Article(id=1198652630420517667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0536, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1682784000000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-30, revisedDate=1685548800000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763710656980, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1691769600000, pubDateStr=2023-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763710656980, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763710656980, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763710656980, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198652605778985059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='8', pageStart='0', pageEnd='2540', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1691769600000', pubDateStr='2023-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763710651106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763710739504, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2532, endPage=2540, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198652631825609549, articleId=1198652630420517667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Identification of mixed medicinal powder of Epimedii Folium with different origins based on pyrosequencing technology, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

There are many multi-original medicinal materials in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and the mixed use of medicinal materials from different sources is common, which has certain influence on the stability of clinical medication. In this study, pyrosequencing technology was used to screen species-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) from commonly used DNA barcode sequences, and a rapid and accurate molecular identification method for original species in mixed medicinal powder of Epimedii Folium was established. Multiple sequence alignment analysis showed that the 176th (C/T) mutation and the 196th (A/G) mutation of ITS, the 123rd (C/G) mutation of matK and the 892nd (A/C) mutation of rbcL could be used as the unique SNPs of E. sagittatum, E. koreanum, E. brevicornu and E. pubescens, respectively. In this study, the applicability of pyrosequencing and Sanger sequencing methods in the sequencing of mixture samples was investigated from the perspective of sensitivity and stability. Pyrosequencing method has higher detection sensitivity than Sanger sequencing method for low content samples in the mixed samples. Stability analysis showed that pyrosequencing technology could still obtain effective sequencing results for the amplified products of template DNA after 45 min of 95 ℃ high temperature water bath, while the critical point of Sanger sequencing method was 30 min. In this study, a new identification technology of Epimedii Folium mixed powder primordial species based on pyrosequencing and specific SNP was developed, which can quickly and accurately identify the mixed use of Epimedii Folium with high sensitivity and stability, and can also support the identification of different primordial species and mixed powder primordial herbs, which is conducive to ensuring the consistency and stability of clinical medication.

