Article(id=1198652616847753726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0554, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1682956800000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-02, revisedDate=1687363200000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763710653745, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1691769600000, pubDateStr=2023-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763710653745, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763710653745, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763710653745, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198652605778985059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='8', pageStart='0', pageEnd='2540', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1691769600000', pubDateStr='2023-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763710651106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763710739504, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2311, endPage=2319, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198652617216852520, articleId=1198652616847753726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Advances of metal nanoadjuvant for cancer immunotherapy, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Immunotherapy has become another effective tumor treatment after surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapy. However, due to the low immunogenicity of tumor cells and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, antigen-presenting cells inefficiently process and present tumor antigens, thus leading to insufficient activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and tumor infiltration, which significantly affects the effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that multiple metal ions exhibit distinguished modulatory effects in activating innate immune stimulation and conquering acquired immune tolerance. Based on this, scientists have designed a series of nano-adjuvant delivery systems with metal ions or metal nanoparticles to enhance the targeted accumulation of metal ions in tumor tissues or lymphoid organs for efficiently inducing immunogenic cell death or directly activating antigen-presenting cells to initiate anti-tumor specific immune response. This review briefly outlines the role of various metal ions in anti-tumor immunomodulation, summarizes the research progress in using metal nanoadjuvant delivery systems to achieve efficient anti-tumor immunotherapy, and provides foresight on the main challenges and potential directions in this field.

, authors=null, authorsList=Qian ZHAO, Fang-min CHEN, Yi LAI, Wei WANG, Hai-jun YU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hai-jun YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198652620937200502, articleId=1198652616847753726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=金属纳米佐剂用于肿瘤免疫治疗的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

免疫治疗已成为继手术切除、化疗、放疗和靶向治疗之后的另一种有效的肿瘤治疗手段。然而, 由于肿瘤细胞免疫原性低及免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境, 抗原呈递细胞识别并处理肿瘤抗原效率低下, 进而导致细胞毒性T淋巴细胞激活与肿瘤浸润不足, 这在很大程度上影响了肿瘤免疫治疗的效果。近年来, 研究表明多种金属离子在激活先天免疫刺激及克服获得性免疫耐受方面具有突出的调节作用。基于此, 科学家们开发了一系列基于金属离子或金属纳米颗粒的纳米佐剂递送系统, 提高金属离子在肿瘤组织或淋巴器官内的靶向蓄积水平, 从而高效诱导肿瘤细胞免疫原性死亡或是直接激活抗原呈递细胞以启动抗肿瘤特异性免疫应答。本文首先简要概述了多种金属离子在抗肿瘤免疫调节中的作用, 随后总结了利用金属纳米佐剂递送系统实现高效抗肿瘤免疫治疗的研究进展, 最后并对该领域的主要挑战和可能发展方向进行了展望。

