Article(id=1198652618458366544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0537, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1682784000000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-30, revisedDate=1685289600000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763710654129, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1691769600000, pubDateStr=2023-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763710654129, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763710654129, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763710654129, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198652605778985059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='8', pageStart='0', pageEnd='2540', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1691769600000', pubDateStr='2023-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763710651106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763710739504, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2353, endPage=2363, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198652619183981214, articleId=1198652618458366544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Analysis of global mRNA drug industrialization dynamics, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The successful development and application of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine fully illustrated the great potential and application prospect of mRNA technology in the field of biomedicine. Currently, many companies worldwide are developing drugs and vaccines based on mRNA technology for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. It can be foreseen that with the continuous launch of mRNA drugs, commercial GMP production capacity matching them is also urgent. The optimization of production processes, intelligent manufacturing and other risk control strategies, as well as the control of industrialization costs, will help improve the core competitiveness of mRNA innovative drug development. In view of this, this article will provide an overview of the global production process of mRNA drugs and the progress of related GMP production dynamics, sort out the key chain points of the mRNA industry chain, explore the construction of the mRNA pharmaceutical enterprise value chain and the formation of core competitiveness, and provide reference and reference for the research and development of innovative mRNA drugs and high-quality development in China.

, authors=null, authorsList=Chang-chun ZHAO, Hai HUANG, Yong-jun GU, Deng-gang WANG, Xiang-rong SONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiang-rong SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198652621272744861, articleId=1198652618458366544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=全球mRNA药物产业化动态浅析, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

mRNA新冠疫苗的成功开发和应用, 充分阐明了mRNA技术在生物医药领域的巨大潜力和应用前景。目前, 全球范围内有许多公司正在研发基于mRNA技术的药物和疫苗, 用于预防和治疗各种疾病。可以预见, 随着mRNA药物的不断上市, 与之匹配的商业化GMP生产能力, 亦迫在眉睫; 且生产工艺的优化、智能制造等风险管控策略, 以及产业化成本的控制, 将有助于提高mRNA创新药物开发的核心竞争力。鉴于此, 本文将概述全球mRNA药物的生产工艺和相关GMP生产动态的进展, 梳理mRNA产业链的关键链点, 探讨mRNA药企价值链的构建和核心竞争力的形成, 为我国mRNA创新药物研发及高质量发展提供借鉴和参考。

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*宋相容, Tel: 86-28-85503817, E-mail:
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A: mRNA drug substance; B: mRNA drug preparation. lpDNA: Linearized plasmid DNA , figureFileSmall=/Mve12EVvO0IlUAJJGsEkA==, figureFileBig=imWv361CJ3Q7qyQn4eYf1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960104147091462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652618458366544, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
mRNA company Pipeline
Moderna COVID-19 Flu COVID-19+Flu
RSV Older adults RSV Flu+RSV
EBV VZV COVID-19+Flu+RSV
HIV CMV HSV
Nipah HCoV Fibrosis treatment
Zika Tumors Solid tumors/lymphoma
PCV Solid tumors Systemic intracellular therapy
BioNTech COVID-19 Flu COVID-19+Flu
HSV HIV Pulmonary tuberculosis
Malaria Tumors
CureVac COVID-19 RSV Rabies Malaria
Flu Tumors
ABOGEN COVID-19 Tumors
StemrRNA COVID-19 Tumors PCV
), ArticleFig(id=1198960104293892114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652618458366544, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Pipeline of major mRNA companies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
mRNA company Pipeline
Moderna COVID-19 Flu COVID-19+Flu
RSV Older adults RSV Flu+RSV
EBV VZV COVID-19+Flu+RSV
HIV CMV HSV
Nipah HCoV Fibrosis treatment
Zika Tumors Solid tumors/lymphoma
PCV Solid tumors Systemic intracellular therapy
BioNTech COVID-19 Flu COVID-19+Flu
HSV HIV Pulmonary tuberculosis
Malaria Tumors
CureVac COVID-19 RSV Rabies Malaria
Flu Tumors
ABOGEN COVID-19 Tumors
StemrRNA COVID-19 Tumors PCV
), ArticleFig(id=1198960104478441508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652618458366544, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Process Raw material China's industry chain point/supplier Overseas industry chain point/supplier
Cut the pDNAs Bsa Hongene Biotech
Vazyme
HZYMES BIOTECH
YEASEN
Novoprotein
KACTUS
Monad
Yugong Biolabs, etc
Thermo Fisher
Takara
NEB, etc
In vitro transcription (IVT) T7 RNA polymerase
Pyrophosphatase
DNase Ⅰ
RNase inhibitor
Hongene Biotech
Vazyme
HZYMES BIOTECH
YEASEN
Novoprotein
KACTUS, etc
Thermo Fisher
NEB, etc
Modified nucleoside substrate Hongene Biotech
SYNTHGENE
Glycogene
Vazyme
YEASEN
Novoprotein, etc
TriLink (Maravai), etc
Cap analog Hongene Biotech
Glycogene
HZYMES BIOTECH
SYNTHGENE
TriLink (Maravai)
Vaccinia capping enzyme Vazyme
Novoprotein
KACTUS
YEASEN
HZYMES BIOTECH
Thermo Fisher
NEB
Prepare the lipids Ionizable lipid Self developed
Sinopeg
(Canadian Arbutus/Genevant holds patent protection)
Self developed
Nippon Fine Chemical
Other lipids JenKem
Sinopeg
Well
Merck
Nippon Fine Chemical
Avanti