, authors=null, authorsList=Zi-yi LIU, Yi-fei PEI, Xue FENG, Gui-ping ZHAO, Tie-zhu CHEN, Xi-wen LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Tie-zhu CHEN, Xi-wen LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198652634317025322, articleId=1198652630420517667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于焦磷酸测序技术的不同淫羊藿基原混合药材粉末鉴定, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

《中华人民共和国药典》中收载多基原药材较多, 其不同来源的药材混合使用现象较为普遍, 对临床用药的稳定性具有一定影响。本研究采用焦磷酸测序技术, 从常用DNA条形码序列中筛选物种特异性单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP) 位点, 建立一种快速准确的辨别淫羊藿混合药材粉末中基原种的分子鉴定方法。通过多序列比对分析发现ITS序列第176位(C/T) 和196位处(A/G) 变异、matK序列第123位处(C/G) 变异以及rbcL序列第892位处(A/C) 变异可分别作为鉴别箭叶淫羊藿、朝鲜淫羊藿、淫羊藿及柔毛淫羊藿的特有SNP位点。本研究从灵敏性和稳定性两个方面考察了焦磷酸测序和Sanger测序方法在混合样品测序中的适用性。焦磷酸测序方法对混合样品中低含量样品的检测灵敏度高于Sanger测序方法。稳定性考察发现, 焦磷酸测序技术对高温95 ℃水浴45 min后的模板DNA扩增产物仍可获得有效测序结果, 而Sanger测序方法的临界点为30 min。本研究开发了一种新的基于焦磷酸测序和特异性SNP位点的淫羊藿混合粉末基原物种鉴定技术, 可对淫羊藿药材的混合使用进行快速准确鉴定, 灵敏性和稳定性高, 也可为药材不同基原物种鉴定及混合药材粉末基原鉴定提供技术支撑, 有利于保障临床用药的一致性和稳定性。

, authors=null, authorsList=刘姿怡, 裴艺菲, 冯雪, 赵贵萍, 陈铁柱, 李西文, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈铁柱, 李西文, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*陈铁柱, E-mail: ;
李西文, E-mail:
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2. Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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2.中国中医科学院中药研究所, 北京 100700
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Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
3. Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Innovation Research of Chinese Materia Medica, Sichuan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1198960118764241302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652630420517667, authorId=1198960118378365293, language=CN, stringName=陈铁柱, firstName=铁柱, middleName=null, lastName=陈, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 3, *, address=1.西南医科大学药学院, 四川 泸州 646000
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M: DL 2000 marker; CK: No template control (ddH<sub>2</sub>O as template); 1, 6, 11: <i>E. sagittatum</i>; 2, 7, 12: <i>E. koreanum</i>; 3, 8, 13: <i>E. brevicornu</i>; 4, 9, 14: <i>E. pubescens</i>; 5, 10, 15: Mixed powder (<i>E. sagittatum</i>, <i>E. koreanum</i>, <i>E. brevicornu</i> and <i>E. pubescens</i> are mixed in a ratio of 1∶1∶1∶1) , figureFileSmall=epyWVm67gG1GYEN707wlYA==, figureFileBig=753sgNnkbvU0tqZAHFV+0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960121243075215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652630420517667, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=UIT7n+p4ZUZR/tPko/ow5g==, figureFileBig=0gzXYQgiwtjISLaexj7Oxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960121511510692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652630420517667, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= The results of pyrosequencing and Sanger sequencing of mixed powder of <i>E. sagittatum</i> and <i>E. koreanum</i> in the proportions of 5∶5, 6∶4, 7∶3, 8∶2 and 9∶1. A: The results of pyrosequencing; B: The results of Sanger sequencing , figureFileSmall=UIT7n+p4ZUZR/tPko/ow5g==, figureFileBig=0gzXYQgiwtjISLaexj7Oxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960121624756914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652630420517667, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=arkG/eHSuLZ1ixPjNhRLNw==, figureFileBig=wkv6uoYY8oWwqAhKLvKnWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960121721225917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652630420517667, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Results of pyrosequencing and Sanger sequencing. A: The results of pyrosequencing; B: Percentage of C and T fluorescence values in pyrosequencing results; C: The results of Sanger sequencing , figureFileSmall=arkG/eHSuLZ1ixPjNhRLNw==, figureFileBig=wkv6uoYY8oWwqAhKLvKnWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960121855443656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652630420517667, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=gGd8JCVY7tbVUs6AuBqVIA==, figureFileBig=G4/xCiWjdajmkxoTCL4DBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960121998050012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652630420517667, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Establishment of identification system for pyrosequencing of Epimedii Folium. A, C, E, G: Pyrosequencing stand chart of ITS 176, ITS196, <i>mat</i>K 123 and <i>rbc</i>L 892; B, D, F, H: Pyrosequencing text chart of ITS 176, ITS196, <i>mat</i>K 123 and <i>rbc</i>L 892; 1: <i>E. sagittatum</i>; 2: <i>E. koreanum</i>; 3: <i>E. brevicornu</i>; 4: <i>E. pubescens</i>; 5: Mixed powder: It is a 1∶1 mixture of the above Epimedii Folium, each of which accounts for 1/4 , figureFileSmall=gGd8JCVY7tbVUs6AuBqVIA==, figureFileBig=G4/xCiWjdajmkxoTCL4DBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960122086130407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652630420517667, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Amplification procedure Pre-denaturation Cycle Extension
Denaturation Annealing Extension Number
ITS 95 ℃ (5 min) 94 ℃ (30 s) 56 ℃ (30 s) 72 ℃ (45 s) 40 72 ℃ (10 min)
matK 96 ℃ (5 min) 95 ℃ (30 s) 58 ℃ (30 s) 72 ℃ (1 min) 35 72 ℃ (5 min)
rbcL 97 ℃ (1 min) 96 ℃ (45 s) 50 ℃ (45 s) 72 ℃ (2 min) 35 72 ℃ (2 min)
), ArticleFig(id=1198960122199376634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652630420517667, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

PCR reaction procedures of ITS, matK and rbcL

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Amplification procedure Pre-denaturation Cycle Extension
Denaturation Annealing Extension Number
ITS 95 ℃ (5 min) 94 ℃ (30 s) 56 ℃ (30 s) 72 ℃ (45 s) 40 72 ℃ (10 min)
matK 96 ℃ (5 min) 95 ℃ (30 s) 58 ℃ (30 s) 72 ℃ (1 min) 35 72 ℃ (5 min)
rbcL 97 ℃ (1 min) 96 ℃ (45 s) 50 ℃ (45 s) 72 ℃ (2 min) 35 72 ℃ (2 min)
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Species Sequence to analyze Primer Sequence (5′→3′) Length/bp