, authors=null, authorsList=赵倩, 陈方敏, 来旖, 王伟, 于海军, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=于海军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*于海军, Tel: 86-21-20231000-2519, E-mail:
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Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2022, 57: 1252-1262., articleTitle=Research progress on Fe-based metal-organic frameworks inantitumor drug delivery, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960099059401287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616847753726, awardId=82203041, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然青年科学基金资助项目(82203041), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960092184937461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616847753726, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960092197520375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616847753726, companyId=1198960092184937461, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960092222686201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616847753726, companyId=1198960092184937461, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国科学院上海药物研究所, 上海 201203)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198960092415623170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616847753726, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960092424011779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616847753726, companyId=1198960092415623170, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960092453371908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616847753726, companyId=1198960092415623170, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国药科大学药学院, 江苏 南京 211198)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960096228245863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616847753726, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ek2bAl0TYNaJZX+7Ulf3NA==, figureFileBig=H+eKLF8BN1uYyd85rtQJ8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960096488292724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616847753726, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Schematic representation of the role of metal ions in immune regulation and their application in cancer vaccination therapy and reshaping the immune microenvironment of tumors. DC: Dendritic cell; M1: Classically activated macrophages; M2: Alternatively activated macrophages; TAAs: Tumor-associated antigen; DAMPs: Damage-associated molecular pattern; TNF-<i>α</i>: Tumor necrosis factor-<i>α</i>; IL-12: Interleukin-12; IFN-Ⅰ: Type I interferons; CTLs: Cytotoxic T cell; PDL1/PD1: Programmed cell death-ligand 1/Programmed cell death-1 , figureFileSmall=ek2bAl0TYNaJZX+7Ulf3NA==, figureFileBig=H+eKLF8BN1uYyd85rtQJ8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960096718979460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616847753726, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rqD5GzRdIXdgOGKacgP2Xw==, figureFileBig=/lSTwMvwowWLG0zWBcxm3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960096869974415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616847753726, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Bioinspired magnetic nanocomplexes (m-PUNCs) for