Article(id=1201177209496105915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201177206518145841, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0520, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1682524800000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-27, revisedDate=1693843200000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764312563537, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1704988800000, pubDateStr=2024-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764312563537, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764312563536, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764312563536, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201177206518145841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='268', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764312562826, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764312760268, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201178034725417827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201177206518145841, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201178034725417828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201177206518145841, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=105, endPage=118, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201177210771174383, articleId=1201177209496105915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Mechanism studies underlying the alleviatory effects of isoliquiritigenin on abnormal glucolipid metabolism triggered by type 2 diabetes, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is an active chalcone compound isolated from licorice. It possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. In our previous study, we uncovered a great potential of ISL in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, this study aims to reveal the mechanism underlying the alleviatory effects of ISL on T2DM-induced glycolipid metabolism disorder. High-fat-high-sugar diet (HFD) combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) were used to establish T2DM mice model. All animal experiments were carried out with approval of the Committee of Ethics at Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. HepG2 cells were used in in vitro experiments, and sodium palmitate (SP) was applied to establish insulin resistance (IR) model cells. The effects of ISL on body weight, fasting blood glucose levels, and pathological changes in the livers of mice were examined. Enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were applied to detect the regulatory effects of ISL on key targets involved in glucolipid metabolism. Additionally, molecular docking and analytical dynamics simulation methods were used to analyze the interaction between ISL and key target protein. The results indicate that ISL significantly downregulates the transcriptional levels and inhibits the activities of key enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis, including pyruvate carboxylase (PC), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase (FBP). It also downregulates the transcriptional and protein levels of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), the two transcriptional factors involved in gluconeogenesis. Thus, ISL inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis in T2DM mice. In addition, ISL reduces total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels in the livers of T2DM mice. Moreover, ISL downregulates the mRNA levels of lipogenesis genes and upregulates those of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, lipid uptake, and lipid export. In conclusion, ISL suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis, promotes lipolysis, and restrains lipogenesis in T2DM mice, thereby improving the abnormal glycolipid metabolism caused by T2DM.

, correspAuthors=Ping HE, Ying LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zi-yi CHEN, Xiao-xue YANG, Wen-wen DING, Dou-dou WANG, Ping HE, Ying LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201177213065457777, articleId=1201177209496105915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=异甘草素改善2型糖尿病异常糖脂代谢机制研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

异甘草素(isoliquiritigenin, ISL) 是甘草中的一种查尔酮类化合物, 具有良好的抗炎和抗氧化等药理活性。课题组前期研究发现, ISL具有改善2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM) 糖脂代谢紊乱的潜力, 因此本文拟解析其作用机制。体内实验采用高脂高糖饮食结合腹腔注射链脲佐菌素的方法处理C57BL/6J小鼠, 构建T2DM小鼠模型, 动物福利和实验过程均遵循北京中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会的规定; 体外实验以人肝癌HepG2细胞作为实验细胞系, 采用棕榈酸钠(sodium palmitate, SP) 诱导构建胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance, IR) 细胞模型。考察ISL对小鼠体重、空腹血糖、肝脏组织病理变化的作用效果, 同时利用酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay, ELISA) 及实时荧光定量PCR法(real-time quantitative PCR, RT-qPCR) 等检测ISL对糖脂代谢关键靶点的调控作用, 并利用分子对接和分子动力学模拟对ISL与关键靶点的相互作用进行检验。结果显示: ISL可显著降低T2DM小鼠空腹血糖水平, 降低糖异生途径关键酶丙酮酸羧化酶(pyruvate carboxylase, PC)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, PEPCK) 和果糖-1, 6-二磷酸酶(fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase, FBP) 的转录水平和蛋白活性, 下调转录因子肝细胞核因子4α (hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, HNF4α) 与cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(cAMP response element binding protein, CREB) 的转录和蛋白水平, 从而抑制T2DM小鼠肝脏糖异生; ISL可降低肝脏总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC) 和甘油三酯(triglycerides, TG) 含量, 上调脂质摄取、脂肪酸氧化和脂质输出相关基因的转录水平, 下调脂质合成相关基因的转录水平。综上, ISL可抑制T2DM小鼠肝脏糖异生, 促进脂质分解, 抑制脂质合成, 改善T2DM引起的糖脂代谢紊乱。

, correspAuthors=何平, 刘颖, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘颖, Tel: 86-10-53912163, E-mail: ;
何平, E-mail:
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#共同第一作者.

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Science, 2022, 376: eabf8271., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1201177218409001505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209496105915, awardId=90011461220416, language=CN, fundingSource=北京中医药大学研究生自主科研课题(90011461220416), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1201177213421973644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209496105915, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201177213430362254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209496105915, companyId=1201177213421973644, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201177213438750864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209496105915, companyId=1201177213421973644, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京中医药大学生命科学学院, 北京 102488)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1201177216689336756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209496105915, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vkx80jGvau5eSl+LZhy9NQ==, figureFileBig=CN4cR9sW47Uk5Ohczmrhfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177216794194363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209496105915, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= The scheme of animal experiments. A: The chemical structure of isoliquiritigenin (ISL); B: The chemical structure of metformin (MET), the positive drug; C: The scheme of animal model establishment, grouping, and administration. NFD: Normal fat diet; HFD: High-fat-high-sugar diet; i.p.: Intraperitoneal injection; CB: Citrate buffer; STZ: Streptozotocin; CMC: Carboxymethyl cellulose , figureFileSmall=vkx80jGvau5eSl+LZhy9NQ==, figureFileBig=CN4cR9sW47Uk5Ohczmrhfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177217041658320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209496105915, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=jrkbqcnzhWUmtTFIMhDRag==, figureFileBig=/F7uBRCU9XhuLT8PyqlK6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177217150710231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209496105915, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= ISL alleviates abnormal glucolipid metabolism in T2DM mice. A: The body weight changes during drug administration; B: The fasting blood glucose level changes during drug administration; C: Histological features of the livers, the scale bar stands for 1 cm; D: Oil red O-stained liver sections (20×), the scale bar stands for 50 μm; E: TC and TG levels in the livers. