Article(id=1201177210666316777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201177206518145841, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0497, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1682179200000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-23, revisedDate=1690214400000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764312563816, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1704988800000, pubDateStr=2024-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764312563816, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764312563816, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764312563816, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201177206518145841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='268', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764312562826, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764312760268, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201178034725417827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201177206518145841, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201178034725417828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201177206518145841, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=243, endPage=252, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201177211127690237, articleId=1201177210666316777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Specific DNA barcodes screening, germplasm resource identification, and genetic diversity analysis of Platycodon grandiflorum, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Platycodonis Radix is the dry root of Platycodon grandiflorum of Campanulaceae, which has a variety of pharmacological effects and is a commonly used bulk Chinese medicine. In this study, the chloroplast genome sequences of six P. grandiflorum from different producing areas has been sequenced with Illumina HiSeq X Ten platform. The specific DNA barcodes were screened, and the germplasm resources and genetic diversity were analyzed according to the specific barcodes. The total length of the chloroplast genome of 6 P. grandiflorum samples was 172 260-172 275 bp, and all chloroplast genomes showed a typical circular tetrad structure and encoded 141 genes. The comparative genomics analysis and results of amplification efficiency demonstrated that trnG-UCC and ndhG_ndhF were the potential specific DNA barcodes for identification the germplasm resources of P. grandiflorum. A total of 305 P. grandiflorum samples were collected from 15 production areas in 9 provinces, for which the fragments of trnG-UCC and ndhG_ndhF were amplificated and the sequences were analyzed. The results showed that trnG-UCC and ndhG_ndhF have 5 and 11 mutation sites, respectively, and 5 and 7 haplotypes were identified, respectively. The combined analysis of the two sequences formed 13 haplotypes (named Hap1-Hap13), and Hap4 is the main genotype, followed by Hap1. The unique haplotypes possessed by the three producing areas can be used as DNA molecular tags in this area to distinguish from the germplasm resources of P. grandiflorum from other areas. The haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity and genetic distance were 0.94, 4.79×10-3 and 0.000 0-0.020 3, respectively, suggesting that the genetic diversity was abundant and intraspecific kinship was relatively close. This study laid a foundation for the identification of P. grandiflorum, the protection and utilization of germplasm resources, and molecular breeding.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-hui WANG, Sheng-li WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xin WANG, Yue SHI, Jin-hui MAN, Yu-ying HUANG, Xiao-qin ZHANG, Ke-lu AN, Gao-jie HE, Zi-qi LIU, Fan-yuan GUAN, Yu-yan ZHENG, Xiao-hui WANG, Sheng-li WEI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201177212578918474, articleId=1201177210666316777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=桔梗特异DNA条形码筛选、种质资源鉴定及遗传多样性分析, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

