Article(id=1198656292173742731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0452, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1681142400000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-11, revisedDate=1689523200000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711530011, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1699718400000, pubDateStr=2023-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711530011, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711530011, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711530011, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656283525087620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3476', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711527949, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711688683, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3408, endPage=3420, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656292630921904, articleId=1198656292173742731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The mechanism research of Xiaoyan Lidan formula for the intervention of chronic intrahepatic cholestasis based on metabolomics combined with molecular docking analysis, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, the mechanism of Xiaoyan Lidan formula (XYLDF) against 3, 5-diethoxycarbonyl-1, 4-dihydro-2, 4, 6-collidine (DDC)-induced chronic intrahepatic cholestasis (CIHC) in mice was investigated based on metabolomics, molecular docking and pharmacological methods. In the pharmacodynamics study, a dosage of 5 g·kg-1 (clinical equivalent) XYLDF was administered in DDC-induced mice, then the effect of XYLDF against CIHC was evaluated by measuring the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) as well as total bilirubin (TBIL) in serum and observing liver histopathological changes. All experiments were approved by the Ethical Committee Experimental Animal Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (ZYD-2021-001). The serum metabolites of mice in each group were detected and identified based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry, and the relevant biological pathways and molecular key targets were further enriched. Molecular docking technology was used to further evaluate the binding activity of the main active ingredients of XYLDF with potential targets. Subsequently, the in vitro experiment was conducted for the validation of the vital target. The results showed that compared with the model group, XYLDF significantly decreased the levels of ALT, AST, AKP and TBIL in the serum of CIHC mice, as well as alleviated inflammatory infiltration and hepatocyte necrosis in liver tissue. According to the metabonomic study, a total of 35 differential metabolites was identified as biomarkers associated with cholestasis, 12 of which were significantly recovered by XYLDF treatment. These biomarkers were involved in the pathways of primary bile acid biosynthesis and linoleic metabolism, which are closely related to the mechanism of XYLDF against CIHC. Protein-protein interaction network indicated that cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) are significant potential targets with good binding properties with six major active ingredients of XYLDF. Furthermore, it was found that 4-methoxy-5-hydroxycanthin-6-one, dehydroandrographolide and isodocarpin, three of the main active components in XYLDF, markedly induced the expression of CYP3A4 mRNA in vitro. This study revealed that XYLDF mainly mediates the biosynthesis of bile acids in CIHC mice to improve liver tissue lesions and bile efflux disorders, among which, CYP3A4 is the key target in the protection of XYLDF against CIHC. This research provides a reference for further elucidation of the pharmacological mechanism of XYLDF.

, correspAuthors=Chao-zhan LIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Si-min CHEN, Jin-hao HUANG, De-qin WANG, Yu-ying XIA, Mei-qi WANG, Run-feng SHI, Fang-le LIU, Chen-chen ZHU, Chao-zhan LIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656295516603241, articleId=1198656292173742731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于代谢组学及分子对接技术揭示消炎利胆方干预慢性肝内胆汁淤积的作用机制, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究拟基于代谢组学、分子对接技术及药理学方法研究消炎利胆方干预1, 4-二氢-2, 4, 6-三甲基-3, 5-吡啶二甲酸二乙酯(3, 5-diethoxycarbonyl-1, 4-dihydro-2, 4, 6-collidine, DDC) 诱导的慢性肝内胆汁淤积(chronic intrahepatic cholestasis, CIHC) 小鼠的作用机制。实验通过给予小鼠含0.1% DDC的饲料喂养复制CIHC模型, 给予临床等效剂量的消炎利胆方(5 g·kg-1) 干预后, 检测各组小鼠丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, AKP) 和总胆红素(total bilirubin, TBIL) 的含量及观察肝脏组织病理学变化, 所有动物实验均获得广州中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: ZYD-2021-001)。应用代谢组学技术分析各组小鼠血清中内源性小分子代谢轮廓差异, 鉴别差异代谢物及富集相关生物途径和分子靶标, 并将消炎利胆方中主要活性成分与核心靶点进行分子对接, 进一步通过细胞实验验证分子对接的结果。结果表明, 消炎利胆方显著降低血清中ALT、AST、AKP和TBIL的含量, 减轻肝组织的炎症浸润及肝细胞坏死情况; 代谢组学分析中共筛选识别出35个与胆汁淤积相关的差异代谢物, 消炎利胆方可显著回调其中12个差异代谢物的水平; 代谢通路分析显示消炎利胆方主要通过影响原代胆汁酸生物合成、亚油酸代谢等途径干预CIHC; “蛋白-蛋白”相互作用网络显示细胞色素P450 3A4酶(CYP3A4) 和细胞色素P450 1A1酶(CYP1A1) 是消炎利胆方干预CIHC的关键靶点。分子对接结果表明消炎利胆方中6个主要活性成分均与关键靶点具有较好的结合亲和力, 进一步通过细胞实验表明消炎利胆方中的3个活性成分能够显著诱导CYP3A4 mRNA的表达。上述研究结果显示, 消炎利胆方主要通过干预CIHC小鼠的胆汁酸生物合成途径来改善肝脏组织病变及胆汁代谢障碍, 其中, CYP3A4是消炎利胆方治疗CIHC的关键靶点, 本研究为进一步阐明消炎利胆方的药效作用机制提供参考依据。

