Article(id=1198652615010644737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0486, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1681920000000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-20, revisedDate=1688918400000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763710653306, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1691769600000, pubDateStr=2023-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763710653306, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763710653306, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763710653306, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198652605778985059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='8', pageStart='0', pageEnd='2540', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1691769600000', pubDateStr='2023-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763710651106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763710739504, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2218, endPage=2225, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198652615463629590, articleId=1198652615010644737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress of DNA-PK inhibitors in the cancer treatment, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The most toxic DNA damage is DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), which are mainly repaired by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) belongs to phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-related protein kinase family (PIKK) and plays a key role in NHEJ. DNA-PK is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cells and is related to the occurrence, development and drug resistance of malignant tumors. In this article, the representative DNA-PK inhibitors with anticancer effects are reviewed, in order to provide a reference to discovery novel DNA-PK inhibitors.

, authors=null, authorsList=Tian CAI, Bing-hao KANG, Yue CHENG, Min HUANG, Lin-xiang ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Min HUANG, Lin-xiang ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198652618290590625, articleId=1198652615010644737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=靶向DNA-PK的抗肿瘤药物研发进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

DNA双链断裂(DNA double strand breaks, DSBs) 是毒性最高的DNA损伤形式, 其主要通过非同源末端连接(non-homologous end joining, NHEJ) 进行修复。DNA依赖激酶(DNA-dependent protein kinase, DNA-PK) 属于磷脂酰肌醇3激酶相关蛋白激酶家族(phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-related protein kinase family, PIKK), 是NHEJ修复通路的关键激酶之一。DNA-PK在多种癌症细胞中异常表达, 并与恶性肿瘤的发生、发展和耐药密切相关。本文综述了具有抗肿瘤作用的代表性DNA-PK抑制剂, 以期为新型DNA-PK抑制剂的抗肿瘤药物研发提供参考。

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*黄敏, Tel: 86-24-43520221, E-mail: ;
赵临襄, E-mail:
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靶向DNA-PK的抗肿瘤药物研发进展
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蔡田 , 亢炳皓 , 程越 , 黄敏 * , 赵临襄 *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(8): 2218-2225
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药学学报 |综述 2023 , 58 (8) : 2218 -2225
靶向DNA-PK的抗肿瘤药物研发进展
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蔡田, 亢炳皓, 程越, 黄敏* , 赵临襄*
作者信息
  • 沈阳药科大学, 基于靶点的药物设计与研究教育部重点实验室, 辽宁 沈阳 110016
通讯作者:
*黄敏, Tel: 86-24-43520221, E-mail: ;
赵临襄, E-mail:
Research progress of DNA-PK inhibitors in the cancer treatment
Tian CAI, Bing-hao KANG, Yue CHENG, Min HUANG* , Lin-xiang ZHAO*
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
出版时间: 2023-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0486
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DNA双链断裂(DNA double strand breaks, DSBs) 是毒性最高的DNA损伤形式, 其主要通过非同源末端连接(non-homologous end joining, NHEJ) 进行修复。DNA依赖激酶(DNA-dependent protein kinase, DNA-PK) 属于磷脂酰肌醇3激酶相关蛋白激酶家族(phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-related protein kinase family, PIKK), 是NHEJ修复通路的关键激酶之一。DNA-PK在多种癌症细胞中异常表达, 并与恶性肿瘤的发生、发展和耐药密切相关。本文综述了具有抗肿瘤作用的代表性DNA-PK抑制剂, 以期为新型DNA-PK抑制剂的抗肿瘤药物研发提供参考。

DNA损伤  /  抗肿瘤  /  DNA依赖激酶  /  抑制剂

The most toxic DNA damage is DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), which are mainly repaired by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) belongs to phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-related protein kinase family (PIKK) and plays a key role in NHEJ. DNA-PK is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cells and is related to the occurrence, development and drug resistance of malignant tumors. In this article, the representative DNA-PK inhibitors with anticancer effects are reviewed, in order to provide a reference to discovery novel DNA-PK inhibitors.

