Article(id=1198656290437300748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0659, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1684684800000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-22, revisedDate=1692547200000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711529593, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1699718400000, pubDateStr=2023-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711529593, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711529593, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711529593, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656283525087620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3476', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711527949, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711688683, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3461, endPage=3472, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656290810593824, articleId=1198656290437300748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Polygonatum franchetii Hua, a Chinese endemic medicinal species, and phylogenetic relationships of Polygonatum, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Polygonatum franchetii Hua is a medicinal plant endemic to China from Polygonatum Mill. The chloroplast genomes of two P. franchetii individuals sampled from two different habitats were sequenced by using the DNBSEQ-T7 high-throughput sequencing platform. After assembly and annotation, the two complete chloroplast genomes were characterized, and then comparative and phylogenetic analyses were performed with other published chloroplast genome sequences from Polygonatum. The whole chloroplast genomes of the two P. franchetii individuals were 155 942 and 155 962 bp in length, with a large single copy region (LSC, 84 670 and 84 722 bp), a small single copy region (SSC, 18 564 and 18 566 bp) and a pair of reverse repeats (IRa/IRb, 26 354 and 26 337 bp), respectively. Both of them contained 113 genes, including 79 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 30 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 4 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Comparative analyses showed that the genome length, the guanine and cytosine (GC) content, genes content and order were highly conserved between the two P. franchetii individuals and among different Polygonatum species. The detected repeat sequences, including dispersed repeats, tandem repeats and simple sequence repeats (SSRs), were also relatively similar in types and positions, though showing a slightly difference in number. No significant expansion or contraction of the inverted repeat regions was found. Sequences variation between the two P. franchetii individuals was lower than that among different Polygonatum species. Besides, coding sequences (CDS) showed less divergence than noncoding sequences, and sequence divergence of IRs regions was lower than that of the LSC and SSC regions, both intraspecifically and interspecifically. Eight sequences with high nucleotide diversity among different species were screened, all of which were found located in the LSC and SSC regions. Phylogenetic inference showed that all Polygonatum species clustered into a monophyletic clade with a 100% bootstrap value, within which, species in section Verticillata formed a distinct group, section Sibirica and section Polygonatum were sister groups. The two P. franchetii individuals grouped together and showed the closest phylogenetic affinity to P. stenophyllum Maxim., belonging to the section Verticillata. The chloroplast genome of P. franchetii and its phylogenetic position in Polygonatum were comprehensively investigated and clearly elucidated in this study, the results may lay a foundation for the resource development and utilization of P. franchetii, as well as further molecular identification and phylogenetic studies of medicinal Polygonatum species.

, correspAuthors=Jing GAO, Ming-ying ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-ping CHENG, Xia ZHAO, Yi-min LI, Gang ZHANG, Yong-gang YAN, Jing GAO, Ming-ying ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656294585467659, articleId=1198656290437300748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=中国特有药用植物距药黄精的叶绿体全基因组解析及黄精属种间系统发育关系分析, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

距药黄精Polygonatum franchetii Hua为黄精属Polygonatum Mill.中国特有药用植物。本研究利用DNBSEQ-T7高通量测序平台测序获得距药黄精2个分别来自不同产地个体的叶绿体全基因组序列, 完成组装注释和特征解析, 并将其与同属已发表植物叶绿体全基因组进行了比较和系统发育分析。距药黄精2个个体叶绿体全基因组长度分别为155 942和155 962 bp, 各包含一个大单拷贝区(large single copy, LSC; 84 670、84 722 bp), 一个小单拷贝区(small single copy, SSC; 18 564、18 566 bp) 和一对反向重复区(inverted repeats, IRa/IRb; 26 354、26 337 bp); 两者均编码113个基因, 包括79个蛋白编码基因、30个tRNA基因和4个rRNA基因。基因组比较分析结果表明, 距药黄精同种2个个体间及黄精属不同种间叶绿体全基因组序列长度、GC (guanine and cytosine) 含量、基因组成及排列顺序均高度保守, 所包含的重复序列类型及分布位置亦较为一致, IRs区未发生明显的扩张或收缩。距药黄精2个个体间叶绿体基因组序列的变异小于不同种间, 种内、种间编码基因序列变异均小于非编码基因序列, IRs区序列变异均小于LSC、SSC区; 共筛选到8条核苷酸多样性较高的种间高变异序列, 分别位于LSC和SSC区。系统发育分析结果显示, 黄精属所有物种以100%的支持率构成一个单系, 属内轮叶组单独构成一支, 黄精组和互叶组构成姐妹分支, 距药黄精2个个体聚为一支, 位于轮叶组内, 与狭叶黄精P. stenophyllum Maxim.亲缘关系最近。本研究对距药黄精叶绿体全基因组进行了全面解析并基于叶绿体系统发育基因组学分析阐明了其在黄精属的系统发育位置, 研究结果将为距药黄精的资源开发利用及黄精属药用植物种间分子鉴定、系统发育等研究提供基础。