E. sagittatum JCF1 CTCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGCTTA 118
JCR1 biotin-TGAATAACCCCTTTGTCATAGACC
JYS1 CGCAGAGTGAATGTCGT
E. koreanum JCF1 CTCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGCTTA 118
JCR1 biotin-TGAATAACCCCTTTGTCATAGACC
CXS1 GACACGCAAGGGTCC
E. brevicornu YYF1 TTAGGTTATGACAATAAATCC 121
YYR1 biotin-AGCATTTTTATTCTAAAATGA
YYS1 ATTACTCAAATGTATC
E. pubescens RMF1 CAAATACTAGCCTGGCTCATT 125
RMR1 biotin-GGAGATCATATTCACGCAGGT
RMS1 ATTGATAGACAGAAGA
), ArticleFig(id=1198960122438451984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652630420517667, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

The sequence to be analyzed, primer sequence and amplification length of four original species of Epimedii Folium in this study. Sequence to analyze: represents the analysis sequence of pyrosequencing. Primer: JCF1, YYF1 and RMF1 are the forward primers of E. sagittatum and E. koreanum, E. brevicornu and E. pubescens respectively; JCR1, YYR1 and RMR1 are the reverse primers of E. sagittatum and E. koreanum, E. brevicornu and E. pubescens respectively; JYS1, CXS1, YYS1, RMS1 are sequence recognition primer for pyrosequencing. biotin: The biomarker needed for the primer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Species Sequence to analyze Primer Sequence (5′→3′) Length/bp
E. sagittatum JCF1 CTCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGCTTA 118
JCR1 biotin-TGAATAACCCCTTTGTCATAGACC
JYS1 CGCAGAGTGAATGTCGT
E. koreanum JCF1 CTCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGCTTA 118
JCR1 biotin-TGAATAACCCCTTTGTCATAGACC
CXS1 GACACGCAAGGGTCC
E. brevicornu YYF1 TTAGGTTATGACAATAAATCC 121
YYR1 biotin-AGCATTTTTATTCTAAAATGA
YYS1 ATTACTCAAATGTATC
E. pubescens RMF1 CAAATACTAGCCTGGCTCATT 125
RMR1 biotin-GGAGATCATATTCACGCAGGT
RMS1 ATTGATAGACAGAAGA
), ArticleFig(id=1198960122660750118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652630420517667, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Laboratory Experimenter The fluorescence
value of base C/%
Average value/% RSD
/%
P
value
1 2 3
A a 100 100 100 99.92 0.28 0.84
b 100 100 100
B a 100 100 99.02
b 100 100 100
), ArticleFig(id=1198960122853688120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652630420517667, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Reproducibility and repetitive results of pyrosequencing (n = 12)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Laboratory Experimenter The fluorescence
value of base C/%
Average value/% RSD
/%
P
value
1 2 3
A a 100 100 100 99.92 0.28 0.84
b 100 100 100
B a 100 100 99.02
b 100 100 100
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基于焦磷酸测序技术的不同淫羊藿基原混合药材粉末鉴定
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刘姿怡 1, 2, 3 , 裴艺菲 2 , 冯雪 2 , 赵贵萍 2 , 陈铁柱 1, 3, * , 李西文 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(8): 2532-2540
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药学学报 |研究论文 2023 , 58 (8) : 2532 -2540
基于焦磷酸测序技术的不同淫羊藿基原混合药材粉末鉴定
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刘姿怡1, 2, 3, 裴艺菲2, 冯雪2, 赵贵萍2, 陈铁柱1, 3, * , 李西文2, *
作者信息
  • 1.西南医科大学药学院, 四川 泸州 646000