Sigma
), ArticleFig(id=1198960104646213680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652618458366544, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Key chain points of mRNA industry chain—raw material

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Process Raw material China's industry chain point/supplier Overseas industry chain point/supplier
Cut the pDNAs Bsa Hongene Biotech
Vazyme
HZYMES BIOTECH
YEASEN
Novoprotein
KACTUS
Monad
Yugong Biolabs, etc
Thermo Fisher
Takara
NEB, etc
In vitro transcription (IVT) T7 RNA polymerase
Pyrophosphatase
DNase Ⅰ
RNase inhibitor
Hongene Biotech
Vazyme
HZYMES BIOTECH
YEASEN
Novoprotein
KACTUS, etc
Thermo Fisher
NEB, etc
Modified nucleoside substrate Hongene Biotech
SYNTHGENE
Glycogene
Vazyme
YEASEN
Novoprotein, etc
TriLink (Maravai), etc
Cap analog Hongene Biotech
Glycogene
HZYMES BIOTECH
SYNTHGENE
TriLink (Maravai)
Vaccinia capping enzyme Vazyme
Novoprotein
KACTUS
YEASEN
HZYMES BIOTECH
Thermo Fisher
NEB
Prepare the lipids Ionizable lipid Self developed
Sinopeg
(Canadian Arbutus/Genevant holds patent protection)
Self developed
Nippon Fine Chemical
Other lipids JenKem
Sinopeg
Well
Merck
Nippon Fine Chemical
Avanti
Sigma
), ArticleFig(id=1198960104788820029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652618458366544, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Process Equipment and consumable China's industry chain points/suppliers Overseas industry chain points/suppliers
Plasmid DNA
purification
Purification equipment Tofflon
TRUKING
SARTORIUS
Cytiva
Tangential flow filtration (TFF) Cobetter SARTORIUS
PALL
Cytiva
Purification of
lpDNA
Purification equipment Tofflon
TRUKING
SARTORIUS
Cytiva
TFF Cobetter SARTORIUS
PALL
Cytiva
mRNA
purification
Purification equipment Tofflon
TRUKING
SARTORIUS
Cytiva
Fillers of purification NanoMicro
Sepax
SUNRESIN
BESTCHROM
HUIYAN Bio
Cytiva
Merck
Thermo Fisher
TOSOH
Assemble the mRNA Assemble equipment Micro & Nano
AITESEN
Inscinstech
PNI
KNAUER
Aquarius
Ultrafiltration Ultrafiltration equipment Tofflon
TRUKING
Inscinstech
Cobetter
PALL
Cytiva
), ArticleFig(id=1198960104906260553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652618458366544, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Key chain points of mRNA industry chain—equipment and consumable

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Process Equipment and consumable China's industry chain points/suppliers Overseas industry chain points/suppliers
Plasmid DNA
purification
Purification equipment Tofflon
TRUKING
SARTORIUS
Cytiva
Tangential flow filtration (TFF) Cobetter SARTORIUS
PALL
Cytiva
Purification of
lpDNA
Purification equipment Tofflon
TRUKING
SARTORIUS
Cytiva
TFF Cobetter SARTORIUS
PALL
Cytiva
mRNA
purification
Purification equipment Tofflon
TRUKING
SARTORIUS
Cytiva
Fillers of purification NanoMicro
Sepax
SUNRESIN
BESTCHROM
HUIYAN Bio
Cytiva
Merck
Thermo Fisher
TOSOH
Assemble the mRNA Assemble equipment Micro & Nano
AITESEN
Inscinstech
PNI
KNAUER
Aquarius
Ultrafiltration Ultrafiltration equipment Tofflon
TRUKING
Inscinstech
Cobetter
PALL
Cytiva
), ArticleFig(id=1198960105082421337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652618458366544, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Quality attribute Inspection instrument China's industry chain point/supplier Overseas industry chain point/supplier
Sequence confirmation CE HOUZE BIO-TECH Agilent
SCIEX
mRNA integrity CE HOUZE BIO-TECH Agilent
SCIEX
mRNA purity HPLC Focused Photonics Inc. Agilent
Waters
Thermo Fisher
Shimadzu
mRNA cap LC-MS Focused Photonics Inc. Agilent
Waters
Thermo Fisher
mRNA encapsulation efficiency ELISA reader Molecular Devices
BioTek
Thermo Fisher
Tecan
Agilent
Bio-Rad
RiboGreen Invitorgen (Thermo Fisher)
GENMED
PDI and zeta potential Laser particle size analyzer Malvern
PSS
OMEC
Nanoparticle images Cryo-electron Microscopy FEI
JEOL
Hitachi
), ArticleFig(id=1198960105225027683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652618458366544, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=

Key chain points of mRNA industry chain—inspection instruments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Quality attribute Inspection instrument China's industry chain point/supplier Overseas industry chain point/supplier
Sequence confirmation CE HOUZE BIO-TECH Agilent
SCIEX
mRNA integrity CE HOUZE BIO-TECH Agilent
SCIEX
mRNA purity HPLC Focused Photonics Inc. Agilent
Waters
Thermo Fisher
Shimadzu
mRNA cap LC-MS Focused Photonics Inc. Agilent
Waters
Thermo Fisher
mRNA encapsulation efficiency ELISA reader Molecular Devices
BioTek
Thermo Fisher
Tecan
Agilent
Bio-Rad
RiboGreen Invitorgen (Thermo Fisher)
GENMED
PDI and zeta potential Laser particle size analyzer Malvern
PSS
OMEC
Nanoparticle images Cryo-electron Microscopy FEI
JEOL
Hitachi
), ArticleFig(id=1198960105392799858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652618458366544, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Category Item China's industry chain point/supplier Overseas industry chain point/supplier
Raw material Bsa Vazyme Thermo Fisher
T7 RNA polymerase
Pyrophosphatase
DNase Ⅰ
RNase inhibitor
Vazyme
Novoprotein
Thermo Fisher
NEB
Modified nucleoside substrate Hongene Biotech TriLink (Maravai)
Cap analog Vazyme TriLink (Maravai)
Vaccinia capping enzyme Vazyme
Novoprotein
KACTUS
Thermo Fisher
NEB
Ionizable lipid Self developed [Canadian Arbutus/Genevant holds patent protection]
Other lipids Sinopeg Merck
Equipment & consumable Purification equipment Tofflon
TRUKING
Cytiva
SARTORIUS
TFF Cobetter PALL
Cytiva
Fillers of purification NanoMicro Cytiva
Merck
Assemble equipment Micro & Nano PNI
KNAUER
Ultrafiltration equipment Cobetter PALL
Cytiva
Inspection instruments Sequence confirmation: CE HOUZE BIO-TECH Agilent
SCIEX
mRNA integrity: CE HOUZE BIO-TECH Agilent