DNA damage  /  anti-tumor  /  DNA-dependent protein kinase  /  inhibitor
蔡田, 亢炳皓, 程越, 黄敏, 赵临襄. 靶向DNA-PK的抗肿瘤药物研发进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2218 -2225 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0486
Tian CAI, Bing-hao KANG, Yue CHENG, Min HUANG, Lin-xiang ZHAO. Research progress of DNA-PK inhibitors in the cancer treatment[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2218 -2225 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0486
DNA损伤是细胞中一直存在的生理现象, 包括复制过程中的碱基错配、紫外线照射引起的碱基损伤、化学物质或电离辐射引起的DNA单链或双链断裂等。为应对细胞DNA损伤, 机体通过DNA损伤应答(DNA damage response, DDR) 机制进行DNA修复[1], DDR的主要功能是维持基因组的稳定性和恢复细胞稳态。当细胞出现广泛的DNA损伤时, 其通过终止细胞周期或程序性死亡等方式诱导细胞死亡。但肿瘤细胞的特点是其具有不稳定的基因组, 这种不稳定性可使肿瘤细胞获得肿瘤进展所需的基因突变。DDR是肿瘤细胞维持其内在基因组不稳定性的重要方式, DDR成分缺陷或失调可诱导肿瘤的发生发展。
在已知的各种DNA损伤中, DNA双链断裂(DNA double strand breaks, DSBs) 是最致命的DNA损伤形式。电离辐射或拓扑异构酶Ⅱ抑制剂多柔比星等化疗药物的使用是造成DSBs的主要外源性因素[2]。不同于其他类型的DNA损伤, 该损伤无法使用互补链作为模板进行修复。若DSBs没有得到及时且正确的修复, 可造成染色体的缺失、融合和异位, 最终诱导基因表达异常和致癌风险增加。同源重组[3] (homologous recombination, HR) 和非同源末端连接(non-homologous end joining, NHEJ)[4]是修复DSBs的两条主要途径。HR是一种精确的DSBs修复方式, 其将姐妹染色单体作为新DNA的合成模板, 但仅出现在细胞复制的S期和G2期, 修复过程较慢。NHEJ直接将DNA断裂端重新连接在一起, 在细胞周期的所有阶段都是活跃的, 修复速度极快, 在修复DSBs中占主导地位。
DNA-PK是一种丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶, 由DNA-PK催化亚基(DNA-PK catalytic subunit, DNA-PKcs) 和Ku70/80异源二聚体组成[5]。DNA-PKcs与共济失调毛细血管扩张突变激酶(ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase, ATM) 和共济失调毛细血管扩张突变基因和Rad3相关蛋白激酶(ataxia telangiectasia and RAD3-related kinase, ATR) 是PIKK家族三个DNA损伤修复核心成员[6], 其中DNA-PKcs和ATM主要负责DSBs修复, ATR用于应对复制压力。DNA-PKcs是由4 128个氨基酸组成的多肽, 其包含N端结构、HEAT重复形成的“中央摇篮”结构和C端激酶头部结构, 具有蛋白磷酸化功能[7]