中药材桔梗为桔梗科植物桔梗的干燥根, 具有多种药理作用, 是常用的大宗中药材。本研究利用Illumina HiSeq X Ten平台对6份来自不同产地的桔梗进行叶绿体基因组测序, 筛选特异性DNA条形码, 基于特异性DNA条形码对不同产区的桔梗样品的种质资源和遗传多样性进行分析。6份桔梗叶绿体基因组全长为172 260~172 275 bp, 均呈现典型的环状四分体结构, 编码141个基因。根据比较基因组学分析和扩增效率分析发现trnG-UCCndhG_ndhF可作为潜在的桔梗种内种质资源鉴定的特异性DNA条形码。对来自9省15个产地305份桔梗样品的trnG-UCCndhG_ndhF进行PCR扩增和序列分析, 结果表明trnG-UCCndhG_ndhF分别有5和11个变异位点, 分别鉴定到5和7个单倍型; 两段序列联合分析鉴定13个单倍型(Hap1~Hap13), 其中占比最多的是Hap4, 其次是Hap1。3个产地拥有的特异单倍型, 可作为该产地的DNA分子标签与其他产地的桔梗种质资源进行区分。单倍型多样性、核苷酸多样性和遗传距离分别为0.94、4.79×10-3和0.000 0~0.020 3, 表明桔梗在物种水平上有较高的遗传多样性, 种内各单倍型之间亲缘关系比较接近。本研究为桔梗产地鉴定、种质资源保护利用和分子育种等工作奠定基础。

, correspAuthors=王晓晖, 魏胜利, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王晓晖,E-mail: ;
魏胜利,E-mail:
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China J Chin Mater Med (中国中药杂志), 2023, 48: 1229-1237., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201177223702213368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177210666316777, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cui YX. Analysis of Chloroplast Genome Structure of Prochloroplast Plants of Amomi Fructus, Lycii Fructus, Crataegi Fructus and Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens (药食两用药材砂仁、枸杞、山楂和姜基原植物叶绿体基因组结构解析) [D]. Beijing: Peking Union Medical College, 2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1201177220875252374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177210666316777, awardId=2022YFX3501505, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFX3501505), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1201177220954944151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177210666316777, awardId=2020110031009385, language=CN, fundingSource=桔梗等4种精准药材批次分子防伪技术研究项目(2020110031009385), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1201177212801216603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177210666316777, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201177212809605212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177210666316777, companyId=1201177212801216603, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Color bars represent different functional groups. The darker gray area in the inner circle indicates the GC content, while the lighter gray corresponds to the at content of the genome. LSC: Large single copy area; SSC: Small single copy region; IRA and IRB: Reverse repeat region , figureFileSmall=E/fWLPJlvWznnnvuZy7rMA==, figureFileBig=SCN+rfFASDmPgFoBDy7KFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177218828431928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177210666316777, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=EGo3/fEQkMx8NrAhfRvVnA==, figureFileBig=CJbdFHH+KD6CJZNCxd+BFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177218929095228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177210666316777, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Global comparison of six chloroplast genomes of <i>P. grandiflorum</i> (PG) , figureFileSmall=EGo3/fEQkMx8NrAhfRvVnA==, figureFileBig=CJbdFHH+KD6CJZNCxd+BFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177219000398401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177210666316777, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vBZCqHDyWj4S1il7Y6Ifyg==, figureFileBig=DYmSNl9KiyQOkDn6Vb9gVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177219084284487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177210666316777, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Nucleotide diversity of six chloroplast genome of <i>P. grandiflorum</i>. Window length: 600 bp; Step size: 200 bp. Pi: Nucleotide diversity , figureFileSmall=vBZCqHDyWj4S1il7Y6Ifyg==, figureFileBig=DYmSNl9KiyQOkDn6Vb9gVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177219189142093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177210666316777, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=CcGRNT5/DkJyhNxDPcqawA==, figureFileBig=ddj2BvDs8CNBR1f2eUwFtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177219302388306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177210666316777, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Haplotypes NJ Tree of combined analysis of two genes , figureFileSmall=CcGRNT5/DkJyhNxDPcqawA==, figureFileBig=ddj2BvDs8CNBR1f2eUwFtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177219382080086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177210666316777, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SourceSample (number)LongitudeLatitudeAltitude/m
Houma, Linfen, ShanxiSXLFHM (85)E110°52′10.40"N38°13′88.26"713