stimulating the STING pathways in macrophages to enhance immunotherapy. A: Schematic illustration of the preparation of bioinspired magnetic nanocomplexes (m-PUNCs); B: Schematic illustration of m-PUNCs-mediated cancer immunotherapy. m-PUNCs repolarized M2Φ TAMs into M1Φ TAMs, activated the STING pathways in M1Φ TAMs for intratumoral IFN-<i>β</i> secretion, and recruited the tumor-infiltrating CD8<i>α</i><sup>+</sup>/CD103<sup>+</sup> DCs for priming the CTLs. MDSCs: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells; Tregs: Regulatory T cell; tdLNs: Tumor-draining lymph nodes; TAMs: Tumor-associated macrophages. Reprinted with permission from reference<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b20')" rid="b20">20</a>]</sup> , figureFileSmall=rqD5GzRdIXdgOGKacgP2Xw==, figureFileBig=/lSTwMvwowWLG0zWBcxm3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960097050329498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616847753726, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=F8Sa65UWiYMe5cZsaMe7Sw==, figureFileBig=Uisskspg4jZ27vY5GgEVHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960097247461800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616847753726, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Acid-ionizable iron nanoparticles for activating and amplifying STING signals for immunotherapy. A: Schematic illustration of the preparation of acid-ionizable iron nanoadjuvant and nanovaccine (PEIM@antigen); B: Schematic illustration of PEIM@antigen-mediated cancer vaccination immunotherapy. PEIM@antigen nanovaccines effectively co-delivered tumor antigens and STING agonists to the dLNs, facilitated antigen cross-presentation in CD169<sup>+</sup> APCs with robust STING activation, which eventually elicited potent antigen-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> CTL response to eradicate established tumors; C: Flow cytometry determined frequency of matured DCs in the dLNs examined 3 days post final vaccination (<i>n</i> = 3); D: Flow cytometry determined frequency of SIINFEKL-H-2Kb<sup>+</sup> CD11c<sup>+</sup> DCs in the dLNs examined 3 days post final vaccination (<i>n</i> = 3); E: The frequency of SIINFEKL-H-2Kb tetramer<sup>+</sup> cells in CD3<sup>+</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in the splenocytes examined 7 days post final vaccination (<i>n</i> = 3). Reprinted with permission from reference<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b21')" rid="b21">21</a>]</sup> , figureFileSmall=F8Sa65UWiYMe5cZsaMe7Sw==, figureFileBig=Uisskspg4jZ27vY5GgEVHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960097444594103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616847753726, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LIC3ty/M2Tih8H3GXA+wFQ==, figureFileBig=qLdwOtcZpeVOgkO4OSVz2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960097570423236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616847753726, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Schematic illustration of the preparation of CMP nanoadjuvant to amplify STING activation for cancer metalloimmunotherapy. CMP promoted the cellular uptake of STING agonist and Mn<sup>2+</sup>, and Mn<sup>2+</sup> augments STING activation by STING-independent TBK1 and p65 phosphorylation, STING-dependent IRF3 