SCIEX
mRNA purity: HPLC Focused Photonics Inc. Agilent
Waters
mRNA cap: LC-MS Focused Photonics Inc. Agilent
Thermo Fisher
mRNA encapsulation efficiency: ELISA reader BioTek
Thermo Fisher
Tecan
mRNA encapsulation efficiency: RiboGreen Invitorgen (Thermo Fisher)
PDI and zeta potential: laser particle size analyzer Malvern
PSS
Nanoparticle images: Cryo-electron microscopy FEI
JEOL
Hitachi
), ArticleFig(id=1198960105568960643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652618458366544, language=CN, label=Table 5, caption=

Major suppliers of key chain points

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Category Item China's industry chain point/supplier Overseas industry chain point/supplier
Raw material Bsa Vazyme Thermo Fisher
T7 RNA polymerase
Pyrophosphatase
DNase Ⅰ
RNase inhibitor
Vazyme
Novoprotein
Thermo Fisher
NEB
Modified nucleoside substrate Hongene Biotech TriLink (Maravai)
Cap analog Vazyme TriLink (Maravai)
Vaccinia capping enzyme Vazyme
Novoprotein
KACTUS
Thermo Fisher
NEB
Ionizable lipid Self developed [Canadian Arbutus/Genevant holds patent protection]
Other lipids Sinopeg Merck
Equipment & consumable Purification equipment Tofflon
TRUKING
Cytiva
SARTORIUS
TFF Cobetter PALL
Cytiva
Fillers of purification NanoMicro Cytiva
Merck
Assemble equipment Micro & Nano PNI
KNAUER
Ultrafiltration equipment Cobetter PALL
Cytiva
Inspection instruments Sequence confirmation: CE HOUZE BIO-TECH Agilent
SCIEX
mRNA integrity: CE HOUZE BIO-TECH Agilent
SCIEX
mRNA purity: HPLC Focused Photonics Inc. Agilent
Waters
mRNA cap: LC-MS Focused Photonics Inc. Agilent
Thermo Fisher
mRNA encapsulation efficiency: ELISA reader BioTek
Thermo Fisher
Tecan
mRNA encapsulation efficiency: RiboGreen Invitorgen (Thermo Fisher)
PDI and zeta potential: laser particle size analyzer Malvern
PSS
Nanoparticle images: Cryo-electron microscopy FEI
JEOL
Hitachi
), ArticleFig(id=1198960105682206857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652618458366544, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Process and field Arbutus Pfizer BioNTech Moderna CSPC ABO
GEN
Stemr
RNA
Project approval
R & D
Register affair
Clinical
Manufacture
Access
Market
Sale
Multi-field
), ArticleFig(id=1198960105845784724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652618458366544, language=CN, label=Table 6, caption=

Classification of global major mRNA companies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Process and field Arbutus Pfizer BioNTech Moderna CSPC ABO
GEN
Stemr
RNA
Project approval
R & D
Register affair
Clinical
Manufacture
Access
Market
Sale
Multi-field
), ArticleFig(id=1198960106013556901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652618458366544, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Rank Assignee File Family
1 CureVac (Germany) 523 67
2 Moderna (US) 323 62
3 BioNTech (Germany) 245 46
4 Pfizer (US) 161 19
), ArticleFig(id=1198960106164551857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652618458366544, language=CN, label=Table 7, caption=

Ranking of global major mRNA companies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Rank Assignee File Family
1 CureVac (Germany) 523 67
2 Moderna (US) 323 62
3 BioNTech (Germany) 245 46
4 Pfizer (US) 161 19
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全球mRNA药物产业化动态浅析
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赵长春 1 , 黄海 1 , 辜勇军 1 , 王登刚 1 , 宋相容 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(8): 2353-2363
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药学学报 |综述 2023 , 58 (8) : 2353 -2363
全球mRNA药物产业化动态浅析
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赵长春1, 黄海1, 辜勇军1, 王登刚1, 宋相容1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.成都威斯津生物医药科技有限公司, 四川 成都 610218
  • 2.四川大学华西医院生物治疗国家重点实验室, 四川 成都 610041
通讯作者:
*宋相容, Tel: 86-28-85503817, E-mail:
Analysis of global mRNA drug industrialization dynamics
Chang-chun ZHAO1, Hai HUANG1, Yong-jun GU1, Deng-gang WANG1, Xiang-rong SONG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Chengdu WestGene Biopharma Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610218, China
  • 2. State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
出版时间: 2023-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0537
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mRNA新冠疫苗的成功开发和应用, 充分阐明了mRNA技术在生物医药领域的巨大潜力和应用前景。目前, 全球范围内有许多公司正在研发基于mRNA技术的药物和疫苗, 用于预防和治疗各种疾病。可以预见, 随着mRNA药物的不断上市, 与之匹配的商业化GMP生产能力, 亦迫在眉睫; 且生产工艺的优化、智能制造等风险管控策略, 以及产业化成本的控制, 将有助于提高mRNA创新药物开发的核心竞争力。鉴于此, 本文将概述全球mRNA药物的生产工艺和相关GMP生产动态的进展, 梳理mRNA产业链的关键链点, 探讨mRNA药企价值链的构建和核心竞争力的形成, 为我国mRNA创新药物研发及高质量发展提供借鉴和参考。

mRNA药物  /  GMP生产  /  产业链  /  价值链  /  核心竞争力

The successful development and application of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine fully illustrated the great potential and application prospect of mRNA technology in the field of biomedicine. Currently, many companies worldwide are developing drugs and vaccines based on mRNA technology for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. It can be foreseen that with the continuous launch of mRNA drugs, commercial GMP production capacity matching them is also urgent. The optimization of production processes, intelligent manufacturing and other risk control strategies, as well as the control of industrialization costs, will help improve the core competitiveness of mRNA innovative drug development. In view of this, this article will provide an overview of the global production process of mRNA drugs and the progress of related GMP production dynamics, sort out the key chain points of the mRNA industry chain, explore the construction of the mRNA pharmaceutical enterprise value chain and the formation of core competitiveness, and provide reference and reference for the research and development of innovative mRNA drugs and high-quality development in China.