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M2">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s.</i> <sup>$</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>$$$</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001;<sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> CTRL-Vehicle; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> T2DM-Vehicle. T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides , figureFileSmall=jrkbqcnzhWUmtTFIMhDRag==, figureFileBig=/F7uBRCU9XhuLT8PyqlK6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177217301705179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209496105915, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=qe0qlvMchbG3NHxoQY1fNA==, figureFileBig=AeL15pHDEuOita7dCzEOlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177217393979876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209496105915, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= ISL alleviates abnormal glucolipid metabolism in HepG2 cells. A: Cell viability with ISL treatment; B: Cell viability with MET treatment; C: The glucose levels in the medium culturing normal or IR model HepG2 cells; D: The glucose production of normal or IR model HepG2 cells; E, F: the TC and TG levels in the normal or IR model HepG2 cells. <i>n</i> = 3-5, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M3">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s.</i> <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> CTRL group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> IR model group. SP: Sodium palmitate , figureFileSmall=qe0qlvMchbG3NHxoQY1fNA==, figureFileBig=AeL15pHDEuOita7dCzEOlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177217477865963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209496105915, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=jA93A62fA9ri/HxnGyQwmg==, figureFileBig=T6qKj6zTt4tNTAIt4Dcn4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177217574334960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209496105915, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= ISL inhibits gluconeogenesis in the livers of T2DM mice and cultured HepG2 cells without SP stimulation. A: Relative mRNA levels of <i>Pcx</i> and <i>PC</i>; B: Protein activities of PC; C: Relative mRNA levels of <i>Pck 1</i> and <i>PEPCK</i>; D: Protein activities of PEPCK; E: Relative mRNA levels of <i>Fbp1</i> and <i>FBP</i>; F: Protein activities of FBP; G: Relative mRNA levels of <i>Pfkfb3</i> and <i>PFKFB3</i>; H: Protein levels of PFKFB3; I: Relative mRNA levels of <i>Hnf4α</i> and <i>HNF4α</i>; J: Protein levels of HNF4<i>α</i>; K: Relative mRNA levels of <i>Creb1</i> and <i>CREB</i>; L: Protein levels of CREB in the livers of mice and the relative p-CREB/CREB in cultured HepG2 cells. <i>n</i> = 6 (<i>in vivo</i> data), <i>n</i> = 3 (<i>in vitro</i> data), <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M4">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s.</i> <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> CTRL-Vehicle; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> T2DM-Vehicle , figureFileSmall=jA93A62fA9ri/HxnGyQwmg==, figureFileBig=T6qKj6zTt4tNTAIt4Dcn4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177217721135604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209496105915, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=yFPXSMsTwQpWditxOzgCCQ==, figureFileBig=kG8D3EKztm+hUdZvwQ5gRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177217834381820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209496105915, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= ISL enhances the mRNA levels of lipolysis and FFA oxidation genes, inhibits those of lipogenesis genes, and increases those of lipid uptake and export genes in HepG2 cells. A: Relative mRNA levels of lipolysis gene (<i>ATGL</i>) and FFA oxidation genes (<i>PPARα</i>, <i>ACOS</i>, <i>CPT1</i>, <i>ACOX1</i>, and <i>LCAD</i>); B: Relative mRNA levels of lipogenesis genes (<i>SREBP1c</i>, <i>chREBP</i>, <i>ACC1</i>, <i>FAS</i>, <i>HMGR</i>, and <i>HMGS</i>); C: Relative mRNA levels of lipid uptake gene (<i>CD36</i>); D: Relative mRNA levels of lipid export genes (<i>MTTP</i> and <i>APOB</i>). <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M5">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s.</i> <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> CTRL group , figureFileSmall=yFPXSMsTwQpWditxOzgCCQ==, figureFileBig=kG8D3EKztm+hUdZvwQ5gRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177217918267909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209496105915, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+bE3MoTska3wK/UsXcDjqA==, figureFileBig=cnxF/MI3Zr8vyyAICLqMog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177218006348299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209496105915, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation of ISL and PEPCK. A: Three-dimensional structure diagram of ISL and PEPCK protein molecule docking (PDB ID: 2gmv); B, C: Two-dimensional structure diagrams of the protoligand/ISL and PEPCK protein molecule docking, respectively; D-G: The RMSD values, Rg, SASA, and RMSF values of the PEPCK protein and PEPCK-ISL complexes, respectively. ▲/▼represents amino acid residues with the same effect in the protoligand and ISL. RMSD: Root mean square deviation; Rg: Radius of gyration; SASA: Solvent accessible surface area; RMSF: Root mean square fluctuation , figureFileSmall=+bE3MoTska3wK/UsXcDjqA==, figureFileBig=cnxF/MI3Zr8vyyAICLqMog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177218119594514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209496105915, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleGeneForward primer 5′-3′Reverse primer 5′-3′
Mice liverPcxGCCCAGAAGTTGCTACATTACCTCTCACATTGACAGGGATTGGA
Pck1CACCATCACCTCCTGGAAGAGGGTGCAGAATCTCGAGTTG
Fbp1GTGTCAACTGCTTCATGCTGGAGATACTCATTGATGGCAGGG
Pfkfb3CAACTCCCCAACCGTGATTGTTGAGGTAGCGAGTCAGCTTCT
Hnf4αATGCGACTCTCTAAAACCCTTGACCTTCAGATGGGGACGTGT
Creb1CAGGGGTGCCAAGGATTGAAGACTGCTAGTTTGGTAAATGGGG
GapdhTGGGCATGAACCATGAGAAGCCACGATGCCGAAGTTGTC
Human HepG2 cellPCGATGCAGGGGTCCGGTTTATTGAAGCCGTAGGTGTTGGAGA
PEPCKAGTAGAGAGCAAGACGGTGATTGCTGAATGGAAGCACATACAT
FBPCGCGCACCTCTATGGCATTTTCTTCTGACACGAGAACACAC
PFKFB3ATTGCGGTTTTCGATGCCACGCCACAACTGTAGGGTCGT
HNF4αCGAAGGTCAAGCTATGAGGACAATCTGCGATGCTGGCAATCT
CREBCCACTGTAACGGTGCCAACTGCTGCATTGGTCATGGTTAATGT
PPARαCCTGCAAGAAATGGGAAACATCGCCAGGACAGCTTCCTAAAT
ACOX1TGTCCTATTTGAACGACCTGCCCAAGGTTCCAAGCTACCTCCTTGCTT
LCADGATTAAAAGCCCAGGATACCGCAGGTGAGCAACTGTTTTGCCA
ATGLGAGATGTGCAAGCAGGGATACCTGCGAGTAATCCTCCGCT
ACOSCGACGAGCCCTTGGTGTATTTGGTTTCCGAGAGCCTAAACAA
CPT1ATCAATCGGACTCTGGAAACGGTCAGGGAGTAGCGCATGGT
SREBP1cATCGGCGCGGAAGCTGTCGGGGTAGACTGTCTTGGTTGTTGATGAGCTGGA
chREBPAAGATCCGCCTGAACAACGCACTTGTGGTATTCCCGCATC
ACC1GCCTCTTCCTGACAAACGAGTGACTGCCGAAACATCTCTG
FASCCCTTGATGAAGAGGGATCAACTCCACAGGTGGGAACAAG