, correspAuthors=高静, 张明英, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*高静, Tel: 86-29-38185165, E-mail: ;
张明英, E-mail:
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College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960238687777374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, companyId=1198960238658417244, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.陕西中医药大学药学院, 陕西省秦岭中草药应用开发工程技术研究中心, 陕西 西安 712046)])]), Author(id=1198960239761519321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1198960239950263023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, authorId=1198960239761519321, language=EN, stringName=Yi-min LI, firstName=Yi-min, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, China
2. Key Laboratory for Research of "Qin Medicine" of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1198960240113840893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, authorId=1198960239761519321, language=CN, stringName=李依民, firstName=依民, middleName=null, lastName=李, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.陕西中医药大学药学院, 陕西省秦岭中草药应用开发工程技术研究中心, 陕西 西安 712046
2.陕西中医药大学, 陕西省中医药管理局"秦药"研发重点实验室, 陕西 西安 712046, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960238658417244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960238671000158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, companyId=1198960238658417244, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960238687777374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, companyId=1198960238658417244, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.陕西中医药大学药学院, 陕西省秦岭中草药应用开发工程技术研究中心, 陕西 西安 712046)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198960238813606505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960238821995117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, companyId=1198960238813606505, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Key Laboratory for Research of "Qin Medicine" of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960238834578029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, companyId=1198960238813606505, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.陕西中医药大学, 陕西省中医药管理局"秦药"研发重点实验室, 陕西 西安 712046)])]), Author(id=1198960240294195982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1198960240445190940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, authorId=1198960240294195982, language=EN, stringName=Gang ZHANG, firstName=Gang, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, China
2. Key Laboratory for Research of "Qin Medicine" of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1198960240608768816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, authorId=1198960240294195982, language=CN, stringName=张岗, firstName=岗, middleName=null, lastName=张, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.陕西中医药大学药学院, 陕西省秦岭中草药应用开发工程技术研究中心, 陕西 西安 712046
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Sci Rep, 2023, 13: 6779., articleTitle=Comparative chloroplast genome analysis of seven extant Citrullus species insight into genetic variation, phylogenetic relationships, and selective pressure, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960246791172506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, awardId=82003898, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(82003898), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960246933778862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, awardId=2022JM-458, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2022JM-458), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960247072190913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, awardId=104080001, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西中医药大学博士科研启动经费(104080001), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960247235768783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, awardId=2019-QN01, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西中医药大学“秦药”品质评价及资源开发学科创新团队项目(2019-QN01), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960238658417244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960238671000158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, companyId=1198960238658417244, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960238687777374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, companyId=1198960238658417244, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.陕西中医药大学药学院, 陕西省秦岭中草药应用开发工程技术研究中心, 陕西 西安 712046)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198960238813606505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960238821995117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, companyId=1198960238813606505, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Key Laboratory for Research of "Qin Medicine" of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960238834578029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, companyId=1198960238813606505, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.