phosphorylation. TBK1: TANK-binding kinase 1; IKK: I<i>κ</i>B kinases; IRF3: Interferon regulatory factor 3; ATF-2: Activating transcription factor 2. Reprinted with permission from reference<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b25')" rid="b25">25</a>]</sup> , figureFileSmall=LIC3ty/M2Tih8H3GXA+wFQ==, figureFileBig=qLdwOtcZpeVOgkO4OSVz2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960097750778324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616847753726, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=0O+HcQVW6XE7oZZv+KVaNQ==, figureFileBig=fd298bjTLF6rsUW1GidQQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960097985659364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616847753726, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Schematic illustration of NP@ESCu-mediated antitumor immunity to convert immune "cold tumors" to "hot tumors". NP@ESCu can induce cuproptosis to elicit strong anti-tumor immune responses <i>in vivo</i>. Combining NP@ESCu with <i>α</i>PD-L1 further maximizes tumor inhibition. Reprinted with permission from reference<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b30')" rid="b30">30</a>]</sup> , figureFileSmall=0O+HcQVW6XE7oZZv+KVaNQ==, figureFileBig=fd298bjTLF6rsUW1GidQQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960098174403068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616847753726, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=wo+tlvj3Bq7VgvhVE7+vVA==, figureFileBig=LDCvi6dn5ribdVqea6ZLew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960098296037899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616847753726, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Schematic illustration of the therapeutic process of ZnS@BSA nanoclusters to activate the cGAS/STING pathway and promote the infiltration of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells at the tumor site, leading to an improved immunotherapy efficacy against hepatocellular carcinoma. IFNB1: Interferon beta 1; ISG56: IFN-stimulated gene 56. Reprinted with permission from reference<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b36')" rid="b36">36</a>]</sup> , figureFileSmall=wo+tlvj3Bq7VgvhVE7+vVA==, figureFileBig=LDCvi6dn5ribdVqea6ZLew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960098463810069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616847753726, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Metalion Form Administration Mechanism Delivery system Reference
Fe Ultrasmall single-crystal Fe nanoparticles i.v. Generating ROS in tumor cells and leading to ferroptosis Inducing release of DAMPs, recruiting and activating DC bcc-USINPs [17]
Fe Ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) i.v. Activating APCs inflammatory signaling pathway and inducing DC maturation. Repolarizing M2Φ TAMs into M1 ΦTAMs m-PUNCs [20]
Fe Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) i.v. Activating NF-κB signaling pathway and synergistically amplifing STING signaling. Enhancing expression of type I interferon-related genes PEIM@antigen [21]
Mn Mn2+ i.t., i.v. Activating STING signaling pathway and promoting DC maturation and repolarizing M1. Generating ROS, leading to apoptosis and releasing antigens. Reducing infiltration of regulatory T cells CM@Mn [24]