, correspAuthors=林朝展, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*林朝展, Tel: 86-20-39358402, E-mail:
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The First Clinical Medical College of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960236980695462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292173742731, companyId=1198960236926169498, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.南方医科大学第一临床医学院, 广东 广州 510515)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960242773029887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292173742731, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=fXxo8MF9drLdBDIyvO+ynA==, figureFileBig=BhkYV+Dif6tpo4ZcAQtTsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960242986938380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292173742731, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Hepatoprotective and liver histopathological effects of XYLDF against DDC-induced chronic intrahepatic cholestasis. A: ALT levels; B: AST levels; C: AKP levels; D: TBIL levels; E: H & E staining of liver tissues (100×); F: Histological score of liver. <i>n</i> = 8, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>▲</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>▲▲</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> model group. Yellow arrows indicate inflammatory cell infiltration, red arrows indicate thickening of the bile duct wall, and green arrows indicate areas of hepatocyte necrosis. XYLDF: Xiaoyan Lidan formula; DDC: 3, 5-Diethoxycarbonyl-1, 4-dihydro-2, 4, 6-collidine; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; AKP: Alkaline phosphatase; TBIL: Total bilirubin , figureFileSmall=fXxo8MF9drLdBDIyvO+ynA==, figureFileBig=BhkYV+Dif6tpo4ZcAQtTsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960243163099165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292173742731, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=HvSJ1Z5VM+nKtrCySEqN8A==, figureFileBig=3jSCVReTUo4PDR+x2NxNDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960243297316904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292173742731, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Analysis of metabolic profile of serum in mice. A: Total ion chromatogram of control group, model group and XYLDF-treated group in positive ion mode; B: Total ion chromatogram of control group, model group and XYLDF-treated group in negative ion mode; C: PCA scores plot in positive and negative ion mode; D: OPLS-DA diagram of serum metabolites in mice from control group and model group in positive and negative ion mode; E: OPLS-DA diagram of serum metabolites in mice from model group and XYLDF-treated group in positive and negative ion mode. PCA: Principal component analysis; OPLS-DA: Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis , figureFileSmall=HvSJ1Z5VM+nKtrCySEqN8A==, figureFileBig=3jSCVReTUo4PDR+x2NxNDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960243469283379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292173742731, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NO5eX55scLm4PzeLN2nZAw==, figureFileBig=OAQcWq1J322hy+MPX6YVew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960243590918209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292173742731, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Results of metabolomic analysis of serum metabolites in mice. A: Heat map of potential biomarkers changes in control group, model group and XYLDF-treated group; B: Differential metabolic pathways related to chronic intrahepatic cholestasis; C: Changes in key metabolites in control group, model group and XYLDF-treated group; D: Correlation analysis of potential biomarkers and pharmacodynamics indicators. <i>n</i> = 8, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 vs control group; <sup>▲▲</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> model group; <sup>**</sup>Coefficient of correlation > 0.8 , figureFileSmall=NO5eX55scLm4PzeLN2nZAw==, figureFileBig=OAQcWq1J322hy+MPX6YVew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960243716747340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292173742731, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=jYOGYbqkp0O7gL8wjtUZlg==, figureFileBig=/ZmuGqbLanj7qnltlmhGOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960243888713821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292173742731, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Potential targets for XYLDF treatment of chronic intrahepatic cholestasis. A: Compound-gene network, created by MetScape; B: Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network , figureFileSmall=jYOGYbqkp0O7gL8wjtUZlg==, figureFileBig=/ZmuGqbLanj7qnltlmhGOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960244031320175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292173742731, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=YJvn5DpCqOu+Rkb9nCA6jA==, figureFileBig=J7QmegKRPMuCy0UP6Q+a4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960244119400572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292173742731, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Molecular docking models of main active ingredients of XYLDF with key targets (A) and cluster heatmap (B) , figureFileSmall=YJvn5DpCqOu+Rkb9nCA6jA==, figureFileBig=J7QmegKRPMuCy0UP6Q+a4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960244220063884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292173742731, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Y2tJK1WzTalBLuY8nzOAaA==, figureFileBig=0NCdHYlRMs35hlbdFExmMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960244345893021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292173742731, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Effects of three active ingredients on LO2 cells. A: Cell viability of LO2 cells; B: <i>CYP3A4</i> mRNA expression of LO2 cells. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group , figureFileSmall=Y2tJK1WzTalBLuY8nzOAaA==, figureFileBig=0NCdHYlRMs35hlbdFExmMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960244496887976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292173742731, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene name Primer Sequence (5' to 3')
CYP3A4 Forward AAAGTCGCCTCGAAGATACA
Reverse GAGAACACTGCTCGTGGTT
GADPH Forward GGGAAACTGTGGCGTGAT
Reverse GAGTGGGTGTCGCTGTTGA
), ArticleFig(id=1198960244614328501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292173742731, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences list. CYP3A4: Cytochrome P450 3A4; GADPH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene name Primer Sequence (5' to 3')
CYP3A4 Forward AAAGTCGCCTCGAAGATACA
Reverse GAGAACACTGCTCGTGGTT
GADPH Forward GGGAAACTGTGGCGTGAT
Reverse GAGTGGGTGTCGCTGTTGA
), ArticleFig(id=1198960244744351942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292173742731, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. RT/min m/z Metabolite Scan mode Formula P VIP M/C X/M
1 6.66 347.158 5 Corticosterone ESI+ C21H30O4 5.46×10-11 1.51 -
2 10.06 405.300 1 Androstane-3, 17-diol dipropionate ESI+ C25H40O4 7.67×10-11 1.44 -
3 5.41 449.326 1 3α, 7α, 12α-Trihydroxy-5β-cholestanoate ESI- C27H46O5 1.69×10-10 1.41 -
4 4.38 633.367 3 Digitoxigenin bisdigitoxide ESI- C35H54O10 5.25×10-9 1.40 -
5 3.75 464.301 9 Glycocholic acid ESI- C26H43NO6 4.89×10-6 1.38 -
6 4.42 407.276 8 Cholic acid ESI- C24H40O5 1.12×10-7 1.37
7 7.23 432.276 4 N-Eicosapentaenoyl glutamic acid ESI+ C25H37NO5 7.65×10-10 1.33
8 7.27 407.278 8 7-Oxodeoxycholate ESI+ C24H38O5 1.42×10-7 1.33
9 2.39 153.020 0 2, 5-Dihydroxybenzoate ESI- C7H6O4 4.08×10-11 1.32 -
10 4.59 434.326 6 Glycolithocholic acid ESI+ C26H43NO4 3.01×10-8 1.31
11 3.75 407.279 0 Hyocholic acid ESI- C24H40O5 1.75×10-7 1.29
12 7.23 391.283 2 3α-Hydroxy-7-oxo-5β-cholanic acid ESI+ C24H38O4 1.24×10-10 1.29
13 2.50 273.123 8 N-Acetylaminoglutethimide ESI- C15H18N2O3 5.30×10-12 1.28
14 7.18 389.268 8 3-Oxo-7-hydroxychol-4-enoic acid ESI+ C24H36O4 7.52×10-9 1.27
15 5.00 315.131 1 Progesterone ESI+ C21H30O2 3.37×10-12 1.25 -
16 7.62 583.249 2 Biliverdin ESI+ C33H34N4O6 2.83×10-9 1.22 -
17 8.32 447.249 2 Estrone glucuronide ESI+ C24H30O8 6.35×10-7 1.15 -
18 3.07 226.107 1 Hydroxytyrosol-acetate ESI+ C11H15NO4 2.94×10-10 1.20
19 6.26 371.258 4 3-Oxo-4, 6-choladienoic acid ESI+ C24H34O3 2.60×10-9 1.19
20 7.12 431.314 7 7α-Hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoate ESI+ C27H42O4 1.88×10-10 1.19 -
21 2.12 245.012 8 N-Acetyltryptophan ESI- C13H14N2O3 1.38×10-6 1.07 -
22 2.04 188.985 9 Hydroquinone sulfate ESI- C6H6O5S 1.71×10-8 1.11 -
23 2.62 254.101 8 N-Lactoyl-tyrosine ESI+ C12H15NO5 1.43×10-8 1.07
24 5.43 194.080 4 Phenylacetylglycine ESI+ C10H11NO3 4.41×10-6 1.03
25 4.76 257.175 2 Tetradecanedioic acid ESI- C14H26O4 5.36×10-10 1.01