陕西中医药大学, 陕西省中医药管理局"秦药"研发重点实验室, 陕西 西安 712046)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960243934851169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=IF8kOaorEjOJ2tEKAqF3rA==, figureFileBig=Re89lvK2VRXFF+BvDsDTaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960244056486004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Chloroplast genome map of the two <i>P. franchetii</i> individuals. Genes inside of the large circle are transcribed clockwise and those outside are transcribed counterclockwise. All genes are color-coded based on their functions. The grey area in the inner circle represents the guanine and cytosine (GC) content , figureFileSmall=IF8kOaorEjOJ2tEKAqF3rA==, figureFileBig=Re89lvK2VRXFF+BvDsDTaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960244194898055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=5Siuth8TNUyULpFUjuD+Nw==, figureFileBig=U6XiPAmQGq/Hh/d6c/nQmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960244320727191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Numbers, types and distribution patterns of SSRs detected in the chloroplast genomes of the two <i>P. franchetii</i> individuals and other 25 <i>Polygonatum</i> species. A: Number of each of the six SSRs; B: Distribution patterns of SSRs; C: Number of SSRs distributed in LSC, SSC and IR regions; D: Number of SSRs distributed in IGS, extron and intron. Mono: Mononucleotide; Di: Dinucleotide; Tri: Trinucleotide; Tetra: Tetranucleotide; Penta: Pentanucleotide; Hexa: Hexanucleotide; IGS: Intergenic spacer , figureFileSmall=5Siuth8TNUyULpFUjuD+Nw==, figureFileBig=U6XiPAmQGq/Hh/d6c/nQmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960244496887977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=gqscLTIRSDY7+i0rF1+z3A==, figureFileBig=UivfBumY6bwl1WzmaH9+Ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960244681437377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Comparison of the borders of LSC, SSC and IRa/b regions of the whole chloroplast genomes among the two <i>P. franchetii</i> individuals and other 25 <i>Polygonatum</i> species. JLB: LSC/IRb border; JSB: SSC/IRb border; JSA: SSC/IRa border; JLA: LSC/IRa border , figureFileSmall=gqscLTIRSDY7+i0rF1+z3A==, figureFileBig=UivfBumY6bwl1WzmaH9+Ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960244832432339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=BqzeT8zAZcsVdOOEHBkAow==, figureFileBig=kjfdE2+xe16T+XQ98leK+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960244979232991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Chloroplast genome sequences identity of the two <i>P. franchetii</i> individuals and other 25 <i>Polygonatum</i> species , figureFileSmall=BqzeT8zAZcsVdOOEHBkAow==, figureFileBig=kjfdE2+xe16T+XQ98leK+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960245117645040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=BryNnX8n1/Q99eyZYtZHeg==, figureFileBig=KDqmv1A1iKsZPPpMfBPCRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960245373497606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= The nucleotide diversity of 26 <i>Polygonatum</i> species. Window length: 200 bp; Step size: 100 bp. Pi: Nucleotide diversity , figureFileSmall=BryNnX8n1/Q99eyZYtZHeg==, figureFileBig=KDqmv1A1iKsZPPpMfBPCRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960245495132439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=eQs71BT7oRLNYaYK7piFqQ==, figureFileBig=pQS77QDu3xKM43i9zNNLiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960245616767270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Phylogenetic relationships of 26 <i>Polygonatum</i> species (27 individuals) inferred using the whole chloroplast genome sequences based on the maximum likelihood (ML) method. Numbers beside each node are bootstrap values (BS) , figureFileSmall=eQs71BT7oRLNYaYK7piFqQ==, figureFileBig=pQS77QDu3xKM43i9zNNLiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960245750985011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Species Accession Genome LSC SSC IR CDS Genome LSC SSC IR CDS Total PCGs tRNA rRNA
Length/bp GC/% Gene number
P. franchetii ON101705 155 942 84 670 18 564 26 354 79 677 37.7 35.7 31.6 43.0 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. franchetii OM219012 155 962 84 722 18 566 26 337 79 659 37.6 35.7 31.5 43.0 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. acuminatifolium NC_058569 155 354 84 271 18 455 26 314 79 572 37.7 35.7 31.6 43.0 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. cirrhifolium NC_053687 155 583 84 412 18 427 26 372 79 626 37.7 35.7 31.5 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. curvistylum NC_058554 155 939 84 563 18 546 26 415 79 809 37.6 35.7 31.5 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. cyrtonema MW248135 155 816 84 618 18 440 26 379 79 629 37.7 35.7 31.6 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. filipes NC_058555 155 334 84 280 18 454 26 300 79 536 37.7 35.7 31.6 43.0 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. hirtum NC_058556 155 490 84 385 18 419 26 343 79 572 37.7 35.7 31.6 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. hookeri NC_058557 155 976 84 600 18 546 26 415 79 809 37.6 35.7 31.5 38.0 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. humile NC_058558 155 015 83 999 18 388 26 314 79 572 37.7 35.8 31.7 43.0 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. hunanense NC_058226 155 609 84 438 18 427 26 372 79 626 37.7 35.7 31.5 