Louyang, HenanHNLY (14)E112°43′44.68″N34°63′04.10″585
Baoding, HebeiHBBD (4)E113°45′32.00″N38°14′29.00″25
Yiyuan, Zibo, ShandongSDZB (26)E118°17′10.50″N36°18′53.60"154
Qiaocheng, Bozhou, AnhuiAHBZ (16)E115°60′59.64"N33°76′49.58"36
Dalian, LiaoningLNDL (12)E121°44′00.00"N39°01′00.00"29
Shangzhou, Shangluo, ShannxiSXSL (6)E109°92′44.18"N33°87′86.34"1 037
Chaoyang, LiaoningLNCY (31)E120°16′46.44"N41°40′91.13"307
Jingyu, Baishan, JilinJLBS (26)E127°16′00.00"N42°48′00.00"132
Kalaqinqi, Chifeng, NeimengguNMGCF (18)E118°65′34.58"N42°02′92.66"652
Jian, JilinJLJA (18)E125°45′00.00"N40°52′00.00"136
Chifeng, NeimengguNMGCF2 (20)E118°65′34.58"N42°02′92.66"652
Hongshan, Chifeng, NeimengguNMGHS (18)E118°57′33.37"N42°15′56.92"742
Chishang, Boshan, Zibo, ShandongSDCS (6)E117°51′42.19"N36°29′41.03"230
Zhangjiakou, HebeiHBZJK (5)E118°17′10.50″N36°18′53.60"154
), ArticleFig(id=1201177219470160476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177210666316777, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Source of 305 samples of P. grandiflorum from 15 regions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SourceSample (number)LongitudeLatitudeAltitude/m
Houma, Linfen, ShanxiSXLFHM (85)E110°52′10.40"N38°13′88.26"713
Louyang, HenanHNLY (14)E112°43′44.68″N34°63′04.10″585
Baoding, HebeiHBBD (4)E113°45′32.00″N38°14′29.00″25
Yiyuan, Zibo, ShandongSDZB (26)E118°17′10.50″N36°18′53.60"154
Qiaocheng, Bozhou, AnhuiAHBZ (16)E115°60′59.64"N33°76′49.58"36
Dalian, LiaoningLNDL (12)E121°44′00.00"N39°01′00.00"29
Shangzhou, Shangluo, ShannxiSXSL (6)E109°92′44.18"N33°87′86.34"1 037
Chaoyang, LiaoningLNCY (31)E120°16′46.44"N41°40′91.13"307
Jingyu, Baishan, JilinJLBS (26)E127°16′00.00"N42°48′00.00"132
Kalaqinqi, Chifeng, NeimengguNMGCF (18)E118°65′34.58"N42°02′92.66"652
Jian, JilinJLJA (18)E125°45′00.00"N40°52′00.00"136
Chifeng, NeimengguNMGCF2 (20)E118°65′34.58"N42°02′92.66"652
Hongshan, Chifeng, NeimengguNMGHS (18)E118°57′33.37"N42°15′56.92"742
Chishang, Boshan, Zibo, ShandongSDCS (6)E117°51′42.19"N36°29′41.03"230
Zhangjiakou, HebeiHBZJK (5)E118°17′10.50″N36°18′53.60"154
), ArticleFig(id=1201177219591795298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177210666316777, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CategoryGene groupGene name
PhotosynthesisSubunits of photosystem ⅠpsaA, psaB, psaC, psaI, psaJ
Subunits of photosystem ⅡpsbA, psbB, psbC, psbD, psbE, psbF, psbH, psbI, psbJ, psbK, psbL, psbM, psbN, psbT, psbZ
Subunits of NADH ehydrogenasendhA*(2), ndhB*(2), ndhC, ndhD, ndhE, ndhF, ndhG(2), ndhH(2), ndhI(2), ndhJ, ndhK
Subunits of cytochrome b/f complexpetA, petB*, petD*, petG, petL, petN
Subunits of ATP synthaseatpA, atpB, atpE, atpF*, atpH, atpI
Large subunit of rubiscorbcL
Self-replicationProteins of large ribosomal subunitrpl14(2), rpl16*(2), rpl2*(2), rpl20, rpl22(2), rpl23(2), rpl32, rpl33, rpl36(2)
Proteins of small ribosomal subunitrps11, rps12**(2), rps14, rps15(2), rps16*, rps18, rps19(2), rps2, rps3(2), rps4, rps7(2), rps8(2)
Subunits of RNA polymeraserpoA, rpoB, rpoC1*, rpoC2
Ribosomal RNAsrrn16(2), rrn23(2), rrn4.5(2), rrn5(2)
Transfer RNAstrnA-UGC*(2), trnC-GCA, trnD-GUC, trnE-UUC,
trnF-GAA, trnG-GCC, trnG-UCC*, trnH-GUG, trnI-CAU(2), trnI-GAU*(2), trnK-UUU*, trnL-CAA(2), trnL-UAA*, trnL-UAG,
trnM-CAU, trnN-GUU(2), trnP-UGG, trnQ-UUG, trnR-ACG(2), trnR-UCU,
trnS-GCU, trnS-GGA, trnS-UGA, trnT-GGU
trnV-GAC(2), trnV-UAC*, trnW-CCA, trnY-GUA, trnfM-CAU
Other genesMaturasematK
ProteaseclpP**(2)
Envelope membrane proteincemA
c-type cytochrome synthesis geneccsA
Genes of unknown functionConserved hypotheticalycf1(2), ycf2(2), ycf3**, ycf4
chloroplast ORF
), ArticleFig(id=1201177219663098470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177210666316777, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Gene composition of six chloroplast genomes of P. grandiflorum. *: Genes with one intron; **: Genes with two introns. (2) means genes with two copies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CategoryGene groupGene name
PhotosynthesisSubunits of photosystem ⅠpsaA, psaB, psaC, psaI, psaJ
Subunits of photosystem ⅡpsbA, psbB, psbC, psbD, psbE, psbF, psbH, psbI, psbJ, psbK, psbL, psbM, psbN, psbT, psbZ
Subunits of NADH ehydrogenasendhA*(2), ndhB*(2), ndhC, ndhD, ndhE, ndhF, ndhG(2), ndhH(2), ndhI(2), ndhJ, ndhK
