Article(id=1201177207784825656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201177206518145841, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0700, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1685548800000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-01, revisedDate=1693152000000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764312563128, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1704988800000, pubDateStr=2024-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764312563128, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764312563128, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764312563128, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201177206518145841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='268', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764312562826, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764312760268, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201178034725417827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201177206518145841, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201178034725417828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201177206518145841, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=17, endPage=24, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201177208124564287, articleId=1201177207784825656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Advances in Salmonella-mediated targeted tumor therapy, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Salmonella has emerged as a promising tumor-targeting strategy in recent years due to its good tumor targeting ability and certain safety. In order to further optimize its therapeutic effect, scientists have tried to modify Salmonella, including its attenuation and drug loading. This paper summarizes the mechanism and research progress of Salmonella-mediated targeted tumor therapy, and introduces the strategies and related progress of its modification and optimization. At the same time, the advantages, current challenges and future development directions of Salmonella-mediated tumor therapy are summarized.

, correspAuthors=Zi-chun HUA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhao-rui LÜ, Dong-yi LI, Yu-yang ZHU, He-qi HUANG, Hao-nan LI, Zi-chun HUA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201177208443331401, articleId=1201177207784825656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=沙门氏菌介导的肿瘤靶向治疗研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

沙门氏菌用于肿瘤治疗是近年来新兴的一种肿瘤靶向治疗策略, 因其良好的肿瘤靶向性和一定的安全性而受到人们的关注。为了进一步优化其治疗效果, 科学家们尝试对沙门氏菌进行改造, 包括对其进行减毒改造以及利用其荷载药物等。本文对沙门氏菌靶向治疗肿瘤的机制和研究进展进行了总结, 并介绍了对其进行改造优化的策略和相关进展, 同时对沙门氏菌治疗肿瘤的优势、目前面临的问题及未来发展方向进行了分析, 以期为该领域的后续研究提供思路。

, correspAuthors=华子春, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*华子春, Tel: 86-25-83324605, E-mail:
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School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
2. School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing 210023, China
3. Nanjing Genrecom Laboratories, Ltd., Nanjing 210032, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1201177211463230424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177207784825656, authorId=1201177211173823430, language=CN, stringName=华子春, firstName=子春, middleName=null, lastName=华, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, *, address=1.中国药科大学生物药物学院, 江苏 南京 211198
2.南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023
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沙门氏菌介导的肿瘤靶向治疗研究进展
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吕昭睿 1 , 李东仪 1 , 朱宇阳 1 , 黄荷淇 1 , 李浩楠 1 , 华子春 1, 2, 3, *
药学学报 | 综述 2024,59(1): 17-24
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药学学报 | 综述 2024, 59(1): 17-24
沙门氏菌介导的肿瘤靶向治疗研究进展
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吕昭睿1, 李东仪1, 朱宇阳1, 黄荷淇1, 李浩楠1, 华子春1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国药科大学生物药物学院, 江苏 南京 211198
  • 2.南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023
  • 3.南京吉芮康生物科技研究院, 江苏 南京 210032

通讯作者:

*华子春, Tel: 86-25-83324605, E-mail:
Advances in Salmonella-mediated targeted tumor therapy
Zhao-rui LÜ1, Dong-yi LI1, Yu-yang ZHU1, He-qi HUANG1, Hao-nan LI1, Zi-chun HUA1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
  • 2. School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 3. Nanjing Genrecom Laboratories, Ltd., Nanjing 210032, China
出版时间: 2024-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0700
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沙门氏菌用于肿瘤治疗是近年来新兴的一种肿瘤靶向治疗策略, 因其良好的肿瘤靶向性和一定的安全性而受到人们的关注。为了进一步优化其治疗效果, 科学家们尝试对沙门氏菌进行改造, 包括对其进行减毒改造以及利用其荷载药物等。本文对沙门氏菌靶向治疗肿瘤的机制和研究进展进行了总结, 并介绍了对其进行改造优化的策略和相关进展, 同时对沙门氏菌治疗肿瘤的优势、目前面临的问题及未来发展方向进行了分析, 以期为该领域的后续研究提供思路。

沙门氏菌  /  肿瘤  /  靶向治疗  /  减毒  /  溶瘤细菌

Salmonella has emerged as a promising tumor-targeting strategy in recent years due to its good tumor targeting ability and certain safety. In order to further optimize its therapeutic effect, scientists have tried to modify Salmonella, including its attenuation and drug loading. This paper summarizes the mechanism and research progress of Salmonella-mediated targeted tumor therapy, and introduces the strategies and related progress of its modification and optimization. At the same time, the advantages, current challenges and future development directions of Salmonella-mediated tumor therapy are summarized.