HMGRTGATTGACCTTTCCAGAGCAAGCTAAAATTGCCATTCCACGAGC
HMGSCATTAGACCGCTGCTATTCTGTCTTCAGCAACATCCGAGCTAGA
CD36CTTTGGCTTAATGAGACTGGGACGCAACAAACATCACCACACCA
MTTPACAAGCTCACGTACTCCACTGTCCTCCATAGTAAGGCCCACATC
APOBTGCTCCACTCACTTTACCGTCTAGCGTCCAGTGTGTACTGAC
β-ActinGAGAAAATCTGGCACCACACCGATAGCACAGCCTGGATAGCAA
), ArticleFig(id=1201177218203480599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209496105915, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The primers used for RT-qPCR analyses. Pcx: Pyruvate carboxylase; Pck1: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1; Fbp1: Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase 1; Pfkfb3: Phosphofructokinase-2/fructose-2, 6-bisphosphatase 3; Hnf4α: Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α; Creb1: cAMP response element binding protein 1; Gapdh: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; PPARα: Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α; ACOX1: Acyl-CoA oxidase 1; LCAD: Long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; ATGL: Adipose triglyceride lipase; ACOS: Acyl-CoA synthetase; CPT1: Carnitine palmitoyl transferases 1; SREBP1c: Sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c; chREBP: Carbohydrate response element binding protein; ACC1: Acetyl CoA carboxylase 1; FAS: Fatty acid synthase; HMGR: 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl-CoA reductase; HMGS: 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl-CoA synthase; CD36: Cluster of differentiation 36; MTTP: Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein; APOB: Apolipoprotein B

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleGeneForward primer 5′-3′Reverse primer 5′-3′
Mice liverPcxGCCCAGAAGTTGCTACATTACCTCTCACATTGACAGGGATTGGA
Pck1CACCATCACCTCCTGGAAGAGGGTGCAGAATCTCGAGTTG
Fbp1GTGTCAACTGCTTCATGCTGGAGATACTCATTGATGGCAGGG
Pfkfb3CAACTCCCCAACCGTGATTGTTGAGGTAGCGAGTCAGCTTCT
Hnf4αATGCGACTCTCTAAAACCCTTGACCTTCAGATGGGGACGTGT
Creb1CAGGGGTGCCAAGGATTGAAGACTGCTAGTTTGGTAAATGGGG
GapdhTGGGCATGAACCATGAGAAGCCACGATGCCGAAGTTGTC
Human HepG2 cellPCGATGCAGGGGTCCGGTTTATTGAAGCCGTAGGTGTTGGAGA
PEPCKAGTAGAGAGCAAGACGGTGATTGCTGAATGGAAGCACATACAT
FBPCGCGCACCTCTATGGCATTTTCTTCTGACACGAGAACACAC
PFKFB3ATTGCGGTTTTCGATGCCACGCCACAACTGTAGGGTCGT
HNF4αCGAAGGTCAAGCTATGAGGACAATCTGCGATGCTGGCAATCT
CREBCCACTGTAACGGTGCCAACTGCTGCATTGGTCATGGTTAATGT
PPARαCCTGCAAGAAATGGGAAACATCGCCAGGACAGCTTCCTAAAT
ACOX1TGTCCTATTTGAACGACCTGCCCAAGGTTCCAAGCTACCTCCTTGCTT
LCADGATTAAAAGCCCAGGATACCGCAGGTGAGCAACTGTTTTGCCA
ATGLGAGATGTGCAAGCAGGGATACCTGCGAGTAATCCTCCGCT
ACOSCGACGAGCCCTTGGTGTATTTGGTTTCCGAGAGCCTAAACAA
CPT1ATCAATCGGACTCTGGAAACGGTCAGGGAGTAGCGCATGGT
SREBP1cATCGGCGCGGAAGCTGTCGGGGTAGACTGTCTTGGTTGTTGATGAGCTGGA
chREBPAAGATCCGCCTGAACAACGCACTTGTGGTATTCCCGCATC
ACC1GCCTCTTCCTGACAAACGAGTGACTGCCGAAACATCTCTG
FASCCCTTGATGAAGAGGGATCAACTCCACAGGTGGGAACAAG
HMGRTGATTGACCTTTCCAGAGCAAGCTAAAATTGCCATTCCACGAGC
HMGSCATTAGACCGCTGCTATTCTGTCTTCAGCAACATCCGAGCTAGA
CD36CTTTGGCTTAATGAGACTGGGACGCAACAAACATCACCACACCA
MTTPACAAGCTCACGTACTCCACTGTCCTCCATAGTAAGGCCCACATC
APOBTGCTCCACTCACTTTACCGTCTAGCGTCCAGTGTGTACTGAC
β-ActinGAGAAAATCTGGCACCACACCGATAGCACAGCCTGGATAGCAA
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异甘草素改善2型糖尿病异常糖脂代谢机制研究
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陈姿伊 # , 杨晓雪 # , 丁文文 , 汪逗逗 , 何平 * , 刘颖 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(1): 105-118
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(1): 105-118
异甘草素改善2型糖尿病异常糖脂代谢机制研究
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陈姿伊#, 杨晓雪#, 丁文文, 汪逗逗, 何平* , 刘颖*
作者信息
  • 北京中医药大学生命科学学院, 北京 102488

通讯作者:

*刘颖, Tel: 86-10-53912163, E-mail: ;
何平, E-mail:
Mechanism studies underlying the alleviatory effects of isoliquiritigenin on abnormal glucolipid metabolism triggered by type 2 diabetes
Zi-yi CHEN, Xiao-xue YANG, Wen-wen DING, Dou-dou WANG, Ping HE* , Ying LIU*
Affiliations
  • School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
出版时间: 2024-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0520
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异甘草素(isoliquiritigenin, ISL) 是甘草中的一种查尔酮类化合物, 具有良好的抗炎和抗氧化等药理活性。课题组前期研究发现, ISL具有改善2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM) 糖脂代谢紊乱的潜力, 因此本文拟解析其作用机制。体内实验采用高脂高糖饮食结合腹腔注射链脲佐菌素的方法处理C57BL/6J小鼠, 构建T2DM小鼠模型, 动物福利和实验过程均遵循北京中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会的规定; 体外实验以人肝癌HepG2细胞作为实验细胞系, 采用棕榈酸钠(sodium palmitate, SP) 诱导构建胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance, IR) 细胞模型。考察ISL对小鼠体重、空腹血糖、肝脏组织病理变化的作用效果, 同时利用酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay, ELISA) 及实时荧光定量PCR法(real-time quantitative PCR, RT-qPCR) 等检测ISL对糖脂代谢关键靶点的调控作用, 并利用分子对接和分子动力学模拟对ISL与关键靶点的相互作用进行检验。结果显示: ISL可显著降低T2DM小鼠空腹血糖水平, 降低糖异生途径关键酶丙酮酸羧化酶(pyruvate carboxylase, PC)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, PEPCK) 和果糖-1, 6-二磷酸酶(fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase, FBP) 的转录水平和蛋白活性, 下调转录因子肝细胞核因子4α (hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, HNF4α) 与cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(cAMP response element binding protein, CREB) 的转录和蛋白水平, 从而抑制T2DM小鼠肝脏糖异生; ISL可降低肝脏总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC) 和甘油三酯(triglycerides, TG) 含量, 上调脂质摄取、脂肪酸氧化和脂质输出相关基因的转录水平, 下调脂质合成相关基因的转录水平。综上, ISL可抑制T2DM小鼠肝脏糖异生, 促进脂质分解, 抑制脂质合成, 改善T2DM引起的糖脂代谢紊乱。

异甘草素  /  2型糖尿病  /  糖脂代谢紊乱  /  糖异生  /  脂代谢

Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is an active chalcone compound isolated from licorice. It possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. In our previous study, we uncovered a great potential of ISL in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, this study aims to reveal the mechanism underlying the alleviatory effects of ISL on T2DM-induced glycolipid metabolism disorder. High-fat-high-sugar diet (HFD) combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) were used to establish T2DM mice model. All animal experiments were carried out with approval of the Committee of Ethics at Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. HepG2 cells were used in in vitro experiments, and sodium palmitate (SP) was applied to establish insulin resistance (IR) model cells. The effects of ISL on body weight, fasting blood glucose levels, and pathological changes in the livers of mice were examined. Enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were applied to detect the regulatory effects of ISL on key targets involved in glucolipid metabolism. Additionally, molecular docking and analytical dynamics simulation methods were used to analyze the interaction between ISL and key target protein. The results indicate that ISL significantly downregulates the transcriptional levels and inhibits the activities of key enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis, including pyruvate carboxylase (PC), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase (FBP). It also downregulates the transcriptional and protein levels of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), the two transcriptional factors involved in gluconeogenesis. Thus, ISL inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis in T2DM mice. In addition, ISL reduces total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels in the livers of T2DM mice. Moreover, ISL downregulates the mRNA levels of lipogenesis genes and upregulates those of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, lipid uptake, and lipid export. In conclusion, ISL suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis, promotes lipolysis, and restrains lipogenesis in T2DM mice, thereby improving the abnormal glycolipid metabolism caused by T2DM.