26 3.51 224.089 8 N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine ESI+ C11H13NO4 2.83×10-9 1.19
27 8.14 319.225 0 15-KETE ESI+ C20H30O3 1.15×10-7 1.01
28 3.75 407.279 0 Ursocholic acid ESI- C24H40O5 1.75×10-7 1.29
29 2.52 172.098 9 N-Acetylleucine ESI- C8H15NO3 1.24×10-10 1.10 -
30 12.15 583.253 1 Bilirubin ESI- C33H36N4O6 2.94×10-9 1.09 -
31 6.21 311.220 7 13-L-Hydroperoxylinoleic acid ESI- C18H32O4 2.24×10-9 1.13
32 4.18 301.117 0 Adrenosterone ESI+ C19H24O3 2.02×10-12 1.00 -
33 3.23 567.299 1 Protoporphyrinogen IX ESI- C34H40N4O4 4.81×10-7 1.28 -
34 9.05 290.135 0 Ophthalmic acid ESI+ C11H19N3O6 4.71×10-7 1.12
35 5.43 194.080 4 Phenylacetylglycine ESI+ C10H11NO3 4.41×10-6 1.03
), ArticleFig(id=1198960244903735513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292173742731, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Summary of identification and change trends for potential biomarkers. M/C: Trend of model group vs control group; X/M: Trend of XYLDF-treated group vs model group; VIP: Variable importance in projection; "↑": Up-regulation; "↓": Down-regulation; "-": No significant change

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. RT/min m/z Metabolite Scan mode Formula P VIP M/C X/M
1 6.66 347.158 5 Corticosterone ESI+ C21H30O4 5.46×10-11 1.51 -
2 10.06 405.300 1 Androstane-3, 17-diol dipropionate ESI+ C25H40O4 7.67×10-11 1.44 -
3 5.41 449.326 1 3α, 7α, 12α-Trihydroxy-5β-cholestanoate ESI- C27H46O5 1.69×10-10 1.41 -
4 4.38 633.367 3 Digitoxigenin bisdigitoxide ESI- C35H54O10 5.25×10-9 1.40 -
5 3.75 464.301 9 Glycocholic acid ESI- C26H43NO6 4.89×10-6 1.38 -
6 4.42 407.276 8 Cholic acid ESI- C24H40O5 1.12×10-7 1.37
7 7.23 432.276 4 N-Eicosapentaenoyl glutamic acid ESI+ C25H37NO5 7.65×10-10 1.33
8 7.27 407.278 8 7-Oxodeoxycholate ESI+ C24H38O5 1.42×10-7 1.33
9 2.39 153.020 0 2, 5-Dihydroxybenzoate ESI- C7H6O4 4.08×10-11 1.32 -
10 4.59 434.326 6 Glycolithocholic acid ESI+ C26H43NO4 3.01×10-8 1.31
11 3.75 407.279 0 Hyocholic acid ESI- C24H40O5 1.75×10-7 1.29
12 7.23 391.283 2 3α-Hydroxy-7-oxo-5β-cholanic acid ESI+ C24H38O4 1.24×10-10 1.29
13 2.50 273.123 8 N-Acetylaminoglutethimide ESI- C15H18N2O3 5.30×10-12 1.28
14 7.18 389.268 8 3-Oxo-7-hydroxychol-4-enoic acid ESI+ C24H36O4 7.52×10-9 1.27
15 5.00 315.131 1 Progesterone ESI+ C21H30O2 3.37×10-12 1.25 -
16 7.62 583.249 2 Biliverdin ESI+ C33H34N4O6 2.83×10-9 1.22 -
17 8.32 447.249 2 Estrone glucuronide ESI+ C24H30O8 6.35×10-7 1.15 -
18 3.07 226.107 1 Hydroxytyrosol-acetate ESI+ C11H15NO4 2.94×10-10 1.20
19 6.26 371.258 4 3-Oxo-4, 6-choladienoic acid ESI+ C24H34O3 2.60×10-9 1.19
20 7.12 431.314 7 7α-Hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoate ESI+ C27H42O4 1.88×10-10 1.19 -
21 2.12 245.012 8 N-Acetyltryptophan ESI- C13H14N2O3 1.38×10-6 1.07 -
22 2.04 188.985 9 Hydroquinone sulfate ESI- C6H6O5S 1.71×10-8 1.11 -
23 2.62 254.101 8 N-Lactoyl-tyrosine ESI+ C12H15NO5 1.43×10-8 1.07
24 5.43 194.080 4 Phenylacetylglycine ESI+ C10H11NO3 4.41×10-6 1.03
25 4.76 257.175 2 Tetradecanedioic acid ESI- C14H26O4 5.36×10-10 1.01
26 3.51 224.089 8 N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine ESI+ C11H13NO4 2.83×10-9 1.19
27 8.14 319.225 0 15-KETE ESI+ C20H30O3 1.15×10-7 1.01
28 3.75 407.279 0 Ursocholic acid ESI- C24H40O5 1.75×10-7 1.29
29 2.52 172.098 9 N-Acetylleucine ESI- C8H15NO3 1.24×10-10 1.10 -
30 12.15 583.253 1 Bilirubin ESI- C33H36N4O6 2.94×10-9 1.09 -
31 6.21 311.220 7 13-L-Hydroperoxylinoleic acid ESI- C18H32O4 2.24×10-9 1.13
32 4.18 301.117 0 Adrenosterone ESI+ C19H24O3 2.02×10-12 1.00 -
33 3.23 567.299 1 Protoporphyrinogen IX ESI- C34H40N4O4 4.81×10-7 1.28 -
34 9.05 290.135 0 Ophthalmic acid ESI+ C11H19N3O6 4.71×10-7 1.12
35 5.43 194.080 4 Phenylacetylglycine ESI+ C10H11NO3 4.41×10-6 1.03
), ArticleFig(id=1198960245050536164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292173742731, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Compound name Origin Docking energy /kcal·mol -1
CYP3A4 CYP1A1
1 Andrographolide CXL -6.34 -3.30
2 Dehydroandrographolide CXL -10.75 -7.23
3 Nodosin XHC -13.45 -10.28
4 Isodocarpin XHC -14.03 -10.70
5 4-Methoxy-5-hydroxycanthin-6-one KM -8.62 -5.70
6 1-Methoxycarbonyl-β-carboline KM -6.32 -5.82
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The docking energy values of the six key compounds with potential targets (CYP3A4 and CYP1A1). CXL: Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees; XHC: Isodon serra (Maxim.) Kudo; KM: Picrasma quassioides (D.Don) Benn.; CYP1A1: Cytochrome P450 1A1

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No. Compound name Origin Docking energy /kcal·mol -1
CYP3A4 CYP1A1
1 Andrographolide CXL -6.34 -3.30
2 Dehydroandrographolide CXL -10.75 -7.23