Salmonella  /  tumor  /  targeted therapy  /  attenuation  /  oncolytic bacteria
吕昭睿, 李东仪, 朱宇阳, 黄荷淇, 李浩楠, 华子春. 沙门氏菌介导的肿瘤靶向治疗研究进展. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (1) : 17 -24 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0700
Zhao-rui LÜ, Dong-yi LI, Yu-yang ZHU, He-qi HUANG, Hao-nan LI, Zi-chun HUA. Advances in Salmonella-mediated targeted tumor therapy[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (1) : 17 -24 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0700
癌症是当今人类健康的主要“杀手”之一。由于癌症的异质性及肿瘤微环境的复杂性, 癌症的成因目前仍未得到完全阐明。目前的抗肿瘤治疗方法存在靶向性差、治疗面窄和易复发等问题, 新型靶向性抗肿瘤方法亟待开发。
自19世纪80年代Coley观察到部分肿瘤患者感染化脓性链球菌后出现肿瘤消退现象[1]以来, 肿瘤的细菌疗法逐渐受到关注。21世纪后, 随着基因工程等生物技术的发展, 沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌及李斯特菌等厌氧菌或兼性厌氧菌菌种[2]因其优良的肿瘤靶向性和一定的免疫调节作用而被应用于抗肿瘤研究中[3]
沙门氏菌因具有一定免疫原性而在应用过程中存在治疗窗口小、安全性低等问题。为在保证沙门氏菌抗肿瘤活性的同时尽可能提升其安全性, 可对毒性相关基因[如鞭毛相关基因、脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 相关基因等] 进行敲除, 或构建营养缺陷型菌株。随着基因工程技术的成熟, 研究人员已通过对沙门氏菌进行基因工程改造, 获得多种具有减毒效果的优良菌株[4-12]
除本身作为肿瘤抑制剂使用外, 沙门氏菌还可荷载核酸药物[7-13]、纳米药物[14]及脂质体药物, 实现药物向肿瘤内部的精准递送。沙门氏菌与化学疗法的联用同样取得了显著的治疗效果[15-17]。随着免疫疗法的发展, 免疫疗法与沙门氏菌联用的抗肿瘤方法同样引起了研究人员的关注, 如Wu等[18]报道的“特洛伊式”沙门氏工程菌利用巨噬细胞荷载沙门氏工程菌, 从而起到更好地激活免疫、改善肿瘤部位免疫微环境及缓解免疫抑制的作用。总而言之, 沙门氏菌介导的靶向性的抗肿瘤疗法或将为肿瘤治疗提供新思路。本文将对该领域的研究进展进行综述。
目前, 临床常用的传统治疗肿瘤的方法主要有手术、化学疗法[19, 20]及放射性疗法。手术疗法能直接切除癌变区域, 是癌症早期的首选治疗方法, 但治疗受肿瘤类型、部位及肿瘤阶段等因素的限制, 且肿瘤复发可能性较高。化疗和放疗主要通过细胞毒性药物或放射性射线杀伤肿瘤细胞。尽管放化疗可有效杀伤癌细胞, 但由于传统的药物递送体系靶向性较差、缺乏选择性, 而对正常细胞同样具有一定杀伤性, 产生较大不良反应。