mRNA drug  /  GMP production  /  industry chain  /  value chain  /  core competitiveness
赵长春, 黄海, 辜勇军, 王登刚, 宋相容. 全球mRNA药物产业化动态浅析. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2353 -2363 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0537
Chang-chun ZHAO, Hai HUANG, Yong-jun GU, Deng-gang WANG, Xiang-rong SONG. Analysis of global mRNA drug industrialization dynamics[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2353 -2363 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0537
目前, 全球共有5家mRNA药企的mRNA新冠疫苗可上市流通, 分别为国外的Pfizer-BioNTech、Moderna获批上市许可和中国的石药集团、艾博、斯微获得紧急使用授权(EUA)。其中, Pfizer-BioNTech合作开发的BNT162b2 (Comirnaty®) 和Moderna开发的mRNA-1273 (Spikevax®) 这2款mRNA新冠疫苗取得巨大成功, 证明了mRNA技术在医药领域的巨大潜力和应用前景。石药集团开发的名为SYS6006的mRNA新冠疫苗在中国纳入紧急使用, 更是意义重大。这些疫苗的成功为mRNA产业带来了巨大的关注度和投资, 促进了mRNA技术的进一步发展和创新。
mRNA药物可分为3类, 预防性疫苗、治疗性疫苗和治疗性药物(protein-encodingtherapies)[1]。mRNA技术得益于新冠疫情成为焦点, 但mRNA技术在理论上可以靶向所有和疾病相关的蛋白, 对人类医疗健康具有重大意义[2], BioNTech、Moderna等全球制药巨头和中国众多药企竞相布局, 尤其是mRNA肿瘤免疫治疗, 整个mRNA产业前景非常广阔。可以预见, 随着mRNA药物的不断上市, 与之匹配的商业化GMP生产能力, 亦迫在眉睫; 随着mRNA产业的不断发展, mRNA企业的战略也需提前考虑和布局, 以打造和提高在mRNA创新药物开发和产业化竞争中的核心竞争力。
鉴于此, 本文将概述全球mRNA药物的生产工艺和相关GMP生产动态的进展, 尤其是生产工艺的优化、智能制造等风险管控策略; 梳理mRNA产业链的关键链点, 以明确产业化成本控制的关键; 探讨mRNA药企价值链的构建和核心竞争力的形成, 并对基于mRNA技术的创新药物进行总结与展望, 为我国mRNA创新药物研发及高质量发展提供借鉴和参考。
mRNA药物的药学研究, 需要完成目标抗原选择和DNA模板设计、转录模板质粒的构建和制备、种子库的建立和检定, 需要完成mRNA原液和制剂生产工艺的开发[3]。mRNA药物获批上市后, 生产分为mRNA原液和制剂两大模块, 生产工艺(图 1) 包括质粒DNA (plasmid DNA, pDNA) 模板的制备、线性化质粒DNA (linearized plasmid DNA, lpDNA) 的制备、mRNA原液的制备(或称mRNA合成) 和mRNA的包封/装载与灌装等4个主要步骤。
合成mRNA首先要制备大量的质粒模板。体外转录(in vitro transcription, IVT) 合成mRNA所使用的质粒模板, 常使用源于大肠杆菌的、带有T7启动子的质粒, 作为mRNA序列的载体[4]。质粒构建完成后, 以种子库(cell bank) 的形式保存。需要合成mRNA时, 取出种子库进行质粒模板制备。质粒模板可以采用质粒DNA扩增或PCR扩增两种方法, 但采用大肠杆菌发酵来扩增质粒DNA更适用于规模化生产, 目前使用较广。质粒DNA扩增从菌种复苏开始, 主要工序为: 发酵培养、质粒提取、纯化和分装储存。
pDNA生产工艺相对成熟, 纯度为关键指标。因为从大肠杆菌中提取得到的质粒, DNA有多种存在形式: 超螺旋质粒DNA、开环DNA、线性DNA和质粒DNA聚集体等, 目标产物仅需超螺旋质粒DNA, 作为下一步线性化质粒DNA的底物, 其占比需≥ 90%。然而, 因为其他DNA杂质有非常相似的特性, 要获得高纯度的超螺旋质粒DNA非常有挑战, 质粒纯化是关键和难点操作。
质粒DNA使用限制性内切酶(Bsa Ⅰ) 进行酶切制得lpDNA模板。lpDNA生产主要工序为: 酶切线性化、纯化和分装储存。与pDNA的纯化类似, lpDNA的纯化是关键操作。
mRNA合成通过IVT技术实现, 将lpDNA转录为mRNA。mRNA原液生产主要工序为: IVT、纯化和分装冻存。
IVT合成mRNA过程中, 加帽加尾是关键步骤。根据加帽方法不同, IVT有两种方式: 两步酶法和一步共转录法。两步酶法合成mRNA, 先进行IVT, 再在加帽酶的参与下进行加帽, 常用的加帽酶为牛痘加帽酶(vaccinia capping enzyme, VCE)。尽管Moderna公司的mRNA-1273新冠疫苗的mRNA合成采用两步酶法加帽[5], 但随着mRNA技术和产业的不断发展, 目前工业化规模化生产, 更倾向于采用一步共转录法合成mRNA。值得注意的是, 一步共转录法加帽的主流方法也有3代: 第一代是mCap方法, 加帽效率在25%~40%, 产物为Cap0结构; 第二代是ARCA方法, 加帽效率在50%~80%, 产物为Cap0结构; 第三代是Clean Cap技术, 整体加帽效率相比ARCA更高, 为95%, 产物结构为Cap1。
IVT合成mRNA, 各种酶的参与至关重要: T7 RNA聚合酶(T7 RNA polymerase) 是IVT常用的启动子, 即启动mRNA转录; 焦磷酸酶(pyrophosphatase) 及时清除IVT过程中产生的焦磷酸, 帮助IVT高效进行, 同时避免焦磷酸对IVT的负面影响; 脱氧核糖核酸酶Ⅰ (deoxyribonuclease Ⅰ, DNase Ⅰ) 用于IVT完成后, 降解反应液中的DNA。IVT时, 还需加入RNA酶抑制剂(RNase inhibitor), 避免合成的mRNA被RNase降解。