Mn Mn2+ i.t., i.v. Activating STING signaling pathway CMP [25]
Mn Mn2+ s.c. Activating STING signaling pathway G5-pBA/OVA@Mn [26]
Cu Cu2+ i.v. Inducing cuproptosis, releasing immunogenic antigen, recruiting and stimulating DC maturation. Repolarizing macrophage M1 and reduce tumor myeloid-derived suppressor cell infiltration. Promoting upregulation of PD-L1 expression NP@ESCu [30]
Cu Cu2+ i.v. Inducing mitochondrial dysfunction to inhibit tumor growth Promoting DC maturation and increases CTL infiltration GCT@CM NPs [31]
Zn Zn2+ i.v. Enhancing the enzymatic catalytic activity of cGAS Generating ROS, inducing mitochondrial DNA release and activating the cGAS-STING pathway ZnS@BSA [36]
), ArticleFig(id=1198960098652553768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616847753726, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Forms, route of administration, mechanisms and delivery system of metal ions or metal nanoparticles. i.t.: Intratumoral injection; i.v.: Intravenous injection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Metalion Form Administration Mechanism Delivery system Reference
Fe Ultrasmall single-crystal Fe nanoparticles i.v. Generating ROS in tumor cells and leading to ferroptosis Inducing release of DAMPs, recruiting and activating DC bcc-USINPs [17]
Fe Ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) i.v. Activating APCs inflammatory signaling pathway and inducing DC maturation. Repolarizing M2Φ TAMs into M1 ΦTAMs m-PUNCs [20]
Fe Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) i.v. Activating NF-κB signaling pathway and synergistically amplifing STING signaling. Enhancing expression of type I interferon-related genes PEIM@antigen [21]
Mn Mn2+ i.t., i.v. Activating STING signaling pathway and promoting DC maturation and repolarizing M1. Generating ROS, leading to apoptosis and releasing antigens. Reducing infiltration of regulatory T cells CM@Mn [24]
Mn Mn2+ i.t., i.v. Activating STING signaling pathway CMP [25]
Mn Mn2+ s.c. Activating STING signaling pathway G5-pBA/OVA@Mn [26]
Cu Cu2+ i.v. Inducing cuproptosis, releasing immunogenic antigen, recruiting and stimulating DC maturation. Repolarizing macrophage M1 and reduce tumor myeloid-derived suppressor cell infiltration. Promoting upregulation of PD-L1 expression NP@ESCu [30]
Cu Cu2+ i.v. Inducing mitochondrial dysfunction to inhibit tumor growth Promoting DC maturation and increases CTL infiltration GCT@CM NPs [31]
Zn Zn2+ i.v. Enhancing the enzymatic catalytic activity of cGAS Generating ROS, inducing mitochondrial DNA release and activating the cGAS-STING pathway ZnS@BSA [36]
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金属纳米佐剂用于肿瘤免疫治疗的研究进展
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赵倩 1, 2 , 陈方敏 1 , 来旖 1 , 王伟 2 , 于海军 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(8): 2311-2319
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药学学报 |综述 2023 , 58 (8) : 2311 -2319
金属纳米佐剂用于肿瘤免疫治疗的研究进展
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赵倩1, 2, 陈方敏1, 来旖1, 王伟2, 于海军1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院上海药物研究所, 上海 201203
  • 2.中国药科大学药学院, 江苏 南京 211198
通讯作者:
*于海军, Tel: 86-21-20231000-2519, E-mail:
Advances of metal nanoadjuvant for cancer immunotherapy
Qian ZHAO1, 2, Fang-min CHEN1, Yi LAI1, Wei WANG2, Hai-jun YU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 2. Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