3 Nodosin XHC -13.45 -10.28
4 Isodocarpin XHC -14.03 -10.70
5 4-Methoxy-5-hydroxycanthin-6-one KM -8.62 -5.70
6 1-Methoxycarbonyl-β-carboline KM -6.32 -5.82
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基于代谢组学及分子对接技术揭示消炎利胆方干预慢性肝内胆汁淤积的作用机制
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陈思敏 1 , 黄锦豪 1 , 王德勤 2 , 夏玉英 2 , 王美琪 1 , 石润丰 3 , 刘方乐 1 , 祝晨蔯 1 , 林朝展 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(11): 3408-3420
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(11): 3408-3420
基于代谢组学及分子对接技术揭示消炎利胆方干预慢性肝内胆汁淤积的作用机制
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陈思敏1, 黄锦豪1, 王德勤2, 夏玉英2, 王美琪1, 石润丰3, 刘方乐1, 祝晨蔯1, 林朝展1, *
作者信息
  • 1.广州中医药大学中药学院, 广东 广州 510006
  • 2.广州白云山和记黄埔中药有限公司, 广东 广州 510000
  • 3.南方医科大学第一临床医学院, 广东 广州 510515

通讯作者:

*林朝展, Tel: 86-20-39358402, E-mail:
The mechanism research of Xiaoyan Lidan formula for the intervention of chronic intrahepatic cholestasis based on metabolomics combined with molecular docking analysis
Si-min CHEN1, Jin-hao HUANG1, De-qin WANG2, Yu-ying XIA2, Mei-qi WANG1, Run-feng SHI3, Fang-le LIU1, Chen-chen ZHU1, Chao-zhan LIN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 2. Hutchison Whampoa Guangzhou Bai Yunshan Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510000, China
  • 3. The First Clinical Medical College of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
出版时间: 2023-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0452
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本研究拟基于代谢组学、分子对接技术及药理学方法研究消炎利胆方干预1, 4-二氢-2, 4, 6-三甲基-3, 5-吡啶二甲酸二乙酯(3, 5-diethoxycarbonyl-1, 4-dihydro-2, 4, 6-collidine, DDC) 诱导的慢性肝内胆汁淤积(chronic intrahepatic cholestasis, CIHC) 小鼠的作用机制。实验通过给予小鼠含0.1% DDC的饲料喂养复制CIHC模型, 给予临床等效剂量的消炎利胆方(5 g·kg-1) 干预后, 检测各组小鼠丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, AKP) 和总胆红素(total bilirubin, TBIL) 的含量及观察肝脏组织病理学变化, 所有动物实验均获得广州中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: ZYD-2021-001)。应用代谢组学技术分析各组小鼠血清中内源性小分子代谢轮廓差异, 鉴别差异代谢物及富集相关生物途径和分子靶标, 并将消炎利胆方中主要活性成分与核心靶点进行分子对接, 进一步通过细胞实验验证分子对接的结果。结果表明, 消炎利胆方显著降低血清中ALT、AST、AKP和TBIL的含量, 减轻肝组织的炎症浸润及肝细胞坏死情况; 代谢组学分析中共筛选识别出35个与胆汁淤积相关的差异代谢物, 消炎利胆方可显著回调其中12个差异代谢物的水平; 代谢通路分析显示消炎利胆方主要通过影响原代胆汁酸生物合成、亚油酸代谢等途径干预CIHC; “蛋白-蛋白”相互作用网络显示细胞色素P450 3A4酶(CYP3A4) 和细胞色素P450 1A1酶(CYP1A1) 是消炎利胆方干预CIHC的关键靶点。分子对接结果表明消炎利胆方中6个主要活性成分均与关键靶点具有较好的结合亲和力, 进一步通过细胞实验表明消炎利胆方中的3个活性成分能够显著诱导CYP3A4 mRNA的表达。上述研究结果显示, 消炎利胆方主要通过干预CIHC小鼠的胆汁酸生物合成途径来改善肝脏组织病变及胆汁代谢障碍, 其中, CYP3A4是消炎利胆方治疗CIHC的关键靶点, 本研究为进一步阐明消炎利胆方的药效作用机制提供参考依据。

消炎利胆方  /  慢性肝内胆汁淤积  /  代谢组学  /  分子对接

In this study, the mechanism of Xiaoyan Lidan formula (XYLDF) against 3, 5-diethoxycarbonyl-1, 4-dihydro-2, 4, 6-collidine (DDC)-induced chronic intrahepatic cholestasis (CIHC) in mice was investigated based on metabolomics, molecular docking and pharmacological methods. In the pharmacodynamics study, a dosage of 5 g·kg-1 (clinical equivalent) XYLDF was administered in DDC-induced mice, then the effect of XYLDF against CIHC was evaluated by measuring the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) as well as total bilirubin (TBIL) in serum and observing liver histopathological changes. All experiments were approved by the Ethical Committee Experimental Animal Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (ZYD-2021-001). The serum metabolites of mice in each group were detected and identified based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry, and the relevant biological pathways and molecular key targets were further enriched. Molecular docking technology was used to further evaluate the binding activity of the main active ingredients of XYLDF with potential targets. Subsequently, the in vitro experiment was conducted for the validation of the vital target. The results showed that compared with the model group, XYLDF significantly decreased the levels of ALT, AST, AKP and TBIL in the serum of CIHC mice, as well as alleviated inflammatory infiltration and hepatocyte necrosis in liver tissue. According to the metabonomic study, a total of 35 differential metabolites was identified as biomarkers associated with cholestasis, 12 of which were significantly recovered by XYLDF treatment. These biomarkers were involved in the pathways of primary bile acid biosynthesis and linoleic metabolism, which are closely related to the mechanism of XYLDF against CIHC. Protein-protein interaction network indicated that cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) are significant potential targets with good binding properties with six major active ingredients of XYLDF. Furthermore, it was found that 4-methoxy-5-hydroxycanthin-6-one, dehydroandrographolide and isodocarpin, three of the main active components in XYLDF, markedly induced the expression of CYP3A4 mRNA in vitro. This study revealed that XYLDF mainly mediates the biosynthesis of bile acids in CIHC mice to improve liver tissue lesions and bile efflux disorders, among which, CYP3A4 is the key target in the protection of XYLDF against CIHC. This research provides a reference for further elucidation of the pharmacological mechanism of XYLDF.