除传统疗法外, 一些新兴疗法近年来也逐渐投入临床使用。分子靶向药物因其可以选择性地杀伤肿瘤细胞而受到广泛关注, 但分子靶向药物仅适用于部分患者, 且同样会产生肿瘤耐药。近年来, 免疫疗法展现出较好的临床疗效, 遗憾的是, 由于免疫疗法通过激发机体自身免疫细胞发挥治疗作用, 已有研究表明免疫疗法对于胰腺癌、卵巢癌等免疫浸润程度低的“冷肿瘤”治疗效果欠佳[21], 且免疫治疗的费用相对较高; 而且随着免疫疗法在临床运用的扩大和拓展, 其脱靶不良反应也逐渐显现。近年来, 快速发展的光动力疗法和光热疗法分别通过诱导产生活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 或单线态氧[22]及升高肿瘤部位温度[23]起到细胞杀伤作用, 能有效提高治疗的靶向性、降低治疗不良反应, 但治疗机制目前仍未得到完全阐明, 且由于光穿透能力有限, 光动力疗法与光热疗法对深层肿瘤的治疗效果欠佳。因此, 新型抗肿瘤药物递送策略亟待开发。21世纪以来, 抗肿瘤细菌由于其较好的靶向性及抗肿瘤活性而逐渐受到关注。
沙门氏菌(Salmonella) 在分类上归属于肠杆菌科的沙门氏菌属, 1885年由沙门氏等发现可引起霍乱疾病的猪霍乱沙门氏菌而得名, 1980年国际细菌分类委员会将沙门氏菌属分为鼠伤寒沙门氏菌等5个种[24]。沙门氏菌革兰染色呈阴性, 为条件性胞内寄生菌, 菌体大小为(0.7~1.5 μm) × (2.0~5.0 μm), 无芽孢, 大多具有周生鞭毛, 通常可运动。
沙门氏菌是一种常见的致病菌, 广泛分布于全球各地, 可通过摄入受污染的食物或水或与带菌者密切接触而感染, 引起伤寒、急性肠胃炎和慢性肠炎等疾病[25]。沙门氏菌可以在包括巨噬细胞、树突状细胞、上皮细胞和其他白细胞在内的人体各种细胞中生存和复制[26]。菌体进入消化道后, 首先入侵肠上皮细胞, 随后侵染巨噬细胞等免疫细胞, 再经由免疫细胞循环传播到全身各处, 最后造成全身扩散感染。
沙门氏菌的致病能力与其所含有的毒力因子密切相关, 主要包括毒力岛毒力因子、质粒毒力因子、结构性毒力因子等[27, 28]。沙门氏菌毒力岛(Salmonella pathogenicity island, SPI) 是一段位于沙门氏菌基因组上的DNA片段, 含有大量与毒力有关的基因。迄今为止已经发现了24个SPI, 分别参与沙门氏菌感染宿主、在宿主细胞内复制与存活以及产生抗生素耐药性等多项生理过程[26]。分布于SPI-1和SPI-2的Ⅲ型分泌系统(type III secretion systems, T3SS) 产生的毒力因子在沙门氏菌入侵宿主细胞的过程中发挥着至关重要的作用[27]。结构性毒力因子鞭毛和菌毛赋予了沙门氏菌侵袭力, 沙门氏菌可以借助菌毛黏附和定植在肠上皮细胞表面, 并保护菌体不被人体的免疫系统清除。沙门氏菌还可生成肠毒素等内外毒素, 对宿主产生毒性[29]
沙门氏菌侵染人体后, 可以引起宿主产生一系列生理反应。SPI-1编码的SipB蛋白可引起宿主细胞的caspase-1活化, 进而诱导细胞凋亡, 并参与引起肠道组织炎症[27]。沙门氏菌的入侵还可引起宿主细胞启动异体自噬(xenophagy)[30], 以此来限制沙门氏菌繁殖, 而沙门氏菌也可通过T3SS产生效应蛋白来抑制这一过程[29]。此外, 沙门氏菌还可引起宿主细胞产生抗菌ROS和活性氮(reactive nitrogen species, RNS) 反应[31]、抗菌肽反应、调节巨噬细胞某些miRNA的水平[32]、调节宿主细胞迁移、诱导巨噬细胞生成外泌体[33]、影响宿主细胞的代谢[34]和金属离子平衡等。
研究表明, 某些类型的沙门氏菌(如VNP20009) 更喜欢聚集于肿瘤组织内。在癌变的肝脾中, 沙门氏菌的浓集程度是正常肝脾组织的1 000多倍[35]。沙门氏菌靶向肿瘤的机制尚未研究透彻, 可能与组织血流速度、肿瘤微环境的缺氧状态及沙门氏菌的趋化特性有关。肿瘤组织具有高通透性和滞留效应(enhanced permeability and retention effect, EPR), 肿瘤组织血管的内皮细胞间隙疏松, 给沙门氏菌提供了逃逸空间。沙门氏菌的逃逸可以是主动或被动的。少量细菌偶然经血流被动冲至间隙开口逃逸至瘤组织并大量繁殖, 同时沙门氏菌可诱导血管干扰素的表达, 使更多血液流向肿瘤血管, 增加逃逸细菌数量[36]。另外, 沙门氏菌也可利用趋化系统和运动性主动穿过血管[37], 通常利用实体瘤的缺氧信号进行定位, 肿瘤微环境中的某些化学物质也有助于沙门氏菌定位, 天冬氨酸受体、丝氨酸受体和核糖/半乳糖受体在沙门氏菌定位、渗透肿瘤的过程中都起到一定作用[38]
