Article(id=1198652617976021560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0461, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1681401600000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-14, revisedDate=1683648000000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763710654014, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1691769600000, pubDateStr=2023-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763710654014, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763710654014, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763710654014, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198652605778985059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='8', pageStart='0', pageEnd='2540', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1691769600000', pubDateStr='2023-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763710651106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763710739504, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2120, endPage=2129, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198652618609361508, articleId=1198652617976021560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The role of γ-aminobutyric acid in tumor immunity, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a crucial inhibitory neurotransmitter found in various cells in the human body. While the GABAergic system is typically associated with the nervous system, recent research has revealed that immune cells and tumor cells also express components of this system. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), GABA is secreted to act extracellularly on other cells. GABA is metabolized via the GABA shunt and is involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle by generating succinate, which can provide energy for tumor cells. Activation of GABA receptors (GABARs) is a major pathway through which GABA participates in the regulation of antitumor immune responses. The activation of GABA type A receptors (GABAARs) can inhibit the activation and proliferation of T cells, elicit anti-inflammatory macrophages, and promote tumor cell growth and migration, while activation of GABA type B receptors (GABABRs) is generally considered to inhibit cancer cell migration and induce cancer cell apoptosis. In general, receptor activation inhibits immune cells, but the effect on tumor cells varies. Additionally, the downregulation of the expression levels of GABA transporters (GATs) is involved in tumor progression. Although antagonists of GABA metabolism and drugs that act on GABA receptors are considered therapeutic drugs for tumors, there have been few clinical studies conducted on them.