isoliquiritigenin  /  type 2 diabetes mellitus  /  glucose and lipid metabolism disorder  /  gluconeogenesis  /  lipid metabolism
陈姿伊, 杨晓雪, 丁文文, 汪逗逗, 何平, 刘颖. 异甘草素改善2型糖尿病异常糖脂代谢机制研究. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (1) : 105 -118 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0520
Zi-yi CHEN, Xiao-xue YANG, Wen-wen DING, Dou-dou WANG, Ping HE, Ying LIU. Mechanism studies underlying the alleviatory effects of isoliquiritigenin on abnormal glucolipid metabolism triggered by type 2 diabetes[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (1) : 105 -118 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0520
糖尿病是一种复杂的慢性非传染性疾病, 常以机体血糖升高和胰岛素分泌不足为特征[1]。2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM) 作为糖尿病最主要的类型, 患者通常存在高血糖、高甘油三酯血症等代谢紊乱[2], 且T2DM病程中常伴随多种血管与非血管并发症[3], 包括糖尿病视网膜病变、肾病、神经病变和多种心脑血管疾病。根据国际糖尿病联盟发布的糖尿病地图(第10版), 2021年全球成年人中约有5.37亿糖尿病患者, 与2019年报告数据相比较, 糖尿病患病率提高了12.9%[4]。目前, 伴随着快速城市化以及国民饮食结构与生活方式的改变, 我国糖尿病发病率逐年上升, 2021年成年糖尿病患者已达1.4亿, 约占成年人口的10.2%[5], 已成为国民健康的巨大威胁。
异甘草素(isoliquiritigenin, ISL) 是从中药甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.; Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat.; Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) 中分离得到的查尔酮类化合物, 具有多种药理活性[6], 如抗氧化、抗炎和抗癌等。课题组前期研究证实在高脂高糖饮食(high-fat-high-sugar diet, HFD) 诱导的糖尿病小鼠中, ISL可缓解胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance, IR) 和恢复糖脂代谢稳态[7], 但对ISL调控糖异生途径与脂质代谢的机制尚缺乏系统研究。
糖异生是由非碳水化合物合成葡萄糖的代谢过程, 可参与维持机体血糖平衡。糖异生与胰岛素抵抗密切相关, T2DM患者机体血糖水平较高, 但肝脏仍可通过糖异生生成葡萄糖, 进一步加剧了胰岛素抵抗, 促进了T2DM病程进展[8]。肝脏糖异生受多个限速酶调控[9], 包括丙酮酸羧化酶(pyruvate carboxylase, PC)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, PEPCK)、果糖-1, 6-二磷酸酶(fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase, FBP) 和葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(glucose-6-phosphatase, G6P) 等。除此之外, 6-磷酸果糖激酶-2/果糖-2, 6-二磷酸酶3 (6-phosphofructokinase-2/fructose-2, 6-bisphosphatase 3, PFKFB3) 可催化FBP变构抑制剂的生成, 从而间接抑制糖异生途径。同时, 转录因子肝细胞核因子4α (hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, HNF4α) 与cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(cAMP response element binding protein, CREB) 可调控糖异生关键酶的表达水平, 从而影响糖异生途径。
T2DM的发生发展还伴随着机体脂代谢紊乱, 肥胖症患者糖尿病患病率明显高于正常人, 其肝脏脂肪堆积和胰岛素分泌受阻是产生T2DM的主要因素[10]。T2DM引发的脂代谢紊乱受脂质摄取、分解、生成和输出等多个过程同时影响[11]。甘油三酯脂肪酶(adipose triglyceride lipase, ATGL) 可将甘油三酯(triglycerides, TG) 分解生成游离脂肪酸(free fatty acids, FFA), 通过分化抗原簇36 (cluster of differentiation 36, CD36) 进入胞质, 并在酰基辅酶A合成酶(acyl CoA synthetase, ACOS) 与肉碱棕榈酰转移酶1 (carnitine palmitoyl transferases 1, CPT1) 的作用下转化生成酰基辅酶A。随后, 酰基辅酶A进入线粒体基质, 在长链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶(long-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase, LCAD) 催化下进行脂肪酸β氧化生成乙酰辅酶A; 同时, 酰基辅酶A也可在过氧化物酶体中经酰基辅酶A氧化酶1 (acyl CoA oxidase 1, ACOX1) 催化进行脂肪酸β氧化, 从而参与后续脂肪酸合成、胆固醇合成及脂质输出。乙酰辅酶A羧化酶1 (acetyl CoA carboxylase 1, ACC1) 和脂肪酸合酶(fatty acid synthase, FAS) 是脂肪酸合成途径的关键酶; HMG-CoA合成酶(3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl-CoA synthase, HMGS) 和HMG-CoA还原酶(3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl-CoA reductase, HMGR) 是胆固醇合成途径的关键酶; 微粒体三酰甘油转移蛋白(microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, MTTP) 和载脂蛋白B (apolipoprotein B, APOB) 则参与脂质输出过程[12]。