Xiaoyan Lidan formula  /  chronic intrahepatic cholestasis  /  metabolomics  /  molecular docking
陈思敏, 黄锦豪, 王德勤, 夏玉英, 王美琪, 石润丰, 刘方乐, 祝晨蔯, 林朝展. 基于代谢组学及分子对接技术揭示消炎利胆方干预慢性肝内胆汁淤积的作用机制. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (11) : 3408 -3420 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0452
Si-min CHEN, Jin-hao HUANG, De-qin WANG, Yu-ying XIA, Mei-qi WANG, Run-feng SHI, Fang-le LIU, Chen-chen ZHU, Chao-zhan LIN. The mechanism research of Xiaoyan Lidan formula for the intervention of chronic intrahepatic cholestasis based on metabolomics combined with molecular docking analysis[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (11) : 3408 -3420 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0452
慢性肝内胆汁淤积(chronic intrahepatic cholestasis, CIHC) 是指肝实质细胞和/或肝内胆管疾病引起的胆汁合成缺陷、分泌受抑或排泄受阻, 以及肝内外胆管中胆汁流动的机械性或功能性障碍, 导致胆汁流不能正常流入十二指肠从而在肝脏聚集并进入血液的病理状态, 其病程通常持续超过6个月, 较易转为重型肝炎及胆汁淤积性肝硬化, 预后差[1, 2]。据不完全统计, 目前慢性肝病患者患肝内胆汁淤积总发病率为10.26%, 并随年龄的增加有上升的趋势, 其发生机制复杂, 细菌、病毒、药物、自身免疫、肿瘤及遗传代谢等引起肝胆细胞损伤的因素均可诱发, 但病因尚未阐明[3]。目前常用熊去氧胆酸、地塞米松、奥贝胆酸等药物治疗胆汁淤积, 但临床疗效不显著[4], 且药物的不良反应也限制了上述药物在胆汁淤积性疾病中的应用[5]
中医学将胆汁淤积归类于“黄疸”范畴, 病机主要为湿热内阻, 胆汁外溢, 浸淫肌肤。中医认为“胆与肝相系, 受肝之余气而疏泄胆汁”, 因此, “疏肝利胆退黄”是基本治则[6]。中药具有多成分、多靶点、多途径的特点, 在胆汁淤积治疗方面具有显著优势, 如茵陈蒿汤、栀子柏皮汤等保肝利胆方剂[7]在临床上应用广泛, 疗效显著。消炎利胆方(Xiaoyan Lidan formula, XYLDF) 由溪黄草、穿心莲和苦木组成, 方中溪黄草“清肝利胆, 祛湿退黄”, 用为君药; 穿心莲“清热凉血, 消肿止痛”, 是为臣药; 苦木“清热泻火, 解毒燥湿”, 用为佐使药。三药相伍, 俱为苦寒之品, 君以溪黄草, 共入肝胆经, 既直折肝胆实火, 又清泻肝胆湿热, 共奏清热、祛湿、利胆之功, 目前已开发成为全国广泛应用的名优中成药—消炎利胆片, 是华南地区制药龙头企业—白云山广药集团和记黄埔制药股份有限公司的拳头产品, 临床上主要用于治疗肝胆湿热证、急性胆囊炎和胆管炎[8]。然而, 目前对消炎利胆方治疗CIHC的药效机制研究尚不深入, 影响了临床的合理用药, 故进一步研究其治疗CIHC的分子机制具有重要意义。
近年来, 代谢组学在评价中药药效、研究中药药效物质基础及探索中药作用机制等方面发挥越来越重要的作用。中药进入机体后, 其药效物质以原型成分或代谢物的形式出现, 引起机体内源性代谢物的变化, 代谢组学以研究生物体整体代谢变化为出发点, 监测代谢变化并确定中药的药效物质基础, 联合系统生物学的方法寻找与中药干预疾病的生物标志物, 进而以“生化表型”的形式来阐明中药作用的机制[9]。代谢组学的整体性研究与中药作用整体观相一致, 强调了多成分、多靶点、多层次的整体调节[10], 且由于代谢组学研究方法对机体无损伤、信息量大、稳定性高、重现性好等原因, 目前已成为中医药研究的新桥梁[11]。故本研究采用超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) 技术, 通过代谢组学方法对消炎利胆方干预CIHC小鼠血清代谢物进行分析, 同时对所鉴别的差异代谢物进一步寻找作用靶点, 联合分子对接技术及体外实验探究消炎利胆方治疗CIHC的潜在作用机制, 为后续临床应用提供参考依据。
细胞株  永生化人胚胎肝细胞株(LO2) 购自中国科学院典型培养物保藏委员会细胞库, 实验使用的细胞代数不超过10代。
药品与试剂  穿心莲(No. CXL2017-1) 和溪黄草(No. XHC2017-1) 均采收于广东, 苦木(No. KM2017-1) 采收于湖北, 经广州中医药大学药用植物教研室潘超美教授鉴定为爵床科植物穿心莲Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees的干燥地上部分、唇形科植物溪黄草Isodon serra (Maxim.) Kudo的干燥地上部分和苦木科植物苦木Picrasma quassioides (D. Don) Benn.的干燥枝。脱水穿心莲内酯(dehydroandrographolide)、毛果青茶菜素(isodocarpin) 和苦木碱F (4-methoxy-5-hydroxycanthin-6-one) 均为实验室提取分离所得, 纯度均 > 98%。利福平(rifampicin, RIF, 批号: C15187507)、奥贝胆酸(obeticholic acid, OCA, 批号: #G1929133), 均购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司; 1, 4-二氢-2, 4, 6-三甲基-3, 5-吡啶二甲酸二乙酯(3, 5-diethoxycarbonyl-1, 4-dihydro-2, 4, 6-collidine, DDC, 批号: RH239058), 购自上海易恩化学技术有限公司。实验中使用色谱级甲醇(批号: I622807204)、乙腈(批号: M023853435) 和甲酸(批号: I305842063) 均购于德国Merck公司, 其余分析试剂购于广州化学试剂厂。丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT) 试剂盒(批号: 20210128)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST) 试剂盒(批号: 20210129)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, AKP) 试剂盒(批号: 20210128) 和总胆红素(total bilirubin, TBIL) 试剂盒(批号: 20210130) 均购于南京建成生物工程研究所。RPMI-1640培养基(批号: 8121738)、胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS, 批号: 1795588)、磷酸盐缓冲溶液(phosphate buffer saline, PBS, 批号: 8122392) 及青霉素-链霉素(批号: 2441833) 均购于美国Gibco公司。二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO, 批号: RNBK5094), 购自美国Sigma公司。细胞增殖-毒性检测试剂盒(cell counting kit-8, CCK8, 批号: 22298180), 购自北京兰杰柯科技有限公司。Trizol试剂(批号: 350109), 购自美国Thermo Scientific公司。
仪器设备  H2650R型冷冻离心机(湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司); Waltham型多功能酶标仪(美国PerkinElmer EnSpire公司); FRD-6C型光学显微镜(北京世纪科信科学仪器有限公司); Shimadzu LC-30 AD色谱系统串联AB Sciex Triple-TOF™ 5600+质谱仪(美国AB Sciex公司); Midi 40型二氧化碳恒温培养箱和Nanodrop2000分光光度计(美国Thermo Scientific公司); StepOne Plus荧光实时定量PCR仪(美国Applied Biosystems公司)。
药物制备  消炎利胆方的制备参照《中国药典》2020年版一部“消炎利胆片”项下制法, 等量穿心莲、苦木用80%~85%乙醇加热提取2次, 每次2 h, 提取液滤过, 滤液合并, 回收乙醇并浓缩成穿心莲及苦木浸膏; 溪黄草加水煎煮二次, 煎液滤过, 滤液合并, 浓缩至相对密度为1.20~1.25, 加五倍量70%乙醇, 搅匀, 静置24 h, 滤过, 滤液回收乙醇并浓缩至适量, 得溪黄草浸膏。穿心莲浸膏、苦木浸膏和溪黄草浸膏按生药量1∶1∶1合并, 混匀, 即得消炎利胆方受试品浸膏, 冻干后保存备用。
动物分组及给药  SPF级小鼠(C57BL/6), 雄性, 体重21~24 g, 32只, 购于广州中医药大学实验动物中心(实验动物生产许可证号: SCXK (粤) 2018-0034, 实验动物合格证明编号: No. 44005800012654)。动物实验遵循广州中医药大学动物伦理委员会的规定并通过动物实验伦理审查(批准号: ZYD-2021-001)。小鼠经过适应性喂养7天后, 随机分为对照组(control)、模型组(model)、阳性对照组(OCA, 5 g·kg-1) 和消炎利胆方组(XYLDF, 5 g·kg-1), 每组8只。除对照组给予普通饲料喂养外, 其余各组小鼠均予含0.1% DDC的饲料喂养, 共喂养3周。经DDC饲料喂养1周后, 对照组和模型组小鼠灌胃给予双蒸水, 其余各组小鼠按给药方案灌胃给予对应的药物, 连续给药2周。