出版时间: 2023-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0554
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免疫治疗已成为继手术切除、化疗、放疗和靶向治疗之后的另一种有效的肿瘤治疗手段。然而, 由于肿瘤细胞免疫原性低及免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境, 抗原呈递细胞识别并处理肿瘤抗原效率低下, 进而导致细胞毒性T淋巴细胞激活与肿瘤浸润不足, 这在很大程度上影响了肿瘤免疫治疗的效果。近年来, 研究表明多种金属离子在激活先天免疫刺激及克服获得性免疫耐受方面具有突出的调节作用。基于此, 科学家们开发了一系列基于金属离子或金属纳米颗粒的纳米佐剂递送系统, 提高金属离子在肿瘤组织或淋巴器官内的靶向蓄积水平, 从而高效诱导肿瘤细胞免疫原性死亡或是直接激活抗原呈递细胞以启动抗肿瘤特异性免疫应答。本文首先简要概述了多种金属离子在抗肿瘤免疫调节中的作用, 随后总结了利用金属纳米佐剂递送系统实现高效抗肿瘤免疫治疗的研究进展, 最后并对该领域的主要挑战和可能发展方向进行了展望。

免疫治疗  /  金属离子  /  纳米佐剂  /  肿瘤疫苗  /  肿瘤免疫微环境

Immunotherapy has become another effective tumor treatment after surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapy. However, due to the low immunogenicity of tumor cells and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, antigen-presenting cells inefficiently process and present tumor antigens, thus leading to insufficient activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and tumor infiltration, which significantly affects the effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that multiple metal ions exhibit distinguished modulatory effects in activating innate immune stimulation and conquering acquired immune tolerance. Based on this, scientists have designed a series of nano-adjuvant delivery systems with metal ions or metal nanoparticles to enhance the targeted accumulation of metal ions in tumor tissues or lymphoid organs for efficiently inducing immunogenic cell death or directly activating antigen-presenting cells to initiate anti-tumor specific immune response. This review briefly outlines the role of various metal ions in anti-tumor immunomodulation, summarizes the research progress in using metal nanoadjuvant delivery systems to achieve efficient anti-tumor immunotherapy, and provides foresight on the main challenges and potential directions in this field.

immunotherapy  /  metal ion  /  nanoadjuvant  /  tumor vaccine  /  tumor immune microenvironment
赵倩, 陈方敏, 来旖, 王伟, 于海军. 金属纳米佐剂用于肿瘤免疫治疗的研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2311 -2319 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0554
Qian ZHAO, Fang-min CHEN, Yi LAI, Wei WANG, Hai-jun YU. Advances of metal nanoadjuvant for cancer immunotherapy[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2311 -2319 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0554
当前, 癌症治疗的主要手段有外科手术、化学疗法、放射疗法, 但手术预后差、化疗易产生耐药性、放疗特异性低等缺点都让癌症的治疗举步维艰。近年来, 免疫疗法作为癌症治疗的第4种方法, 通过激活和维持肿瘤免疫周期来增强肿瘤微环境的抗肿瘤免疫, 从而控制和杀死肿瘤细胞, 因为不良反应相对更小、对肿瘤细胞的杀灭更为彻底而被更多人所关注, 主要包括免疫检查点抑制剂、嵌合抗原受体-T细胞和癌症疫苗等方法[1-3]。其中, 癌症疫苗通过将肿瘤抗原递送至次级淋巴器官中的抗原呈递细胞(antigen-presenting cells, APCs), 激发保护性免疫应答实现消退肿瘤和预防转移[4]。但是, APCs先天免疫激活不足限制了抗原交叉呈递和T细胞的活化[5]。免疫佐剂能够刺激先天免疫信号通路, 包括Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors, TLR) 和干扰素基因刺激物(stimulator of interferon genes, STING) 等, 用于激活APCs并唤起启动T细胞反应所需的共刺激信号[6-8]。目前, 常用的矿物盐、微生物源性佐剂、核酸基佐剂和合成小分子佐剂等缺乏组织靶向能力, 且对正常器官的免疫毒性严重, 这在很大程度上限制了癌症疫苗的广泛应用。因此, 需要具有强效且可控活性的新一代佐剂安全有效地进行癌症疫苗接种治疗。
大量研究结果表明, 金属离子在免疫调节中具有重要作用[9, 10]。如锰离子、锌离子和铁离子在调节先天免疫方面起着至关重要的作用, 锰离子和锌离子增强环GMP-AMP合成酶(cyclic GMP-AMP synthase, cGAS) 对双链DNA的敏感性, 从而加强对肿瘤的先天免疫反应[11]。铁离子可以通过芬顿反应促进活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 的形成, 从而激活NF-κB炎症信号通路, 诱导显著的促炎免疫反应[12]。钙离子在调节免疫细胞活化、分化和增殖的信号通路中充当第二信使, 对于免疫细胞(如T细胞、B细胞和巨噬细胞) 的激活以及细胞因子和趋化因子的释放至关重要, 激活树突状细胞并促进其成熟, 启动适应性免疫反应。镁离子可通过与淋巴细胞功能相关分子结合来促进CD8+ T细胞的激活[13]。尽管金属离子在免疫调节方面具有明显的优势, 但如何系统高效地将金属离子递送至靶组织以发挥安全高效的抗肿瘤及免疫激活作用仍然是一个关键的挑战。