, authors=null, authorsList=Lu QIAO, Min XIAO, Jia-chun JIANG, Guo-hui WAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guo-hui WAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198652620618433353, articleId=1198652617976021560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=γ-氨基丁酸在肿瘤免疫中的作用, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA) 是人体内重要的神经递质之一, 具有抑制神经活动的作用。除了神经系统, GABA能系统的组成成分也被发现存在于免疫细胞和肿瘤细胞中, 它们能够通过分泌GABA影响肿瘤微环境中的其他细胞, 并通过生成琥珀酸参与三羧酸循环为肿瘤细胞提供能量。GABA受体(GABA receptors, GABARs) 的激活是GABA参与调控抗肿瘤免疫反应的主要途径。GABA A型受体(GABAA receptors, GABAARs) 的激活可抑制T细胞的活化和增殖, 促进巨噬细胞向抗炎表型转化, 并能促进肿瘤细胞的生长和迁移; 而GABA B型受体(GABAB receptors, GABABRs) 的激活则通常被认为能抑制癌细胞的迁移, 诱导癌细胞的凋亡。总体来说, 受体的活化能抑制免疫细胞, 但对肿瘤细胞的作用存在不同。此外, GABA转运体(GABA transporters, GATs) 的表达水平下调也与肿瘤的发展进程有关。目前认为, GABA代谢拮抗剂和GABA受体药物可能成为肿瘤的治疗药物, 但临床应用仍有限。

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*万国辉, Tel: 86-20-39943495, E-mail:
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γ-氨基丁酸在肿瘤免疫中的作用
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乔璐 , 肖敏 , 蒋佳纯 , 万国辉 *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(8): 2120-2129
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药学学报 |综述 2023 , 58 (8) : 2120 -2129
γ-氨基丁酸在肿瘤免疫中的作用
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乔璐, 肖敏, 蒋佳纯, 万国辉*
作者信息
  • 中山大学药学院, 广东 广州 510006
通讯作者:
*万国辉, Tel: 86-20-39943495, E-mail:
The role of γ-aminobutyric acid in tumor immunity
Lu QIAO, Min XIAO, Jia-chun JIANG, Guo-hui WAN*
Affiliations
  • School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
出版时间: 2023-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0461
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γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA) 是人体内重要的神经递质之一, 具有抑制神经活动的作用。除了神经系统, GABA能系统的组成成分也被发现存在于免疫细胞和肿瘤细胞中, 它们能够通过分泌GABA影响肿瘤微环境中的其他细胞, 并通过生成琥珀酸参与三羧酸循环为肿瘤细胞提供能量。GABA受体(GABA receptors, GABARs) 的激活是GABA参与调控抗肿瘤免疫反应的主要途径。GABA A型受体(GABAA receptors, GABAARs) 的激活可抑制T细胞的活化和增殖, 促进巨噬细胞向抗炎表型转化, 并能促进肿瘤细胞的生长和迁移; 而GABA B型受体(GABAB receptors, GABABRs) 的激活则通常被认为能抑制癌细胞的迁移, 诱导癌细胞的凋亡。总体来说, 受体的活化能抑制免疫细胞, 但对肿瘤细胞的作用存在不同。此外, GABA转运体(GABA transporters, GATs) 的表达水平下调也与肿瘤的发展进程有关。目前认为, GABA代谢拮抗剂和GABA受体药物可能成为肿瘤的治疗药物, 但临床应用仍有限。

γ-氨基丁酸  /  γ-氨基丁酸能系统  /  肿瘤  /  免疫系统  /  γ-氨基丁酸受体