沙门氏菌可有效穿透瘤组织, 到达肿瘤内部, 因而具有治疗深层实体瘤的强大潜力。但对于沙门氏菌的趋化运动是否影响其渗透性的意见仍存在分歧。Sznol等[39]发现, 肿瘤感染沙门氏菌初期, 菌落在体内呈不同大小地散在分布, 其中血管周的菌落较大; 感染1周后, 细菌经迁移多聚集于肿瘤坏死区域, 运动性强的细菌组织渗透更深。然而, 也有研究[40]表明鼠伤寒沙门氏菌在瘤内的迁移可能不依赖于运动性和趋化性。此外, 宿主的免疫系统可能也会影响细菌在瘤组织中的分布[41]
沙门氏菌具有内在的抗肿瘤活性, 其具体机制还未阐明。沙门氏菌可诱导癌细胞凋亡, 可能的机制包括与癌细胞竞争营养物质及释放细胞毒素。沙门氏菌还可通过下调AKT/mTOR通路信号引起细胞自噬, 自噬程度与作用时间和菌的浓度有关[42]。AKT/mTOR信号通路在调控肿瘤细胞凋亡和自噬过程中起到重要作用, 当凋亡通路被阻断时, 肿瘤细胞自噬增加。此通路不只在杀伤肿瘤细胞中发挥作用, 也能抑制多种癌蛋白的表达, 例如P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein, P-gp)、低氧诱导因子(hypoxia-inducible factor, HIF)、基质金属蛋白酶-9 (matrix metallopeptidase 9, MMP-9) 等, 从而抑制肿瘤血管生长、免疫抑制、耐药和转移。
沙门氏菌的另一抑癌机制是通过抑制血管生成而抑制肿瘤生长。无论在体内还是体外, 沙门氏菌感染都能降低血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) 的表达[43]。VEGF是一种重要的血管生长因子[44]。前文已述沙门氏菌对AKT/mTOR通路的抑制作用, 其中抑制HIF1α的作用可进一步抑制VEGF表达。在黑色素细胞瘤中, 沙门氏菌感染可诱导连接蛋白43 (connexin 43, Cx43)[45]上调, 有研究发现Cx43可下调HIF1α和VEGF[46]。肿瘤周围的血管数量减少, 肿瘤供血不足, 无法持续生长。且肿瘤周围血管含量越丰富, 沙门氏菌对血管的抑制作用出现得越早。
沙门氏菌不只有内在的抗肿瘤活性, 还能增强宿主的免疫反应。机体免疫细胞具有免疫激活和抑制的调节机制, 免疫抑制一般由调节性T细胞(regulatory T cell, Treg) 和髓系来源的抑制细胞引起。部分机制被肿瘤细胞利用, 造成其“免疫逃逸”。有研究称沙门氏菌感染能恢复肿瘤微环境的免疫原性, 诱导肿瘤抗原提呈及随后的肿瘤特异性免疫应答, 通过招募中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞、树突细胞等免疫细胞到达瘤组织杀伤癌细胞[45, 47]; 感染沙门氏菌的荷瘤小鼠瘤内髓系细胞表型和功能成熟, 表现出较弱的免疫抑制, 从而表现出更强的免疫反应[48]; 此外, 沙门氏菌可以降低免疫抑制分子吲哚胺2, 3-双加氧酶(indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase, IDO) 的表达, 而IDO可以激活Treg, 使效应T细胞失活, 甚至使免疫细胞凋亡[49]。将VNP20009和ΔppGpp两种减毒沙门氏菌菌株分别通过瘤内注射进行小鼠神经鞘瘤模型治疗时, 发现二者均显著增加了肿瘤组织中CD45和CD68细胞浸润, 诱导了全身抗肿瘤免疫, 并产生了免疫记忆[43]。