淋巴结是重要的次级淋巴器官, 是APCs交叉呈递抗原和T细胞激活的重要免疫场所。研究表明, 粒径为20~200 nm的纳米颗粒可以通过被动转运方式有效地引流至淋巴结中, 此外, 纳米颗粒在全身给药时还可利用增强渗透和保留(enhanced permeability and retention, EPR) 效应, 实现其在肿瘤组织的有效蓄积, 有效提高所载药物在肿瘤内的富集, 以发挥肿瘤免疫微环境调控的功能。因此, 将金属离子整合至纳米颗粒递送系统中以开发金属纳米佐剂, 有望在改善金属离子免疫疗法治疗效果上取得重要的突破。
基于此, 近年来科学家们开发了一系列基于不同金属离子的金属纳米佐剂递送系统, 其通过金属离子与多功能纳米递送载体之间的静电相互作用、配位相互作用等自组装形成金属纳米佐剂。或者通过化学物理方法直接合成无机金属纳米颗粒, 如氧化铁纳米颗粒、氧化锰纳米颗粒等, 提高金属离子在淋巴器官或肿瘤组织内的蓄积水平, 激活抗肿瘤免疫应答的同时调控肿瘤免疫抑制微环境, 从而实现免疫协同治疗, 显著提高金属免疫治疗效果并避免金属离子脱靶造成的不良反应[14]。本文的目的是总结基于不同金属离子的纳米佐剂包括铁纳米佐剂、锰纳米佐剂、铜纳米佐剂和锌纳米佐剂用于肿瘤免疫治疗的最新研究进展, 简要概括各种金属离子作为佐剂分子的作用机制(图 1)。总结了当前金属纳米佐剂临床转化所面临的关键挑战, 并提供了相应潜在的解决策略以推动基于金属纳米佐剂的肿瘤免疫疗法的临床发展。
铁(Fe) 是人体必需的无机微量元素, 是许多酶不可或缺的成分, 包括血红蛋白、肌红蛋白和细胞色素。铁元素还作为重要的催化亚基, 参与了转移电子和介导氧化还原反应, 与机体能量代谢、神经信号传递和髓鞘形成密切相关。近年来, 研究表明铁离子(Fe2/3+) 可以通过催化芬顿反应以诱导肿瘤细胞内ROS过度积累, 进而导致肿瘤细胞铁死亡[15]。与此同时, 肿瘤细胞会胞外释放损伤相关的分子模式如钙网蛋白、高迁移率组框1等, 可进一步招募并活化DC细胞, 从而启动抗肿瘤免疫应答。基于此, 科学家们开发了一系列铁基纳米材料如铁有机框架和氧化铁纳米颗粒, 其可高效靶向肿瘤组织并诱导肿瘤细胞铁死亡, 从而实现肿瘤铁死亡-免疫联合治疗[16]。Liang等[17]合成制备了具肿瘤微酸环境响应性解离的超小氧化铁纳米颗粒(bcc-USINPs), 体外实验表明bcc-USINPs可以在极低铁浓度下显著诱导肿瘤细胞铁死亡和免疫原性死亡。同时, 为了提高bcc-USINPs在体内的肿瘤靶向蓄积效果, 作者进一步利用iRGD肽对铁纳米颗粒进行了表面修饰, 进而在活体水平上高效抑制小鼠肿瘤生长, 并激活抗肿瘤免疫应答以长期抑制小鼠肿瘤生长。此外, bcc-USINPs还具有可从肾脏迅速排出的特点, 这保证了其在正常组织中无毒副作用。
除了诱导肿瘤细胞铁死亡以外, Fe2/3+催化产生的ROS还能直接激活APCs如DC细胞、巨噬细胞的炎症信号通路, 诱导APCs熟化, 以启动抗肿瘤免疫应答并改善肿瘤免疫抑制微环境[18, 19]。Li等[20]发现氧化铁纳米颗粒具有重编程M2型肿瘤相关巨噬细胞为M1型的免疫刺激活性, 其进一步与STING信号激动剂联用后, 可显著重极化M2型肿瘤相关巨噬细胞, 并分泌大量I型干扰素。基于此, 作者设计构建了一种仿生的铁纳米佐剂递送系统(m-PUNCs), 其通过聚丙烯酸表面修饰的氧化铁纳米颗粒与STING激活型PHMA共聚物间的静电相互作用自组装构建纳米佐剂内核, 随后利用红细胞膜表面伪装以改善体内血液循环时间和稳定性(图 2)。m-PUNCs全身给药后可选择性地蓄积在肿瘤部位并被肿瘤相关巨噬细胞吞噬, 并高效地将其复极化为M1表型并促进肿瘤内I型干扰素分泌, 进而招募CD8α+/CD103+ DC细胞肿瘤浸润, 以启动肿瘤特异性免疫应答, 实现原发肿瘤的消灭并抑制远端转移。在小鼠B16OVA黑色素瘤和4T1乳腺癌模型中, m-PUNCs与免疫检查点阻断治疗联用后, 可显著抑制肿瘤生长并延长荷瘤小鼠生存期。
Chen等[21]的进一步研究表明, 氧化铁纳米颗粒可刺激NF-κB炎症信号通路的激活, 从而协同STING激动剂以放大STING信号的激活及下游I型干扰素相关基因的表达。基于此, 作者合成了一系列具有酸可电离特性的高分子聚合物, 其在等电点条件下可与氧化铁纳米颗粒和小分子STING激动剂MSA-2共组装构建铁纳米佐剂文库。该文库中的最佳纳米佐剂PEIM可通过被动转运效应高效引流至小鼠淋巴结, 级联放大APCs内STING信号, 以激活抗肿瘤先天免疫应答(图 3)。此外, PEIM纳米佐剂可进一步递送肿瘤模型抗原OVA或自体肿瘤细胞膜抗原至淋巴结, 以诱导抗原特异性T细胞免疫应答。PEIM纳米疫苗与免疫检查点阻断疗法联合治疗可显著抑制小鼠B16-OVA黑色素瘤和MC38结直肠癌的术后肿瘤复发和远处转移。
锰(Mn) 是人体必需的无机微量元素, 是机体发育、代谢、氧化还原稳态维持等多种生理过程所必需的。研究表明, Mn2+在先天免疫信号激活与肿瘤免疫抑制微环境调控上具有突出的作用[22]。Mn2+可以通过增加cGAS感知细胞内受损双链DNA的能力, 或是直接结合于STING蛋白以增强STING信号通路的激活[23]。同时, Mn2+还能通过催化芬顿反应诱导ROS生成, 以刺激DC细胞熟化和M2型巨噬细胞极化, 从而改善肿瘤免疫微环境。基于此, 科学家们开发了一系列锰纳米佐剂递送系统以激活高效的抗肿瘤免疫应答。Zhao等[24]构建了肿瘤细胞膜包裹的多锰氧化物纳米酶系统(CM@Mn), 其具有肿瘤同源靶向、逃避免疫清除和体内长循环的优势(图 4[25])。在肿瘤酸性微环境中, CM@Mn可催化产生丰富的ROS以杀死肿瘤细胞, 原位释放免疫原性物质, 招募并刺激DC细胞熟化, 以启动抗肿瘤T细胞免疫应答。同时, CM@Mn还能复极化M2型肿瘤相关巨噬细胞和减少肿瘤内调节性T细胞的浸润, 缓解肿瘤免疫抑制微环境。CM@Mn与PD-1检查点阻断疗法联用后可诱导产生长期的抗肿瘤免疫记忆效应, 延长荷瘤小鼠的生存期。
除了利用氧化锰无机纳米颗粒构建锰佐剂递送系统外, 还可以通过配位相互作用和静电相互作用等直接将游离锰离子整合到纳米佐剂递送系统中。Sun等[25]系统筛选了多种金属离子对于核苷类STING激动剂药理活性的放大作用, 结果发现Mn2+具有最佳的STING通路刺激活性, 其可放大STING激动剂药理活性最高达77倍。随后, 作者将游离锰离子与核苷类STING激动剂CDA物理混合制备锰纳米佐剂, 并进一步通过表面脂质修饰以得到粒径均一、颗粒稳定性高的纳米佐剂(CMP)。CMP显著增强了STING激动剂的细胞摄取及体外的免疫刺激活性。体内抗肿瘤实验表明, 无论是局部瘤内注射或是全身静脉给药, CMP均表现出强大的抗肿瘤免疫治疗能力, 并在多种小鼠肿瘤模型中诱导长期抗肿瘤免疫记忆效应。此外, Gao等[26]以苯甲酸修饰的聚酰胺树枝状大分子作为Mn2+递送载体以构建锰纳米佐剂。该纳米佐剂可进一步静电吸附肿瘤模型抗原OVA以构建肿瘤纳米疫苗。纳米疫苗可显著提高DC细胞摄取肿瘤抗原效率, 并响应溶酶体酸环境以释放Mn2+, 从而刺激STING信号通路的激活, 促进肿瘤抗原交叉呈递。经纳米疫苗免疫后的小鼠可显著预防B16-OVA肿瘤的生长, 并联合免疫检查点阻断疗法后可进一步提高抗肿瘤免疫治疗效果。