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. inflatum NC_058559 154 898 84 270 18 454 26 087 79 575 37.7 35.7 31.6 43.0 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. involucratum NC_058560 155 370 84 280 18 450 26 320 79 572 37.7 35.7 31.6 43.0 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. jinzhaiense NC_058561 155 510 84 463 18 292 26 379 79 626 37.7 35.7 31.7 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. kingianum NC_047406 155 399 84 234 18 424 26 372 79 620 37.7 35.7 31.5 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. macropodum NC_058562 154 610 83 554 18 464 26 296 79 536 37.7 35.8 31.6 43.0 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. multiflorum NC_058563 155 495 84 391 18 418 26 343 79 572 37.7 35.7 31.6 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. nodosum NC_058564 155 205 84 143 18 422 26 320 79 560 37.7 35.7 31.6 43.0 38.1 113 79 30 4
P. odoratum NC_050926 154 468 83 417 18 457 26 297 79 536 37.8 35.8 31.6 43.0 38.1 113 79 30 4
P. prattii NC_058565 155 915 84 538 18 547 26 415 79 809 37.7 35.7 31.5 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. punctatum NC_058566 155 657 84 542 18 423 26 346 79 644 37.7 35.7 31.5 43.0 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. sibiricum MZ029093 155 585 84 460 18 417 26 354 79 626 37.7 35.7 31.7 43.0 38.1 113 79 30 4
P. stenophyllum NC_035995 156 028 84 677 18 561 26 395 79 764 37.7 35.7 31.6 43.0 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. tessellatum NC_058567 155 688 84 488 18 564 26 318 79 638 37.6 35.7 31.4 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. uncinatum NC_058568 155 797 84 614 18 531 26 326 79 686 37.7 35.7 31.6 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. verticillatum MZ150865 155 589 84 242 18 523 26 412 79 794 37.7 35.7 31.6 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. zanlanscianense NC_058227 155 911 84 650 18 431 26 415 79 797 37.6 35.6 31.5 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
), ArticleFig(id=1198960245918757191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Chloroplast genome features of the two P. franchetii individuals and other 25 Polygonatum species. LSC: Large single copy; SSC: Small single copy; IR: Inverted repeats; CDS: Coding sequence; PCGs: Protein coding genes; tRNA: Transfer RNA; rRNA: Ribosomal RNA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Species Accession Genome LSC SSC IR CDS Genome LSC SSC IR CDS Total PCGs tRNA rRNA
Length/bp GC/% Gene number
P. franchetii ON101705 155 942 84 670 18 564 26 354 79 677 37.7 35.7 31.6 43.0 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. franchetii OM219012 155 962 84 722 18 566 26 337 79 659 37.6 35.7 31.5 43.0 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. acuminatifolium NC_058569 155 354 84 271 18 455 26 314 79 572 37.7 35.7 31.6 43.0 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. cirrhifolium NC_053687 155 583 84 412 18 427 26 372 79 626 37.7 35.7 31.5 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. curvistylum NC_058554 155 939 84 563 18 546 26 415 79 809 37.6 35.7 31.5 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. cyrtonema MW248135 155 816 84 618 18 440 26 379 79 629 37.7 35.7 31.6 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. filipes NC_058555 155 334 84 280 18 454 26 300 79 536 37.7 35.7 31.6 43.0 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. hirtum NC_058556 155 490 84 385 18 419 26 343 79 572 37.7 35.7 31.6 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. hookeri NC_058557 155 976 84 600 18 546 26 415 79 809 37.6 35.7 31.5 38.0 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. humile NC_058558 155 015 83 999 18 388 26 314 79 572 37.7 35.8 31.7 43.0 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. hunanense NC_058226 155 609 84 438 18 427 26 372 79 626 37.7 35.7 31.5 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. inflatum NC_058559 154 898 84 270 18 454 26 087 79 575 37.7 35.7 31.6 43.0 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. involucratum NC_058560 155 370 84 280 18 450 26 320 79 572 37.7 35.7 31.6 43.0 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. jinzhaiense NC_058561 155 510 84 463 18 292 26 379 79 626 37.7 35.7 31.7 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. kingianum NC_047406 155 399 84 234 18 424 26 372 79 620 37.7 35.7 31.5 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. macropodum NC_058562 154 610 83 554 18 464 26 296 79 536 37.7 35.8 31.6 43.0 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. multiflorum NC_058563 155 495 84 391 18 418 26 343 79 572 37.7 35.7 31.6 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. nodosum NC_058564 155 205 84 143 18 422 26 320 79 560 37.7 35.7 31.6 43.0 38.1 113 79 30 4
P. odoratum NC_050926 154 468 83 417 18 457 26 297 79 536 37.8 35.8 31.6 43.0 38.1 113 79 30 4
P. prattii NC_058565 155 915 84 538 18 547 26 415 79 809 37.7 35.7 31.5 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. punctatum NC_058566 155 657 84 542 18 423 26 346 79 644 37.7 35.7 31.5 43.0 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. sibiricum MZ029093 155 585 84 460 18 417 26 354 79 626 37.7 35.7 31.7 43.0 38.1 113 79 30 4