Subunits of cytochrome b/f complexpetA, petB*, petD*, petG, petL, petN
Subunits of ATP synthaseatpA, atpB, atpE, atpF*, atpH, atpI
Large subunit of rubiscorbcL
Self-replicationProteins of large ribosomal subunitrpl14(2), rpl16*(2), rpl2*(2), rpl20, rpl22(2), rpl23(2), rpl32, rpl33, rpl36(2)
Proteins of small ribosomal subunitrps11, rps12**(2), rps14, rps15(2), rps16*, rps18, rps19(2), rps2, rps3(2), rps4, rps7(2), rps8(2)
Subunits of RNA polymeraserpoA, rpoB, rpoC1*, rpoC2
Ribosomal RNAsrrn16(2), rrn23(2), rrn4.5(2), rrn5(2)
Transfer RNAstrnA-UGC*(2), trnC-GCA, trnD-GUC, trnE-UUC,
trnF-GAA, trnG-GCC, trnG-UCC*, trnH-GUG, trnI-CAU(2), trnI-GAU*(2), trnK-UUU*, trnL-CAA(2), trnL-UAA*, trnL-UAG,
trnM-CAU, trnN-GUU(2), trnP-UGG, trnQ-UUG, trnR-ACG(2), trnR-UCU,
trnS-GCU, trnS-GGA, trnS-UGA, trnT-GGU
trnV-GAC(2), trnV-UAC*, trnW-CCA, trnY-GUA, trnfM-CAU
Other genesMaturasematK
ProteaseclpP**(2)
Envelope membrane proteincemA
c-type cytochrome synthesis geneccsA
Genes of unknown functionConserved hypotheticalycf1(2), ycf2(2), ycf3**, ycf4
chloroplast ORF
), ArticleFig(id=1201177219763761770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177210666316777, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.Nucleotide positiontrnG-UCC haplotype
141344374430-597-
1TGGA-T-GHap1
2C******GHap2
3CA*****GHap3
4C*A****GHap4
5C**AATTGHap5
), ArticleFig(id=1201177219877007981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177210666316777, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Nucleotide position of trnG-UCC. *: Nucleic acid is the same as GHap1; -: Nucleic acid deletion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.Nucleotide positiontrnG-UCC haplotype
141344374430-597-
1TGGA-T-GHap1
2C******GHap2
3CA*****GHap3
4C*A****GHap4
5C**AATTGHap5
), ArticleFig(id=1201177220007031413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177210666316777, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.Nucleotide positionndhG_ndhF haplotype
401427588589----590591--592593594595596
1CTAT----AT--TATATFHap1
2**--****--*******FHap2
3*********TAT*****FHap3
4*G***************FHap4
5*********-**-----FHap5
6***TATAT*********FHap6
7T****************FHap7
), ArticleFig(id=1201177220103500408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177210666316777, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=

Nucleotide position of ndhG_ndhF. *: Nucleic acid is the same as FHap1; -: Nucleic acid deletion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.Nucleotide positionndhG_ndhF haplotype
401427588589----590591--592593594595596
1CTAT----AT--TATATFHap1
2**--****--*******FHap2
3*********TAT*****FHap3
4*G***************FHap4
5*********-**-----FHap5
6***TATAT*********FHap6
7T****************FHap7
), ArticleFig(id=1201177220237718143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177210666316777, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SourceHaplotype distribution
SXLFHMHap1, Hap2, Hap3*, Hap4, Hap9, Hap10, Hap11, Hap12*, Hap13*
HNLYHap1, Hap4, Hap5, Hap7, Hap10
HBBDHap1
SDZBHap1, Hap4, Hap10
AHBZHap1, Hap4, Hap7
LNDLHap1, Hap4
SXSLHap1, Hap2
LNCYHap1, Hap4, Hap5, Hap7, Hap11
JLBSHap1, Hap4, Hap6*, Hap7, Hap9
NMGCFHap1, Hap4, Hap9
JLJAHap1, Hap4, Hap8*, Hap10
NMGCF2Hap1, Hap4, Hap7
NMGHSHap1, Hap4, Hap7, Hap9, Hap11
SDCSHap4, Hap10
HBZJKHap1, Hap2, Hap4
), ArticleFig(id=1201177220334187136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177210666316777, language=CN, label=Table 5, caption=

Haplotype distribution table for different source. *: Unique haplotype

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SourceHaplotype distribution
SXLFHMHap1, Hap2, Hap3*, Hap4, Hap9, Hap10, Hap11, Hap12*, Hap13*
HNLYHap1, Hap4, Hap5, Hap7, Hap10
HBBDHap1
SDZBHap1, Hap4, Hap10
AHBZHap1, Hap4, Hap7
LNDLHap1, Hap4
SXSLHap1, Hap2
LNCYHap1, Hap4, Hap5, Hap7, Hap11
JLBSHap1, Hap4, Hap6*, Hap7, Hap9
NMGCFHap1, Hap4, Hap9
JLJAHap1, Hap4, Hap8*, Hap10
NMGCF2Hap1, Hap4, Hap7
NMGHSHap1, Hap4, Hap7, Hap9, Hap11
SDCSHap4, Hap10
HBZJKHap1, Hap2, Hap4
), ArticleFig(id=1201177220418073221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177210666316777, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PopulationShHdPi (×10-3)Fu & Li's DTajima's D
SXLFHM2370.945.96-1.12-1.17