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a crucial inhibitory neurotransmitter found in various cells in the human body. While the GABAergic system is typically associated with the nervous system, recent research has revealed that immune cells and tumor cells also express components of this system. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), GABA is secreted to act extracellularly on other cells. GABA is metabolized via the GABA shunt and is involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle by generating succinate, which can provide energy for tumor cells. Activation of GABA receptors (GABARs) is a major pathway through which GABA participates in the regulation of antitumor immune responses. The activation of GABA type A receptors (GABAARs) can inhibit the activation and proliferation of T cells, elicit anti-inflammatory macrophages, and promote tumor cell growth and migration, while activation of GABA type B receptors (GABABRs) is generally considered to inhibit cancer cell migration and induce cancer cell apoptosis. In general, receptor activation inhibits immune cells, but the effect on tumor cells varies. Additionally, the downregulation of the expression levels of GABA transporters (GATs) is involved in tumor progression. Although antagonists of GABA metabolism and drugs that act on GABA receptors are considered therapeutic drugs for tumors, there have been few clinical studies conducted on them.

γ-aminobutyric acid  /  GABAergic system  /  neoplasm  /  immune system  /  GABA receptor
乔璐, 肖敏, 蒋佳纯, 万国辉. γ-氨基丁酸在肿瘤免疫中的作用. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2120 -2129 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0461
Lu QIAO, Min XIAO, Jia-chun JIANG, Guo-hui WAN. The role of γ-aminobutyric acid in tumor immunity[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2120 -2129 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0461
肿瘤是导致人类死亡率上升、限制人类寿命提高的主要原因。据统计学数据显示, 肿瘤有望在本世纪取代心血管疾病成为导致多数国家人民过早死亡的首要原因[1]。肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment, TME) 通常包括免疫细胞如T、B淋巴细胞、肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor associated macrophages, TAMs)、树突状细胞(dendritic cells, DCs), 分泌因子如细胞因子、趋化因子, 以及微血管、淋巴管和肿瘤细胞等。肿瘤微环境在调节肿瘤进展及影响肿瘤治疗效果中发挥了重要作用[2]。肿瘤细胞可以作用于临近的神经纤维, 诱导形成自身的神经网络, 以发挥免疫抑制、促进肿瘤生长的作用, 因此对神经递质的研究非常重要[3]
γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA) 是人体重要的抑制性神经递质, 同时也是人体多种细胞重要的代谢产物。GABA参与机体广泛的生理活动, 除了作为神经递质参与人体精神活动的调控外, GABA还与细胞的保护、发育和分化有关, 并且可以由多种细胞分泌, 如肿瘤细胞、T细胞、巨噬细胞和B细胞[4]。在临床样本中, 肿瘤组织中GABA含量的升高与不良预后相关, GABA受体(GABA receptors, GABARs) 在多种肿瘤组织中表达上调。多种GABA能系统的组成成分可参与对肿瘤增殖和迁移的调控[5]
GABA能系统是中枢神经系统的重要组成部分, 包括GABA、GABARs、谷氨酸脱羧酶(glutamate decarboxylases, GADs)、GABA转运体(GABA transporters, GATs) 和GABA能神经元等, 它们参与GABA的代谢合成和对神经系统的抑制作用。最近的研究表明, 人体内多种非神经组织也能表达GABA能系统的成分, 参与GABA的合成并被GABA调控。GAD67和GAD65是主要的GABA代谢酶, 分别由GAD1和GAD2基因编码。它们主要在神经组织中表达, 催化谷氨酸脱羧生成GABA, 是合成GABA的限速酶[6]