DNA-PK是NHEJ介导的DSBs修复的重要因子[8]。细胞产生DSBs后, 环状Ku70/Ku80异二聚体迅速识别损伤信号并结合到断裂的DNA末端, 同时招募DNA-PKcs到受损的DNA末端形成DNA-PK复合物。活化的DNA-PKcs随后招募并磷酸化一系列NHEJ中的调节因子, 如核酶Artemis、XRCC4和DNA连接酶Ⅳ等, 再通过DNA连接酶Ⅳ将受损的DNA双链连接在一起, 随后将修复后的DNA从复合物中游离出来[9], 结束修复过程(图 1A)。
研究表明, DNA-PK的异常表达与多种肿瘤的发生、发展、转移和耐药密切相关。对12名结直肠癌患者的DNA-PK蛋白水平进行分析发现, 肿瘤组织中的DNA-PK活性和Ku蛋白水平均比癌旁正常组织高1~5倍不等[10]。对190名卵巢癌患者进行临床样本检测发现, 134名患者DNA-PKcs高表达, 其中病理等级为3级的有101人, DNA-PKcs的高表达可能与卵巢癌患者的不良预后有关[11]。在非小细胞肺癌中, DNA-PK的活性影响肿瘤的分化程度[12]。在黑色素瘤中, DNA-PKcs的高表达可提高肿瘤微环境中促转移蛋白的分泌[13]。在对甲状腺癌和宫颈癌患者进行放射治疗后, 肿瘤细胞的DNA-PK活性异常升高, 继而造成放疗耐药[14]
由于临床使用的大多数抗癌放疗和化疗是通过造成DNA损伤发挥抗肿瘤效果, 抑制DNA-PK有望增加肿瘤细胞对放化疗的敏感性。“合成致死”为两个基因的相互作用, 两个基因的共失活导致细胞死亡, 每个基因的单独失活并不导致细胞死亡。因此, 利用该原理可实现选择性杀伤肿瘤细胞而不对正常体细胞产生影响, 如图 1B所示。发现合成致死基因对是开发新型靶向抗肿瘤药物的有效策略, 如PARP抑制剂可用于BRCA1/2缺失的癌症患者。DNA-PK与ATM、XRCC1、APE1、MYC、MSH3等基因之间存在合成致死关系, 在上述基因缺失的癌症患者中使用DNA-PK抑制剂应具有较好的癌症治疗效果。
从原理上看, 抑制DNA-PKcs或Ku蛋白均可以抑制肿瘤细胞的NHEJ过程, 但Ku蛋白在细胞内含量丰富, 需要较高药物浓度才能发挥一定抗肿瘤药效。在早期研究中, 由于缺乏DNA-PK与抑制剂的共结晶结构, 研究者多采用经典药物化学修饰策略和基于同源模建的结构改造进行化合物设计。2022年, Liang等[7]首次解析了DNA-PK与多个小分子的共结晶结构, 阐述了强效DNA-PK抑制剂与蛋白的结合方式。以化合物AZD7648为例, 该化合物作用于DNA-PKcs的loop区, 三唑并吡啶部分伸入由Tyr3791、Ile3803、Leu3806和Ile3940组成的疏水口袋, 嘌呤酮部分处于Trp3805、Leu3806和Met3929形成的狭长通道。芳胺上的NH作为氢键供体与Glu3804的氧形成氢键, 7位N与Leu3806的氨基形成氢键, 三唑上的两个氮原子也分别与Asp3941和Lys3753形成相互作用(图 2A)。晶体学研究表明在ATP结合口袋腺嘌呤部分实现充分占据是维持DNA-PK强效抑制活性的前提, 在N叶和C叶形成的狭长通道引入合适基团也可提高化合物对DNA-PKcs的抑制作用。目前针对DNA-PK的药物研发主要集中在作用于DNA-PKcs ATP位点的小分子化合物, 其中已有6个候选药物进入临床研究, 即CC-115、BR-101801、XRD-0394、M-3814、VX984和AZD7648 (图 2B)。前3个为DNA-PK非选择性抑制剂, 后3个为DNA-PK选择性抑制剂。本文将对DNA-PK小分子抑制剂的研究进展进行综述, 为DNA-PK抑制剂的抗肿瘤药物研发提供参考。