HNLY1040.903.21-0.60-0.60
HBBD010.000.00--
SDZB931.004.38--
AHBZ120.670.47--
LNDL121.000.71--
SXSL821.005.79--
LNCY740.902.17-0.75-0.75
JLBS830.802.45-0.81-0.81
NMGCF120.670.47--
JLJA1941.007.40-0.85-0.85
NMGCF2120.670.47--
NMGHS230.800.720.240.24
SDCS921.006.57--
HBZJK931.004.34--
Total1990.944.79-0.49-0.93
), ArticleFig(id=1201177220527125127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177210666316777, language=CN, label=Table 6, caption=

Genetic diversity of P. grandiflorum from 15 regions. S: Number of segregating sites; h: Number of haplotypes; Hd: Haplotype diversity; Fu & Li's D: Fu & Li's D neutral test; Tajima's D: Tajima's D neutral test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PopulationShHdPi (×10-3)Fu & Li's DTajima's D
SXLFHM2370.945.96-1.12-1.17
HNLY1040.903.21-0.60-0.60
HBBD010.000.00--
SDZB931.004.38--
AHBZ120.670.47--
LNDL121.000.71--
SXSL821.005.79--
LNCY740.902.17-0.75-0.75
JLBS830.802.45-0.81-0.81
NMGCF120.670.47--
JLJA1941.007.40-0.85-0.85
NMGCF2120.670.47--
NMGHS230.800.720.240.24
SDCS921.006.57--
HBZJK931.004.34--
Total1990.944.79-0.49-0.93
), ArticleFig(id=1201177220627788428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177210666316777, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Hap1Hap2Hap3Hap4Hap5Hap6Hap7Hap8Hap9Hap10Hap11Hap12Average
Hap10.007 5
Hap20.002 9
Hap30.012 60.010 2
Hap40.000 70.003 60.013 4
Hap50.008 00.006 50.015 80.007 3
Hap60.000 70.002 20.011 90.000 00.003 7
Hap70.000 70.003 60.013 40.000 00.007 30.000 0
Hap80.011 40.014 80.007 90.012 20.020 30.012 30.012 2
Hap90.000 00.002 90.012 60.000 70.008 00.000 70.000 70.011 4
Hap100.002 90.000 70.009 40.003 70.005 90.002 20.003 70.014 90.002 9
Hap110.002 20.000 70.009 40.002 90.005 80.001 50.002 90.014 00.002 20.000 0
Hap120.014 80.012 50.005 50.015 60.018 00.014 20.015 60.010 20.014 80.011 70.011 7
Hap130.007 30.005 80.015 00.008 00.000 70.004 40.008 00.019 50.007 30.005 10.005 10.017 2
), ArticleFig(id=1201177220732646033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177210666316777, language=CN, label=Table 7, caption=

Genetic distance of haplotypes by joint analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Hap1Hap2Hap3Hap4Hap5Hap6Hap7Hap8Hap9Hap10Hap11Hap12Average
Hap10.007 5
Hap20.002 9
Hap30.012 60.010 2
Hap40.000 70.003 60.013 4
Hap50.008 00.006 50.015 80.007 3
Hap60.000 70.002 20.011 90.000 00.003 7
Hap70.000 70.003 60.013 40.000 00.007 30.000 0
Hap80.011 40.014 80.007 90.012 20.020 30.012 30.012 2
Hap90.000 00.002 90.012 60.000 70.008 00.000 70.000 70.011 4
Hap100.002 90.000 70.009 40.003 70.005 90.002 20.003 70.014 90.002 9
Hap110.002 20.000 70.009 40.002 90.005 80.001 50.002 90.014 00.002 20.000 0
Hap120.014 80.012 50.005 50.015 60.018 00.014 20.015 60.010 20.014 80.011 70.011 7
Hap130.007 30.005 80.015 00.008 00.000 70.004 40.008 00.019 50.007 30.005 10.005 10.017 2
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桔梗特异DNA条形码筛选、种质资源鉴定及遗传多样性分析
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王馨 1 , 石玥 3 , 满金辉 1 , 黄钰莹 1 , 张晓芹 1 , 安克露 1 , 何高洁 1 , 刘子齐 4 , 关范圆 1 , 郑语嫣 1 , 王晓晖 2, * , 魏胜利 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(1): 243-252
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(1): 243-252
桔梗特异DNA条形码筛选、种质资源鉴定及遗传多样性分析
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王馨1, 石玥3, 满金辉1, 黄钰莹1, 张晓芹1, 安克露1, 何高洁1, 刘子齐4, 关范圆1, 郑语嫣1, 王晓晖2, * , 魏胜利1, *
作者信息
  • 1.北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488
  • 2.北京中医药大学, 北京中医药研究院, 中药现代研究中心, 北京 102488
  • 3.北京中医药大学生命科学院, 北京 102488
  • 4.黑龙江诺初中药材种植有限公司, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150600

通讯作者:

*王晓晖,E-mail: ;
魏胜利,E-mail:
Specific DNA barcodes screening, germplasm resource identification, and genetic diversity analysis of Platycodon grandiflorum
Xin WANG1, Yue SHI3, Jin-hui MAN1, Yu-ying HUANG1, Xiao-qin ZHANG1, Ke-lu AN1, Gao-jie HE1, Zi-qi LIU4, Fan-yuan GUAN1, Yu-yan ZHENG1, Xiao-hui WANG2, * , Sheng-li WEI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
  • 2. Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
  • 3. School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
  • 4. Heilongjiang Nuochu Medical Materials Planting Co., Ltd., Harbin 150600, China
出版时间: 2024-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0497