除此之外, 关键转录因子过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, PPARα) 可调控脂肪酸分解相关基因CPT1ACOX1LCAD的表达; 甾醇调节元件结合蛋白1c (sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c, SREBP1c) 和碳水化合物反应元件结合蛋白(carbohydrate response element binding protein, chREBP) 则可调控脂肪酸合成相关基因FASACC1的表达[13]。因此, 本论文将对以上糖异生与脂代谢关键靶点进行检测, 解析ISL缓解T2DM引发的糖脂代谢紊乱的作用机制。
实验动物   SPF级C57BL/6J小鼠, 雄性, 8周龄, 购于斯贝福(北京) 生物技术有限公司。饲养条件: SPF级屏障环境动物房, 温度: 22~25 ℃, 相对湿度: 50%~60%, 光照: 12 h/12 h光暗交替。小鼠维持饲料(normal fat diet, NFD) 和HFD (货号: D12451) 均购自斯贝福(北京) 生物技术有限公司。实验动物生产许可证号: SCXK (京) 2019-0010; 实验动物质量合格证编号: 110324211104663385。实验方案经北京中医药大学动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: BUCM-2022021503-1134)。
药品和试剂盒  ISL (批号: B21525, 纯度≥ 98%, 结构式如图 1A所示)、阳性药二甲双胍(metformin, MET, 批号: S30880, 纯度≥ 98%, 结构式如图 1B所示)、棕榈酸钠(sodium palmitate, SP, 批号: S31807, 纯度: 97%) 和胰高血糖素(批号: S81391, 纯度: 95%) 购于上海源叶生物科技有限公司; 链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin, STZ, 批号: BN30130, 纯度≥ 98%)、噻唑兰(methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium, MTT, 批号: BN30793, 纯度≥ 98%)、牛胰岛素(批号: BN20285, 纯度≥ 27 USP units·mg-1) 和丙酮酸钠(批号: BN30342, 纯度≥ 99%) 购于北京百瑞极生物科技有限公司; 高糖DMEM培养基和胰酶为美国Gibco公司产品; 胎牛血清和青霉素-链霉素双抗为美国Corning公司产品; 一站式DNA/RNA/蛋白提取试剂盒购于上海生工生物工程股份有限公司; SYBR qPCR SuperMix Plus和All-in-one 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis SuperMix为上海近岸科技有限公司产品; 葡萄糖(GLU) 测试盒购于南京建成生物工程研究所; PC、PEPCK、FBP活性检测试剂盒购于北京索莱宝科技有限公司; 总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC) 含量测定试剂盒、TG含量测定试剂盒和PFKFB3、HNF4α、CREB、p-CREB酶联免疫吸附试剂盒均为上海酶联生物科技有限公司产品。
仪器  CO2恒温培养箱(MCO-18AIC, 日本SANYO公司); 高速离心机(Centrifuge 5418, 德国Eppendorf公司); 荧光酶标仪(EPOCH, 美国Biotek Epoch公司); PCR基因扩增仪(A300, 杭州朗基科学仪器有限公司); qPCR仪(QuantStudioTM 6 Flex, 美国Applied Biosystems公司)。
T2DM小鼠模型构建及分组给药  8周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠经7天适应性饲养后, 模型构建及分组给药实验方案如图 1C所示: 将小鼠随机分为两大组, 分别采用NFD和HFD饲料喂养3周, 其后HFD饲养小鼠连续5天于禁食12 h后腹腔注射STZ (30 mg·kg-1), NFD饲养小鼠则腹腔注射相同体积的柠檬酸盐缓冲液(pH为4.5)。检测HFD饲养小鼠的空腹血糖水平, ≥ 11.1 mmol·L-1为造模成功的T2DM小鼠。按照图 1C所示方法将小鼠分为6组(n = 6), 腹腔注射给药, 每3天1次, 持续3周。给药期间监测小鼠体重, 并通过尾静脉取血检测小鼠7 h空腹血糖水平。
小鼠肝脏组织病理学检测  处死小鼠后, 留取肝脏称重拍照, 部分肝脏立即置于通用型组织固定液中, 送武汉百仟度生物科技有限公司, 采用OCT (optimal cutting temperature compound) 包埋并进行冷冻切片油红O染色, 扫描组织切片并收集图片, 采用CaseViewer 2.4软件观察(20倍放大率); 其余肝脏样品保存于-80 ℃备用。
细胞活力测定  以人肝癌细胞HepG2为实验细胞系(购于北京协和医学院细胞资源中心), 采用高糖DMEM培养基+10%胎牛血清, 于37 ℃、5% CO2的细胞培养箱中培养。将HepG2细胞以2.0×103~2.5×103个/孔的密度接种于96孔板, 当细胞融合率达到80%时, 分别给药ISL (0、5、10、20、40、80、100 μmol·L-1) 与MET (0、1.25、2.5、5、10、20、40 mmol·L-1) 处理, 每组5个重复, 孵育24 h后采用MTT比色法, 通过测定570 nm的吸光度对细胞活力进行检测。
胰岛素抵抗细胞模型构建  由0.25 mmol·L-1 SP诱导IR模型[14]: 将HepG2细胞以3.5×105~4.0×105个/孔的密度接种于6孔板, 采用含10%胎牛血清高糖DMEM培养基培养, 待细胞融合率为80%时, 更换为无血清高糖DMEM培养基并补充0.25 mmol·L-1 SP, 孵育24 h以构建IR细胞模型。
细胞培养及给药处理  对IR模型细胞及正常HepG2细胞均给药ISL (0、5、10、20、40 μmol·L-1) 与MET (10 mmol·L-1) 处理, 每组3个重复, 24 h后收集各组细胞样品, 进行后续检测。
细胞葡萄糖消耗测定  给药处理24 h后, 加入终浓度为1 μmol·L-1的胰岛素溶液, 孵育0.5 h后取上清, GLU测试盒测定培养基中葡萄糖含量。
