MP-SAN中DA、HPA、Her的包封率分别为77.00%、78.57%、94.53%, 其包封率均大于75%, 分别是传统水煎液的2.29、1.25、1.38倍, MP-SAN有效解决了难溶性成分转移率低问题的同时, 包封率也有明显提升。
综上所述, 本研究为提高中药汤剂难溶性成分转移率, 实现药物高效递送提供新的制剂思路, 同时也为中药汤剂的自组装过程研究提供了崭新的方向。该研究结合传统实践和现代理论, 守正创新, 首次正视难溶性成分在煎煮液中转移率不高事实, 构建MP-SAN多元自组装体系, 并提高难溶性成分的生物利用度, 探究行业共性关键问题, 具有较强的典型性与代表性, 充分体现传统医药特色, 相比较单纯难溶性成分纳米粒给药系统研究, 更加适用于中医药的现实场景, 助推中药制剂行业高质量发展。下一步, MP-SAN提高木脂素成分生物利用度作用机制、体内生物学规律等研究成果将陆续报道。
作者贡献: 朱煜文负责实验研究、分析数据和文章撰写; 邓翔、陈莉、宁建涛、薛玉叶负责实验研究; 申宝德和杭凌宇负责对文章的知识性内容进行审阅; 袁海龙负责思路指导和对文章的知识性内容进行审阅并提供研究经费。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明没有利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82174074)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(81873092)
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2024年第59卷第2期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0731
  • 接收时间:2023-06-09
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-09
  • 修回日期:2023-09-01
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(82174074)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(81873092)
作者信息
    1.空军军医大学, 空军特色医学中心药学部, 北京 100142
    2.江西中医药大学现代中药制剂教育部重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330004

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袁海龙, Tel: 86-10-66928505, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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