mRNA纯化也有两种方法: 化学法和柱纯化法。尽管目前柱纯化所需的填料耗材价格昂贵, 但更符合GMP要求和适用于工业化规模化生产, 随着mRNA产业的不断发展, 填料的价格会逐步降到合理的区间。
mRNA的包封/装载是mRNA制剂生产中最关键的工序。
目前, 用于mRNA递送的主要载体可细分为10种: 脂质纳米颗粒(lipid nanoparticle, LNP)、阳离子脂质体(cationic liposome)、修饰的树枝状纳米颗粒(modified dendrimeric nanoparticles)、阳离子聚合物(cationic polymer)、阳离子聚合物脂质体(cationic polymer liposome)、聚合物脂质混合纳米颗粒(polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles, PLHNs) 或称为脂聚合物、阳离子纳米乳剂(cationic nanoemulsion)、基于鱼精蛋白的核壳颗粒(protamine-based core-shell paticle)、聚合物胶束(polymeric micelle)、阳离子多糖颗粒(cationic polysaccharide particle)[6]。由于LNP具备较为稳定的理化性质及生物安全性, 目前工业界普遍采用LNP作为mRNA药物GMP商业化生产的首选包封方法和递送载体。
LNP的制备方法有薄膜水化法、超声法、挤压法、均质法和微流控法[7]。由于薄膜水化法、超声法、挤压法和均质法等制得的纳米颗粒存在粒径分布范围大、批间差异大等不足[8], 微流控技术的成粒性优势已在多种脂质体构建中验证[9], 工业上规模化生产多采用微流控法, 并细分为微流控混合法和冲击式射流混合法。微流控混合法的代表企业为加拿大PNI (Precision NanoSystems) 和中国的迈安纳, 冲击式射流混合法的代表企业为德国诺尔KNAUER。由于LNP的制备设备属于高精度设备, 对结构和参数要求较高, 在mRNA新冠疫苗规模化生产初期, 属于商业机密, Moderna与PNI、BioNTech与KNAUER采取了排他性合作方式。迈安纳等国产供应商则为mRNA药企提供了更多的选择。
本工序生产时, 首先将脂质溶解在乙醇中、将mRNA原液稀释在水中, 制得有机相和水相, 然后利用LNP设备进行包封。LNP设备将两相溶液通过特制混合机构, 制得纳米颗粒级的mRNA-LNP包裹颗粒, 然后使用切向流超滤, 置换缓冲液并除去乙醇, 最后进行除菌过滤和无菌灌装制得待包装品。
Pfizer和BioNTech联合开发的BNT162b2 (Comirnaty®), 2020年12月11日在美国获得EUA, 2021年8月31日在美国获得生物制品许可证申请(BLA), 是全球第一个上市的mRNA新冠疫苗。
Moderna的mRNA-1273 (Spikevax®), 2020年12月18日在美国获得EUA, 2022年2月1日在美国获得BLA, 是全球第二个上市的mRNA新冠疫苗。
石药集团的SYS6006新冠mRNA疫苗, 于2023年3月22日在中国获批EUA, 为国内首款。
苏州艾博和沃森生物共同研发的mRNA新冠疫苗AWcorna, 于2022年9月29日, 被印度尼西亚国家食品药品监管局授予EUA, 是中国在海外获得的第一个EUA。
斯微的mRNA新冠疫苗, 于2022年12月8日, 被老挝授予EUA, 是中国在海外获得的第二个EUA。
通常, 药品能上市流通, 其生产场地须通过GMP符合性检查[10]。同时, mRNA药品的GMP生产厂房投资巨大, 运营维护成本非常高。但各国药监对预防用疫苗的生产管理有差异: 中国对疫苗生产实施严格准入制度, 严格控制新开办疫苗生产企业。预防用生物制品生产企业办理药品生产许可证, 除符合疫苗生产企业开办条件外, 还应当符合国家疫苗行业主管部门的相关政策。持有人自身应当具备疫苗生产能力, 一般情况下不允许委托生产[11, 12]。因此, 在中国大陆, 研究机构如要成为预防用mRNA疫苗(如新冠mRNA疫苗) 持有人, 就必须自建GMP生产线, 具备生产和检验放行的能力; 但只要不是预防用mRNA疫苗, 则不受此限制, 可以委托生产。而国外药品监管机构无类似限制, 即使是预防用疫苗。在此背景下, 中国和国外的mRNA药企, 在布局预防用mRNA疫苗的GMP生产基地时, 采取了完全不同的策略。国外的mRNA药企在选择自建生产线、与其他药企合作或者委托生产时, 更多考虑的是企业本身的战略; 而中国的mRNA药企更多的是选择自建生产线。
预防传染病用mRNA疫苗的pDNA是否能委托生产, 也是一个非常值得关注的问题。mRNA的IVT是以pDNA为模板, 经酶切线性化得到lpDNA, 然后lpDNA在酶的催化作用下转录生成mRNA。欧盟指南(questions and answers on the principles of GMP for the manufacturing of starting materials of biological origin used to transfer genetic material for the manufacturing of ATMPs)[13]把pDNA作为起始物料进行监管, 允许药企委托医药合同生产组织(contract manufacture organization, CMO) 生产pDNA[14]。但根据《中华人民共和国疫苗管理法》及《新型冠状病毒预防用疫苗研发技术指导原则(试行)》, 中国将pDNA模板定义为原液的生产工艺[3], 企业应当自主生产pDNA, 建议监管部门在实际管理中予以关注[15]
在新冠时期, 国外主要mRNA药企通过与有生产能力的企业合作或委托生产, 快速扩大了产品的产能, 同时启动新建生产基地; 而中国的主要mRNA药企在项目早期就启动了GMP生产基地的建设。后新冠时期, 由于新冠疫苗的需求大幅下降, mRNA生产基地的需求由快速扩大产能变成与mRNA药企自身的战略相适应。在产品管线不再是预防用生物制品时, 中国的mRNA药企也可以选择委托生产。
截至2023年4月, 全球主要mRNA药企的GMP生产工厂的概况如下:
Pfizer-BioNTech联合开发的BNT162b2, 基本由Pfizer的工厂生产。Pfizer在全球范围内多个GMP工厂设立了mRNA产线[16]
美国密苏里州切斯特菲尔德工厂: 负责供应全球的pDNA。
美国马萨诸塞州安多弗工厂: 负责lpDNA和合成mRNA。每周可生产两批mRNA, 约10袋/批。每袋可容纳16 L mRNA原液, 可生产750 000剂疫苗。
美国密歇根州卡拉马祖工厂: 负责mRNA的LNP包封、灌装、灯检和包装, 制得BNT162b2成品, 是辉瑞最大的分装生产BNT162b2疫苗的工厂之一, 年产能达到1亿瓶/6亿剂。
比利时普尔斯工厂: Pfizer在比利时的生产基地和分装工厂, 负责BNT162b2的分装生产。
波多黎各巴塞罗那工厂: 负责BNT162b2的分装生产。
新加坡大士工厂: Pfizer在新加坡的第一家mRNA药品生产工厂, 负责BNT162b2的分装生产。
此外, 还有美国圣路易斯工厂、奥地利奥尔特工厂、日本大阪府高槻工厂, 为Pfizer提供关键原材料。
德国美因茨卡斯特尔工厂: Pfizer和BioNTech联合建立, 能生产mRNA原液和分装BNT162b。
BioNTech为非洲开发了一种新型的名为“BioNTainer” (生物集装箱) 的模块化mRNA生产线, 由配方和制剂两个模块组成, 共需800 m2空间, 设计年产能可达5 000万剂。非洲首个容纳BioNTainers的工厂已在卢旺达基加利动工。此外, 还计划在塞内加尔和南非建设BioNTainers工厂[17]
美国马萨诸塞州诺伍德Norwood工厂: 主要生产基地, 年产能超过1亿剂, 能完成除pDNA外的其他所有工序的生产。
美国马萨诸塞州的诺思安多弗基地: 研发样品和临床样品生产工厂, 投资1.1亿美元[18]
加拿大蒙特利尔大区工厂: Moderna与加拿大政府合作项目, 是Moderna计划在美国以外修建的第一个工厂, 计划投入1.8亿美元, 设计年产能1亿剂。
Moderna与Lonza合作, 使用Lonza的工厂生产mRNA-1273和其他产品。
Lonza美国内华达州里诺市工厂: 负责质粒DNA生产。
Lonza瑞士瓦莱州菲斯普市工厂: 与Moderna美国诺伍德工厂类似, 能完成除pDNA外的其他所有工序的生产。
Lonza美国朴茨茅斯工厂: 与Lonza瑞士瓦莱州菲斯普市工厂类似, 能完成除pDNA外的其他所有工序的生产, 但产能只有1/3。
Moderna还与美国制药公司康泰伦特Catalent、西班牙制药公司罗维Rovi、瑞典制药公司瑞思拜Recipharm、韩国制药公司三星生物Samsung Biologics、澳大利亚政府和维多利亚州政府合作, 委托其完成mRNA-1273的制剂分装。Catalent的年产能达到1亿剂, Rovi的年产能达到6亿剂, Samsung Biolo-gics投资额约1.74万亿韩元(约合15亿美元)。
石药的SYS6006由子公司巨石生物负责生产。巨石生物的mRNA生产厂房, 总投资高达10亿元, 能够实现mRNA从原液(包括pDNA) 到制剂的全链条生产, 产能15亿剂, 其中新冠疫苗10亿剂。
沃森的mRNA疫苗生产工厂在云南省玉溪市高新区疫苗产业园, 为模块化工厂, 年产能上亿剂。
艾博的mRNA生产工厂位于苏州工业园区, 年产能为4 000万剂(单剂量包装), 已取得预防用生物制品生产许可证。
斯微的mRNA生产工厂分别在张江高科技园区和奉贤区东方美谷产业园, 共计近50 000 m2, 为完整的全链条mRNA生产线, 可实现20亿剂原液产能及4亿支灌装产能。
斯微在老挝已启动mRNA生产工厂建设, 计划年产能2 000万剂。
mRNA三巨头之一的CureVac, 在德国图宾根总部有名为GMP Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ生产车间, 用于CureVac自有和合作项目的临床前和Ⅰ期临床mRNA样品的生产[19]。名为GMP Ⅳ工厂, 面积8 800 m2, 设计年产能3 000万剂[20]。此外, CureVac还与Novartis合作, 计划在Novartis位于奥地利Kundl的生产工厂生产mRNA原液和制剂, 年产能高达2亿剂[21]
中国的mRNA企业, 在mRNA药物GMP生产上, 也准备充分: 启辰生生物在珠海国际健康港金湾的mRNA疫苗GMP生产车间, 建筑面积超1 300 m2, 能实现全链条生产; 国药中生复诺健的GMP生产基地, 位于上海嘉定, 占地约20亩, 总建筑面积超32 000 m2, 生产车间超过16 000 m2, 设计最高年产能20亿剂; 成都威斯津生物的生产基地位于成都天府国际生物城, 规划年产能1亿剂, 1期工程已投入使用; 蓝鹊在上海宝山规划了10 000 m2的GMP生产基地; 康希诺在上海临港规划了约17 000 m2的生产厂房。
mRNA药物最初的适应症为治疗肿瘤, 但COVID-19暴发后各mRNA企业集中到新冠疫苗。自WHO宣布COVID-19不再构成国际关注的突发公共卫生事件后, 各mRNA企业及时调整和布局了管线, 从单一疫苗研发转向多元化的产品线。但肿瘤赛道最为集中, 所有mRNA企业均有布局。国际三巨头均布局了多个管线, 其中Moderna布局最全、最广, 涉及肿瘤、新冠病毒、流感、呼吸道合胞病毒、巨细胞病毒、EB病毒、单纯疱疹病毒、水痘带状疱疹病毒、艾滋病毒、诺如病毒、莱姆病、罕见病和自身免疫性疾病(表 1)。
产业链(industry chain) 衍生于价值链(value chain) 概念。同样衍生于价值链概念的还有供应链概念(supply chain)[22]。这3个概念诞生早期, 由于缺乏理论研究, 价值链、产业链、供应链常混淆为同一概念[23]
产业链的概念不唯一, 可以从产品生产、战略联盟和产业关联这3个角度解读。mRNA药物的商业化推动了mRNA产业的蓬勃发展, mRNA药物的生产是mRNA产业当之无愧的核心。因此, 本文选择产品生产角度(mRNA药物的生产) 定义mRNA产业链概念: 从mRNA药物生产所需的原材料采购到最终mRNA药物产品销售的一系列环节和活动, 包括mRNA药物生产所必需的仪器、设备和耗材。供应链的概念也不唯一, 但均围绕产品的生产供应和产品流通的服务供应[24, 25]