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中药材桔梗为桔梗科植物桔梗的干燥根, 具有多种药理作用, 是常用的大宗中药材。本研究利用Illumina HiSeq X Ten平台对6份来自不同产地的桔梗进行叶绿体基因组测序, 筛选特异性DNA条形码, 基于特异性DNA条形码对不同产区的桔梗样品的种质资源和遗传多样性进行分析。6份桔梗叶绿体基因组全长为172 260~172 275 bp, 均呈现典型的环状四分体结构, 编码141个基因。根据比较基因组学分析和扩增效率分析发现trnG-UCCndhG_ndhF可作为潜在的桔梗种内种质资源鉴定的特异性DNA条形码。对来自9省15个产地305份桔梗样品的trnG-UCCndhG_ndhF进行PCR扩增和序列分析, 结果表明trnG-UCCndhG_ndhF分别有5和11个变异位点, 分别鉴定到5和7个单倍型; 两段序列联合分析鉴定13个单倍型(Hap1~Hap13), 其中占比最多的是Hap4, 其次是Hap1。3个产地拥有的特异单倍型, 可作为该产地的DNA分子标签与其他产地的桔梗种质资源进行区分。单倍型多样性、核苷酸多样性和遗传距离分别为0.94、4.79×10-3和0.000 0~0.020 3, 表明桔梗在物种水平上有较高的遗传多样性, 种内各单倍型之间亲缘关系比较接近。本研究为桔梗产地鉴定、种质资源保护利用和分子育种等工作奠定基础。

桔梗  /  叶绿体基因组  /  DNA条形码  /  种质资源  /  遗传多样性

Platycodonis Radix is the dry root of Platycodon grandiflorum of Campanulaceae, which has a variety of pharmacological effects and is a commonly used bulk Chinese medicine. In this study, the chloroplast genome sequences of six P. grandiflorum from different producing areas has been sequenced with Illumina HiSeq X Ten platform. The specific DNA barcodes were screened, and the germplasm resources and genetic diversity were analyzed according to the specific barcodes. The total length of the chloroplast genome of 6 P. grandiflorum samples was 172 260-172 275 bp, and all chloroplast genomes showed a typical circular tetrad structure and encoded 141 genes. The comparative genomics analysis and results of amplification efficiency demonstrated that trnG-UCC and ndhG_ndhF were the potential specific DNA barcodes for identification the germplasm resources of P. grandiflorum. A total of 305 P. grandiflorum samples were collected from 15 production areas in 9 provinces, for which the fragments of trnG-UCC and ndhG_ndhF were amplificated and the sequences were analyzed. The results showed that trnG-UCC and ndhG_ndhF have 5 and 11 mutation sites, respectively, and 5 and 7 haplotypes were identified, respectively. The combined analysis of the two sequences formed 13 haplotypes (named Hap1-Hap13), and Hap4 is the main genotype, followed by Hap1. The unique haplotypes possessed by the three producing areas can be used as DNA molecular tags in this area to distinguish from the germplasm resources of P. grandiflorum from other areas. The haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity and genetic distance were 0.94, 4.79×10-3 and 0.000 0-0.020 3, respectively, suggesting that the genetic diversity was abundant and intraspecific kinship was relatively close. This study laid a foundation for the identification of P. grandiflorum, the protection and utilization of germplasm resources, and molecular breeding.

Platycodon grandiflorum  /  chloroplast genome  /  DNA barcode  /  germplasm resource  /  genetic diversity
王馨, 石玥, 满金辉, 黄钰莹, 张晓芹, 安克露, 何高洁, 刘子齐, 关范圆, 郑语嫣, 王晓晖, 魏胜利. 桔梗特异DNA条形码筛选、种质资源鉴定及遗传多样性分析. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (1) : 243 -252 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0497
Xin WANG, Yue SHI, Jin-hui MAN, Yu-ying HUANG, Xiao-qin ZHANG, Ke-lu AN, Gao-jie HE, Zi-qi LIU, Fan-yuan GUAN, Yu-yan ZHENG, Xiao-hui WANG, Sheng-li WEI. Specific DNA barcodes screening, germplasm resource identification, and genetic diversity analysis of Platycodon grandiflorum[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (1) : 243 -252 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0497
中药材桔梗(Platycodonis Radix) 具有宣肺利咽, 祛痰排脓的功效, 是最常用的大宗药材之一。《中华人民共和国药典》 (2020年版, 一部) 规定中药材桔梗来源于桔梗科药用植物桔梗Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC.的干燥根[1]。现代药理学作用研究表明其具有多种药理活性, 如抗肿瘤、抗菌消炎、免疫调节和降血压降血脂等[2-5]作用。近年来随着桔梗需求量增大, 需要不断扩大桔梗的生产规模, 因此对桔梗的种质资源鉴定和遗传多样性分析有利于后续桔梗优良品种选育和利用。
叶绿体是被子植物光合作用的器官, 同时也是半自主细胞器, 拥有自己的基因组, 依赖母系遗传, 称为叶绿体基因组。叶绿体基因组的结果是双链环状构型, 包括一个小的单拷贝区(SSC) 和一个大单拷贝区(LSC); 两区域被一对反向重复区域(IRA和IRB) 区分开, 为典型的四分体结构。叶绿体基因组相对分子量较小, 基因组成和结构相对保守, 包含的大量遗传信息被广泛应用于植物分子进化及系统发育的研究[6, 7]。随着高通量测序技术和生物信息学的快速发展, 多种植物的叶绿体基因组已经解析。目前桔梗科的桔梗、半边莲Lobelia chinensis、沙参Adenophora stricta[8-10]物种的叶绿体基因组已有研究报道, 但是种内叶绿体比较基因组学相关研究鲜有报道。
2003年, Hebert等[11]首次提出DNA条形码是标准化的、较短的DNA序列, 可作为条形码实现对物种进行快速、准确地鉴定, 是传统性状鉴定和理化鉴定方法的有效补充。如matK能够鉴别大黄不同基原及混伪品[12]。随着叶绿体基因组测序技术和比较叶绿体基因组学的发展, 通过比较叶绿体基因组序列差异获得可应用于鉴别不同物种、不同基原甚至同一物种的不同产地的特异DNA条形码也变得切实可行, 如利用叶绿体基因组及比较基因组学方法获得特异性条形码rps16_trnQpsaA_ycf3psbE_petLndhF_rpl32以及trnT_trnL用于鉴定唐古特大黄、药用大黄和掌叶大黄[13]。基于叶绿体基因组测序和比较基因组学发现黄芩petA_psbJycf4_cemAtrnH_psbA三个基因片段突变位点最多, 可用作特异DNA条形码, 利用3段叶绿体基因组DNA的联合分析对黄芩的野生居群展开研究, 共发现29个变异位点, 形成50个单倍型[14]rbcL序列可鉴别不同产地的山慈菇[15]psbA_trnH序列可鉴别何首乌的道地种源和其他种源[16]