P. stenophyllum NC_035995 156 028 84 677 18 561 26 395 79 764 37.7 35.7 31.6 43.0 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. tessellatum NC_058567 155 688 84 488 18 564 26 318 79 638 37.6 35.7 31.4 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. uncinatum NC_058568 155 797 84 614 18 531 26 326 79 686 37.7 35.7 31.6 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. verticillatum MZ150865 155 589 84 242 18 523 26 412 79 794 37.7 35.7 31.6 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
P. zanlanscianense NC_058227 155 911 84 650 18 431 26 415 79 797 37.6 35.6 31.5 42.9 38.0 113 79 30 4
), ArticleFig(id=1198960246069752151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Category Group Name
Self-replication Ribosomal RNA rrn4.5×2, rrn5×2, rrn16×2, rrn23×2
Transfer RNA trnC-GCA, trnD-GUC, trnE-UUC, trnF-GAA, trnG-UCC*, trnG-GCC, trnK-UUU*, trnL-UAA*, trnL-UAG, trnM-CAU, trnP-UGG, trnQ-UUG, trnR-UCU, trnS-GCU, trnS-GGA, trnS-UGA, trnT-UGU, trnT-GGU, trnV-UAC*, trnY-GUA, trnW-CCA, trnfM-CAU, trnH-GUG×2, trnA-UGC*×2, trnI-CAU×2, trnI-GAU*×2, trnL-CAA×2, trnN-GUU×2, trnR-ACG×2, trnV-GAC×2
Ribosomal protein (small subunit) rps2, rps3, rps4, rps7×2, rps8, rps11, rps12**×2, rps14, rps15, rps16*, rps18, rps19×2
Ribosomal protein (large subunit) rpl2*×2, rpl14, rpl16*, rpl20, rpl22, rpl23×2, rpl32, rpl33, rpl36
RNA polymerase rpoA, rpoB, rpoC1*, rpoC2
Photosynthesis Subunits of photosystem I psaA, psaB, psaC, psaI, psaJ, ycf3**, ycf4
Subunits of photosystem Ⅱ psbA, psbB, psbC, psbD, psbE, psbF, psbH, psbI, psbJ, psbK, psbL, psbM, psbN, psbT, psbZ
Subunits of cytochrome petA, petB*, petD*, petG, petL, petN
Subunits of ATP synthase atpA, atpB, atpE, atpF*, atpH, atpI
Large subunit of Rubisco rbcL
Subunits of NADH dehydrogenase ndhA*, ndhB*×2, ndhC, ndhD, ndhE, ndhF, ndhG, ndhH, ndhI, ndhJ, ndhK
Others Maturase matK
Envelope membrane protein cemA
Subunit of acetyl-CoA accD
Synthesis gene ccsA
ATP-dependent protease clpP**
Translational initiation factor infA#
Unknown function Proteins of unknown function ycf1×2, ycf2×2
), ArticleFig(id=1198960246237524326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Gene composition of the chloroplast genomes of the two P. franchetii individuals. ×2: Genes duplicated in the IR regions; *: Genes with one intron; **: Genes with two introns; #: Pseudogene. NADH: Nicotinamide adenine diuncleotide; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; CoA: Coenzyme A

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Category Group Name
Self-replication Ribosomal RNA rrn4.5×2, rrn5×2, rrn16×2, rrn23×2
Transfer RNA trnC-GCA, trnD-GUC, trnE-UUC, trnF-GAA, trnG-UCC*, trnG-GCC, trnK-UUU*, trnL-UAA*, trnL-UAG, trnM-CAU, trnP-UGG, trnQ-UUG, trnR-UCU, trnS-GCU, trnS-GGA, trnS-UGA, trnT-UGU, trnT-GGU, trnV-UAC*, trnY-GUA, trnW-CCA, trnfM-CAU, trnH-GUG×2, trnA-UGC*×2, trnI-CAU×2, trnI-GAU*×2, trnL-CAA×2, trnN-GUU×2, trnR-ACG×2, trnV-GAC×2
Ribosomal protein (small subunit) rps2, rps3, rps4, rps7×2, rps8, rps11, rps12**×2, rps14, rps15, rps16*, rps18, rps19×2
Ribosomal protein (large subunit) rpl2*×2, rpl14, rpl16*, rpl20, rpl22, rpl23×2, rpl32, rpl33, rpl36
RNA polymerase rpoA, rpoB, rpoC1*, rpoC2
Photosynthesis Subunits of photosystem I psaA, psaB, psaC, psaI, psaJ, ycf3**, ycf4
Subunits of photosystem Ⅱ psbA, psbB, psbC, psbD, psbE, psbF, psbH, psbI, psbJ, psbK, psbL, psbM, psbN, psbT, psbZ
Subunits of cytochrome petA, petB*, petD*, petG, petL, petN
Subunits of ATP synthase atpA, atpB, atpE, atpF*, atpH, atpI
Large subunit of Rubisco rbcL
Subunits of NADH dehydrogenase ndhA*, ndhB*×2, ndhC, ndhD, ndhE, ndhF, ndhG, ndhH, ndhI, ndhJ, ndhK
Others Maturase matK
Envelope membrane protein cemA
Subunit of acetyl-CoA accD
Synthesis gene ccsA
ATP-dependent protease clpP**
Translational initiation factor infA#
Unknown function Proteins of unknown function ycf1×2, ycf2×2
), ArticleFig(id=1198960246384324976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Repeat type Type Repeat Number
ON101705 OM219012
Mononucletide A/T 10 24 26
11 9 11
12 2 2
13 5 3
15 1 2
C 11 1 0
Dinucleotide GA/TC 5 3 3
AT/TA 5 10 11
6 2 2
7 1 1
Trinucleotide TAA/TTA 4 1 1
5 1 1
CAG 4 1 1
Pentanucleotide CGAAA/TTTCG 3 2 2
), ArticleFig(id=1198960246535319937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290437300748, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) types and numbers in the chloroplast genomes of the two P. franchetii individuals

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Repeat type Type Repeat Number
ON101705 OM219012
Mononucletide A/T 10 24 26
11 9 11
12 2 2
13 5 3
15 1 2
C 11 1 0
Dinucleotide GA/TC 5 3 3
AT/TA 5 10 11
6 2 2
7 1 1
Trinucleotide TAA/TTA 4 1 1
5 1 1
CAG 4 1 1
Pentanucleotide CGAAA/TTTCG 3 2 2
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中国特有药用植物距药黄精的叶绿体全基因组解析及黄精属种间系统发育关系分析
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程文萍 1 , 赵霞 1 , 李依民 1, 2 , 张岗 1, 2 , 颜永刚 1, 2 , 高静 1, 2, * , 张明英 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(11): 3461-3472
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(11): 3461-3472
中国特有药用植物距药黄精的叶绿体全基因组解析及黄精属种间系统发育关系分析
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程文萍1, 赵霞1, 李依民1, 2, 张岗1, 2, 颜永刚1, 2, 高静1, 2, * , 张明英1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.陕西中医药大学药学院, 陕西省秦岭中草药应用开发工程技术研究中心, 陕西 西安 712046