人体内存在3种GABARs, 包括氯离子通道受体GABA A型受体(GABAA receptors, GABAARs) 和C型受体(GABAC receptors, GABACRs), 以及G蛋白偶联受体GABA B型受体(GABAB receptors, GABABRs)。GABAARs由5个亚基组成, 5个亚基包围形成氯离子通道[7]。这些亚基至少由19个基因编码, 最常见的是由α2β2γ亚基组成的亚型[8]。当两分子GABA结合到β+/α-界面时, 它们引起受体构象变化, 导致Cl-通道打开[9], 引起膜的超极化[10]。关于GABAARs尤其是π亚基GABRP (gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor pi subunit) 和δ亚基GABRD (gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor delta subunit) 在肿瘤发生发展中的作用的研究尤为常见[11, 12]
GABABRs是由GABAB1和GABAB2亚基组成的异二聚体, 两种亚基由两种不同的基因编码。GABABRs可以通过两种方式抑制电信号的传导: 抑制突触前膜电压门控钙通道来抑制神经递质的释放, 或者通过开放GIRK (G-protein-activated inwardly rectifying potassium) 通道引起神经元的超极化[13]。目前对GABABRs的研究主要集中在肿瘤方面, 对免疫细胞的影响尚不明确。
GABACRs完全由ρ亚基组成。目前的研究主要集中于其在杆状双极细胞、上丘、外侧膝状体、海马核等脑区的功能[14], 在十二指肠中也能检测到GABACRs[15]。但GABACRs的激活尚未被证实与肿瘤相关。此外, 有研究报道GABA还可以调节电压门控钾通道发挥作用[16]
GATs参与GABA的摄取或释放, 以维持GABA含量的相对稳定。它们通常存在于突触前膜, 通过将GABA回收至突触来终止信号转导[6]
GABA的合成主要发生在神经元中。GABA的代谢途径源于三羧酸(tricarboxylic-acid, TCA) 循环中的一个分枝, 称作GABA支路, 其中涉及多种酶[17]。GABA由谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺和葡萄糖经过GAD65/67催化生成, 并通过GABA转氨酶(GABA-transaminase, GABA-T) 进行分解代谢。GABA-T和琥珀酸半醛脱氢酶(succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, SSADH) 将GABA的代谢与TCA循环联系起来[18]。此外, 醛脱氢酶(aldehyde dehydrogenase, ALDH) 也参与GABA的代谢过程[19]
具体的代谢过程如图 1所示, 在细胞质中, 谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺在谷氨酰胺酶2 (glutaminase 2, GLS2) 和谷氨酰胺合成酶(glutamine synthetase, GS) 的催化下维持平衡。细胞质中的GAD催化谷氨酸脱羧生成GABA。生成的GABA进入线粒体基质, 在GABA-T的催化下与α-酮戊二酸(α-ketoglutaric acid, α-KG) 发生转氨反应, 生成琥珀酸半醛(succinic semialdehyde, SSA) 和谷氨酸。SSA在SSADH催化下氧化脱氢生成琥珀酸, 参与TCA循环, 并与线粒体氧化磷酸化偶联。葡萄糖可以转化为α-KG, 进而生成谷氨酸, 参与GABA的合成[20]
GABA是人体中的一种重要的抑制性神经递质, 其主要合成和释放发生在神经系统中的GABA能神经元。除此之外, 一些神经胶质细胞也具有合成和释放GABA的能力, 并通过激活附近神经元上的GABARs发挥作用[21]。胰岛β细胞也是人体内GABA的一个重要来源[22]。最近研究发现, 免疫细胞也具有合成和分泌GABA的能力[4]
小鼠富含B细胞的外周和黏膜淋巴结中含有较高水平的GABA, 高于肝脏和胰腺。淋巴组织中富集的B细胞是GABA的重要来源。人类B细胞中, GAD67转录物增多, 无论是处于静息状态的B细胞还是分泌IgA的浆细胞, 都具有升高的GABA水平。多种刺激B细胞活化的模式, 如脂多糖刺激Toll样受体或B细胞抗原受体与IgM的交联, 均可活化B细胞并诱导GABA的合成和分泌[23]
肿瘤细胞本身能够产生GABA, 将其分泌并作用于自身或免疫细胞。在肺癌和结直肠癌患者的样本中, 通过癌症基因组图谱检查发现, GAD67表达特异性升高, 而GABA-T的表达下调, 这将有利于在肿瘤内积累GABA, 最终导致GABA的合成和分泌增多。在相应的肿瘤细胞系中, GAD67同样高水平表达, 并能分泌出足够达到GABARs阈值的GABA。因此, GABA能够通过肿瘤细胞的分泌在肿瘤的发生发展中发挥作用[5]
星形胶质细胞是中枢神经系统中的主要神经胶质细胞, 能够以GAD依赖和非依赖的方式合成GABA。在GAD非依赖性合成中, 多胺腐胺经由单胺氧化酶B催化生成GABA, 作为GABA支路的补充。星形胶质细胞合成的GABA可以通过Ca2+调节的Best1 (Bestrophin-1) 通道释放, 也可在静息状态下释放。此外, 星形胶质细胞也表达GAT1和GAT3, 当细胞膜去极化时, GATs的转运方向发生改变, 可参与GABA的释放。星形胶质细胞GABA合成与释放的失衡与阿尔茨海默病、亨廷顿病等疾病密切相关, 可能参与胶质瘤的进展[24]