ITSpsbA_trnHmatKtrnG-SrbcL等条形码为桔梗科植物的分类鉴定与系统学研究提供了重要依据[17]。Zhao等[18]验证了ITS序列可对桔梗药材及其易混品进行鉴别。Wu等[19]通过ITS2序列对桔梗进行研究发现其种内遗传性较为丰富。Nie等[20]研究发现, rbcL序列可用于桔梗科内不同属间的鉴别。目前基于桔梗核基因的种质资源鉴别已较为深入, 不仅能对桔梗及易混品进行鉴别, 还发现了桔梗种内具有较高的遗传多样性。而基于桔梗叶绿体基因的研究较少, 仅发现了可用于桔梗科的鉴别序列rbcL, 基于桔梗叶绿体比较基因组学的种内特异DNA条形码研究还未见报道, 因此本研究选取不同产地的6个桔梗样品进行叶绿体测序, 进行比较基因组学研究, 筛选特异性DNA条形码, 并利用筛选的特异DNA条形码对9省15产地305份桔梗样品进行种质资源鉴定和遗传多样性分析, 弥补了目前研究的空缺, 为后续桔梗种质筛选、质量控制及相关研究奠定基础。
植物材料   用于叶绿体全基因组测序的6份桔梗样品分别采自内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔市、黑龙江省哈尔滨市、河北省保定市安国市、陕西省商洛市商州区、安徽省亳州市谯城区和河南省洛阳市; 用于种质资源鉴定的15个产地305份样品来源如表 1所示。所用样品经北京中医药大学魏胜利教授鉴定为桔梗植株Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC.。
基因组DNA提取与测序    利用FastPure® Plant DNA Isolation Mini Kit (诺唯赞) 提取植物总DNA, 1.0%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA质量, Nano Drop one (Thermo Fisher公司) 检测DNA浓度。检测合格的基因组总DNA构建插入片段长度约350 bp的文库, 利用Illumina HiSeq X Ten平台进行序列读长为150 bp的双端测序, 并对原始序列进行4步处理, 分别是去除质量值连续≤ 20的碱基数达到40%的reads、去除含N的碱基数目总和达到10%的reads、去除adapter污染和去除duplication污染, 得到高质量待分析序列(clean reads)。
叶绿体基因组组装、拼接和注释    使用NOVOPlasty将待分析序列组装成完整的叶绿体基因组, 采用PGA软件进行组装结果进行注释(默认参数)。采用BWA将待分析序列比对桔梗参考基因组(NC_035624) 的叶绿体基因组序列, 利用在线软件tRNAscan-SE (http://lowelab.ucsc.edu/tRNAscan-SE/) 确定所有tRNA基因的边界, 并通过CLC Sequence Viewer 8人工检查确保组装无误。利用Organellar Genome DRAW (https://chlorobox.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/OGDraw.html) 在线绘制叶绿体全基因组图谱。
叶绿体基因组比较分析及单倍型多样性分析    利用mVISTA在线软件对测序获得6份叶绿体基因组进行全局比对分析, 利用Dna SP 6软件检测6条叶绿体基因组的核苷酸多样性(Pi)。通过Dna SP 6软件对15个产区的单倍型进行多样性分析。
高变区域扩增、遗传距离分析与进化树构建    为利用高变区基因对不同产区的种质资源进行分析, 以高变区基因为模板设计引物(ndhG_ndhF-F: 5′-TCAC TTTTTCGAAGGGGGAATC-3′; ndhG_ndhF-R: 5′-TCT AGAGACTAAAATTTTCAC-3′; trnG-UCC-F: 5′-TAGT GGTAAAAGTGTGATT-3′; trnG-UCC-R: 5′-GGCTAG GGGTTATAGTCGA-3′), 对收集到的15个产区305份样品进行PCR扩增分析。PCR混合体系共50 μL, 包括ddH2O 37 μL、10×Buffer 5 μL、dNTP 4 μL、引物-F 1 μL、引物-R 1 μL、DNA模板0.5 μL、0.1% BSA 1 μL和TaKaRa Taq 0.5 μL。扩增程序为93 ℃ 3 min, 50 ℃ 2 min, 30个循环(93 ℃ 30 s, 45.9 ℃ 45 s, 70 ℃ 45 s), 70 ℃ 5 min, 4 ℃保存。通过1.0%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳和FastPure® Gel DNA Extraction Mini Kit (诺唯赞) 对PCR产物进行纯化, 纯化后的产物送北京六合华大公司进行双向测序。
利用DNAMAN和Chromas软件对测序结果进行核对和单倍型汇总。将汇总后的单倍型序列通过mafft软件进行比对。比对后的序列通过MEGA X软件计算单倍型间的遗传距离, 构建邻接法系统进化树, 设置bootstrap重复值为1 000。
将桔梗1~6 (P. grandiflorum 1~6) 的测序结果过滤去除低质量序列和接头序列等杂质, 分别得到29 841 912条(4.48 Gb)、27 638 910条(4.14 Gb)、29 934 124条(4.49 Gb)、28 810 240条(4.32 Gb)、28 895 078条(4.33 Gb) 和33 150 576条(4.97 Gb) clean reads。将6份桔梗叶绿体全基因组组装拼接后均得到完整的环状四分体结构, 序列总长度分别为172 272、172 260、172 267、172 268、172 271和172 275 bp。环状四分体结构由1个LSC、1个SSC和2个反向重复区(IR) 组成, 其中LSC长度除桔梗6为79 116 bp外, 其余均为79 114 bp; SSC长度分别为7 841、7 833、7 836、7 837、7 840和7 842 bp; IR长度除桔梗2为42 655 bp外, 均为42 657 bp (图 1)。6份桔梗叶绿体全基因组序列、LSC区和IR区的GC含量均相同, 分别为38.14%、37.25%和39.61%。6份桔梗的SSC区的GC含量分别为31.03%、31.04%、31.05%、31.04%、31.03%和31.02%。
6个不同产地的桔梗叶绿体全基因组序列都注释了141个基因(表 2), 包括98个蛋白质编码基因、35个tRNA基因和8个rRNA基因。其中, SSC区含有6个蛋白质编码基因(ndhFrpl32ccsAndhDpsaCndhE) 和1个tRNA (trnL-UAG); 有30个基因分别在两个IR区出现一次, 包含19个蛋白质编码基因, 7个tRNA (trnI-CAUtrnL-CAAtrnV-GACtrnI-GAUtrnA-UGCtrnR-ACGtrnN-GUU) 和4个rRNA (rrn16rrn23rrn4.5rrn5); LSC区含有54个蛋白质编码基因和20个tRNA。此外, 蛋白质编码基因ndhE横跨SSC/IRa边界。含1个内含子的基因有15个(ndhAndhBpetBpetDatpFrpl16rpl2rps16rpoC1trnA-UGCtrnG-UCCtrnI-GAUtrnK-UUUtrnL-UAAtrnV-UAC), 含2个内含子的基因有3个(rps12clpPycf3)。
为检测6份桔梗叶绿体基因组的种内变异情况, 以注释过的桔梗样本叶绿体基因组(NC_035624) 为参考, 利用mVISTA在线软件将获得的6条叶绿体基因组序列进行全局对比(图 2)。结果显示, 6条桔梗样品的叶绿体基因组排列顺序一致, 保守性较高, 绝大多数基因的相似度在90%以上, 其中蛋白编码区域变异低于非编码区变异, LSC区变异明显高于IR区和SSC区。除基因区ycf1具有明显变异外, 基因区rps4ndhJropBtrnG-UCCrpl2rps18和基因间区rps16_trnT-GGUpsaA_ycf3rpl23_clpPndhG_ndhFrps8_rpl36等片段有不同程度的变异。同时, 对六份桔梗样品的Pi进行分析显示种内变异度较小, 与mVISTA分析结果一致(图 3)。Pi值范围为0~0.002 56, LSC、SSC和IRs区的平均Pi值分别为0.000 096、0.000 209和0.000 036。基因区ycf1rps4rpl23ndhJropBtrnG-UCCrpl2和基因间区rps16_trnT-GGUpsbZ_trnG-GCCpsaA_ ycf3ndhG_ndhF等23个片段具有不同程度的种内变异, 与mVISTA结果一致。综合上述结果分析表明, ycf1rps4ndhJropBtrnG-UCCrpl2rps18rpl23rps16_trnT-GGUpsaA_ycf3rpl23_clpPpsbZ_trnG-GCCrps8_rpl36ndhG_ndhF等23个片段可以作为桔梗种内种质资源鉴定的潜在的特异DNA条形码。对23个基因设计引物, 进行PCR扩增, 发现trnG-UCCndhG_ndhF的扩增效率为100%, 因此本研究选择trnG-UCCndhG_ndhF为桔梗种内鉴定的特异DNA条形码, 进行后续研究。
以15个产地305份桔梗样品总DNA为模板对筛选的2个叶绿体基因组高变区进行PCR扩增, 并对测序结果进行分析。利用设计的trnG-UCC引物进行PCR扩增, 全部样品扩增到500~750 bp之间, 对PCR产物纯化后测序, 与PG1 (PG: Platycodon grandiflorum) 的trnG-UCC序列对比可判断其为trnG-UCC序列; 利用设计的ndhG_ndhF引物进行PCR扩增, 全部样品扩增到500~750 bp之间, 对PCR产物纯化后测序, 与PG1的ndhG_ndhF序列对比可判断其为ndhG_ndhF序列。