产业链和供应链两者概念不同, 但联系紧密, 均以mRNA药物的生产为核心。承载mRNA药物生产的载体为mRNA药企, 因此, mRNA药企是mRNA产业链的核心。物料、仪器、设备和服务等供应商是mRNA药物生产的上下游, 构成mRNA药企的供应链; mRNA药企及其所有供应商, 构成了mRNA产业链。
尽管mRNA是新兴产业, 但作为药物的细分领域, 传统药物尤其是生物医药的相关供应, 为mRNA药物研发和生产提供了基础。mRNA药物生产的上游产业链/供应链中比较关键的链点有酶、修饰核苷底物、帽子类似物、脂质原料、分离纯化设备与耗材、LNP包封设备与质控设备。
mRNA药物生产成本中, 原材料占比最高, 其次为设备/耗材, 而酶、修饰核苷底物、帽子类似物又占据原材料的主要成本。根据中泰证券研究报告, 单剂成本约1~3美元, 原材料占比最高(41.70%~55.90%), 其次是设备/耗材(23.90%~31.70%)。原材料中, 帽子类似物占比最高达到46%, 其次是工具酶(T7 RNA聚合酶、牛痘加帽酶、2′-O-甲基转移酶、加尾酶、无机焦磷酸酶、RNA酶抑制剂、DNA酶) 占比29%, 占据产业链较大价值量。根据中信证券研究报告, 其参照Public Citizen数据测算的mRNA药物原材料成本中, DNA模板占比4%; 帽子类似物、T7 RNA聚合酶、无机焦磷酸酶等合计占比74%; 核苷酸及修饰核苷UTP占比7%; 合成LNP所需阳离子脂质、胆固醇等占比5%。mRNA药物产业链关键链点按原材料(表 2)、设备和耗材(表 3)、检验仪器(表 4) 3类梳理如下:
表 2~4可见, mRNA生产所需原材料和设备, 得益于新冠疫情催生本土供应链需求, 国产产品进步巨大, 国产产品和进口产品差距不断缩小, 已基本能实现国产替代, 空间广阔。而检验仪器, 尽管聚光科技在液相色谱质谱串联系统实现国产替代, 突破了国外产品的长期垄断, 但国产化还需加强[26], 才能实现全面的国产替代。根据多个券商公开的mRNA产业的研究报告, 各关键链点的主要大供应商详见表 5[27-32]
价值链概念由哈佛商学院教授迈克尔·波特于1985年在《竞争优势》中提出, 是一种经典的分析模型, 帮助企业识别其核心竞争力并制定相应战略[33]。他认为企业是价值的载体, 企业运营过程中的所有活动构成企业价值链。企业的资源可以分为3类: 有形资产、无形资产及组织能力(含人力资源)。企业资源分析可以帮助企业优化其资源配置, 提高企业价值创造活动的效率, 从而提高整个企业的竞争力和利润。
不同的企业拥有不同的企业资源, 企业价值链不同, 企业运营的活动也不同。医药行业对提供产品的药企分为3类: Biotech、Biopharma和Big pharma。三者在药物产品从立项到终端消费的活动过程中, 参与的程度不同[34]。Biotech只参与前端, 即立项、研发、注册、临床; Biopharma和Big pharma均参与全过程: 立项、研发、注册、临床、生产、准入、市场、销售, 但Biopharma的市场营销网络和能力与Big pharma相比很弱。Biotech和Biopharma专注于开发新颖的、基于生物学的创新药或平台技术, 而Big pharma通常涉足多种药物领域, 规模较大、历史悠久, 拥有广泛的研发、生产、营销和销售网络, 拥有庞大的资金、资源和人力, 具有强大的市场地位和品牌。进入mRNA药物赛道的企业, 也可以按此分类。本文根据参与mRNA药物活动过程程度以及是否涉足多种药物领域, 对全球主要mRNA企业进行分类(表 6)。
根据表 6的分类, Arbutus、BioNTech、艾博、斯微属于Biotech; Moderna属于BioPharma; 全球mRNA领域的Big Pharma仅有Pfizer和石药集团, 但Pfizer没有参与BNT162b2 (Comirnaty®) 前端的研发, 石药集团的SYS6006尚未形成大规模营收, 稍有缺憾。
各类企业参与mRNA药物活动的过程, 分解到企业价值链中, 可以概括为研发、生产(含供应)、市场营销(含物流配送), 以及贯穿所有活动的人力资源; 分解到企业资源, 可以概括为所有活动形成的专利及工作中累积的知识和技术等无形资产, 所有活动所需的厂房、生产设备、原材料、现金等有形资产, 以及所有资产、人员等资源投入与产出结果所反映的组织能力。
各mRNA药企的价值链活动和企业资源的差异决定了竞争力的不同。无形资产往往需要长时间累积, 且难以被模仿, 通常是企业竞争优势的来源。
因此, 无形资产对于所有mRNA企业都至关重要。mRNA技术有三大壁垒: mRNA序列、递送系统和规模化生产, 最核心的壁垒是专利, 生产工艺和质量控制等关键技术强化了产业壁垒。全球mRNA疫苗专利最多的国家, 排名前二的是美国、中国, 分别拥有2 121、1 136项专利。美国一直是全球的领导者, 中国快速增长在2020年跃居第二。全球mRNA企业专利数排名前列的是欧美企业, 中国mRNA企业未进入前20位[35]。全球主要mRNA药企在前20位中的排名见表 7
尽管中国整体mRNA专利位居世界第二, 但目前比较关键、具有产业化前景的mRNA技术主要集中在欧美企业。其中, 最为核心的专利是加拿大Arbutus拥有LNP递送系统专利(覆盖了可离子化脂质的结构和LNP配方比例)。mRNA三巨头Moderna、BioNTech和CureVac都在使用LNP递送技术, 也是mRNA序列设计和规模化生产工艺的代表性企业。Moderna、BioNTech借助于Arbutus的LNP专利, 将其在mRNA领域(主要是序列设计) 的积累, 快速地转化为上市产品mRNA新冠疫苗。CureVac也开发了mRNA新冠疫苗, 但47%的临床有效性数据导致了失败, 最可能的原因是使用了未经化学修饰的mRNA, 即与mRNA序列有关[36]。mRNA的化学修饰也有专利保护, CureVac为避开专利而惨遭滑铁卢。
在规模化生产方面, Pfizer作为全球顶尖的跨国企业和Big Pharma, 积累了深厚的药物制造技术, 具备超大规模的生产能力, 因此BioNTech选择和Pfizer合作, 借助Pfizer的力量, 将药品快速地推向全球, BNT162b2取得超前的成功。而Moderna由于产能的原因, 成绩大幅逊色。