研究报道, 肠道菌群或摄入的益生菌是产生GABA的来源之一。益生菌如乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、大肠杆菌等菌种均表达GADs。其中, 短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis) 和齿双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium dentatum) 是人体肠道内主要的GABA产生菌种。在双歧杆菌中, 青春双歧杆菌(B. adolescentis) 的GAD表达量最高, 可将前体物质谷氨酸钠(monosodium glutamate, GMS) 转化为GABA[25]。来源于肠道菌群的GABA可以通过GABA转运蛋白穿过血脑屏障, 进入中枢神经系统。无菌动物血液循环中的GABA水平降低, 提示肠道菌群来源的GABA在外周组织中发挥作用[26-28]
NK细胞和单核吞噬细胞均表达GAD、GABA-T等GABA能系统组成成分, 具有合成和分泌GABA的能力。
在弓形虫的攻击下, NK细胞分泌GABA, 这一过程与GAD67表达上调和GABA-T表达下调相关。NK细胞分泌的GABA通过自分泌或旁分泌的方式抑制自身的细胞毒性和脱颗粒过程以及DCs的迁移。单核吞噬细胞系统主要包括DCs、单核细胞、巨噬细胞和脑小胶质细胞。与NK细胞类似, 在弓形虫攻击时, 人单核细胞、单核细胞来源的DCs和原代髓系DCs的GAD67表达水平上调而GABA-T水平下调, 分泌GABA[29-31]
在临床研究中发现, 随着癌症进展, 肿瘤组织内GABA含量不断积累, 并且与不良预后有关。实验研究表明, 使用GABA能促进多种肿瘤细胞的增殖和转移。此外, 多种免疫细胞表达GABA能系统组成成分, 实验还证明GABA对免疫具有抑制作用[4, 5, 32]。总体而言, GABA能够抑制抗肿瘤免疫反应, 这与其受体的激活和自身代谢的变化有关。
GABAARs和GABABRs是在肿瘤进展中发挥重要作用的受体, 这些受体位于肿瘤细胞和免疫细胞上, 激活受体可引起下游信号通路的激活, 进而对肿瘤免疫进行调控。GABAARs是一种离子通道型受体, 其作用通过影响细胞膜的极化来调控细胞内钙离子浓度, 钙离子浓度的变化与下游信号通路的激活密切相关, 从而调控肿瘤相关基因的表达[33]。需要注意的是, 尽管激活这些受体对免疫细胞总体呈现出抑制作用, 但在不同的肿瘤细胞中, 这些受体的激活会体现出不同的效应, 而不是单一的促进或抑制作用。
GABAARs与免疫系统的发育与功能密切相关。该受体的亚基在所有白细胞、淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞中均有表达[32]。GABAARs的激活能够调节T细胞的增殖和迁移, 影响肿瘤细胞的生长和转移, 并影响抗原递呈细胞的表型, 同时也可以调节细胞因子的分泌[23, 32]
GABAARs的激活对T细胞的调控作用如图 2所示。NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-B) 通路在先天性免疫和适应性免疫中起着至关重要的作用。通过激活GABAARs, GABA能够抑制外周血单核细胞的NF-κB通路活化, 同时也抑制钙离子内流[34]。研究发现, 肿瘤细胞或B细胞来源的GABA可作用于临近的CD8+ T细胞的GABAARs, 导致细胞内氯离子和钙离子水平的下降。由于钙离子内流是T细胞活化的关键步骤, 因此GABA抑制T细胞的增殖和活化, 使其杀伤肿瘤细胞的能力减弱, 从而促进肿瘤细胞的生长[23]
在接受肺癌手术的老年患者中, 丙泊酚通过激活GABAARs可以增加Th17细胞的数量并减少Treg细胞的数量, 从而抑制肺癌的侵袭和迁移[35]。但是, 一些研究表明, GABA也可以诱导CD4+ T细胞的抑制, 并促进Treg细胞的增殖, 从而抑制抗肿瘤免疫反应, 这种差异可能与年龄和具体癌症类型有关[7]
丙泊酚通过激活GABAARs, 可以抑制T细胞向Th2细胞分化[36], 同时GABA也可以抑制CD4+ T细胞分泌Th1和Th2型细胞因子[37]。尽管这两个结果尚未在肿瘤研究中得到证实, 但考虑到Th细胞在调节肿瘤免疫中的重要作用, 未来的研究应关注该结果是否同样适用于TME中的T细胞。
GABAARs的激活对巨噬细胞的调控作用如图 3所示。GABA通过激活巨噬细胞上的GABAARs, 上调IL-10和氧化磷酸化(oxidative phosphorylation, OXPHOS) 相关蛋白的表达, 促进巨噬细胞向抗炎表型转化并促进其浸润, 从而对肿瘤治疗产生负面影响。这种作用可直接促进巨噬细胞合成与释放IL-10, 并增强线粒体呼吸作用, 进一步促进肿瘤组织中的单核细胞向抗炎表型转化。IL-10抑制了CD8+ T细胞的杀伤功能, 从而阻碍了抗肿瘤免疫反应[23]
除巨噬细胞之外, 激活GABAARs的作用也能够降低其他抗原递呈细胞如DCs等的促炎特性, 抑制其产生炎症细胞因子IL-6/IL-1β的作用, 进而抑制免疫细胞产生炎症反应的能力[38]
GABA调控巨噬细胞的作用也与受体上的特定亚基相关。作为一种伴侣蛋白, GABRP可以调控钾离子通道KCNN4 (potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily N member 4), 从而促进细胞膜超极化、钙离子内流和NF-κB通路的激活。最终, 它诱导CXCL5和CCL20的表达, 促进巨噬细胞浸润, 使TAMs增多。TAMs能抑制抗肿瘤免疫反应, 从而促进某些癌症如胰腺导管腺癌的发展[39]。异丙酚作为GABAARs激动剂, 可以与其β2亚基结合并激活受体, 在细胞外压力的条件下抑制巨噬细胞的吞噬作用[40]