沙门氏菌的LPS和鞭毛等成分被证实可以激活宿主的免疫反应从而发挥抗肿瘤活性, 纯化的沙门氏菌LPS可以诱导高水平的肿瘤坏死因子α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) 和肿瘤特异性CD8+ T细胞应答, 最终有效清除CT26肿瘤[50]; 鞭毛蛋白/TLR5/NFκB通路在沙门氏菌介导的癌症治疗中具有重要作用, 且TLRs激动剂可用于肿瘤免疫治疗[51]。然而也有研究称, 沙门氏菌介导的抗肿瘤作用并不依赖于T淋巴细胞和T细胞依赖的抗体反应[48]。虽然已有证据表明沙门氏菌可激活宿主免疫系统, 但是由于各研究者使用的细胞系、实验动物品系和肿瘤类型不同, 得出的机制也不尽相同甚至矛盾。最近, Wu等[52]通过联合细胞测温法证明减毒沙门氏菌可诱导巨噬细胞发生焦亡样变化, 并导致细胞温度升高, 此研究对理解减毒沙门氏菌引起的肿瘤能量代谢变化和探索潜在的抗肿瘤机制具有指导意义。
沙门氏菌的改造首先是要降低菌株的毒性、提高安全性, 目前主要的策略包括通过遗传工程方法改造菌体成分(降低免疫原性)、构建基础代谢物营养缺陷型(使其仅能在肿瘤组织存活, 降低全身毒性) 以及敲除与毒力蛋白的表达和分泌相关的基因。沙门氏菌减毒改造菌株中首先需要提到的是VNP20009。在革兰阴性细菌中, 细菌感染造成的危害多半来源于其表面的脂多糖部分[53]。Low等[54, 55]在沙门氏菌菌株YS72 (purI基因缺失) 中引入了msbB基因缺陷, 前者是代谢相关基因, 缺失导致嘌呤营养缺陷, 抑制其在正常组织中的存活, 后者编码参与LPS的组分脂质A合成的酰基转移酶, 改变了LPS结构, 降低了对宿主过高的免疫激活, 从而构建了保留沙门氏菌靶向肿瘤能力的抗生素敏感菌株VNP20009, 其与野生型菌株相比减毒了10 000多倍, 并且具有肿瘤∶肝脏定植比 > 1 000∶1的优良靶向性。VNP20009在不同类型的肿瘤中都展现出了较好的抑瘤效果。在实体瘤方面, 静脉注射VNP20009可抑制小鼠黑色素瘤及肺转移瘤的生长[4]; 此外, 沙门氏菌VNP20009可表达周期抑制因子从而在结肠癌中发挥抗肿瘤作用[56]。在非实体瘤中, VNP20009在体内和体外都能诱导多种类型白血病细胞凋亡, 其同时通过激活免疫系统产生强烈的抗肿瘤反应, 导致急性白血病缓解[57]。在VNP20009的基础上, 研究人员进一步改造, 获得了多株性能优化的沙门氏菌菌株。如通过敲除htrA基因以改善VNP20009的安全性[58, 59], 但在仍保留并有所提升其强肿瘤靶向性的同时, 抗癌能力却有所降低, 启示了在菌株改造时兼顾安全性和疗效的艰巨性。
目前, 已报道许多通过构建基础代谢物营养缺陷型来进行沙门氏菌减毒改造的案例。携带ΔaroA突变的沙门氏菌缺少芳香化酶, 不能自主合成芳香族氨基酸, 而肿瘤微环境通常富含此类氨基酸, 因此有助于此菌株向肿瘤组织的特异性定植, 从而降低全身毒性, 研究表明此菌株在结肠炎相关结直肠癌模型和自发肠癌模型小鼠中可有效降低肿瘤负荷[60, 61]。另一种重要的营养缺陷型减毒沙门氏菌菌株为精氨酸和亮氨酸缺陷的A1-R, 其对转移性人类前列腺癌、乳腺癌、胰腺癌和胶质瘤等有效[5, 62-64]。在肺癌模型裸鼠中, 与VNP20009相比, A1-R对肿瘤的毒性更强, 对宿主的毒性更小[65], 表明A1-R也是一个有前景的减毒沙门氏菌治疗方案。
敲除与毒力蛋白的表达和分泌相关的基因同样是一种有效的减毒策略。ΔppGpp菌株敲除了relAspoT两个基因, 导致其无法合成细菌重要的代谢中间分子5′二磷酸-3′二磷酸鸟苷(ppGpp), 从而抑制了毒力蛋白的表达, 毒性显著降低, 在体内外实验中均表现出较VNP20009更低的毒性[66]