  • 2.陕西中医药大学, 陕西省中医药管理局"秦药"研发重点实验室, 陕西 西安 712046

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*高静, Tel: 86-29-38185165, E-mail: ;
张明英, E-mail:
Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Polygonatum franchetii Hua, a Chinese endemic medicinal species, and phylogenetic relationships of Polygonatum
Wen-ping CHENG1, Xia ZHAO1, Yi-min LI1, 2, Gang ZHANG1, 2, Yong-gang YAN1, 2, Jing GAO1, 2, * , Ming-ying ZHANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory for Research of "Qin Medicine" of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, China
出版时间: 2023-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0659
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距药黄精Polygonatum franchetii Hua为黄精属Polygonatum Mill.中国特有药用植物。本研究利用DNBSEQ-T7高通量测序平台测序获得距药黄精2个分别来自不同产地个体的叶绿体全基因组序列, 完成组装注释和特征解析, 并将其与同属已发表植物叶绿体全基因组进行了比较和系统发育分析。距药黄精2个个体叶绿体全基因组长度分别为155 942和155 962 bp, 各包含一个大单拷贝区(large single copy, LSC; 84 670、84 722 bp), 一个小单拷贝区(small single copy, SSC; 18 564、18 566 bp) 和一对反向重复区(inverted repeats, IRa/IRb; 26 354、26 337 bp); 两者均编码113个基因, 包括79个蛋白编码基因、30个tRNA基因和4个rRNA基因。基因组比较分析结果表明, 距药黄精同种2个个体间及黄精属不同种间叶绿体全基因组序列长度、GC (guanine and cytosine) 含量、基因组成及排列顺序均高度保守, 所包含的重复序列类型及分布位置亦较为一致, IRs区未发生明显的扩张或收缩。距药黄精2个个体间叶绿体基因组序列的变异小于不同种间, 种内、种间编码基因序列变异均小于非编码基因序列, IRs区序列变异均小于LSC、SSC区; 共筛选到8条核苷酸多样性较高的种间高变异序列, 分别位于LSC和SSC区。系统发育分析结果显示, 黄精属所有物种以100%的支持率构成一个单系, 属内轮叶组单独构成一支, 黄精组和互叶组构成姐妹分支, 距药黄精2个个体聚为一支, 位于轮叶组内, 与狭叶黄精P. stenophyllum Maxim.亲缘关系最近。本研究对距药黄精叶绿体全基因组进行了全面解析并基于叶绿体系统发育基因组学分析阐明了其在黄精属的系统发育位置, 研究结果将为距药黄精的资源开发利用及黄精属药用植物种间分子鉴定、系统发育等研究提供基础。

黄精属  /  距药黄精  /  叶绿体全基因组  /  系统发育  /  序列变异

Polygonatum franchetii Hua is a medicinal plant endemic to China from Polygonatum Mill. The chloroplast genomes of two P. franchetii individuals sampled from two different habitats were sequenced by using the DNBSEQ-T7 high-throughput sequencing platform. After assembly and annotation, the two complete chloroplast genomes were characterized, and then comparative and phylogenetic analyses were performed with other published chloroplast genome sequences from Polygonatum. The whole chloroplast genomes of the two P. franchetii individuals were 155 942 and 155 962 bp in length, with a large single copy region (LSC, 84 670 and 84 722 bp), a small single copy region (SSC, 18 564 and 18 566 bp) and a pair of reverse repeats (IRa/IRb, 26 354 and 26 337 bp), respectively. Both of them contained 113 genes, including 79 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 30 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 4 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Comparative analyses showed that the genome length, the guanine and cytosine (GC) content, genes content and order were highly conserved between the two P. franchetii individuals and among different Polygonatum species. The detected repeat sequences, including dispersed repeats, tandem repeats and simple sequence repeats (SSRs), were also relatively similar in types and positions, though showing a slightly difference in number. No significant expansion or contraction of the inverted repeat regions was found. Sequences variation between the two P. franchetii individuals was lower than that among different Polygonatum species. Besides, coding sequences (CDS) showed less divergence than noncoding sequences, and sequence divergence of IRs regions was lower than that of the LSC and SSC regions, both intraspecifically and interspecifically. Eight sequences with high nucleotide diversity among different species were screened, all of which were found located in the LSC and SSC regions. Phylogenetic inference showed that all Polygonatum species clustered into a monophyletic clade with a 100% bootstrap value, within which, species in section Verticillata formed a distinct group, section Sibirica and section Polygonatum were sister groups. The two P. franchetii individuals grouped together and showed the closest phylogenetic affinity to P. stenophyllum Maxim., belonging to the section Verticillata. The chloroplast genome of P. franchetii and its phylogenetic position in Polygonatum were comprehensively investigated and clearly elucidated in this study, the results may lay a foundation for the resource development and utilization of P. franchetii, as well as further molecular identification and phylogenetic studies of medicinal Polygonatum species.

Polygonatum Mill  /  Polygonatum franchetii Hua  /  chloroplast genome  /  phylogeny  /  sequence variation
程文萍, 赵霞, 李依民, 张岗, 颜永刚, 高静, 张明英. 中国特有药用植物距药黄精的叶绿体全基因组解析及黄精属种间系统发育关系分析. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (11) : 3461 -3472 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0659
Wen-ping CHENG, Xia ZHAO, Yi-min LI, Gang ZHANG, Yong-gang YAN, Jing GAO, Ming-ying ZHANG. Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Polygonatum franchetii Hua, a Chinese endemic medicinal species, and phylogenetic relationships of Polygonatum[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (11) : 3461 -3472 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0659