石药集团作为中国的Big Pharma, 在医药领域有深厚的底蕴。尤其是在脂质体药物上的积累, 帮助石药集团自主研发出可离子化脂质, 突破了LNP的专利。值得一提的是, 石药集团在引进mRNA领域的领军人才后, 极大地推动了SYS6006的进度。石药集团优秀的企业资源整合能力和价值链构建能力, 使得SYS6006成为中国第一个获得国内EUA的mRNA新冠疫苗。
Arbutus、BioNTech、Moderna、Pfizer和石药集团在mRNA新冠疫苗中的表现, 很好地展现了Biotech、Biopharma和Big pharma这3种不同类型的mRNA药企如何通过价值链分析和企业资源分析打造核心竞争力: 聚拢高端人才, 聚焦技术创新。通常, Biotech的创始人是某一领域的顶级专家, 因此具有先天的技术创新优势。2010~2020年, FDA批准了50种一流肿瘤药物。在这50种药物的唯一发起人中, Biotech占比46%, Big pharma和学术实验室占比相同, 均为14%。但是, Big pharma推出或参与了76%的一流肿瘤药物[37]。有文献[38]分析了Moderna、CureVac、Pfizer和BioNTech等公司在新冠mRNA疫苗的专利, 并讨论了这些公司之间的专利、许可和协议, 指出新冠mRNA疫苗的关键技术进步是在学术实验室或Biotech发明的, 然后授权给大公司进行产品开发。由此可见, 不同类型mRNA药企要打造核心竞争力, 可采取不同策略: Biotech、Biopharma的关键在于技术创新, 继续在mRNA免疫原性、翻译效率、递送材料和稳定性等关键技术上深耕, 深化技术壁垒, 选择不同适应症, 形成差异化战略, 避免拥挤、同质化, 给患者带来真正有临床价值的创新药, 自己产业化、市场推广或与Big pharma合作; 而Big pharma则可以凭借强大的资金实力、产业化能力和深厚的技术积累, 自主或借助Biotech、学术界进行创新, 同时利用产能的优势, 进一步巩固地位。
值得注意的是, mRNA药企要技术创新, 比传统药企更需要聚集高端研发人才, 因为mRNA技术涉及多学科综合运用, 需要加强前沿基础研究。因此, mRNA药企需要更加“开放”的心态, 与高校和科研院所建立创新联合体, 发挥基础研究优势; 联合高校院所、产业专家团队及产业领军企业、产业链上下游、具有差异化资源的竞争对手, 组建创新联合体; 吸引、集聚全球高端研发人才, 持续地提升创新能力, 为企业的升级和发展提供源源不断的动力。
mRNA疫苗研发初衷就是治疗癌症, mRNA技术借助全球新冠疫情而大放异彩。mRNA药物的免疫原性、翻译效率、递送和稳定性等关键技术问题, 在预防性疫苗中取得了巨大的进展。
后新冠时代, 大多数mRNA药企将赛道又切换回肿瘤领域。mRNA治疗性肿瘤疫苗, 通过mRNA序列编码特定抗原, 并递送到体内, 激活患者的自身免疫系统对肿瘤细胞进行攻击。目前, mRNA治疗性肿瘤疫苗面临的主要短板为: 免疫原性TAAs/TSAs的鉴定和抑制性肿瘤微环境的克服, 从而使免疫系统能够有效地识别和攻击肿瘤细胞[39]。此外, 动物模型和人体内的递送和肿瘤杀伤能力的差异, 还需不断探索和优化[40]
所有mRNA药企的管线战略布局, 应从短、中、长期进行规划。尽管mRNA治疗性肿瘤疫苗面临挑战, 但肿瘤药未被满足的市场巨大, 应尽快布局, 且可以贯穿短、中期。同时, mRNA疫苗预防传染病的超高有效性和良好安全性已得到验证, 因此, 建议mRNA药企短期布局肿瘤管线和预防性传染病管线; 中期布局, 仍以肿瘤管线为主, 辅以基因编辑治疗罕见病, 不断地探明免疫机制, 提高效力、靶向性、安全性; 在短中期积累的研究基础上, 长期布局可以拓展到其他治疗性疾病上, 如衰老、肥胖等。结合前文不同类型mRNA药企打造核心竞争力的策略, 布局管线时应充分评估竞争情况, 尤其是Biotech、Biopharma。
mRNA疫苗位列《麻省理工学院技术评论》2021年“全球十大突破性技术”名单榜首, 作为生物医药领域的下一代颠覆性技术, 其创新药被称为继小分子药物、抗体药物后的“第三次制药浪潮”, 具有预防和治疗多种疾病的潜力。中国“十四五”医药工业发展规划明确指出, 在新型疫苗研发和产业化能力建设中, 支持建设mRNA疫苗、疫苗新佐剂和新型递送系统等技术平台, 推动相关产品的开发和产业化。mRNA技术作为突破性的技术平台, 有望部分替代传统药物和疫苗, 开拓出新的治疗领域, 带来新的疗法变革。目前, 预防性mRNA疫苗已经得到验证, 在肿瘤免疫治疗领域也取得了较好疗效, 但还需要各个领域科学家的共同努力。相信, 随着越来越多的mRNA药物进行深入研究, mRNA药物将在人类卫生健康事业中展现出强大的生命力。
作者贡献: 赵长春负责文献查阅、文章撰写、参考文献引用和图片制作; 黄海、辜勇军和王登刚负责为文章逻辑及内容的修改提出意见并审校; 宋相容负责确定文章选题及指导写作, 并对文章撰写质量进行把关。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 四川省重大科技专项项目(2022ZDZX0024)
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2023年第58卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0537
  • 接收时间:2023-04-30
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-30
  • 修回日期:2023-05-29
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四川省重大科技专项项目(2022ZDZX0024)
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    1.成都威斯津生物医药科技有限公司, 四川 成都 610218
    2.四川大学华西医院生物治疗国家重点实验室, 四川 成都 610041

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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