  • 2.中国中医科学院中药研究所, 北京 100700
  • 3.四川省中医药科学院, 中药材品质及创新中药研究四川省重点实验室, 四川 成都 610041
通讯作者:
*陈铁柱, E-mail: ;
李西文, E-mail:
Identification of mixed medicinal powder of Epimedii Folium with different origins based on pyrosequencing technology
Zi-yi LIU1, 2, 3, Yi-fei PEI2, Xue FENG2, Gui-ping ZHAO2, Tie-zhu CHEN1, 3, * , Xi-wen LI2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
  • 2. Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
  • 3. Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Innovation Research of Chinese Materia Medica, Sichuan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
出版时间: 2023-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0536
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《中华人民共和国药典》中收载多基原药材较多, 其不同来源的药材混合使用现象较为普遍, 对临床用药的稳定性具有一定影响。本研究采用焦磷酸测序技术, 从常用DNA条形码序列中筛选物种特异性单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP) 位点, 建立一种快速准确的辨别淫羊藿混合药材粉末中基原种的分子鉴定方法。通过多序列比对分析发现ITS序列第176位(C/T) 和196位处(A/G) 变异、matK序列第123位处(C/G) 变异以及rbcL序列第892位处(A/C) 变异可分别作为鉴别箭叶淫羊藿、朝鲜淫羊藿、淫羊藿及柔毛淫羊藿的特有SNP位点。本研究从灵敏性和稳定性两个方面考察了焦磷酸测序和Sanger测序方法在混合样品测序中的适用性。焦磷酸测序方法对混合样品中低含量样品的检测灵敏度高于Sanger测序方法。稳定性考察发现, 焦磷酸测序技术对高温95 ℃水浴45 min后的模板DNA扩增产物仍可获得有效测序结果, 而Sanger测序方法的临界点为30 min。本研究开发了一种新的基于焦磷酸测序和特异性SNP位点的淫羊藿混合粉末基原物种鉴定技术, 可对淫羊藿药材的混合使用进行快速准确鉴定, 灵敏性和稳定性高, 也可为药材不同基原物种鉴定及混合药材粉末基原鉴定提供技术支撑, 有利于保障临床用药的一致性和稳定性。

淫羊藿  /  单核苷酸多态性  /  混合粉末  /  焦磷酸测序  /  Sanger测序

There are many multi-original medicinal materials in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and the mixed use of medicinal materials from different sources is common, which has certain influence on the stability of clinical medication. In this study, pyrosequencing technology was used to screen species-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) from commonly used DNA barcode sequences, and a rapid and accurate molecular identification method for original species in mixed medicinal powder of Epimedii Folium was established. Multiple sequence alignment analysis showed that the 176th (C/T) mutation and the 196th (A/G) mutation of ITS, the 123rd (C/G) mutation of matK and the 892nd (A/C) mutation of rbcL could be used as the unique SNPs of E. sagittatum, E. koreanum, E. brevicornu and E. pubescens, respectively. In this study, the applicability of pyrosequencing and Sanger sequencing methods in the sequencing of mixture samples was investigated from the perspective of sensitivity and stability. Pyrosequencing method has higher detection sensitivity than Sanger sequencing method for low content samples in the mixed samples. Stability analysis showed that pyrosequencing technology could still obtain effective sequencing results for the amplified products of template DNA after 45 min of 95 ℃ high temperature water bath, while the critical point of Sanger sequencing method was 30 min. In this study, a new identification technology of Epimedii Folium mixed powder primordial species based on pyrosequencing and specific SNP was developed, which can quickly and accurately identify the mixed use of Epimedii Folium with high sensitivity and stability, and can also support the identification of different primordial species and mixed powder primordial herbs, which is conducive to ensuring the consistency and stability of clinical medication.