基因trnG-UCC共检测到5个变异位点, 共形成5个单倍型(表 3)。其中位于430和597 bp的2个位点突变类型为插入, 位于141、344和374 bp的3个位点为单点突变。基因ndhG_ndhF共检测到11个变异位点, 共形成7个单倍型(表 4)。其中位于589和591 bp的2个位点突变类型为插入和缺失突变; 位于588、590和592~596 bp的7个位点突变类型为缺失突变; 其他2个位点为单点突变, 分别位于401和427 bp。对两个基因联合分析共形成了13个单倍型, 占比最多分布最广的单倍型为Hap4, 占全部样品的45.90%, 其次是Hap1, 占比为30.39%。如表 5所示, 山西省临汾市侯马市拥有特异单倍型Hap3、Hap12和Hap13; 吉林省白山市靖宇县拥有特异单倍型Hap6; 吉林省集安市拥有特异性单倍型Hap8, 特异单倍型可作为该产地特有的种质资源加以扩繁, 亦可作为鉴定桔梗产地来源的DNA分子标签。
通过DNAsp 6对联合分析的单倍型进行多样性分析(表 6)。15个产地的居群变异位点数(S) 和单倍型数(h) 分别为19和9个, 单倍型多样性(Hd) 和核苷酸多样性(Pi) 分别为0.94和4.79×10-3, Hd的变化范围在0.00~1.00之间, Pi的变化范围在0~7.40×10-3之间, 表明其遗传多样性较为丰富。为检验桔梗居群的扩张情况, 对联合分析的单倍型进行中性检验, 结果显示, 15个居群的Tajima's D、Fu & Li's D分别为-0.93和-0.49, 且差异均未达显著水平(P > 0.10), 表明桔梗的进化遵循中性进化模式。
使用Mega X对2个基因联合分析的单倍型进行遗传距离分析(表 7), 结果显示, 13个单倍型的遗传距离为0.000 0~0.020 3, 平均遗传距离为0.007 5, 表明桔梗样品间亲缘关系差别不大。最大遗传距离0.020 3存在于Hap5和Hap8之间, 亲缘关系最远; 最小遗传距离为0.000 0存在于多个单倍型之间, 分别在Hap4和Hap6之间, Hap4和Hap7之间, Hap6和Hap7之间, Hap10和Hap11之间, 亲缘关系最近。占比较多的Hap1和Hap4之间遗传距离为0.000 7, 亲缘关系较近。吉林省白山市的特异单倍型Hap6与山西省临汾市侯马县的特异单倍型Hap3之间的遗传距离为0.011 9, 亲缘关系相对较远; 吉林省集安市的特异单倍型Hap8与山西省临汾市侯马县的特异单倍型Hap13之间的遗传距离为0.019 5, 亲缘关系相对较远; 吉林省白山市的特异单倍型Hap6与吉林省集安市的特异单倍型Hap8之间的遗传距离为0.012 3, 亲缘关系相对较远。
将2个基因联合分析后的单倍型序列对比后构建NJ Tree, 从而进一步分析各单倍型的亲缘关系。如图 4所示, Hap3、Hap8和Hap12聚在同一支上, 其他单倍型聚为一支, 同一支的单倍型之间亲缘关系较近。占比较多的Hap1和Hap4分布在同一单系分支, 亲缘关系较近。与遗传距离分析结果一致, 遗传距离最大的Hap5和Hap8分布于两个不同的单系分支, 遗传距离最近的Hap4和Hap7、Hap4和Hap6、Hap6和Hap7、Hap10和Hap11位于同一分支。
吉林省白山市的特异单倍型Hap6与山西省临汾市侯马县的特异单倍型Hap3位于进化树的不同分支, 亲缘关系相对较远; 吉林省集安市的特异单倍型Hap8与山西省临汾市侯马县的特异单倍型Hap13位于进化树的不同分支, 亲缘关系相对较远; 吉林省白山市的特异单倍型Hap6与吉林省集安市的特异单倍型Hap8位于进化树的不同分支, 亲缘关系相对较远, 与遗传距离的分析结果一致。
桔梗叶绿体基因均具有典型的双链环状四分体结构, 由4部分构成, 分别为LSC、SSC和2个方向相反的IR[8]。比对NCBI中的4条桔梗叶绿体全基因组序列(NC035624、MZ202358、OK317683和KX352464), 发现桔梗基因组长度为171 818~173 345 bp, 编码基因数量为138~139个, 蛋白质编码基因数量为93~94个, tRNA编码基因数量为37个, rRNA编码基因数量为8个。本研究所测6份桔梗叶绿体全基因组结构和大小基本符合上述研究结果。
目前已有研究[21, 22]利用叶绿体测序和比较基因组进行筛选高变区作为特异DNA条形码用于物种的鉴定, 而验证特异性DNA条形码的实验比较少。如有研究者[21]通过比较叶绿体基因组学推荐将psbI_trnSclpP-ex1_psbBrpl33_rps18psbC_trnSpsaJ_rpl33等叶绿体基因组高变区作为鉴定石豆兰属药用植物潜在的特异性DNA条形码; 通过叶绿体基因组学分析筛选ycf1rpl32_trnL-UAGtrnK-UUU_rps16psbK_trnQ-UUGpetN_psbM作为龙胆属植物鉴定的高变片段[22]。目前也有对叶绿体基因组高变区作为鉴定物种特异DNA条形码进行的验证研究, 如基于叶绿体基因组筛选的秦艽的两个高变区基因trnT_trnLycf, 可作为特异性DNA片段用于长梗秦艽、全萼秦艽的鉴别[23]; 高变区ccsAtrnC-GCA_petN可作为特异DNA条形码鉴别不同产地北苍术[24], 高变区atpIatpB-rbcL可作为特异DNA条形码鉴别用于刺五加种内鉴别[25]。但是也有相关报道证明利用叶绿体基因组测序和比较基因组学筛选的特异DNA条形码后扩增效果不理想, 如豆蔻属的特异性DNA片段atpH_atpI扩增效果不理想, 不适合豆蔻属的鉴定[26]。综合文献研究表明, 在筛选特异DNA条形码后, 需要经过实际扩增效率验证。虽然桔梗的叶绿体基因组已经有报道, 但是不同地区桔梗样品叶绿体基因组研究及种内比较基因组学目前还没有研究。本研究对来自不同地区的6份桔梗样品进行基因组测序, 进行比较基因组学分析, 结果表明ycf1rps4ndhJropBtrnG-UCCrpl2rps18rpl23rps16_trnT-GGUpsaA_ycf3rpl23_clpPpsbZ_trnG-GCCrps8_rpl36ndhG_ndhF等23个DNA片段可作为桔梗潜在的特异性DNA片段, 根据片段的大小及扩增效率选择trnG-UCCndhG_ndhF作为特异性DNA片段用于鉴定桔梗种质资源。
目前DNA条形码技术也在桔梗科药用植物鉴定方面取得显著进展, 如ITSpsbA_trnHmatKtrnG-SrbcL等DNA片段可以进行桔梗科植物分类鉴定[17-20], 但是目前基于叶绿体基因对桔梗种内资源鉴别的研究没有报道。本研究基于叶绿体基因组测序筛选得到2条DNA条形码trnG-UCCndhG_ndhF对来自9省15个产地305份桔梗样品进行种质资源鉴定, 结果表明两基因联合分析共有13个单倍型, 15个居群中主要分布的单倍型为Hap1和Hap4。在15个居群中发现3个居群具有特异单倍型, 通过遗传距离和系统发育分析发现特异单倍型间亲缘关系相对较远, 可作为该地特有的种质资源与其他产地的桔梗种质资源进行高效鉴别, 为鉴别不同产地桔梗的研究奠定了基础。桔梗15个居群的遗传多样性丰富, 但各单倍型之间遗传距离较小, 桔梗种内亲缘关系较近, 且主流单倍型Hap1和Hap4之间亲缘关系相对较近。因此本研究结合种内叶绿体基因组比较分析、扩增效率、鉴别能力, 发现trnG-UCCndhG_ndhF为桔梗不同产地种质资源鉴定的特异性DNA片段, 发现部分地区独有的桔梗种质资源, 分析发现桔梗种内遗传多样性较丰富, 为桔梗品种产地鉴别和选育奠定基础。
作者贡献: 王馨负责实验、数据分析和论文撰写; 石玥和满金辉参与实验; 黄钰莹和张晓芹参与论文数据分析; 安克露、何高洁、刘子齐、关范圆、郑语嫣负责样品收集; 王晓晖和魏胜利负责设计论文的实验思路, 指导学生实验, 论文撰写及修改。
利益冲突: 无任何利益冲突。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFX3501505)
  • 桔梗等4种精准药材批次分子防伪技术研究项目(2020110031009385)
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2024年第59卷第1期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0497
  • 接收时间:2023-04-23
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-23
  • 修回日期:2023-07-25
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFX3501505)
桔梗等4种精准药材批次分子防伪技术研究项目(2020110031009385)
作者信息
    1.北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488
    2.北京中医药大学, 北京中医药研究院, 中药现代研究中心, 北京 102488
    3.北京中医药大学生命科学院, 北京 102488
    4.黑龙江诺初中药材种植有限公司, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150600

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*王晓晖,E-mail: ;
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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