CC-115是首个进入临床研究的DNA-PK抑制剂, 由新基公司开发[15]。该公司通过高通量筛选获得了具有咪唑并吡嗪母核的mTOR抑制剂CC214-1, 但受限于CC214-1较低的口服生物利用度, 新基公司未对该化合物开展后续研究。随后, 该公司将CC214-1的咪唑部分进行扩环获得了一系列含二氢吡嗪[2, 3-b]吡嗪骨架的衍生物, 其中化合物CC-115表现出良好的药代动力学性质和较高的抗前列腺癌活性。激酶活性测试结果表明CC-115为mTOR/DNA-PK双靶点抑制剂, 其对mTOR和DNA-PK的抑制活性分别为21和13 nmol·L-1, 对PIKK家族其他激酶表现出40~1 000倍的选择性。在Cal-51细胞中, 1 μmol·L-1的CC-115可使NHEJ通路修复DNA损伤的效率降低至12%。在ATM缺陷的HCC-1187细胞中, 0.01 μmol·L-1的CC-115可完全抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖。在针对晚期实体瘤和血液瘤的安全性和耐受性临床Ⅰ期试验中, CC-115表现出良好的耐受性, 其毒性与mTOR抑制剂类似。在与雄激素受体拮抗剂恩杂鲁胺联合使用抗去势抵抗性前列腺癌的临床Ⅰ期试验中[16], CC-115可将男性前列腺特异性抗原(prostate specific antigen, PSA) 降低50%以上, 其中超过半数患者的PSA下降了90%以上。CC-115治疗胶质母细胞瘤的临床Ⅱ期试验(NCT02977780) 仍在进行。
BR-101801是Boryung公司开发的DNA-PK/PI3Kδ双靶点抑制剂[17], 其结构尚未披露。研究显示, BR-101801在多种实体瘤细胞系中表现出对电离辐射的增敏效果。在对放疗耐药的HT-29细胞中, BR-101801 (1 μmol·L-1) 与电离辐射(4 Gy) 联用可诱导细胞G2/M期周期阻滞; 在MDA-MB-231小鼠异种移植瘤模型中, BR-101801 (50 mg·kg-1) 和电离辐射(2 Gy) 联用可使肿瘤体积缩小87%。2020年, Boryung公司启动了BR-101801治疗血液系统恶性肿瘤的临床Ⅰ期试验(NCT04018248), 该研究处于患者招募阶段。
XRD-0394是由XRad Therapeutics公司开发的DNA-PK/ATM双靶点抑制剂, 其化学结构尚未见报道。XRad Therapeutics公司于2021年启动了XRD-0394联合放疗治疗转移性、局部晚期或复发性癌症的临床Ⅰ期试验(NCT05002140), 该研究正在招募受试患者。
M-3814 (nedisertib, peposertib, GN429E725A, MSC-2490484A) 是由默克公司开发的一种喹唑啉类DNA-PK抑制剂, 其抑制DNA-PK的IC50小于3 nmol·L-1 [18]。M-3814和依托泊苷联用可诱导非小细胞肺癌A549和H460细胞G2/M期阻滞, 并促进肿瘤细胞凋亡。在小鼠A549异种移植模型中, M-3814可增强依托泊苷的治疗效果, 给药组在实验结束后肿瘤体积仅增加了1倍, 而对照组增加6倍以上。在M-3814的单独给药和与放化疗联合使用的临床Ⅰ期试验中, M-3814表现出较好的耐受性, 并显示出持久的DNA-PK磷酸化抑制活性。目前有多个与M-3814相关的临床试验进入Ⅰ/Ⅱ期, 大多数处于招募状态, 例如与放化疗联合使用治疗局限性胰腺癌(NCT04172532)、复发或难治性急性髓性白血病(NCT03983824)、晚期前列腺癌(NCT04071236)、卵巢癌(NCT04092270)、胰腺神经内分泌瘤(NCT04750954) 和胶质母细胞瘤(NCT04555577) 等。
VX-984 (M9831), 由Vertex公司开发的一种含有氘元素的DNA-PK选择性抑制剂[19], 默克公司于2017年获得了VX-984的商业开发许可, 2019年默克公司又将该化合物的部分治疗权利授权给Vertex公司。与其他DNA-PK抑制剂相比, 氘代化合物VX-984可能具有更优的药代动力学性质, 如更长的半衰期。在对放疗耐药的U251和NSC11细胞中, VX-984增强了电离辐射的治疗效果。在NSC11细胞中, VX-984 (0.5 μmol·L-1) 与电离辐射(10 Gy) 联用能够持续抑制DNA的双链断裂修复。在U251脑内异种移植瘤模型中, VX-984与放疗联合给药显著抑制了DNA-PKcs的磷酸化, 表明该药物可以穿过血脑屏障发挥药效。VX-984已开展一项临床Ⅰ期研究, 目的是评估VX-984在晚期实体瘤患者中单药使用或与多柔比星联合应用的安全性、耐受性、药代和药效学性质, 但由于商业原因该项研究未按原定方案完成。