细胞葡萄糖输出测定  采用无血清无糖DMEM培养基给药处理18 h后, 加入终浓度为100 mmol·L-1的胰高血糖素和10 mmol·L-1的丙酮酸钠溶液, 孵育4 h后取上清, 采用GLU测试盒测定培养基中葡萄糖含量。
TG和TC检测  采用TG和TC含量测定试剂盒检测小鼠肝脏样品与HepG2细胞样品中TG与TC含量。
糖异生相关指标检测  采用PC、PEPCK、FBP活性检测试剂盒与PFKFB3、HNF4α、CREB、p-CREB ELISA检测试剂盒, 检测小鼠肝脏样品和HepG2细胞样品中糖异生相关蛋白活性或含量。
RT-qPCR分析    收集各组小鼠肝脏与细胞样品, 提取RNA, 逆转录成cDNA。检测糖异生、脂质摄取、分解、合成和输出关键基因的转录水平。扩增条件: 95 ℃ 1 min, 95 ℃ 20 s、60 ℃ 1 min (40个循环)。以Gapdh作为小鼠肝脏样品分析的内参基因, 以β-actin作为HepG2细胞样品分析的内参基因, 采用2-ΔΔCT法计算目标基因的相对表达量, 引物序列如表 1所示。
分子对接及分子动力学模拟  由RCSB PDB (https://www.rcsb.org/) 数据库获取PEPCK蛋白三维结构, 导入Discovery Studio 2019软件, 设计均方根偏差(root mean square deviation, RMSD) 值小于2.0的活性口袋, 与ISL进行分子对接, 选取打分值最高的构象, 分析配体与蛋白之间的相互作用, 并与原配体进行比较。采用GROMACS-2021.2进行分子动力学模拟, 蛋白质拓扑文件由AMBER99SB-ILDN力场生成, 配体拓扑文件由ACPYPE脚本使用Amber前场生成。模拟蛋白均处于填充TIP3P水模型的立方体盒子中, 加入Na+作为抗衡离子中和体系。在模拟之前, 复合物被最小化1 000步, 并通过运行等温等容(NVT系综) 条件进行100 ps实现平衡, 在优化过程后, 在310 K温度和1.0 bar压力下采用等温等压(NPT系综) 条件进行100 ns时长的分子动力学模拟。
统计学分析  采用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件进行图表绘制, 实验结果以均值±标准差($ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s) 表示, 采用IBM SPSS Statistic 26.0软件, 进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA), 以P < 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
ISL治疗期间各组小鼠体重变化情况较为一致, 均呈缓慢上升趋势(图 2A), 空白组、空白给药组、模型组、低、高剂量给药组、阳性药组小鼠体重分别增长5.63% ± 2.33%、4.86% ± 2.32%、4.20% ± 1.73%、3.65% ± 1.44%、6.17% ± 1.25%、5.20% ± 1.30% (P < 0.05), 各组增长幅度较为一致, 表明腹腔注射ISL与MET未对小鼠正常生活带来不良影响。ISL治疗期间小鼠空腹血糖变化情况如图 2B所示: 经过连续7次治疗, ISL低/高剂量治疗组及阳性药组小鼠空腹血糖分别降低33.08% ± 5.19%、27.52% ± 2.76%及23.34% ± 3.34% (P < 0.001), 表明ISL治疗可显著降低T2DM小鼠空腹血糖水平。
图 2C所示为各组小鼠肝脏照片, 可见治疗前后外观形态无显著变化。然而, 小鼠肝脏切片油红O染色结果(图 2D) 显示: 与空白组小鼠相比, T2DM小鼠肝脏脂滴大量聚集, 经ISL和MET治疗后脂滴积累明显减少。进一步检测小鼠肝脏TC和TG含量, 结果如图 2E所示: 与空白组相比, T2DM小鼠肝脏中TC和TG的含量显著升高, ISL治疗则可显著降低T2DM小鼠肝脏TC和TG的含量, 阳性药MET具有相似的作用效果, 此结果与小鼠肝脏切片油红O染色结果相吻合。综上, ISL可降低T2DM小鼠空腹血糖水平, 抑制肝脏脂肪积累, 缓解肝脏脂肪变性。
不同浓度ISL处理后HepG2细胞活力检测结果如图 3A所示: ISL在5~40 μmol·L-1浓度范围内对HepG2细胞活力无显著影响, 而高于80 μmol·L-1 ISL则显著抑制细胞活力, 故采用5~40 μmol·L-1梯度浓度作为ISL后续实验的工作浓度。同时, 本研究检测了不同浓度阳性药MET处理后HepG2细胞活力的变化, 结果如图 3B所示: 20 mmol·L-1及以上浓度水平的MET对细胞活力出现抑制作用, 故采用10 mmol·L-1作为MET后续实验的工作浓度。以上浓度的使用均与文献[7, 15, 16]报道相符。
ISL处理后正常细胞与IR模型细胞的葡萄糖消耗情况如图 3C所示: 与正常细胞相比, IR模型细胞培养液上清中葡萄糖含量显著上升(P < 0.01), 表明在发生胰岛素抵抗的情况下, HepG2细胞的糖摄取能力明显减弱; 同时, ISL与MET处理可显著降低正常细胞与IR模型细胞培养液上清中葡萄糖含量, 表明ISL与MET处理均可增强HepG2细胞的糖摄取能力, 从而改善胰岛素抵抗引起的异常糖代谢。
ISL处理后正常细胞与IR模型细胞的葡萄糖输出情况如图 3D所示: 与正常组细胞相比, IR模型细胞培养液上清中的葡萄糖含量显著升高(P < 0.001), 表明在发生胰岛素抵抗后, HepG2细胞经糖异生途径产生的葡萄糖量明显增多; 同时, ISL处理可剂量依赖性降低正常细胞与IR模型细胞的葡萄糖输出水平, MET也具有相似的作用。以上结果表明, ISL可降低细胞的糖异生水平。
ISL处理后正常细胞与IR模型细胞中TC与TG含量的检测结果如图 3E3F所示: 与正常细胞相比, IR模型细胞中TC和TG含量均显著增加(P < 0.001), 表明发生胰岛素抵抗后细胞的脂质水平显著提高; 同时, ISL处理可剂量依赖性降低正常细胞与IR模型细胞中TC与TG的含量, 阳性药MET也表现出相似的效果。以上结果提示ISL可改善胰岛素抵抗模式下细胞的异常脂代谢。
PC为糖异生初始步骤的关键酶[17], 其转录水平检测结果如图 4A所示: ISL及MET治疗均可显著下调T2DM小鼠肝脏中Pcx的转录水平, 且在ISL高剂量给药组(20 mg·kg-1) 达到最大抑制效果; 同时, ISL处理可下调HepG2细胞中PC的转录水平, 且20 μmol·L-1 ISL抑制效果最好。PC酶活检测结果如图 4B所示: 与空白组相比, T2DM模型组小鼠肝脏中PC活性显著增强, 低剂量ISL和MET治疗则可显著降低T2DM小鼠肝脏中PC活性; 在体外, ISL和MET均可显著抑制HepG2细胞中PC活性, ISL在40 μmol·L-1抑制效果最佳。