Epimedii Folium  /  single nucleotide polymorphism  /  mixed powder  /  pyrosequencing  /  Sanger sequencing
刘姿怡, 裴艺菲, 冯雪, 赵贵萍, 陈铁柱, 李西文. 基于焦磷酸测序技术的不同淫羊藿基原混合药材粉末鉴定. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2532 -2540 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0536
Zi-yi LIU, Yi-fei PEI, Xue FENG, Gui-ping ZHAO, Tie-zhu CHEN, Xi-wen LI. Identification of mixed medicinal powder of Epimedii Folium with different origins based on pyrosequencing technology[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2532 -2540 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0536
多基原药材在《中华人民共和国药典》 (2020版) 收载的药材中占比达24%[1, 2]。已有研究报道, 多基原药材的不同基原种间成分、含量存在差异, 基原混淆可能影响临床用药疗效与安全。如荷包牡丹碱、原阿片碱和黄连碱含量在藏黄堇药材的五个基原种中差异显著, 且仅在其两个基原种内检测到荷包牡丹碱成分[3]。朝藿定C、绿原酸及宝藿苷I等成分在淫羊藿药材的不同基原种间存在显著差异[4], 而朝藿定C和淫羊藿苷较朝藿定A和B有更加明显的抑制细胞增殖的作用[5]。此外, 亦有国家药品监督管理局发布《中药配方颗粒质量控制与标准制定技术要求》, 规定配方颗粒原料药中药材应固定基原[6]。因此, 固定基原使用对多基原药材的临床用药具有重要意义。多基原药材淫羊藿的主要化学成分为淫羊藿苷、淫羊藿次苷、淫羊藿生物碱等, 具有补肾阳、强筋骨、祛风湿之功效, 现代药理研究亦表明其具有治疗心肌缺血、脑卒中等疾病的作用[7-12]。淫羊藿Epimedium brevicornu Maxim.、箭叶淫羊藿E. sagittatum (Sieb.et Zucc.) Maxim.、柔毛淫羊藿E. pubescens Maxim.及朝鲜淫羊藿E. koreanum Nakai.为其四个基原种[13]。淫羊藿主要以干燥叶片入药, 但其干品鉴别困难, 不同基原种混杂使用的现象较为普遍。
已有研究报道, 性状鉴别及显微鉴别方法难以区分淫羊藿不同基原种的干品和混合粉末[14]。近年来基于ISSR标记法[15]、ITS2、matk、psbA-trnH等通用条形码[16, 17]以及超级条形码[18]的DNA分子鉴定技术被广泛开发, 用于淫羊藿基原药材鉴别, 但这些方法并不能完全区分淫羊藿药材的四个基原种。短片段序列具有鉴别特异性高、PCR扩增率高、易于检测等特点, 结合分子标记技术已成功应用于中药、法医等领域的鉴别研究[19, 20]。如在ITS2序列内开发69 bp短序列作为麦冬分子身份证, 进而利用Sanger测序方法完成麦冬及其混伪品的鉴别[21]; 通过比对人与12种动物12S rRNA筛选100 bp的短序列, 使用焦磷酸测序方法成功完成人与多种动物毛发的鉴别[22]。单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNP) 是单个核苷酸的变异而引起的基因组水平上的DNA序列多态性, 一般用于短序列片段中鉴别物种[23]。单一SNP位点结合焦磷酸测序技术的方法, 已成功用于区分泽泻基原种、识别水稻突变体、鉴别木通及关木通等的研究中[24-26]。因此, 基于筛选SNP特异位点结合分子测序技术, 可建立一种针对多基原淫羊藿药材的物种鉴定方法。
本研究从常用DNA条形码序列中筛选了可区分淫羊藿药材四个基原种的特异SNP位点, 考察了Sanger测序及焦磷酸测序方法的鉴定效率, 构建了高效准确的淫羊藿药材的基原种鉴别体系, 可为淫羊藿质量控制及市场监管提供依据与技术支撑。
材料  淫羊藿(批号: 121632-202103、121633-202103、121664-202106、121615-202101、121645-202103)、朝鲜淫羊藿(批号: 121032-201302、121033-201302、121034-201302、121075-201304、121089-201305)、箭叶淫羊藿(批号: 121341-201705、121342-201705、121100-201707、121101-201707、1211002-201707) 和柔毛淫羊藿(批号: 121757-202001、121767-202101、121768-202101、120997-201705、120998-201705) 均购自中国食品药品检定研究院。样品经中国中医科学院中药研究所李西文研究员鉴定。
仪器  PyroMark Q24型焦磷酸测序仪(德国QIAGEN公司); DK-8D型电热恒温震荡水浴锅(上海森信实验仪器有限公司); NanoDrop 2000型超微量分光光度计(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); 2720型PCR仪(美国Applied Biosystems公司); DYY-8C型电泳仪(北京市六一仪器厂); JY04S-3C型凝胶成像仪(北京君意东方电泳设备有限公司); D-37520型离心机(德国SIGMA公司)。
试剂  高效植物基因组DNA提取试剂盒(北京天根生化科技有限公司, 批号DP320-03); 2×Taq PCR Master Mix、DL2000 DNA marker (日本TaKaRa公司, 批号RK20719、3427A); PyroMark Q48 Advanced试剂盒(德国QIAGEN公司, 批号974002); 琼脂糖(西班牙Biowest公司, 批号111860); 扩增引物由公司合成(上海生工生物工程股份有限公司, 批号260247032)。
SNP位点筛选与引物设计  通过查询NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) 中GenBank数据库, 下载淫羊藿属所有种的ITS、psbA-trnH、matK和rbcL序列, 利用CodonCode和DNAMAN软件对序列分别进行同源对齐, 校对后分析箭叶淫羊藿、朝鲜淫羊藿、淫羊藿和柔毛淫羊藿鉴别的候选SNP位点。利用NCBI中BLAST功能确定候选SNP位点的特异性, 筛选鉴别四个基原种的特异性SNP位点。利用PyroMark ADSW 2.0软件分别设计其特异性PCR扩增引物和焦磷酸测序引物。通过分析引物间聚合情况确定候选SNP位点是否可用, 避免可能产生的发夹结构及引物二聚体。