除了细菌自身对癌细胞的抑制作用, 沙门氏菌因其对肿瘤组织的高靶向性, 也是一个优秀的药物靶向递送载体, 因此可进一步构建表达细胞毒药物的改造菌株。科学家们在减毒沙门氏菌的基础上, 又构建了一系列新型重组工程菌株, 充分发挥其肿瘤靶向性优势。目前已有沙门氏菌经改造后表达由转化生长因子α (transforming growth factor alpha, TGF-α) 和缺乏天然膜结合域的截断型假单胞菌外毒素A (pseudomonas exotoxin A, PEA) 组成的嵌合蛋白; TGF-α为表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) 的配体, 嵌合蛋白从细菌中释放后, 可选择性地杀死EGFR阳性的癌细胞, 并在多个小鼠肿瘤模型中抑制了表达EGFR的肿瘤的生长[67, 68]。此外, 也有利用沙门氏菌装载前药转化酶, 以达到药物靶向治疗的效果。经工程改造表达大肠杆菌胞嘧啶脱氨酶的VNP20009菌株与5-氟胞嘧啶(5-fluorocytosine, 5-FC) 联合后, 在结直肠癌模型中显示出明显提高的抗肿瘤活性[69]。同时, 具有免疫调节活性的蛋白质经由肿瘤靶向性细菌传递, 被证明具有很好的治疗效果。异源鞭毛蛋白被用作一种有效的免疫调节剂, 鼠伤寒沙门氏菌ΔppGpp菌株经改造后可分泌创伤弧菌鞭毛蛋白B (Vibrio vulnificus flagellin B, FlaB), 其抑制肿瘤生长的能力显著提高[70]; 另有研究将ΔppGpp菌株工程化改造以分泌FlaB与白细胞介素-15的融合蛋白, 抑制了小鼠皮下肿瘤生长, 并且比单独表达这两种蛋白更有效地提高了小鼠存活率[71]。Binder等[72]使用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌A1-R携带外源性肿瘤特异性抗原进入肿瘤, 以增加抗原水平, 并产生促炎肿瘤微环境, 使得内源性CD8+ T细胞恢复效应; 用此方案治疗提高了小鼠存活率, 并使部分小鼠对黑色素瘤产生长期的免疫排斥反应。随着免疫检查点抑制剂的大量研究, 使用细菌表达免疫检查点抑制剂以抑制肿瘤生长也成为了新的可行思路, 并已取得了一定的研究进展[73]。如Zhou等[74]通过腹腔注射表达PD-1的VNP20009改造菌株, 释放PD-1与T细胞竞争结合肿瘤细胞表面的PD-L1, 从而减少肿瘤免疫逃逸, 促进杀伤肿瘤免疫作用。Wu等[18]则使用巨噬细胞装载了工程菌株VNP20009-PD1nb, 其在被巨噬细胞释放后表达并分泌纳米PD-1抗体, 通过增加免疫细胞浸润重新激活肿瘤微环境, 抑制肿瘤细胞增殖, 将肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor-associated macrophages, TAMs) 重塑为M1样表型并显著激活CD8+ T细胞, 从而抑制小鼠黑色素瘤。
目前, 多项研究显示部分细菌具有抗肿瘤活性, 如鼠伤寒沙门氏菌[75-77]、大肠杆菌[78, 79]、李斯特菌[80-82]、双歧杆菌[83, 84]和链球菌[85]等。而沙门氏菌相较于传统肿瘤疗法及其他溶瘤细菌具有如下优势: 第一, 沙门氏菌具有较高的肿瘤靶向性和安全性。在动物模型实验中, 减毒沙门氏菌高靶向性和高安全性的特点已得到较多证据的证实[35, 86, 87]。第二, 沙门氏菌展现出优越的肿瘤浸润能力和抑制肿瘤血管生成的能力。尽管目前沙门氏菌的肿瘤靶向机制尚不明了, 但研究结果显示, 沙门氏菌具有较好的肿瘤微环境选择性, 这项特性可以弥补放化疗无法深入肿瘤内部的缺点[88], 实现协同抗肿瘤作用。不仅如此, 沙门氏菌还可以降低肿瘤微血管密度和VEGF的水平[89], 从而达到抑制肿瘤血管生成、延缓肿瘤生长的目的。第三, 沙门氏菌具有内在抗肿瘤活性而且会激活宿主肿瘤微环境内的免疫反应。一方面, 肿瘤细胞被沙门氏菌通过细胞凋亡和自噬途径, 诱导死亡[90]; 另一方面, 沙门氏菌可以提高宿主肿瘤微环境中T细胞的数量和活性[47], 引发炎症反应, 打破肿瘤组织免疫逃逸, 由此实现抗肿瘤的目标。近年来, 大量研究表明沙门氏菌与免疫检查点抑制剂联合使用可以获得更好的疗效, 提高肿瘤对免疫检查点抑制剂的敏感性和响应能力, 提示此种联合治疗策略或将成为未来癌症治疗的发展方向[43, 91]。最后, 沙门氏菌具有易被修饰和改造的特点, 从而可大大提升其靶向性和安全性。兼之沙门氏菌可以在宿主体内实现自我繁殖, 即使在耳静脉少量注射、也可达到全身给药的效果。