叶绿体是植物光合作用和能量转化的细胞器, 其自身具有一套完整且独立于核基因组之外的遗传系统, 其遗传物质叶绿体基因组(chloroplast genome) 在裸子植物中一般为父系遗传, 而在被子植物中多为母系遗传[1, 2]。大多数被子植物的叶绿体基因组长度介于115~165 kbp, 编码110~130个基因, 为双链闭合环状四分体结构, 由一个大单拷贝区(large single copy, LSC; 81~90 kbp)、一个小单拷贝区(small single copy, SSC; 18~20 kbp) 和一对反向重复区(inverted repeats, IRa/b; 20~30 kbp) 构成[3]。叶绿体基因组因单亲遗传、基因组成和排列顺序高度保守、碱基变异速率适中且具有多拷贝和基因组较小等特点[4, 5], 基于叶绿体全基因组序列的系统发育基因组学分析已被广泛应用于药用植物种间分类鉴定及系统发育重建研究[6-8]
天门冬科Asparagaceae黄精属Polygonatum Mill.为多年生草本植物, 全世界约有60多种, 中国分布约39种[9], 其中31种具有药用价值[10], 是中药材的重要来源。该属植物因含多糖、生物碱、黄酮类和甾体皂苷类等多种活性成分, 具有调节免疫、降血糖血脂、抗肿瘤、抗菌消炎等药理作用[11], 被广泛应用于临床用药及保健产品开发。黄精属自建立以来, 其属内不同种间的系统发育关系长期受到关注。依据宏观形态特征、花粉形态特征、染色体数目及分子遗传等证据, 开展了大量有关黄精属植物种间分类鉴定、系统演化关系等相关研究, 有多个不同的属下分类系统被提出[12-17]。最新的分子系统发育研究结果将黄精属划分为轮叶组section Verticillata、互叶组section Polygonatum和黄精组section Sibirica, 然而, 由于高度的种间、种内形态多样性及广泛的种间地理分布重叠, 属下部分种间划分及系统发育关系仍有待进一步研究澄清[18-20]
距药黄精为黄精属中国特有物种, 主要分布在我国陕西、湖北、湖南、四川等地[9]。其根状茎入药, 具有补气养阴, 健脾益肾, 润肺等功效[10], 在我国湖南、湖北等地常作为中药材黄精入药使用[21]。研究[15]曾依据苞片大小与质地、叶序类型、花被筒长度、花被形状、花药长短以及子房形状等特征将国产黄精属划分为短筒系series Alte-lobata、互叶系series Alternifolia Baker、苞叶系series Bracteata Kom.、独花系series Hookeriana、滇黄精系series Kingiana、对叶系series Oppositifolia、点花系series Punctata和轮叶系series Verticillata, 其中距药黄精因叶互生等特征被置于互叶系, Meng等[16]基于4个叶绿体片段(rbcL、trnK、psbA-trnH、trnC-petN) 对黄精属30个种的分子系统发育分析结果曾将距药黄精划分至轮叶组, 但其与组内其他物种之间的系统发育关系并未得到解决, Wang等[22]及Zhang等[23]基于叶绿体基因组序列的系统发育分析结果存在争议, 分别将距药黄精置于互叶组或轮叶组, 其他关于黄精属的分类及分子系统学研究鲜有涉及距药黄精。此外, 距药黄精的叶绿体全基因组仍有待进一步研究解析。
本文利用高通量测序方法获取距药黄精同种不同产地个体的叶绿体全基因组序列, 对其基因组成、序列特征及种内变异进行分析比较, 并与同属已发表植物叶绿体基因组序列进行种间比较基因组学和系统发育分析, 旨在全面解析距药黄精叶绿体全基因组序列与结构特征, 探讨其序列变异情况, 并澄清距药黄精在黄精属内的系统发育位置, 为距药黄精遗传多样性保护和资源开发利用及黄精属药用植物分子鉴定、系统演化等相关研究提供基础。
实验材料  采集野外自然状态下生长的距药黄精植株新鲜幼嫩叶片, 放入硅胶中快速脱水干燥, -20 ℃保存, 用于基因组DNA提取。本研究距药黄精2个个体分别采自陕西省安康市石泉县(33°2′18.27″N, 108°14′52.39″E, P. franchetii_SXSQ) 和四川省巴中市通江县(31°52′18.48″N, 107°29′33.62″E, P. franchetii_SCTJ), 由陕西中医药大学药学院王继涛高级实验师鉴定。凭证标本(采集号: ZMY_P_17、ZMY_009) 保存于陕西中医药大学中药标本馆。
基因组DNA提取与测序  利用植物基因组DNA提取试剂盒(TIANGEN DNAsecure Plant Kit, DP320) 提取叶片基因组总DNA, 用1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳和Qubit 3.0 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California, America) 荧光定量仪检测提得的DNA质量及浓度。构建长度约500 bp的插入片段文库, 利用DNBSEQ-T7测序平台进行双端测序, 测序读长为150 bp。建库工作在中国西南野生生物种质资源库分子生物学实验平台完成, 测序由深圳华大基因股份有限公司武汉分公司完成。
叶绿体基因组序列组装拼接及注释  利用NGS QC Tool Kit[24]对测序得到的原始序列进行过滤(参数设置为: cut-off value for percentage of read length=80, cut-off value for PHRED quality score=30), 除去接头和低质量序列。以NCBI数据库中已收录的黄精P. sibiricum Delar. ex Redoute叶绿体全基因组序列(MZ029093) 作为参考, 利用GetOrganelle程序[25]对过滤后的序列进行组装, 再通过Bandage软件[26]将组装得到的序列重叠群(contigs) 拼接成环并去除冗余序列, 将拼接结果与上述参考序列(MZ029093) 在Geneious软件中比对, 确定两个反向重复区的方向。在Geneious软件中将原始序列重新映射到组装完成的叶绿体基因组序列上, 评估和验证各contigs拼接处及LSC/IRa、IRa/SSC、SSC/IRb和IR/LSC四个节点拼接的正确性, 最终完成距药黄精2个不同个体完整叶绿体全基因组序列的组装拼接。
以上述黄精叶绿体基因组序列(MZ029093) 的注释结果为参考, 利用PGA (plastid genome annotator) 软件[27]对距药黄精的叶绿体全基因组序列进行注释, 并在Geneious软件中手动检查校正蛋白编码基因的起始、终止位置和基因内含子、外显子边界。利用在线软件tRNAscan-SE (http://lowelab.ucsc.edu/tRNAscan-SE/)[28]确定tRNA基因的边界。最后, 利用Organellar Genome DRAW (OGDRAW, https://chlorobox.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/OGDraw.html)[29]绘制叶绿体全基因组图谱。组装并注释完成后的叶绿体全基因组序列提交至NCBI数据库, 检索号分别为ON101705 (P. franchetii_SXSQ)、OM219012 (P. franchetii_SCTJ)。
重复序列分析检测  利用在线工具REPuter (https://bibiserv.cebitec.uni-bielefeld.de/reputer/manual.html) 检测距药黄精叶绿体全基因组中的散在重复序列(dispersed repeats), 包括正向重复(forward match)、反向重复(reverse match)、互补重复(complement match) 和回文重复(palindromic match), 参数设置为: 最小重复序列长度= 30 bp, 重复序列间的相似度 > 90% (hamming distance = 3, maximum computed repeats = 90, minimal repeat size = 30)[30]。利用Tandem Repeats Finder (https://tandem.bu.edu/trf/trf.unix.help.html) 检测串联重复序列(tandem repeats), 参数设置选择默认值[31]
为探讨距药黄精不同个体间及其与黄精属不同物种间叶绿体全基因组序列中简单重复序列(simple sequence repeats, SSRs) 类型、数量及分布模式等的差异, 下载NCBI数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome) 已开放获取的黄精属25个物种的叶绿体全基因组序列(表 1), 利用MISA软件[32] (https://webblast.ipk-gatersleben.de/misa/) 对距药黄精2个个体及上述25个物种(即共26种27个个体) 叶绿体全基因组序列的SSRs进行检测。参数设置为: 单核苷酸(mononucleotide) 重复次数不小于10, 二核苷酸(dinucleotide) 重复次数不小于5, 三核苷酸(trinucleotide) 和四核苷酸(tetranucleotide) 重复次数均不小于4, 五核苷酸(pentanucleotide) 和六核苷酸(hexanucleotide) 重复次数不小于3, 两个SSRs之间的最小距离为100 bp[33]
叶绿体全基因组序列变异比较分析  为进一步探讨距药黄精种内不同个体间及黄精属不同种间叶绿体全基因组序列的核苷酸变异情况, 利用mVISTA软件[34] (http://genome.lbl.gov/vista/mvista/submit.shtml) 以LAGAN模型对上述26种27个个体进行叶绿体全基因组序列比较分析。同时, 将这27个个体叶绿体全基因组序列(去掉一个IR区) 构建多序列比对矩阵, 利用MAFFT软件完成序列比对, 利用DnaSP软件进行滑动窗口分析(sliding window analysis)。滑动窗口(windows length) 设置为200 bp, 步长(step size) 为100 bp[35], 计算核苷酸多样性(nucleotide diversity)。此外, 利用在线工具Irscope (https://irscope.shinyapps.io/irapp/)分析其叶绿体基因组IRs区收缩/扩张情况。
系统发育分析  将本研究新测序获得的距药黄精2个个体与NCBI数据库中下载的黄精属其他25个物种的叶绿体全基因组序列构建多序列矩阵, 以黄精属近缘类群天门冬科黄精族Polygonateae异黄精属Heteropolygonatum M. N. Tamura & Ogisu[18]H. alternicirrhosum (Hand.-Mazz.) Floden (NC_058552) 作为外类群, 利用MAFFT软件完成序列比对, 并在Geneious中手动对比对结果进行校正调整, 利用CIPRES (http://www.phylo.org/) 在线服务器中的RaxML (RAxML-HPC BlackBox) 程序以最大似然法(maximum likelihood, ML) 进行系统发育重建分析, 核苷酸替换模型选择GTR+G, 其他参数选择默认设置, 系统发育树节点处的靴带支持率(bootstrap values, BS) 通过进行1 000次自展重复分析计算得到。
距药黄精2个个体叶绿体全基因组长度分别为155 942和155 962 bp, 均为由一个大单拷贝区(84 670、84 722 bp)、一个小单拷贝区(18 564、18 566 bp) 和一对反向重复区(26 354、26 337 bp) 组成的环状四分体结构(图 1)。整体GC (guanine and cytosine) 含量分别为37.7%和37.6%, LSC、SSC及IRs区的GC含量依次分别为35.7%和35.7%、31.6%和31.5%、43.0%和43.0% (表 1)。两者均注释得到113个基因, 包括79个蛋白编码基因(其中infA为假基因), 30个转运RNA基因(tRNA) 以及4个核糖体RNA基因(rRNA) (表 2)。其中, 8个蛋白编码基因(rps7、rps12、rps19、rpl2、rpl23、ycf1、ycf2和ndhB)、8个tRNA基因(trnH-GUG、trnI-CAU、trnI-GAU、trnL-CAA、trnV-GAC、trnA-UGC、trnR-ACG和trnN-GUU) 以及4个rRNA基因(rrn4.5、rrn5、rrn16和rrn23) 在两个反向重复区出现重复。由于ycf1基因跨SSC/IRa边界, 在IRb/SSC边界处存在其对应长度的序列拷贝。此外, rpl2、rpl16、rps16、rpoC1、atpF、petB、petD、ndhA、ndhB、trnA-UGC、trnG-UCC、trnI-GAU、trnK-UUU、trnL-UAA和trnV-UAC基因均含有一个内含子, ycf3、rps12和clpP各含有两个内含子(表 2)。