DNA提取  取待测样品粉末200 mg, 使用(天根) 高效植物基因组DNA提取试剂盒提取总DNA, NanoDrop 2000微量分光光度计检测DNA浓度与纯度后, 放置4 ℃保存。
PCR扩增及引物有效性验证  以标准品提取得到的基因组DNA为模板, 采用如下的反应体系进行PCR扩增(25 μL): 2×Taq Master Mix 12.5 μL, 正反向引物(10 μmol·L-1) 各1 μL, DNA模板100 ng, 用灭菌去离子水补齐。ITS、matK和rbcL序列PCR反应程序见表 1。使用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测扩增的PCR产物质量, 验证目的条带是否清晰且单一, 在该实验过程中同时加入一个空白样品作为对照。PCR产物存储于4 ℃备用。
方法学考察
灵敏性   将箭叶淫羊藿与朝鲜淫羊藿粉末按5∶5、6∶4、7∶3、8∶2及9∶1混合, 提取混合粉末的基因组DNA, 将其作为模板进行PCR扩增。每份PCR扩增产物等分用于焦磷酸测序与Sanger测序, 每份产物同时进行3次重复测序, 通过分析目标鉴别点测序的准确性, 来比较两种测序方法的灵敏性。
稳定性   选取箭叶淫羊藿粉末, 进行DNA提取。为模拟中药材煎煮DNA降解, 将DNA母液在95 ℃的去离子水中加热0、15、30、45和60 min后, 分别以其为模板进行PCR扩增, 同样的, 将PCR产物等分用于焦磷酸测序与Sanger测序, 进行3次重复测序。以目标鉴别点测序结果的准确性来判断两种方法的稳定性。
重现性   两名实验人员在两个独立的实验室, 提取箭叶淫羊藿基因组, 并以其为模板进行PCR扩增与测序, 每份产物重复3次测序。以测序结果的准确性来表征实验方法的重现性是否良好。
分别比对淫羊藿属50个种的254条ITS、267条psbA-trnH、236条matK和266条rbcL序列, 筛选用于淫羊藿基原鉴别的SNP位点。结果表明, ITS序列的176和196位处可分别作为箭叶淫羊藿(C) 和朝鲜淫羊藿(G) 的鉴别位点; matK序列的123位处可作为淫羊藿(G) 的鉴别位点; rbcL序列的892位处可作为柔毛淫羊藿(A) 的鉴别位点(表 2)。根据筛选得到的SNP位点进行设计特异性引物, 并以箭叶淫羊藿、朝鲜淫羊藿、淫羊藿、柔毛淫羊藿和这四种淫羊藿混合粉末的DNA为模板, 进行PCR扩增。PCR产物的电泳条带与预期片段长度大小一致, 电泳条带单一、清晰且明亮, 无引物二聚体产生(图 1)。这表明, 针对筛选的SNP位点设计的特异性引物具有有效性, PCR反应体系与PCR反应程序适用于该目标条带的扩增, 可利用该体系获得后续的测序模板。
Sanger测序方法为目前最常用的测序技术, 焦磷酸测序方法在检测SNP、InDel、基因拷贝数变异及DNA甲基化等方面应用广泛。为了探究焦磷酸测序方法在淫羊藿药材基原中的适用性, 对比了这两种方法的灵敏性和稳定性, 为后续淫羊藿药材的基原鉴定提供方法学支撑。
在灵敏性考察中发现, 焦磷酸测序方法在箭叶淫羊藿与朝鲜淫羊藿混合粉末的比例为5∶5、6∶4、7∶3、8∶2和9∶1时, 均能检测出箭叶淫羊藿(碱基C) 和朝鲜淫羊藿(碱基T) 的荧光信号值, 且碱基T的荧光信号值随着朝鲜淫羊藿掺入比例的减少而降低(图 2A)。而Sanger测序方法在箭叶淫羊藿与朝鲜淫羊藿的比例为7∶3、8∶2和9∶1时, 只能检测到箭叶淫羊藿, 即ITS的176位点仅检测出碱基C, 无碱基T的峰显示(图 2B)。这表明, 结合单一SNP位点研究时, 焦磷酸测序方法的灵敏性更优于Sanger测序方法。
在两种方法的稳定性考察中发现, 在以95 ℃水浴处理0、15、30和45 min的DNA为模板进行PCR扩增后, 使用焦磷酸测序方法对PCR产物进行测序, 均可准确检测出鉴别箭叶淫羊藿的ITS序列第176位点碱基C的荧光信号, 而随着DNA模板水浴时间的延长(60 min), 在其PCR产物中检出的荧光信号准确性丧失(图 3A)。对焦磷酸测序方法检测的目标位点的信号值进行统计后发现, 在DNA模板降解0~45 min时, 在其PCR产物中检出的碱基C与碱基T的荧光信号值有显著差异, 而以降解60 min的DNA为模板时, PCR产物中两种碱基检出的信号值无显著差异(图 3B)。相比之下, 在使用Sanger方法进行测序时, DNA模板降解时间在30 min以内时, 其PCR产物的检测结果均显示为正确的单峰碱基C, 且无明显信号噪音。在处理模板45和60 min时, 其PCR产物中均检出明显的信号噪音, 且存在多种套峰(图 3C)。这些结果表明, 基于单一SNP位点的焦磷酸测序方法较Sanger测序具有更高的稳定性。
基于对焦磷酸测序和Sanger测序方法灵敏性和稳定性的比较结果, 本实验后续选择焦磷酸测序方法对淫羊藿药材进行基原鉴别。进一步考察了焦磷酸测序方法的重现性。使用焦磷酸测序方法对PCR产物进行测序, 得到的12次实验结果均能检测出ITS序列的第176位点碱基C的荧光信号值, 且其占总信号值的99%及以上, 平均值达到99.92%, RSD = 0.28% (n = 12, < 2.0%), 各重复间无显著性差异(P > 0.05) (表 3)。由此可见, 焦磷酸测序方法具有很好的重现性。
根据方法学考察的结果, 选择焦磷酸测序方法结合四个SNP位点完成箭叶淫羊藿、朝鲜淫羊藿、淫羊藿和柔毛淫羊藿定性鉴别标准的建立。四个SNP位点中, ITS序列的176位处为鉴别箭叶淫羊藿的特异位点, 此鉴别位点箭叶淫羊藿的基因型为C, 其余3种基原的淫羊藿基因型为T。结合此位点设计焦磷酸测序目标序列为5′-TTACACG-3′。当测试样本分别为箭叶淫羊藿、其余3种基原的淫羊藿及4个基原种混合品(1∶1∶1∶1混合) 时, 焦磷酸测序结果显示3种标准图(图 4A)。各基原种及其混合品的测试结果如图 4B中1~5所示。结果与预期一致, 这表明, 成功建立了基于ITS序列的176位处SNP位点结合焦磷酸测序方法鉴别箭叶淫羊藿的定性标准。同理, ITS序列的196位处、matK序列的123位处以及rbcL序列892的位处分别为鉴别朝鲜淫羊藿、淫羊藿及柔毛淫羊藿的特异性SNP位点。当测试样本分别为相对应的淫羊藿基原种、其余3种淫羊藿基原种以及4个基原种的混合品(1∶1∶1∶1混合) 时, 焦磷酸测序结果显示的标准图分别如图 4CEG所示。在ITS序列的196位点处, 朝鲜淫羊藿的基因型为G, 其余3种基原淫羊藿的基因型为A, 结合此位点设计的焦磷酸测序目标序列为5′-ATGTGGCC-3′; 在matK序列的123位点处, 淫羊藿的基因型为G, 其余3种淫羊藿的基因型为C, 结合此位点设计的焦磷酸测序目标序列为5′-AAGAGAAC-3′; 在rbcL序列的892位点处为鉴别柔毛淫羊藿的SNP位点, 此位点柔毛淫羊藿的基因型为A, 其余3种淫羊藿的基因型为C, 结合此位点设计的焦磷酸测序目标序列为5′-ATAATGGT-3′。以箭叶淫羊藿、朝鲜淫羊藿、淫羊藿、柔毛淫羊藿及4个基原种混合品(1∶1∶1∶1混合) 分别作为测试样品, 获得图 4DFH中1~5的测序结果。结果与预期一致, 这表明, 也成功建立了基于ITS序列196位点、matK序列123位点以及rbcL序列892位点的三个SNP位点, 结合焦磷酸测序方法鉴别朝鲜淫羊藿、淫羊藿及柔毛淫羊藿的定性标准。在后续的应用中, 可利用这四个SNP鉴别位点结合焦磷酸测序方法来完成淫羊藿各基原种的鉴别。