目前, 关于沙门氏菌的肿瘤靶向机制研究并不透彻, 且针对沙门氏菌定植后有关阻断肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸现象、引起宿主细胞免疫应激和导致肿瘤细胞坏死等作用和机制也尚待深入挖掘。
虽然减毒沙门氏菌可以作为优秀的基因传递载体这一结论, 已经在动物实验以及临床I、II期试验中得到验证, 但是, 人体试验疗效并没有取得预期的效果[92]。沙门氏菌作为致病菌, 仍需考虑其毒副作用风险[87]
沙门氏菌仍是有潜力的候选抗肿瘤药物, 需要在此基础上开发安全更好、靶向性更高、药效作用更强的减毒沙门氏菌菌株。如何有效地降低人体对重组菌株的免疫排斥, 以及如何将细菌疗法和其他治疗方法进行联用, 这些问题都是沙门氏菌作为抗肿瘤药物迈向临床应用道路上所面临的多重挑战。随着分子生物学、合成生物学、化学、纳米技术等相关学科和技术的发展, 在研究人员的不懈努力之下, 沙门氏菌在癌症治疗领域的应用终将大有可为。
作者贡献: 吕昭睿负责确定选题、拟定论文框架和对稿件进行初步校验; 吕昭睿、李东仪、朱宇阳、黄荷淇、李浩楠负责文献调研及论文撰写; 华子春负责论文整个选题和写作过程的指导、把关, 以及论文的修改和定稿。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(32250016)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82130106)
  • 常州市科技局(CJ20220019)
  • 常州市科技局(CJ2023001)
  • 常州市科技局(CJ20235009)
  • 南京市生命健康科技专项计划(202110016)
  • 大学生创新创业训练计划项目成果(2023103161383)
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2024年第59卷第1期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0700
  • 接收时间:2023-06-01
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-01
  • 修回日期:2023-08-28
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(32250016)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82130106)
常州市科技局(CJ20220019)
常州市科技局(CJ2023001)
常州市科技局(CJ20235009)
南京市生命健康科技专项计划(202110016)
大学生创新创业训练计划项目成果(2023103161383)
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    1.中国药科大学生物药物学院, 江苏 南京 211198
    2.南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023
    3.南京吉芮康生物科技研究院, 江苏 南京 210032

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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