GABAARs的激活对肿瘤细胞的调控作用如图 4所示。异丙酚是一种GABAARs的激动剂。通过激活该受体, 它可以降低TRIM21 (tripartite motif-containing protein 21) 的表达, 增加Src蛋白的表达。Src蛋白与细胞黏附有关, 其表达增加会增强肿瘤细胞的黏附, 并在小鼠体内促进肺癌的转移[41]。此外, 受体的激活能通过EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) 信号通路促进前列腺癌细胞的生长[42], 也能提高人肝癌细胞HepG2的增殖活性[43]
GABAARs的不同亚基表达上调在促进肿瘤增殖和转移中发挥不同的作用。表达上调的亚基可作为肿瘤标志物用于研究肿瘤的发展情况, 也为肿瘤治疗提供了新方法。
GABAA3基因编码的GABAARs的α-3亚基表达上调时, 将有利于激活丝氨酸/苏氨酸特异性蛋白Akt。该蛋白在调节癌细胞的增殖和迁移中具有突出作用[32]
近年来, 含有GABRP的GABAARs与肿瘤的关系研究进展较多。GABRP参与调节肿瘤的免疫微环境, 广泛参与多种炎症反应。ERK1/2 (extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2) 是丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK) 家族的成员, 在GABRP参与的促进肿瘤转移中发挥作用[44]。在乳腺癌细胞中, GABRP借由ERK1/2信号通路, 参与调控细胞增殖分化, 并促进癌细胞的迁移[45]; 在卵巢癌细胞中, GABRP启动子CpG位点的低甲基化上调了GABRP的表达, GABRP调节了MAPK/ERK通路, 增强卵巢癌的侵袭性[12]。在胃癌细胞中, GABRP的上调激活ERK1/2通路, 促进细胞周期蛋白D1 (cyclin D1, Ccnd1) 的表达[46], Ccnd1通过Ccnd1 CDK4 (cyclin-dependent kinase 4)-paxillin-Rac1 (ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1) 轴调节细胞的黏附能力, 从而促进细胞迁移和增殖[47]
GABRD在结直肠癌中表达上调, 可能参与早期肿瘤发生。在体外实验中, 过表达的GABRD可促进结直肠癌细胞的增殖和迁移。该亚基参与了肿瘤进展的过程, 可能与EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition)、血管生成、Hedgehog信号通路、KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue) 信号通路以及Wnt-β-连环蛋白信号通路有关[48]。在胃癌中, 高表达的GABRD与肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移增强及不良预后相关[49]。RNA结合蛋白Nova1 (neuro-oncological ventral antigen 1) 也被发现可能通过促进GABAAR γ2亚基的表达, 发挥致癌作用[50]
GABA在体外能够抑制感染寄生虫的NK细胞的细胞毒性和脱颗粒, 具有下调炎症反应、促进DCs迁移的作用。GABA也通过激动单核吞噬细胞上的GABAARs提高其运动性, 从而促进寄生虫的传播。
需要注意的是, 以上两项研究中产生GABA并受GABA调控的细胞均为被寄生虫感染的NK细胞和单核吞噬细胞, GABA调控NK细胞和单核吞噬细胞与肿瘤免疫的关系仍未有研究[29-31]
GABARAP和GABARAPL2在中枢神经系统中参与GABAARs的亚基向细胞膜的转运, 并能够稳定受体[51, 52]。在所有乳腺癌亚型中, GABARAP表达降低, 这可能会激活Akt/mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) 通路并促进EMT, 从而促进细胞转移和侵袭[53]
目前, 尚无足量研究证明GABARAP是否也在外周细胞中起到稳定和转运受体的作用。如果这种作用确实存在, 它可能会为肿瘤组织中GABAARs的上调以及受体激活导致的促肿瘤作用提供新的治疗靶点。
GABABRs在多种人类癌细胞系中表达上调, 其中GABABR1在恶性肿瘤组织中的表达显著高于其他组织。不同于GABAARs的激活对免疫细胞和肿瘤细胞均有影响, 目前针对GABABRs的研究主要集中于肿瘤细胞。已有研究证明, GABABRs激动剂巴氯芬能够在小鼠炎症中抑制Th17细胞的产生[54], 但目前尚无研究证明GABABRs的激动能否调节人体免疫细胞以发挥抗肿瘤功能。GABABRs的激活能够通过调控肿瘤细胞的增殖、分化等来发挥作用, 但这一作用并不单一表现为促进或抑制肿瘤发展, 其对肿瘤细胞的主要作用如图 4所示[5, 55, 56]
β-连环蛋白是一种重要的致癌蛋白, 是Wnt信号通路的一个组成成分, 可以作为一种转录因子来调节基因的表达[57]。GABA通过作用于癌细胞上的GABABRs来抑制GSK-3β (glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta) 介导的磷酸化和蛋白酶体降解β-连环蛋白的作用, 从而使肿瘤细胞中β-连环蛋白的数量增加, 进而促进靶基因的表达并推动肿瘤的生长。此外, β-连环蛋白也能够抑制CCL4和CCL5的表达, 从而抑制它们募集T细胞和DC细胞进入TME的功能, 这破坏了免疫监视, 并促进肿瘤的生长[5]
GABABRs被认为对诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡有利。GABABRs是一种G蛋白偶联受体, β-逮捕素(β-arrestins) 是GPCR (G protein-coupled receptors) 的一种调节蛋白。在细胞周期和细胞凋亡等过程中, JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) 通路是MAPK信号通路的重要分支。GABA能够将β-逮捕素募集到GABABRs处, 引起JNKs的激活, 从而进一步激活c-Jun。这会提高促凋亡蛋白Bax (Bcl-2-associated X protein) 和抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的比值, 并切割半胱天冬酶(caspase) 前体, 使其激活, 引起凋亡蛋白酶级联反应, 从而引起肿瘤细胞的死亡[55]