PEPCK可催化线粒体中草酰乙酸转化生成磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸[18], 其转录水平检测结果如图 4C所示: ISL和MET均可显著下调T2DM小鼠肝脏中Pck1的转录水平, 且ISL高剂量给药组(20 mg·kg-1) 作用效果最好; 同时, 在体外ISL与MET均可显著下调HepG2细胞中PEPCK的转录水平, 且ISL在10 μmol·L-1作用效果最为显著。PEPCK酶活检测结果如图 4D所示: 与空白组相比, T2DM模型组小鼠肝脏PEPCK活性显著升高, 经ISL和MET治疗后PEPCK活性被显著抑制, ISL高剂量给药组(20 mg·kg-1) 达到最大抑制效果; 在体外, ISL (20和40 μmol·L-1) 与MET亦可显著抑制HepG2细胞中PEPCK活性。
FBP可催化1, 6-二磷酸果糖转化生成6-磷酸果糖[19], 其转录水平检测结果如图 4E所示: ISL治疗可显著下调T2DM小鼠肝脏中Fbp1的转录水平, ISL高剂量给药组(20 mg·kg-1) 达到最佳治疗效果; 体外检测结果与体内相符, 且40 μmol·L-1 ISL下调作用最为显著。FBP酶活性检测结果如图 4F所示: 与空白组相比, T2DM模型组小鼠肝脏FBP活性显著增强, ISL治疗可显著抑制FBP活性, ISL高剂量给药组(20 mg·kg-1) 抑制效果最为显著, 阳性药MET亦可抑制FBP活性; 体外检测结果与体内相符, 且ISL在40 μmol·L-1发挥最大抑制效果。
PFKFB3可催化生成2, 6-二磷酸果糖, 其可变构抑制FBP, 从而影响肝脏糖异生[20]。对其转录水平进行检测(图 4G), 与空白组相比, T2DM模型组小鼠肝脏Pfkfb3转录水平无显著变化, 且仅在ISL高剂量给药组(20 mg·kg-1) 中观察到Pfkfb3转录水平的显著上调; 在体外, 10~40 μmol·L-1 ISL均可显著上调HepG2细胞中PFKFB3的转录水平, 且在20 μmol·L-1达到最佳效果。对PFKFB3蛋白含量进行检测, 结果如图 4H所示, ISL高剂量给药组(20 mg·kg-1) 和阳性药组中均可观察到PFKFB3蛋白含量的显著提高; 在体外, 40 μmol·L-1 ISL可显著提高HepG2细胞中PFKFB3的蛋白含量。
糖异生关键转录因子HNF4α可调控糖异生限速酶在细胞核内的表达[21], 对HNF4α的转录水平进行检测(图 4I): ISL治疗可下调T2DM小鼠肝脏中Hnf4α的转录水平, 且高ISL剂量治疗组(20 mg·kg-1) 具有显著性差异, MET同样具有下调作用; 体外检测结果与体内相符, ISL可浓度依赖性下调HepG2细胞中HNF4α的转录水平, 且在20~40 μmol·L-1具有显著性, 40 μmol·L-1达到最大抑制效果。对HNF4α蛋白含量进行检测(图 4J): 与空白组相比, T2DM模型组小鼠肝脏HNF4α蛋白含量显著增加, 高剂量ISL (20 mg·kg-1) 和MET治疗均可显著降低其蛋白含量; 在体外, ISL (5~40 μmol·L-1) 亦可显著降低HepG2细胞中HNF4α的蛋白含量, 且5 μmol·L-1 ISL达到最大抑制效果。
对转录增强因子CREB进行检测, 其转录水平如图 4K所示: ISL治疗可下调T2DM小鼠肝脏中Creb1的转录水平, 且ISL高剂量给药组(20 mg·kg-1) 具有显著性差异, MET作用效果相似; 在体外, ISL和MET亦可显著下调HepG2细胞中CREB的转录水平, 且ISL在5 μmol·L-1达到最佳抑制效果。对CREB蛋白含量进行检测(图 4L): ISL和MET治疗均可显著降低T2DM小鼠肝脏中CREB的蛋白含量, 且ISL高剂量给药组(20 mg·kg-1) 表现出更好的抑制效果; 在体外, 10~40 μmol·L-1 ISL可显著降低HepG2细胞中CREB的磷酸化水平, 其中40 μmol·L-1抑制效果最为显著。
综上, ISL主要可通过抑制糖异生关键酶PC、PEPCK和FBP的转录和酶活, 并下调转录因子HNF4α和CREB的转录及蛋白水平来抑制糖异生途径, 进而缓解T2DM造成的糖代谢紊乱。
ISL处理后HepG2细胞脂质分解及脂肪酸氧化相关基因的表达情况如图 5A所示: ISL可显著下调ATGL的转录水平, 从而抑制肝细胞内TG转化为FFA的速率。ISL可浓度依赖性上调脂肪酸氧化关键转录因子PPARα的转录水平, 并在20和40 μmol·L-1浓度达到显著性差异, 从而调控参与脂肪酸分解系列酶的基因表达。ISL (10~40 μmol·L-1) 可促进脂质跨线粒体膜运输相关基因ACOSCPT1的表达, 加快细胞内脂肪酸参与后续氧化分解过程的速率。ISL可上调细胞内脂肪酸β氧化关键基因ACOX1LCAD的mRNA水平, 从而促进细胞内脂肪酸的分解速率。以上结果表明, ISL可以通过促进脂肪酸氧化, 降低HepG2细胞中脂质积累水平。
对HepG2细胞中脂质合成相关基因的表达情况进行检测(图 5B): ISL可浓度依赖性下调脂肪酸合成关键转录因子SREBP1cchREBP的转录水平, MET表现出相似的抑制效果; ISL和MET均可显著下调脂肪酸合成关键基因ACC1FAS的mRNA水平; 同时, ISL可在20~40 μmol·L-1范围内显著降低胆固醇合成关键基因HMGR的表达水平, 但对HMGS无显著影响, MET (10 mmol·L-1) 对HMGRHMGS的转录均无明显抑制作用。以上结果表明, ISL可抑制脂质合成关键转录因子和基因的表达水平, 从而降低HepG2细胞内脂质生成速率。
对HepG2细胞中脂质摄取与输出相关基因的转录水平进行检测(图 5CD): ISL可浓度依赖性提高脂肪酸摄取关键基因CD36的mRNA水平, 并在20和40 μmol·L-1达到显著性差异, 阳性药10 mmol·L-1 MET未观察到明显变化。20 μmol·L-1及以上浓度的ISL和MET (10 mmol·L-1) 可显著提高脂质输出相关基因MTTPAPOB的mRNA水平, 从而加快新生成脂质输出细胞的速率, 减少细胞内的脂质含量。
综上, ISL可促进脂质摄取、分解和输出, 抑制脂质合成, 从而降低脂质积累水平, 改善T2DM导致的脂代谢紊乱。
糖异生关键限速酶PEPCK可调控体内葡萄糖稳态, 是目前研究最为深入的糖异生关键靶点之一[22]。本文发现ISL治疗可显著抑制T2DM小鼠肝脏和HepG2细胞中PEPCK的转录和酶活(图 4CD), 因此利用分子对接与分子动力学模拟进一步检验了ISL与PEPCK蛋白间的相互作用。分子对接三维及二维结构模式分别如图 6A~C所示, ISL在MET-A296、TRP-A516、PHE-A525、PHE-A530、ASN-A533与原配体的作用位点相同, 表明ISL与PEPCK可有效结合。对上述分子对接所得PEPCK-ISL蛋白复合物与PEPCK蛋白进行分子动力学模拟分析, 图 6D所示为二者的RMSD值(P < 0.000 1), 与PEPCK蛋白相比, PEPCK-ISL复合物的RMSD曲线整体水平较低, 且在模拟过程中整体保持稳定, 仅略有波动, 表明与ISL结合可在一定程度上阻止PEPCK构象改变, 从而抑制PEPCK蛋白的生理功能。图 6E所示为回旋半径(Rg) (P < 0.000 1), 与PEPCK蛋白相比, PEPCK-ISL复合物的Rg值更低, 表明ISL结合后PEPCK蛋白结构更为稳定。图 6F为溶液可及表面积(SASA), 与PEPCK蛋白相比, PEPCK-ISL的SASA曲线无明显差异, 表明ISL结合后PEPCK蛋白的疏水性无明显改变。图 6G为均方根波动(RMSF) 值, 可见随模拟时间变化, ASN-A533和PHE-A525氨基酸残基表现出较高的氨基酸灵活性。以上研究结果表明, PEPCK是ISL调控糖异生的潜在作用靶点。