铜(Cu) 是一种必需的微量营养元素, 在广泛的生物过程中充当关键的催化辅因子, 包括线粒体呼吸、抗氧化应激和生物化合物合成[27, 28]。最新的研究表明, 铜离子可与三羧酸循环中的硫辛酰化蛋白相结合, 促使硫辛酰化蛋白发生异常寡聚化, 此外, 铜离子还可降低Fe-S簇蛋白水平, 二者共同诱发蛋白质毒性应激反应最终导致细胞铜死亡。铜死亡作为一种新的细胞死亡方式, 它依赖于铜离子载体将铜转运到肿瘤细胞中, 然而, 现有的铜离子载体是小分子, 血液半衰期短, 很难将足够的铜离子运输到肿瘤细胞中[29]。基于此, Guo等[30]设计了一种生物可降解两亲性聚合物PHPM, 随后用其将伊利司莫和Cu2+封装以构建铜纳米佐剂递送系统(NP@ESCu)。NP@ESCu在体内可选择性地蓄积在小鼠肿瘤部位, 并响应肿瘤细胞内过量的ROS触发纳米颗粒解离, 最终释放被包载的伊利司莫和Cu2+。肿瘤细胞内高浓度的Cu2+在线粒体中被还原为Cu+且持续积累, 导致肿瘤细胞发生铜死亡。与此同时, 肿瘤细胞释放免疫原性物质, 以招募并刺激DC细胞熟化, 启动抗肿瘤免疫应答。同时, NP@ESCu还能有效减少肿瘤内肿瘤相关巨噬细胞和髓源性抑制细胞的浸润, 重塑肿瘤抑制微环境。重要的是, 该研究发现肿瘤细胞内Cu2+浓度的持续升高会导致细胞表面PD-L1表达上调, 即揭示了NP@ESCu与免疫检查点阻断疗法联合的必要性和有效性。
在另一项研究中, Guo等[31]利用氧化还原双响应性聚合物PCL-SS-PEG包载树枝状大分子-铜配合物与丰加霉素(Toy) 构建铜纳米佐剂递送系统(GCT@CM NPs), 并通过肿瘤细胞膜表面伪装以进一步提高纳米佐剂对肿瘤的同源靶向特性(图 5)。GCT@CM NPs在血液中表现出良好的颗粒稳定性, 在肿瘤还原性微环境中迅速解离以消耗谷胱甘肽并释放Cu2+和Toy。Cu2+诱导的线粒体功能障碍和Toy介导的内质网应激放大可显著协同抑制肿瘤生长, 并促进DC细胞熟化, 增加肿瘤内CTL浸润, GCT@CM NPs联合免疫检查点阻断抗体不仅具有显著的治疗效果, 还能产生长期的抗肿瘤免疫记忆效应。
锌(Zn) 是人体非常重要的一种微量元素, 能够参与人体许多重要的生化代谢。最近的研究表明, Zn2+能够促进cGAS蛋白的相分离, 以提高cGAS的酶催化活性[32, 33]。此外, Zn2+还能在肿瘤细胞内诱导ROS累积, 以破坏线粒体并释放线粒体DNA, 从而激活cGAS-STING信号通路[34, 35]。基于此, Cen等[36]利用牛血清白蛋白为Zn2+递送载体, 通过离子扩散法将Zn2+和S2-高效包载至白蛋白结构中以构建ZnS@BSA纳米团簇。ZnS@BSA在肿瘤酸性微环境下可响应性释放Zn2+和S2-, Zn2+可通过诱导胞内ROS生成和增加cGAS酶催化活性来增强肿瘤细胞内cGAS-STING信号的激活, 以释放I型干扰素和炎症细胞因子, 促进DC细胞的浸润和熟化, 并增强CTL的激活。同时, S2-还能与肿瘤细胞内H+形成H2S气体, 后者能高效抑制细胞内过氧化氢酶活性, 导致ROS在肿瘤细胞中进一步积累, 以促进肿瘤细胞死亡(图 6)。ZnS@BSA在多种小鼠肿瘤模型中均表现出突出的肿瘤生长抑制效果, 并与免疫检查点阻断疗法联用后可进一步增强抗肿瘤免疫治疗效果。
基于金属离子的多功能肿瘤免疫调节作用, 金属免疫疗法应运而生, 并为肿瘤的临床前治疗研究注入了新兴的力量。与此同时, 纳米材料科学的迅速发展积极推动了金属免疫疗法的智能化设计和应用, 通过构建金属纳米佐剂递送系统, 实现按时按需的金属离子靶向递送, 并在一个纳米佐剂平台中实现多种金属离子或是其他免疫治疗药物的联合应用, 显著提高金属免疫疗法在荷瘤小鼠模型中的抗肿瘤免疫治疗效果,联合热疗、光疗等产生协同抗肿瘤效果,并控制药物的精准释放[37]。文中主要概括了各种金属离子作为佐剂在肿瘤免疫治疗领域发挥的作用机制、给药途径、递送载体等见表 1[17, 20, 21, 24-26, 30, 31, 36]
然而, 尽管金属纳米佐剂的临床前研究取得了一定进展, 但其向临床应用转化仍面临亟待克服的诸多困难。首先, 金属纳米佐剂的生物安全性需要进行更全面地评价。不同类型的金属离子可能对不同组织和免疫细胞产生不同的影响。因此, 系统阐明各类金属离子对机体免疫系统的调节作用与机制是构建生物安全性金属纳米佐剂的先决条件。此外, 目前所报道的大多数金属纳米佐剂递送系统的生物相容性和降解性的研究仍然不足, 阻碍了金属纳米佐剂的临床转化。因此, 后续研究应更加注重评估递送载体的安全性、体内降解及长期毒性等方面。其次, 当前许多金属纳米佐剂的开发涉及较为繁琐的工艺流程与较多的载体辅料加入, 不仅导致金属纳米佐剂在临床应用前的工业化生产环节遇到障碍, 还对金属纳米佐剂的质量控制和批次间一致性考察带来挑战。因此, 在后续研究中, 研究者需更加注意纳米递送载体的合理应用, 以实现简单高效的金属纳米佐剂开发。如改善金属纳米颗粒的物理性质, 以氧化铁纳米颗粒为例, 尺寸小且负载负电荷的球形纳米颗粒更容易被APCs所摄取, 而棒状的氧化铁纳米颗粒则具有更好的磁性; 表面涂层可以选择高分子材料如聚乙二醇、柠檬酸、油酸、乳酸、乳酸、壬酸等不同材料, 来增加难溶性抗原的水溶性并且能够实现与配体的生物偶联, 选择生物聚合物材料如壳聚糖则可以在增加佐剂在人体内的生物相容性的同时响应pH控制药物释放, 实现靶向释放。环糊精作为优良的递送载体, 可以与金属离子形成包合物或者聚合物, 通过细胞膜仿生策略, 进一步伪装纳米粒, 避免巨噬细胞吞噬和实现同源靶向, 刺激天然免疫反应, 杀伤肿瘤细胞。或者利用生物安全性好的无机金属纳米颗粒直接调节抗肿瘤免疫, 而不是将其整合到聚合物或脂质基纳米平台上, 从而避免了聚合物或脂质材料的合成和组装。此外, 金属离子与苯酚等特定化学结构的配位相互作用, 启发研究者可以将金属离子与相应免疫调节剂共组装制备配位金属纳米佐剂, 这有望提高制备效率并减少批次间质量变化。再者, 金属纳米佐剂的给药剂量和途径对其临床转化与应用也至关重要, 如金属纳米佐剂局部或皮下注射比静脉注射理论上更加安全可靠, 以避免全身免疫毒性。因此, 由内而外, 层层递进, 科学合理设计金属纳米佐剂尤为重要, 同时提前考虑其潜在的临床适应症和给药方式也具有重要的意义。
作者贡献: 赵倩负责文章撰写、图表绘制以及修改; 陈方敏负责文献调研和修改指导; 来旖负责审校; 于海军和王伟提供文章方向和思路。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然青年科学基金资助项目(82203041)
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2023年第58卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0554
  • 接收时间:2023-05-02
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-02
  • 修回日期:2023-06-22
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国家自然青年科学基金资助项目(82203041)
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    1.中国科学院上海药物研究所, 上海 201203
    2.中国药科大学药学院, 江苏 南京 211198

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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