AZD7648是由阿斯利康公司开发的高选择性DNA-PK抑制剂, 该公司通过高通量筛选首先获得了含有7, 9-二氢-8H-嘌呤-8-酮结构的先导化合物[20]。为进一步提高化合物对DNA-PK的抑制作用和选择性, 研究者对其进行结构修饰, 通过在嘌呤酮母核引入甲基和四氢吡喃基, 甲氧基苯基片段替换为三唑并吡啶得到的化合物AZD7648表现出极强的DNA-PK抑制作用, 其对DNA-PK的IC50值为0.6 nmol·L-1, 且对除PI3Kγ外同属PIKK家族的其他激酶选择性都在100倍以上。上述结构改造同时降低了化合物的logD7.4, 并改善了化合物的体内、外药代动力学性质。在敲除ATM基因的FaDu异种移植模型中, AZD7648与PARP抑制剂奥拉帕尼联合应用有效抑制了肿瘤增殖, 并在停药后未观察到小鼠体内肿瘤复发[21]。目前关于AZD7648的临床试验有两项: 一项是作为单一疗法或联合细胞毒药物/新型抗癌药物(如奥拉帕尼) 治疗晚期实体瘤的临床Ⅰ/Ⅱa期试验, 该研究结果尚未披露; 另一项是联合放疗治疗成人软组织肉瘤的临床Ⅰ期试验(NCT05116254), 该研究处于患者招募阶段。
LY294002是礼来公司从槲皮素衍生物中筛选出来的PI3K抑制剂[22], 其对PI3K的IC50为2.3 μmol·L-1, 它也能以几乎同等的效力抑制DNA-PK和mTOR, 其IC50分别为1.5和2.5 μmol·L-1 (图 3)。50 μmol·L-1 LY294002联合5 μmol·L-1顺铂给药可使U343和U87两种人胶质瘤细胞的增殖率降低至27.1%和15.9%。在AsPC-1的胰腺癌异种移植瘤模型中, 25 mg·kg-1 LY294002与5 mg·kg-1顺铂联合给药可使肿瘤体积减小56%[23]。然而, LY294002在体内存在1 h后就被完全代谢[24], 该化合物还表现出较高的毒性, 对小鼠腹腔注射100 mg·kg-1 LY294002后可引起1/6的小鼠死亡[25]
随后, Griffin等[26]对LY294002开展进一步结构优化, 在保留吗啉环的基础上, 将苯并吡喃酮母核和相邻位置的苯环直接融合起来得到了化合物NU7026 (IC50 = 0.23 μmol·L-1), 该化合物对DNA-PK的选择性是PI3K的55倍以上。NU7441是Leahy等[27]在NU7026的6位进一步引入二苯并噻吩部分得到的DNA-PK抑制剂, 对DNA-PK的IC50为14 nmol·L-1 (图 3)。在电离辐射处理过的MCF-7细胞中, NU7441抑制了81%的DNA-PK自磷酸化[28]。流式细胞术实验表明, NU7441与细胞毒药物依托泊苷或多柔比星联用可诱导SW620细胞的G2/M周期阻滞[29]。NU7026和NU7441均属于多芳香环的平面型分子, 这一刚性结构使两种小分子表现出较差的药代动力学性质。在大鼠体内, 使用高剂量(100 mg·kg-1) 并增加给药次数(4次/天) 才能使NU7026达到放疗增敏的效果; 在pH 7.4的人体正常生理环境下, NU7441的溶解度小于0.3 μmol·L-1, 严重影响了药物的体内吸收。