血清生化指标检测  小鼠末次给药后1 h, 使用乙醚麻醉小鼠后摘眼球取血, 采集的血液以3 500 r·min-1离心15 min后分离血清, 按照试剂盒说明书, 检测血清中AST、ALT、AKP和TBIL的含量, 其余血清则保存于-80 ℃冰箱用于后续实验。
肝脏病理组织学检查  小鼠取血后分离肝脏, 取肝脏组织(最大叶) 固定于4%多聚甲醛溶液中, 经梯度脱水、石蜡包埋、石蜡切片、苏木素-伊红染色和中性树胶封片等步骤后, 在光学显微镜下观察肝脏组织的病理变化并进行肝脏组织学病理评分[12], 其余组织则保存于-80 ℃冰箱备用。
代谢组学分析
血清样本处理取正常组、模型组和消炎利胆方组每只小鼠100 μL血清, 加入4倍量甲醇涡旋1 min后离心(16 000 r·min-1, 10 min, 4 ℃), 取上清液真空干燥, 用100 μL甲醇复溶, 再次离心后取上清液进样检测。
质控(QC) 样品的制备每只小鼠血清各取10 μL混合后按上述处理即得。
色谱条件  Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm); 流动相: A相为乙腈; B相为0.1%甲酸水; 柱温: 40 ℃; 进样量: 2 μL; 流速: 0.35 mL·min-1。正离子模式梯度洗脱条件: 0~3 min, 5%→30% A; 3~20 min, 30%→95% A; 20~22 min, 95% A。负离子模式梯度洗脱条件: 0~1 min, 5%→30% A; 1~3 min, 30%→50% A; 3~4 min, 50% A→62% A; 4~12 min, 62%→95% A; 12~14 min, 95% A。
质谱条件  电喷雾离子源(ESI); 源喷雾电压(ISFV): ±4 500 V; 辅助加热气温度(TEM): 500 ℃; 雾化气(Gas1): 55 psi (1 psi ≈ 6.9 kPa); 辅助气(Gas2): 55 psi; 气帘气(CUR): 35 psi; 解簇电压(DP): ±100 V; 碰撞能量(CE): ±35 eV; 碰撞能量扩展(CES): 15 eV。质谱的质量扫描范围均为100~1 200 Da, 正负离子模式均使用亮氨酸脑啡肽(m/z 554.261 5) 进行质量校正。
数据处理与分析  原始质谱数据采集使用AB Sciex Analyst® TF 1.7处理软件, 并使用AB Sciex MarkerView 1.3.1软件提取数据矩阵, 用于多元统计分析, 包括主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA) 和正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA)。根据“P < 0.05及VIP ≥ 1”原则筛选出差异离子峰, 其MS数据通过与HMDB、MassBank和MetLin等数据库及文献信息进行匹配, 确定差异代谢物。将差异代谢物导入MetaboAnalyst 5.0 (https://www.metaboanalyst.ca/) 中进行通路富集分析; 再将其导入Metscape和UniProt数据库(https://www.uniprot.org/) 中, 收集与差异代谢物相关的靶点, 并通过STRING数据库(https://cn.string-db.org/) 分析这些靶点的“蛋白-蛋白”相互作用, 采用Cytoscape软件进行可视化。
分子对接  选取“蛋白-蛋白”相互作用(protein-protein interaction, PPI) 网络图中度值排名靠前的靶点, 通过PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) 数据库和RSCB PDB (https://www.rcsb.org/) 数据库获取相应活性成分和关键靶点蛋白的3D结构文件。将处理后的关键靶点和活性成分结构导入AutoDock Tools 1.5.6软件进行分子对接试验, 对接结果使用PyMol软件进行可视化分析。
CCK8法检测细胞存活率  LO2细胞用含10% FBS、1%青-链霉素的RPMI-1640完全培养液培养于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中。取处于对数生长期的LO2细胞接种于96孔板中, 待细胞汇合度至80%~90%左右, 弃去原培养液, 分别加入含苦木碱F、脱水穿心莲内酯和毛果青茶菜素(终浓度为0.1、1、10、50、100、200、500 μmol·L-1) 的完全培养液100 μL, 培养24 h后, 弃去培养液, 加入含10% CCK8培养液, 于培养箱中孵育1 h, 酶标仪450 nm下检测每孔吸光度值并计算细胞存活率及IC50值。
实时荧光定量聚合酶链锁反应(real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, RT-qPCR) 检测CYP3A4 mRNA的表达  取处于对数生长期的LO2细胞接种于六孔板中培养, 待细胞汇合度至80%~90%左右, 弃去原培养液, 正常对照组加入含0.1% DMSO的完全培养液2 mL, 给药组分别加入含苦木碱F、脱水穿心莲内酯和毛果青茶菜素(终浓度为0.1、1、10 μmol·L-1) 的完全培养液2 mL, 各组细胞培养24 h后收集细胞。采用Trizol法抽提各组细胞的总RNA并使用紫外分光光度计测定RNA纯度与浓度, 根据SYBR Green荧光定量PCR试剂盒说明测定目的基因的表达, 反应程序: 95 ℃变性15 s, 60 ℃退火15 s, 72 ℃延伸32 s, 共40个循环, 以GADPH为内参基因, 用2-△△Ct法计算目的基因在各组的相对表达量, 目的基因的引物序列见表 1
统计方法  采用SPSS 25.0进行统计分析, 实验数据均以均数±标准差($\bar{x}$ ± s) 表示, 两组间比较采用Student's t检验, 多组间比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA), P < 0.05表示具有显著性差异。
结果如图 1A~D所示, 与对照组相比, 模型组小鼠血清中ALT、AST、AKP及TBIL水平显著升高(P < 0.01), 表明DDC诱导小鼠出现肝损伤和胆汁外排障碍, 形成慢性肝内胆汁淤积; 与模型组相比, 消炎利胆方干预后可显著降低CIHC小鼠血清中AST、ALT、AKP和TBIL水平(P < 0.05), 表明消炎利胆方能有效缓解DDC诱导的CIHC小鼠的肝脏损伤和肝内胆汁淤积。
各组小鼠肝脏病理组织观察结果如图 1E所示, 正常组小鼠肝脏组织中肝细胞排列规则, 无明显变性坏死现象, 胆管周围无明显炎性细胞浸润。与正常组小鼠相比, 模型组小鼠肝脏汇管区和胆管周围可见明显的炎性细胞浸润, 肝细胞坏死灶, 胆管内胆栓形成, 伴有不规则的新生胆管出现等病理变化, 同时肝脏组织病理评分也显著升高(P < 0.01)。与模型组相比, 阳性药OCA干预CIHC小鼠后, 其肝组织中炎症细胞浸润区域和坏死病灶面积明显减少; 经消炎利胆方干预后, CIHC小鼠肝脏中炎症细胞浸润面积明显减少, 肝细胞水肿和坏死的现象减轻, 同时胆栓数量也显著减少, 肝脏组织病理评分(图 1F) 也明显降低(P < 0.05), 表明消炎利胆方能有效缓解CIHC的肝脏病变情况。
实验采用UPLC-Q-TOF/MS采集正常组、模型组和消炎利胆方组小鼠血清内源性小分子代谢物数据, 总离子流图如图 2A、B所示, 经预处理后进行多元统计分析。从PCA得分图(图 2C) 可知, 正常组、模型组和消炎利胆方组之间分离趋势明显, 表明DDC诱导的CIHC对机体内源性代谢轮廓产生影响, 消炎利胆方干预后, 进一步改变了CIHC小鼠的代谢轮廓。此外, QC样本聚集性好, 说明仪器稳定, 数据可靠。
为了最大程度地分离样本, 建立了OPLS-DA的监督模式识别方法, OPLS-DA得分图(图 2DE) 结果显示, 正常组、模型组与消炎利胆方组之间存在显著差异, 正常组与模型组在正离子模式下R2YQ2分别为0.996和0.96, 在负离子模式下R2YQ2分别为0.996和0.968; 模型组与消炎利胆方组在正离子模式下R2YQ2分别为0.99和0.897, 在负离子模式下R2YQ2分别为0.996和0.891, 表明模型质量良好。同时对OPLS-DA模型进行1 000次置换检验判断该模型是否出现过拟合现象, 离子模式Q2均大于0.5, 表明模型未出现过拟合现象, 验证了数据多元分析模型的有效性。上述多元统计模型的分析结果均显示, 消炎利胆方对CIHC小鼠内源性小分子代谢轮廓具有显著的调控作用。
根据VIP ≥ 1及P < 0.05标准筛选差异变量, 通过质谱数据与数据库匹配确认差异代谢物, 最终确定35个与胆汁淤积相关的差异代谢物(表 2)。经消炎利胆方干预后, 其中12个差异代谢物显著回调。热图分析显示(图 3A), 这12个差异代谢物在不同组间区分明显, 组内聚类理想, 可以表征消炎利胆方干预CIHC引起的内源性小分子代谢轮廓的变化。
经MetaboAnalyst 5.0的代谢途径富集分析(图 3B), 发现CIHC的代谢紊乱与原代胆汁酸生物合成、类固醇生物激素合成、卟啉和叶绿素代谢等代谢通路相关, 表明在胆汁淤积状态下, 能量代谢异常, 胆汁酸稳态发生紊乱。经消炎利胆方干预后, 与模型组相比, 初级胆汁酸熊果胆酸(ursocholic acid)、胆酸(cholic acid)、次级胆汁酸7-酮石胆酸(3α-hydroxy-7-oxo-5β-cholanic acid) 以及长链脂肪酸十四烷二酸(tetradecanedioic acid)、13-L-氢过氧化亚油酸(13-L-hydroperoxylinoleic acid) 等差异代谢物显著回调(图 3C), 主要涉及原代胆汁酸生物合成(primary bile acid biosynthesis)、苯丙氨酸代谢(phenylalanine metabolism)、亚油酸代谢(linoleic acid metabolism)、半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸代谢(cysteine and methionine metabolism) 及酪氨酸代谢(tyrosine metabolism), 提示消炎利胆方可能通过调节胆汁酸合成、分泌、代谢和排泄过程改善胆汁酸代谢紊乱, 同时通过影响氨基酸代谢等缓解部分能量代谢紊乱。为了进一步明确消炎利胆方回调的差异代谢物对疾病的影响, 对12个回调的差异代谢物与上述药理学实验中检测的药效学指标进行相关性分析(图 3D), 发现这些差异代谢物与ALT、AST、AKP和TBIL药效学指标均具有强相关性, 提示消炎利胆方调控的差异代谢物对干预CIHC具有重要意义, 其中, 7-酮石胆酸、猪胆酸(hyocholic acid)、熊果胆酸、胆酸、7-酮胆酸盐(7-oxodeoxycholate) 等与胆汁酸合成、分泌和代谢有关的胆汁酸成分相关性最为显著, 可能是影响CIHC疾病进程中的重要生物标志物。