GABABRs表达的上调有利于抑制肿瘤细胞的转移。GPCR-Hippo通路是癌症分子靶向治疗的重要靶标, 而EMT则是癌细胞转移的关键过程。在结直肠癌患者的组织中, GABABR1表达下降, 导致Hippo/YAP1 (Yes-associated protein) 信号通路被激活, 进而促进了EMT相关蛋白的表达, 提高了癌细胞的侵袭力[58]。另有研究发现, GABABRs激活可通过Raf/MEK (MAP kinase kinase)/ERK途径失活和CREB (cAMP-response element binding protein) 依赖性基因转录的机制, 对肿瘤细胞增殖发挥抑制作用[56]
GAT-2是一种GABA转运蛋白, 广泛表达于先天免疫细胞、Th细胞和B细胞中[59, 60], 在肿瘤免疫中起着重要作用。当巨噬细胞中GAT-2的表达下调时, GAT-4的表达将上调, GAT-4介导甜菜碱的转运, 并通过甜菜碱/S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenosylmethionine, SAM)/次黄嘌呤代谢途径, 提供SAM作为甲基供体, 从而增强了启动子区域的甲基化, 降低了转录因子Kid3的表达。最终降低促炎巨噬细胞分泌的IL-1β, 增强巨噬细胞OXPHOS相关基因的表达, 抑制巨噬细胞向M1型极化[61]。因此, GAT-2的缺乏将抑制抗肿瘤免疫反应, 其作用过程如图 3所示。
T细胞同样表达GAT-2, 缺乏GAT-2可以通过调控代谢过程促进CD4+ T细胞的分化[62, 63], 也可通过激活GABA-mTOR信号传导促进Th17细胞分化, 抑制GABA转运和GABA支路[59]。然而, 这一过程尚未在人体细胞中得到证实。抗原可以激活T细胞使其表达GAT-1, 而GAT-1则能抑制T细胞的活化及其介导的免疫反应[64]。早期研究发现, GAT-3的mRNA仅存在于人的大脑和视网膜中[65], 小鼠的肾脏中有GAT-3的表达[66], 这提示人类的外周组织可能同样表达GAT-3。目前, GAT-1和GAT-3在肿瘤发展中的作用仍未明确, 需要进一步研究。
癌细胞能够储存重要的代谢产物, 形成“代谢储存库”, 以备后续增殖所需的能量。GABA是肿瘤细胞琥珀酸的储存库, 该代谢储存库仅存在于癌症组织或致癌细胞中[67]。在神经胶质瘤中, GABA可以通过GABA-T和SSADH的催化生成琥珀酸, 为肿瘤细胞的TCA循环提供能量, 被认为能促进神经胶质瘤的增殖。当使用GABA-T抑制剂氨己烯酸时, GABA促增殖效应消失[68]。乳腺癌脑转移的癌细胞高度表达GABA-T, 从大脑微环境中吸收GABA并将其分解为琥珀酸, 通过GABA途径生成NADH, 从而获得增殖优势。转移性髓母细胞瘤中, GABA-T表达同样增加[69]。因此, GABA-T可能是治疗多种肿瘤的潜在靶点。
谷氨酰胺对癌细胞的生长十分重要, 它能通过生成α-KG参与TCA循环。谷氨酸死亡是在增殖细胞营养失衡期间, 谷氨酸分解和mTORC1信号传导异常激活引起的。GABA除了参与TCA循环外, 还可以在谷氨酰胺代谢不活跃的情况下, 通过GABA支路产生ATP, 抑制AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), 从而在溶酶体表面完全激活mTORC1, 引起谷氨酸死亡, 调控肿瘤细胞的异常增殖[70]
GABA不仅参与肿瘤的发展和转移, 还在其他由肿瘤引起的疾病中发挥作用, 比如副肿瘤性神经系统综合征(paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome, PNS)。一些神经系统疾病的发生并不是因为肿瘤细胞直接侵袭或转移, 而是由于肿瘤细胞上调GABABRs的表达, 该受体将成为肿瘤标志物, 引起相应抗体的产生和T细胞的激活。神经组织中表达GABABRs, 与抗体结合会引起PNSs, 这一症状通常被称为自身免疫性脑炎。GAD65抗体的产生也与僵人综合征等疾病有关。在由GABABR抗体引起的脑炎中, 50%的患者有潜在肿瘤, 并在非小细胞性肺癌中最为常见[71, 72]
作为肿瘤细胞的琥珀酸储存库, GABA可为肿瘤细胞提供能量。因此, 靶向GABA代谢可能为肿瘤饥饿疗法提供新的思路。GABA合成和GABA支路中的酶, 如GAD、GABA-T, 都可以作为靶向GABA代谢的靶点。已有研究发现, GAD抑制剂3-MPA (3-mercaptopicolinic acid) 和2-OH-saclofen可以通过抑制GABA的合成抑制其对肿瘤和免疫细胞的功能。与PD-1 (programed cell death protein-1) 治疗药物合用, 这些抑制剂可以显著提高治疗效果, 尤其适用于GAD1阳性和ICB (immune checkpoint blockade) 抗性的肿瘤治疗[5]。槲皮素、石胆酸、阿魏酸等化合物被发现是GABA-T的抑制剂[73], 其在肿瘤治疗中的作用有待进一步研究。
尽管GABARs的激活对免疫细胞总体表现出抑制作用, 但在不同肿瘤中它的作用却有所不同。因此, 针对GABARs的药物使用和开发不能一概而论, 需要针对特定肿瘤类型或表型, 同时综合考虑对免疫系统的影响。目前, GABARs的激动剂和拮抗剂均被认为具有潜在的肿瘤治疗应用。