基于PI3Kγ的晶体结构, Cano等[30]利用同源模建模拟了DNA-PK的ATP结合位点模型。在NU7441二苯并噻吩结构的1位引入不同的极性取代基, 以此来增加化合物的水溶性。其中, 引入哌嗪片段的化合物KU-0060648 (图 3) 表现出较好的DNA-PK抑制活性(IC50 = 5.0 nmol·L-1) 和溶解度(solubility at pH 7.4 = 161 μmol·L-1)。在头颈部鳞状细胞癌FaDu细胞中, KU-0060648 (给药浓度为0.1 μmol·L-1) 与电离辐射(给药剂量为2 Gy) 联合治疗可使肿瘤细胞存活率降至15%。然而, KU-0060648在大鼠中表现出一定的脱靶毒性[31], 可能是由于其抑制了PI3Kα (IC50 = 4 nmol·L-1) 的活性, 使心脏保护功能受损所致[32]
与KU-0060648设计思想相似, 研究者[33]在NU7441二苯并噻吩环的8位引入取代吗啉得到了化合物NU5455, 该化合物显示出良好的口服生物利用度。NU5455对DNA-PK的IC50为8.2 nmol·L-1 (图 3), 对DNA-PK的选择性是PI3Kα的228倍。在MCF-7细胞中, NU5455 (给药浓度为1 μmol·L-1) 使电离辐射(给药剂量为2 Gy) 杀伤肿瘤细胞的能力提高了11.5倍。在Calu-6异种移植瘤模型中, 电离辐射与NU5455联合治疗表现出强效的抗肿瘤活性, 给药6天后肿瘤停止增殖。
ICOS公司通过化合物筛选获得了一种含吗啉环的酚类DNA-PK抑制剂IC60211[34], 其对DNA-PK的抑制活性只有亚微摩尔水平(IC50 = 0.4 μmol·L-1)。随后, 研究人员在保留吗啉环的基础上对该苗头化合物进行结构优化获得了化合物IC87361, 其对DNA-PK的抑制活性为34 nmol·L-1, 且对PI3K催化亚基p110α具有100倍以上的选择性[35]。IC87361小鼠给药未表现明显毒性, 但IC87361含有易被代谢清除的酚类结构, 其在4 h内即被完全清除。
DNA-PK抑制剂在增强放化疗杀死肿瘤细胞能力的同时, 常表现出对正常组织的脱靶毒性。Wong等[36]利用肿瘤细胞的缺氧状态设计合成了IC87361的硝基咪唑类前药SN38023 (图 4), 其对DNA-PK的抑制活性比IC87361低24倍。在缺氧的肿瘤组织中, SN38023的硝基可被细胞色素P450氧化还原酶还原为羟胺或胺, 然后自发断裂为DNA-PK抑制剂IC87361。向HCT-116细胞中加入30 μmol·L-1的SN38023, 在无氧条件下可产生1.5 μmol·L-1的IC87361, 而在20%的氧气浓度下未监测到活性化合物的生成。在HCT116/POR细胞中, 给药浓度为10 μmol·L-1的SN38023和IC87361在无氧条件下表现出相似的放疗增敏效果, 增敏剂增强比分别为2.11和2.16。虽然SN38023在治疗耐药肿瘤细胞方面表现出一定的潜力, 但无论是直接口服给药SN38023还是给予前药SN38023, IC87361在血浆中的药物浓度都不高, 因此该化合物的药代动力学性质仍需进一步改进。
BAY-8400 (图 5) 是由拜耳公司开发的三唑并喹喔啉类DNA-PK小分子抑制剂, 其对DNA-PK的IC50值为81 nmol·L-1[37]。拜耳公司在针对ATR激酶进行先导化合物筛选时获得了化合物1, 其对ATR、ATM和DNA-PK的IC50分别为117、1 080和266 nmol·L-1。随后研究者对该化合物进行系统构效关系研究, 结果显示将该化合物的取代苯基替换为二氟甲基取代吡啶, 四氢吡喃片段替换为七元不饱和含氧杂环后, 化合物对DNA-PK的抑制活性和选择性具有一定提升。BAY-8400在含365种激酶的激酶选择性测试中表现出较高的选择性, 其在1 μmol·L-1的给药浓度下仅对包括DNA-PK在内的三种激酶抑制活性超过50%。在LNCaP异种移植模型中, BAY8400与放疗联用表现出强效的肿瘤抑制效果。