近年来, 多基原药材基原种的准确鉴定受到广泛关注。分子鉴别、显微鉴别方法常用于不同基原物种鉴定及混合药材粉末基原鉴定。显微鉴定是传统的中药材鉴别方法之一, 已被《中华人民共和国药典》所记载[27-29], 适用于性状相似药材的区分, 具有快速和操作简便的优点。该方法的经验依赖性较强, 实验结果的重复性和稳定性较差[30]。除此之外, 在混合粉末的鉴定中, 对于无特异鉴别特征的药材, 显微鉴别方法难以进行区分。色谱、光谱等理化技术在吴茱萸[31]、鹿茸[32]、郁金[33]等药材基原鉴别中有所应用, 在淫羊藿的基原鉴别方面还未见报道。但这些方法大多需要大量的样本和进行复杂的数据集处理, 具有操作复杂和耗时长等局限性。目前, 药材基原鉴别多采用分子技术, 具有客观、高效、易推广等特点, 主要包括多重PCR[34, 35]、DNA条形码[36-40]、DNA分子标记[41, 42]和特异性PCR[43]等方法。如通过比对通用序列构建系统发育树的分子鉴定方法可对钩藤[39]、羌活[44]等药材完成基原鉴别, 但此方法对物种序列保守性要求较高。通过设计每个基原种特异性PCR引物利用多重PCR方法, 可对九里香[35]、重楼[34]等药材基原种进行鉴别, 但此方法对PCR扩增程序设置的要求高, 以保证每条特异性PCR引物扩增成功。上述方法中, 通用条形码技术、SCoT分子标记等方法, 通常以比对单一或组合序列方式完成属、种鉴定, 而多重PCR、特异性PCR等[45]方法以比对包含多个SNP位点的短序列确定属、种。可见具有遗传稳定性强、数量多、分布广等特点的SNP位点适用于药材基原鉴别中。筛选合适的单一鉴别位点, 可高效准确地完成药材的基原种鉴别。
测序技术经过多年发展, 已历经一代(Sanger测序)、1.5代(焦磷酸测序)、高通量测序等的变迁[46-48]。高通量测序技术多应用于植物基因组测序、基因家族分析等方面, 在药材基原鉴别中有少量研究。如有学者基于高通量测序结合Sanger测序的方法, 筛选得到缺失序列及多个SNP位点可用于麻黄三个基原种的鉴别[49]。通过二代测序和三代单分子实时测序技术对ITS2、psbA-trnH和ITS的全长扩增子进行测序, 筛选得到四个SNP突变位点, 可用于鉴别甘草的三种基原[50]。但这些方法由于存在耗时长、错配率较高、需要大量的样品制备和熟练的生物信息学技能等局限性, 还未在药材的基原鉴别中的大量推广应用。目前, 在中药材基原鉴别的相关报道中, 多采用Sanger测序与焦磷酸测序技术, 如鹿茸[51]、泽泻[24]等药材的基原鉴别。本研究的结果发现, 通过分析SNP位点测序结果进行药材淫羊藿基原鉴别时, 焦磷酸测序方法在混合粉末比例9∶1时能够检测出低比例检测量, 且高温水浴(95 ℃) 45 min时具有良好的稳定性。在相同方法学条件下, 焦磷酸测序方法较Sanger测序法表现出更好的灵敏性与稳定性。可基于该方法高效准确地完成淫羊藿不同基原种粉末的鉴别, 这为含淫羊藿的中成药和中药配方颗粒中原料药的基原鉴别提供思路, 并为市场监管提供依据。
目前, 本研究中用于淫羊藿基原鉴别的SNP位点, 是通过分别比对NCBI数据库中淫羊藿属50个种的254条ITS、267条psbA-trnH、236条matK和266条rbcL序列确定得到的, 序列数量能够包括淫羊藿基原所有单倍型, 筛选SNP位点具有准确性和特异性。但随着更多淫羊藿属物种序列不断地补充公开, 可能会使目前鉴别中使用的SNP位点的特异性有所改变。因此, 本研究建议基于焦磷酸测序技术结合SNP位点构建药材基原鉴别体系后, 实时对比和筛选序列, 以保证所建立的鉴别体系的准确性。
作者贡献: 刘姿怡完成主体实验操作、结果分析及文章撰写; 裴艺菲参与实验操作与文章撰写; 赵贵萍参与实验材料收集; 冯雪、陈铁柱、李西文参与实验设计和实验技术的提供; 陈铁柱和李西文负责实验监督及论文审阅。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 中国中医科学院科技创新工程项目(CI2021A03910)
  • 中国中医科学院科技创新工程项目(CI2021A04106)
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金(ZZ15-YQ-033)
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金(ZXKT21026)
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金(ZXKT23004)
  • 四川省科技厅科技创新人才(2021JDRC0043)
  • 国家中医药管理局舒光明全国名老中医药专家传承工作室项目(2022)
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2023年第58卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0536
  • 接收时间:2023-04-30
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-08-12
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2023-04-30
  • 修回日期:2023-06-01
基金
中国中医科学院科技创新工程项目(CI2021A03910)
中国中医科学院科技创新工程项目(CI2021A04106)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金(ZZ15-YQ-033)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金(ZXKT21026)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金(ZXKT23004)
四川省科技厅科技创新人才(2021JDRC0043)
国家中医药管理局舒光明全国名老中医药专家传承工作室项目(2022)
作者信息
    1.西南医科大学药学院, 四川 泸州 646000
    2.中国中医科学院中药研究所, 北京 100700
    3.四川省中医药科学院, 中药材品质及创新中药研究四川省重点实验室, 四川 成都 610041

通讯作者:

*陈铁柱, E-mail: ;
李西文, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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