作为人体内重要的神经递质, GABA与多种精神疾病的发生发展有关。目前已有多种成熟的针对GABAARs的药物。其中, 荷包牡丹碱(bicuculline) 是一种异喹啉类生物碱, 能够拮抗GABA与受体的结合, 从而减少离子通道的打开时间和频率。该药对人肺腺癌细胞、人子宫癌细胞、肝癌细胞等具有抑制作用[74]。尽管其机制尚不明确, 但其GABAARs的拮抗作用可能是其中之一。
印防己毒素(picrotoxin) 在20世纪60年代被发现为GABA受体的拮抗剂。该药能够通过拮抗GABAARs抑制前列腺癌细胞的生长[42]。Gabazine、水杨酰亚基酰肼(salicylidene salicylhydrazide, SCS)、RU5135等均作为GABAARs的拮抗剂, 也具有潜在的抗肿瘤活性[75]
苯二氮卓类药物可通过拮抗受体抑制黑色素瘤的生长, 从而增强放射疗法和PD-1治疗的效果。这为将传统的精神类药物开发为抗肿瘤药物提供了参考[76]
巴氯芬(baclofen) 是一种GABABRs的激动剂。有研究表明, 巴氯芬可以抑制促炎细胞因子TNF-α和IL-1β的释放[77]。巴氯芬的使用可降低大鼠胃癌的发病率和结直肠癌的恶性程度, 并且能抑制胰腺导管腺癌、人肺腺癌细胞系的增殖, 以及使用肾上腺素后诱导的癌细胞的转移, 具有抗肿瘤活性[78]
另外, GABABRs的拮抗剂也可在肿瘤治疗中发挥作用。GABABRs拮抗剂GCP能够抑制软骨肉瘤细胞的增殖, 并通过增加p53的水平引起细胞周期阻滞, 起到抑癌作用[79]
多种GABARs亚基的高表达在肿瘤细胞中显示出明显的促进肿瘤发展的作用, 且在不同的肿瘤细胞中具有一定的亚基特异性。这种高表达在肿瘤周围组织中并未发生, 因此开发特定亚基的抗体可能具有很好的靶向性。
在人的胃癌细胞中, GABRD高表达, 靶向GABRD的特异性抗体已被证实具有一定的抑癌效果。该抗体可以与小分子靶向药物联合使用, 以改善胃癌患者的治疗效果[49]
GABA是人体主要的抑制性神经递质和重要的代谢产物, 其对肿瘤发展的影响引起了研究者的广泛关注。总体而言, GABA对肿瘤表现为促进作用。其中, 介导GABA促进肿瘤发展的主要受体是GABAARs。GABAARs的激活能直接促进肿瘤的生长和转移, 并能抑制抗肿瘤免疫反应, 是肿瘤治疗中的不利因素。而GABABRs的作用较为复杂, 现有研究并未得出统一的结论。
GABARs作为GABA参与肿瘤发展的重要一环, 已经开发出一系列针对GABARs的成熟药物, 但目前仅在细胞和动物实验层面应用, 主要用于激动或拮抗受体以证明其在肿瘤进展中的作用。药物靶向肿瘤组织的GABARs可能并不理想, 因为GABARs在神经组织中广泛分布, 并且其激活或抑制并不单一表现为对肿瘤的促进或抑制。开发脂溶性较差、难以通过血脑屏障的药物或许可以避免对中枢神经系统的不良反应。
GABA能系统组成成分在肿瘤组织中表达水平的改变为开发靶向药物提供了新的可能。靶向肿瘤中高表达的GABARs特定亚基的抗体的开发为肿瘤治疗提供了新途径, 而特定肿瘤中表达下调的GATs可能能够通过mRNA药物的开发得到补充以拮抗其促进癌症发展的作用。
GABA对多种免疫细胞都发挥了抑制作用, 这主要是通过GABARs的激活产生的。虽然开发拮抗GABARs的抗肿瘤药物仍困难重重, 但或许从根本上减少GABA的产生将有利于恢复或增强抗肿瘤免疫。特别是在肿瘤组织中, GAD表达的特异性升高, 靶向GABA代谢的药物或许将发挥抑癌作用。
目前, 关于GABA在肿瘤发展中的作用仍存在多个问题未解。如GAT-1、GAT-3和GABARAP是否对肿瘤有影响, GABABRs的激活对免疫细胞有何作用。对于GABA的研究大多仅集中在特定细胞系, 如免疫细胞系、肿瘤细胞系或肿瘤整体, 对于GABA在TME中的具体作用仍不清楚。因此, 这些问题需要进一步的探究。
作者贡献: 乔璐负责完成综述资料的整理及文章撰写; 肖敏、蒋佳纯参与资料的整理与文章的修改; 万国辉是本篇综述的负责人, 指导和修改论文写作。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明无相关利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82122069)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82073869)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2021B1515020004)
  • 高校基本科研业务费创新团队项目(23yxqntd001)
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2023年第58卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0461
  • 接收时间:2023-04-14
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-14
  • 修回日期:2023-05-10
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(82122069)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82073869)
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2021B1515020004)
高校基本科研业务费创新团队项目(23yxqntd001)
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    中山大学药学院, 广东 广州 510006

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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