机体异常糖脂代谢是T2DM的主要特征, 同时也是治疗T2DM的重要作用靶点[23]。多项研究表明, 一线抗糖尿病药物MET可通过抑制糖异生和调控脂代谢发挥抗糖尿病效果[24]。本课题组前期研究也表明ISL可缓解T2DM小鼠糖脂代谢紊乱[7]。因此, 本文针对糖异生通路与脂代谢相关途径开展ISL缓解糖脂代谢紊乱的作用机制研究。研究发现ISL可抑制T2DM小鼠肝脏糖异生, 缓解肝脏脂肪变性, 上调脂质摄取、脂肪酸氧化和脂质输出关键基因表达, 下调脂质合成关键基因表达, 从而改善T2DM引起的异常糖脂代谢。
由于胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞功能障碍等多种原因, T2DM患者机体各组织器官葡萄糖利用效率下降, 肝糖原合成量下降, 肝脏利用非糖物质生产葡萄糖速率上升, 导致过量葡萄糖释放入血, 血糖升高[25]。因此, 抑制肝脏糖异生是药物改善T2DM异常糖代谢的主要研究方向。前人研究发现: 靶向抑制PC蛋白可显著降低糖尿病肥胖大鼠的血糖浓度和内源性葡萄糖产生速率[26]; 通过施用FBP选择性抑制剂, 可降低糖尿病肥胖大鼠70%的糖异生和46%的内源性葡萄糖生成, 从而降低血糖水平, 缓解糖代谢紊乱[27]。此外, 刺蒺藜中分离的黄嘌呤核苷可下调糖异生关键酶G6P和PEPCK的蛋白表达水平, 从而降低糖尿病大鼠的血糖水平[28]; 穿心莲内酯[29]、18β-甘草次酸[30]和青钱柳三萜酸[31]可通过下调糖异生关键转录因子Hnf4αCreb1的转录水平, 抑制其靶基因Pck1G6pc的表达, 从而降低肥胖小鼠肝脏的糖异生水平。因此, 以上靶点是药物调控糖异生的重要靶点。本论文研究发现ISL可抑制T2DM小鼠肝脏中PC、PEPCK和FBP的活性, 下调关键转录因子HNF4α与CREB的表达, 从而抑制糖异生途径的多个限速步骤, 改善T2DM小鼠糖代谢紊乱。
药物对于脂代谢的调控, 主要可通过脂质分解、合成和运输途径发挥作用[32]。研究发现特异性敲除ATGL基因可降低小鼠肝脏FFA通量, 进而缓解其脂肪性肝炎[33]; 上调脂肪酸β氧化关键转录因子PPARα的表达, 可提高其靶基因CPT1ACOX1LCAD的转录水平, 从而促进肥胖大鼠肝脏脂肪分解[34]; 此外, ACOS的表达上调亦可促进脂肪酸分解, 改善高脂血症小鼠机体脂质紊乱[35]。本文研究发现ISL可下调ATGL的转录水平, 提高转录因子PPARα的mRNA水平, 上调FFA转运相关基因ACOSCPT1的表达, 同时促进脂肪酸β氧化相关基因ACOX1LCAD的表达, 从而促进细胞脂解。在脂质合成过程中, 转录因子SREBP1cchREBP可调控脂质合成[36], 其表达下调可抑制FASACC1的转录水平, 改善肥胖小鼠肝脏脂肪变性, 降低其血浆甘油三酯和非酯化脂肪酸水平[37]。决明子花乙醇提取物可降低高脂血症大鼠肝脏中SREBP1cACC1HMGRHMGS的表达, 从而抑制脂肪酸和胆固醇生成, 缓解高脂血症[38]。本文研究发现ISL可抑制SREBP1cchREBP的表达, 降低ACC1FASHMGR的转录水平, 从而减少细胞脂质合成。同时, 本文发现ISL可上调细胞膜上参与FFA摄取的关键蛋白CD36的转录水平, 这与其他文献报道的结果相符[39]。通过上调CD36, ISL加快了肝细胞的FFA摄取速率, 从而降低组织与血液中的FFA含量。目前, 也有其他药物通过上调CD36以发挥降脂作用的相关报道, 如吡格列酮[40]、芒果苷[14]和甘草查尔酮A[41]。此外, MTTPAPOB可调控脂质输出速率[12], ISL可通过上调MTTPAPOB的基因表达水平, 促进脂质输出, 从而降低肝细胞内脂质水平。
本课题组在前期研究中发现ISL主要通过激活AMPK和抑制mTORC1发挥抗糖尿病活性[7]。本文是前期研究工作的延续, 观察到的ISL对糖异生和脂代谢相关靶点的调控作用也与AMPK和mTORC1信号通路的活性密切相关。大量研究表明AMPK对糖异生具有抑制作用, 它可通过抑制转录因子HNF4α和CREB的表达抑制糖异生关键酶G6P和PEPCK的表达[31, 42]; 还可通过降低PC和FBP的蛋白水平抑制糖异生[43, 44]。而mTORC1则与此相反, 它可上调PEPCK和CREB的表达, 从而促进糖异生, 引起葡萄糖耐受不良[45]。因此, ISL对AMPK的激活和对mTORC1的抑制均可抑制糖异生。对于脂代谢, AMPK可激活PPARα和CPT1的表达[46], 促进脂肪酸分解; 可直接磷酸化转录因子SREBP1c[47, 48], 抑制脂质合成; 还可抑制脂质合成的多个关键酶, 如FAS、ACC1、HMGR和HMGS[49-51]的活性。而抑制mTORC1则可下调脂质合成基因FASACC1的表达[52]; 可抑制关键转录因子SREBP1c的表达和活化[53], 从而减少肝脏脂肪生成。综上, ISL对糖脂代谢转录因子及关键蛋白的调控作用也可能是通过激活AMPK和抑制mTORC1来实现的。
作者贡献: 陈姿伊和杨晓雪负责实验研究过程并撰写论文, 二人同等贡献; 刘颖和何平提出实验思路、设计研究方案并修改论文; 丁文文和汪逗逗协助进行实验数据采集与分析; 所有作者均阅读并参与修改了本论文。
利益冲突: 本文作者均声明没有利益冲突。
  • 北京中医药大学研究生自主科研课题(90011461220416)
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2024年第59卷第1期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0520
  • 接收时间:2023-04-27
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-27
  • 修回日期:2023-09-05
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北京中医药大学研究生自主科研课题(90011461220416)
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    北京中医药大学生命科学学院, 北京 102488

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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