距药黄精2个个体叶绿体全基因组序列(ON101705、OM219012) 分别检测到23和22条长度不小于30 bp的散在重复序列。其中, 正向重复序列均为8条, 回文重复序列分别为15和14条, 反向重复和互补重复序列均未检测到。两者分别检测到39和40条串联重复序列, 长度范围分别为25~91 bp和25~145 bp。这些串联重复序列主要分布在LSC区(22、26条) 和SSC区(9、7条)。此外, 两者SSRs的含量分别为63和66个, 其中单核苷酸重复分别为42和44个, 二核苷酸重复为16和17个, 三核苷酸和五核苷酸重复分别均为3和2个, 四核苷酸和六核苷酸重复未检测到。在所有SSRs中, 出现频率最高的均为A、T单核苷酸重复(65.08%、66.67%), 其次是AT、TA二核苷酸重复(20.63%、21.21%) (表 3)。
黄精属26种27个个体叶绿体全基因组序列中SSRs的数量、类型和分布分析比较结果显示, 不同个体叶绿体基因组中检测到的SSRs总数在57~67之间(图 2A), 均以单核苷酸重复最多(含量范围60.0%~69.7%), 其次为二核苷酸重复, 3、4、5、6核苷酸重复数量为1~5个(含量均小于10%)。单碱基重复单元A、T, 二碱基重复单元AT、GA、TA、TC, 三碱基重复单元TTA和五碱基重复单元TTTCG是所有个体共有的SSRs类型(图 2B)。这些SSRs在不同个体叶绿体基因组LSC区、SSC区和IR区的数量依次为46~56个、6~11个和4~6个(图 2C), 且主要分布在基因间隔区(intergenic spacer, IGS) 中(36~46个, 占比59.1%~69.4%), 外显子区(extron) 和内含子(intron) 区含量较少, 分别为8~14个和9~13个(图 2D)。
所有26种27个个体叶绿体全基因组序列GC含量高度保守, 所编码的基因数量、类别、排列顺序及基因转录方向均完全相同, 但基因组总长度及LSC区、SSC区和IR区长度分别存在一定差异, 且种内差异小于不同物种间。其中, 叶绿体全基因组总长度变化范围为154 468 [玉竹P. odoratum (Mill.) Druce]~156 028 bp (狭叶黄精P. stenophyllum Maxim.), 相差1 560 bp, LSC区、SSC区和IR区长度最大差异依次分别为1 305、274和328 bp, 编码区最大长度差异为273 bp (表 1)。同时, 距药黄精同种2个个体间及其与黄精属其他25种植物叶绿体全基因组序列间IR/SC边界均高度保守, LSC/IRb (JLB)、SSC/IRb (JSB)、SSC/IRa (JSA) 和LSC/IRa (JLA) 4个边界的侧翼基因完全相同, 尽管各侧翼基因在不同区域的分布长度存在微小差异, IRs区没有出现明显扩张或收缩情况(图 3)。此外, 序列在种间、种内均间存在一定程度变异。其中, LSC区、SSC区变异程度明显高于IR区, 非编码序列的变异高于编码区序列, 且种间变异明显高于距药黄精2个不同个体间, 变异较高的区域多集中在LSC区, 包括基因间隔区rps16_trnQ-UUG、atpF_atpH、trnT-UGU_trnL-UAA、ycf4_cemA和蛋白编码基因psbA等(图 4)。
距药黄精2个不同个体间叶绿体全基因组序列的核苷酸多样性指数(Pi) 变化范围为0~0.035, 平均值为0.000 67, 其中, LSC、SSC、IR区序列的Pi变化范围依次为0~0.035、0~0.010、0~0.005, 平均值为0.000 78、0.001 30、0.000 04。黄精属不同种间叶绿体全基因组序列的Pi值范围为0~0.038, 平均值为0.003 54, 其中LSC、SSC、IR区Pi平均值依次为0.003 94、0.005 54、0.001 07。黄精属不同种间共筛选到8条Pi值> 0.020的高变异序列, 分别位于LSC区、SSC区, 依次为trnS-GCU(34 bp)+trnS-GCU_trnG-UCC、trnS-GCU_trnG-UCC、rpoB_trnC-GCA、trnM-CAU(40 bp)+trnM-CAU_atpE+atpE(16 bp)petA_psbJ+psbJ(32 bp)rpl32_trnL-UAG、ccsA(46 bp)+ccsA_ndhD和ccsA_ndhD+ndhD(32 bp) (图 5)。
系统发育分析结果显示, 黄精属所有物种构成一个单系, 属下划分为两个次级分支, 其中, 轮叶组以100%的支持率单独构成一支, 黄精组和互叶组以100%的支持率构成姐妹群。距药黄精位于轮叶组, 与狭叶黄精亲缘关系最近, 支持率亦为100% (图 6)。
作为黄精属中国特有物种之一, 距药黄精根状茎在其产地常作为中药材黄精入药使用, 具有一定的研究和开发利用价值。本研究首次对距药黄精叶绿体全基因组进行了全面解析, 并对其种内2个不同产地个体间及黄精属不同种间叶绿体全基因组序列进行了比较分析。结果显示, 距药黄精种内2个不同个体间及黄精属不同物种间叶绿体全基因组高度保守, 编码基因数量与类别及排列顺序完全一致, 序列的GC含量及长度(包括总长度及LSC、SSC、IRs区和编码基因序列的长度) 存在较小差异。其中, 距药黄精种内2个不同个体间叶绿体全基因长度仅相差20 bp, 不同区域长度差异范围为2 (SSC区)~52 bp (LSC区), 而包括距药黄精在内的黄精属26个不同物种间叶绿体全基因组序列总长度差异最大值为1 560 bp, LSC区、SSC区和IR区长度差异最大值依次分别为1 305、274和328 bp, 编码区长度相差273 bp, 说明不同种间叶绿体全基因组序列长度的差异主要来自LSC区, 且差异主要出现在非编码区序列。这也与芍药属Paeonia L.[36]、柴胡属Bupleurum L.[33]等其他被子植物类群叶绿体基因组序列长度的种间变异情况相似。
简单重复序列指以长度为1~6 bp的核苷酸为重复单位的首尾串联重复DNA序列, 具有多态性高、覆盖整个基因组、稳定性好等特点, 常被开发为分子标记应用于构建基因连锁图分子辅助育种及群体遗传学等相关研究[37]。本研究结果显示, 包括距药黄精及在内的黄精属26种27个个体叶绿体全基因组序列中的SSRs主要类型均为单核苷酸重复(占总数量的60.00%~69.70%), 其次为二核苷酸SSRs (22.03%~30.00%), 三、四、五、六核苷酸SSRs的含量仅为0~7.58%。其中, 单核苷酸重复中A、T重复占98.12%, 二核苷酸重复以AT、TA为主(80.53%), 由A、T碱基组合组成的三核苷酸重复(ATA、ATT、TTA、TAA、TAT、AAT) 占三核苷酸SSRs总数的74.47%, 四核苷酸重复全部为A、T碱基组合(TTAA)。说明黄精属植物叶绿体基因组序列中的SSRs有明显的A、T碱基使用偏好, 与大多数被子植物类群叶绿体基因组序列中SSRs的类型相似[38-41]
序列变异比较分析结果表明, 距药黄精2个不同个体间叶绿体全基因组序列高度保守, 黄精属不同种间存在一定程度的序列变异。其中, LSC区、SSC区变异程度显著高于IR区, 非编码序列变异高于编码基因序列。核苷酸多样性分析结果进一步证明距药黄精2个不同个体间叶绿体全基因组序列的变异小于黄精属不同物种间, 且序列变异主要发生在LSC和SSC区, 与其他被子植物类群叶绿体基因组序列变异模式相似[33, 36, 42]。此外, 筛选到8条种间变异较高的区域, 分别为trnS-GCU(34 bp)+trnS-GCU_trnG-UCC、trnS-GCU_ trnG-UCC、rpoB_trnC-GCA、trnM-CAU(40 bp)+trnM-CAU_atpE+atpE(16 bp)petA_psbJ+psbJ(32 bp)rpl32_trnL-UAG、ccsA(46 bp)+ccsA_ndhD和ccsA_ndhD+ndhD(32 bp), 分布在LSC区和SSC区。这些高变异序列可作为黄精属种间分子鉴定的特异性候选分子标记。
本研究基于叶绿体全基因组序列的系统发育分析结果以100%的支持率将黄精属26个物种划分为3个单系分支, 分别对应轮叶组、黄精组和互叶组, 其中黄精组和互叶组构成姐妹关系, 与Floden等[18]、Zhao等[19]及Xia等[20]基于形态和分子证据的研究结论一致。目前, 距药黄精在黄精属内的系统发育位置及其与黄精属其他物种之间的系统发育关系仍存在争议。Meng等[16]基于4个叶绿体片段(rbcL、trnK、psbA-trnH、trnC-petN) 的系统发育分析结果曾将距药黄精划分至轮叶组, 但其与组内其他种间的系统发育关系并未得到解决, 而Wang等[22]及Zhang等[23]基于叶绿体基因组序列的系统发育分析结果分别将距药黄精置于互叶组或轮叶组。本研究以100%的支持率明确澄清了距药黄精在黄精属内的系统发育位置, 即位于轮叶组, 并与狭叶黄精互为姐妹关系。此外, 系统树各分支节点的支持率几乎均为99%或100% (仅2个节点分别为55%、63%), 即黄精属下各物种之间的系统发育关系均以较高的支持率得到解决, 说明叶绿体全基因组序列能够有效解决黄精属植物种间系统发育关系问题。
作者贡献: 第一作者程文萍负责论文实验、数据分析及论文撰写; 通讯作者高静、张明英负责论文设计、数据分析和论文指导; 李依民、赵霞参与实验及数据分析; 张岗参与实验设计及论文指导; 颜永刚参与样品采集。所有作者参与论文修改。
利益冲突: 本文所有的作者之间不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82003898)
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2022JM-458)
  • 陕西中医药大学博士科研启动经费(104080001)
  • 陕西中医药大学“秦药”品质评价及资源开发学科创新团队项目(2019-QN01)
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2023年第58卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0659
  • 接收时间:2023-05-22
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-22
  • 修回日期:2023-08-21
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82003898)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2022JM-458)
陕西中医药大学博士科研启动经费(104080001)
陕西中医药大学“秦药”品质评价及资源开发学科创新团队项目(2019-QN01)
作者信息
    1.陕西中医药大学药学院, 陕西省秦岭中草药应用开发工程技术研究中心, 陕西 西安 712046
    2.陕西中医药大学, 陕西省中医药管理局"秦药"研发重点实验室, 陕西 西安 712046

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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