DK1 (图 6) 是由Ding等[38]基于AZD7648与DNA-PK的共晶结构, 通过骨架跃迁策略将AZD7648的嘌呤酮替换为蝶呤酮合成的DNA-PK抑制剂, 其对DNA-PK抑制活性为0.8 nmol·L-1。DK1表现出比AZD-7648更好的DNA-PK抑制活性和PI3K激酶选择性。在HCT-116细胞中, DK1 (1 μmol·L-1) 与多柔比星(100 nmol·L-1) 联合使用时, 显著提高了凋亡细胞的比例。在HL-60白血病异种移植瘤模型中, DK1 (给药剂量为100 mg·kg-1, po, QD) 与多柔比星(给药剂量为2.5 mg·kg-1, iv, QW) 联合用药表现出协同抑癌效果, 其肿瘤生长抑制率为52.4%。
近年来, 由于合成致死和靶向DNA损伤修复在抗肿瘤临床和临床前研究中取得了显著进展, 而DNA-PK作为NHEJ通路修复DSBs的关键因子, 针对DNA-PK抑制剂的药物研发受到了广泛关注。已有大量研究机构和医药公司开展了靶向DNA-PKcs的小分子抑制剂研究, 并推动了M-3814、VX-984和AZD7648等化合物在内的多个药物进入临床试验阶段。
DNA-PK与小分子抑制剂的晶体结构解析较晚, 故现有的大多数DNA-PK抑制剂均是通过先导化合物筛选和系统构效关系研究获得。在DNA-PK抑制剂的研发过程中, 研究者除了关注化合物对DNA-PKcs本身的抑制活性, 也极力降低化合物对同家族蛋白如PI3K等激酶的抑制作用, 避免脱靶效应引发的毒副作用。在获得DNA-PK与多个小分子抑制剂的高分辨率共结晶结构后, 针对DNA-PK的后续开发可通过增加与活性位点Asn3926、Asn3927、Thr3811和Thr3809等氨基酸的相互作用提高药物对DNA-PK的亲和力和选择性。此外, 可开发DNA-PK变构抑制剂和PROTAC分子进一步探索DNA-PK的生理功能。此外, 为进一步提高DNA-PK抑制剂的治疗效果, 可从改善代谢稳定性和药代动力学性质方面进行结构改造。
值得注意的是, 尽管已有多个强效、高选择性DNA-PK抑制剂报道, 然而现有药理实验结果表明, 该类化合物在单独给药时抗肿瘤作用有限, 一般作为放疗或化疗增敏剂使用。此外, 受限于较少的临床试验数据, 现在仍难以评价DNA-PK抑制剂临床使用的安全性和有效性。同时, DNA-PK抑制剂也不得不面对抗肿瘤药物常出现的耐药问题。开发特异性更高、药效更佳和安全性更优的DNA-PK抑制剂, 以及寻找适合DNA-PK抑制剂的临床使用场景将是未来的主要研究方向, 针对DNA-PK抑制剂的药物开发仍任重道远。
作者贡献: 蔡田、亢炳皓和程越负责文献检索和论文撰写; 黄敏和赵临襄确定选题、修订论文和定稿。
利益冲突: 本文不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 辽宁省“兴辽英才”项目(XLYC1902089)
  • 沈阳药科大学创新创业训练计划项目(202210163116)
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2023年第58卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0486
  • 接收时间:2023-04-20
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-20
  • 修回日期:2023-07-10
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辽宁省“兴辽英才”项目(XLYC1902089)
沈阳药科大学创新创业训练计划项目(202210163116)
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    沈阳药科大学, 基于靶点的药物设计与研究教育部重点实验室, 辽宁 沈阳 110016

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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