利用MetScape软件和UniProt数据库分析与消炎利胆方药效相关差异代谢物的潜在关联靶点, 并通过构建PPI网络(图 4) 分析靶点间的联系, 结果显示细胞色素P450 3A4酶(CYP3A4) 与其他靶点之间的相互作用最为显著, 其次为P450 1A1酶(CYP1A1)、P450 2E1酶(CYP2E1) 及P450 2B6酶(CYP2B6), 这些靶点有可能是消炎利胆方干预CIHC较为重要的潜在靶点。
采用分子对接的虚拟筛选方法对消炎利胆方活性成分及潜在靶点进行结合亲和力研究。作者[13]前期研究发现, 诺多星(nodosin) 和毛果青茶菜素是溪黄草中主要的保肝活性成分, 穿心莲内酯(andrographolide) 和脱水穿心莲内酯具有抗炎、抗氧化等药理作用, 苦木碱F和苦木碱B (1-methoxycarbonyl-β-carboline) 是苦木中主要的活性生物碱成分[14, 15], 因此选择上述6个消炎利胆方中的活性成分作为小分子配体; 根据图 4中PPI网络结果选取相互作用最明显的2个潜在靶点(CYP3A4和CYP1A1) 作为分子对接的蛋白配体。结果如表 3中所示, 所有组合的对接结合能均小于0 kcal·mol-1, 表明活性成分与靶标均能自发结合, 且二者之间表现出较强的结合亲和力和较高的对接得分, 其中6个活性成分与CYP3A4的结合情况最好, 对接结果可视化模式见图 5A, 对接结果以热图形式展示(图 5B), 结果显示配体与受体之间的相互作用力, 包括氢键、疏水作用力等, 其中二者以氢键相互作用最为明显。
分子对接结果表明, 消炎利胆方中活性成分与CYP3A4和CYP1A1均具有较好的结合亲和力, 其中与CYP3A4的相互作用更为稳定, 可能是消炎利胆方活性成分最为突出的药效靶点。
为了进一步验证分子对接的结果, 本实验选取了消炎利胆方中3个对接得分较高的活性成分考察对LO2肝细胞中CYP3A4 mRNA表达的影响。LO2细胞存活率如图 6A所示, 与对照组相比, 苦木碱F和脱水穿心莲内酯在0.1、1、10、50 μmol·L-1浓度下对LO2细胞存活率没有显著影响, 毛果青茶菜素在0.1、1、10 μmol·L-1浓度下对LO2细胞存活率没有显著影响。因此, 根据上述结果, 选择0.1、1、10 μmol·L-1浓度考察对LO2细胞CYP3A4 mRNA表达的影响。实验选择利福平(10 μmol·L-1) 作为阳性对照, 结果如图 6B所示。与对照组相比, 利福平给药后显著增加了LO2细胞中CYP3A4 mRNA的表达(P < 0.01), 利福平为CYP3A4的诱导剂, 表明LO2细胞可以作为评估外源性药物对CYP3A4 mRNA转录调节影响的体外模型。苦木碱F和脱水穿心莲内酯在0.1 μmol·L-1浓度下对CYP3A4 mRNA水平无显著影响, 在1 μmol·L-1和10 μmol·L-1浓度下均可以显著增加CYP3A4 mRNA的表达(P < 0.01), 其中脱水穿心莲内酯在10 μmol·L-1浓度下对CYP3A4 mRNA的诱导水平与阳性药利福平相当; 毛果青茶菜素在0.1~10 μmol·L-1浓度范围内均显著上调CYP3A4 mRNA的表达(P < 0.01), 并呈剂量依赖性, 以上结果表明苦木碱F、脱水穿心莲内酯和毛果青茶菜素可以显著诱导CYP3A4 mRNA的表达, 其中, 毛果青茶菜素诱导效果最好。上述结果提示消炎利胆方可能通过诱导CYP3A4基因的表达来改善DDC诱导的CIHC。
有研究认为, DDC可能通过诱发肝脏卟啉蓄积对胆管细胞和肝细胞产生毒性作用, 并通过卟啉结晶堵塞肝内胆小管, 造成显著的肝内胆汁淤积[16], 故本研究采用DDC诱导小鼠复制CIHC模型, 结果表明, DDC诱导小鼠出现肝脏病变, 肝内胆汁淤积明显加重, 同时, 由于肝细胞肿胀或坏死(如黄疸型肝炎) 导致肝内胆管受压, 排泄胆汁受阻[17], 引起血清中AKP、ALT、AST和TBIL的水平异常升高, 这表明模型组小鼠的肝细胞功能受损, 代谢组学结果也显示模型组小鼠出现卟啉和叶绿素代谢异常, 血清中胆红素与胆绿素水平显著升高。消炎利胆方干预后, 对AST、ALT、AKP和TBIL指标均具有回调作用, 同时也减轻了肝脏病变程度, 对CIHC具有较好的缓解作用。
胆酸是初级胆汁酸之一, 属于游离型胆汁酸, 对胆汁酸的合成转运具有重要意义。胆酸疏水性较高, 胆汁排泄障碍时会对细胞造成毒性损伤[18], 由其与甘氨酸结合生成的甘氨胆酸属于结合型胆汁酸, 可以提高水溶性, 在生理状态下, 肝脏能摄取血液中的甘氨胆酸, 这个过程被称为胆汁酸的重吸收, 即肝肠循环, 而在病理状态下, 由于胆汁酸的转运中断, 胆汁酸在肝脏中的累积导致体循环中胆汁酸的浓度升高进而造成血中的甘氨胆酸升高[19]。目前在关于胆汁淤积的代谢组学研究中[20], 所发现的生物标志物大多集中在胆汁酸的代谢谱上, 高频的生物标志物如甘氨胆酸等均表现出上调趋势。而本研究发现, 胆酸、甘氨胆酸、熊果胆酸、猪胆酸、石胆甘氨酸、7-酮胆酸盐、7-酮石胆酸等胆汁酸成分均在CIHC小鼠血清中显著升高, 通路富集结果也显示原代胆汁酸生物合成的P值最小, 表明胆汁淤积对原代胆汁酸生物合成的影响最为明显。经消炎利胆方干预后, 胆酸、熊果胆酸、7-酮胆酸盐、7-酮石胆酸的水平显著回调, 这表明消炎利胆方可以有效缓解胆汁酸代谢紊乱, 恢复相关代谢异常状态。
肝内胆汁的形成可分为四个阶段, 第一阶段为肝细胞吸收生成胆汁的物质, 第二阶段则将脂质化合物转化成水溶性化合物, 第三阶段生成结合型胆汁酸, 最后一阶段胆酸盐分泌至胆小管。其中第二个阶段主要取决于细胞色素P450酶的活性, 将脂质化合物转化为下一阶段的可溶性底物[21]。CYP3A4是细胞色素P450家族中最为重要的酶, 是体内参与胆汁酸代谢的主要酶之一, 主要存在于肝脏中[22]。胆汁酸作为CYP3A4的底物, 当体内胆汁酸蓄积过多的时候, CYP3A4的表达适应性上调, 催化胆汁酸羟基化, 增加胆汁酸的亲水性, 从而促进胆汁酸的解毒并增加其肾脏消除, 降低胆汁淤积导致的肝损伤, 因此, CYP3A4介导的羟基化是维持胆汁酸稳态的关键途径[23]。而在CYP3A4诱导表达调控中, 孕烷X受体(pregnane X receptor, PXR) 作为关键转录因子起核心作用, 研究表明, PXR主要与CYP3A的药物应答启动子或增强子DR-3和ER-6元件结合, 参与CYP3A的诱导表达[24]。PXR是核受体超家族中的一员, 其作为一种生物传感器, 可被多种内源性代谢物如胆汁酸或外源性药物所激活, 激活后的PXR从细胞质转移至核内, 与维甲酸X受体(retinoid X receptor, RXR) 结合形成异源二聚体, 进而调控药物代谢酶、外排转运蛋白等靶基因的表达[25]。现代研究发现PXR可通过诱导CYP3A4的表达上调胆汁酸清除率, 同时通过抑制CYP7A1的活性进而减少内源性胆汁酸的合成, 中药对PXR-CYPs轴的调控作用直接影响药物代谢动力学特征, 进而影响药物的活性[7, 26], 因此, PXR-CYPs轴被认为是中药治疗胆汁淤积的潜在途径。此外, 胆汁淤积性肝病的核心是胆管炎, 在胆汁淤积状态下胆汁酸水平升高会诱导肝细胞分泌细胞因子[27], 招募大量中性粒细胞引发炎症, 而由促炎因子在转录水平上介导的CYP3A家族表达下降与炎症状态密切相关[28]。研究表明, 白介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6) 介导的MAPK/ERK和PI3K/AKT信号通路在炎症期间下调CYP酶的活性, 而IL-6抑制剂托珠单抗可以上调CYP3A4 mRNA的表达[29], JAK抑制剂芦可替尼也可以逆转IL-6介导的CYP1A2和CYP3A4酶活性的降低[30], 提示通过抑制炎症反应上调CYP3A4等代谢酶的表达可以有效缓解胆汁淤积症状。本研究根据已经鉴别的潜在生物标志物进一步寻找相关靶点, 发现CYP3A4与其他蛋白的相互作用最为密切, 分子对接结果也表明消炎利胆方中的6个活性成分与CYP3A4能够产生较好结合, 结合能均小于-5 kcal·mol-1, 其中与活性成分的结合程度高低顺序为毛果青茶菜素 > 脱水穿心莲内酯 > 苦木碱F。进一步通过细胞实验表明该3个活性成分在0.1~10 μmol·L-1浓度内均能诱导LO2细胞中CYP3A4 mRNA的表达, 其中毛果青茶菜素对CYP3A4 mRNA的诱导呈剂量依赖性, 且在10 μmol·L-1时的诱导效果优于阳性药利福平, 明确消炎利胆方通过上调CYP3A4基因的表达来治疗CIHC。
芳香烃受体(aryl hydrocarbon receptor, AHR) 是一种由配体激活的转录因子, 调节参与异生代谢的酶和抗氧化基因的转录激活, 如CYP1A1、CYP1A2、NADPH等[31]。CYP1A1参与花生四烯酸、孕酮等内源性化合物的Ⅰ相代谢, 亦参与氧化应激的形成[32], 抑制AHR-CYP1A1轴的表达可以降低活性氧和超氧化物歧化酶的水平, 以此来调节脂质过氧化, 进而抑制氧化应激, 减轻肝损伤[33]。尽管CYP1A1在肝CYP酶中的表达丰度并不高, 但有研究发现, CYP1A1也与肝功能障碍和胆汁淤积相关, 在慢性肝炎患者中CYP1A1基因表达水平显著下降[34]。有研究通过荧光素酶报告实验证明了α-萘异硫氰酸酯对AHR的激活, AHR被敲除后对脂质谱的调节可能是对急性胆汁淤积的潜在抵抗机制[35]。临床上常用的治疗湿热黄疸的中药黄连、黄芩激活了小鼠体内的AHR, 并以AHR依赖的方式增加了小鼠肝脏中CYP1A1的表达, 但其中某些重要的化学成分对CYP1A1有不同程度的抑制作用, 这表明药物对AHR-CYP1A1轴并非单一调控作用, 相关的生理病理状态有可能通过AHR-CYP1A1轴的双重调节以实现稳态控制[36]。从靶点间关联的结果中看出, CYP1A1可能也是消炎利胆方治疗CIHC的潜在药效靶点之一, CYP1A1与消炎利胆方的6个活性成分在分子对接结果中也具有较高对接得分, 值得关注的是, 溪黄草中的两个活性成分诺多星和毛果青茶菜素与CYP1A1的对接得分最高, 但和其他小分子与CYP1A1相互作用多为氢键相互作用力贡献不同的是, 诺多星和毛果青茶菜素与CYP1A1之间贡献度较大的为疏水作用力, 这可能与小分子配体结构有关。
综上所述, 本研究通过代谢组学及分子对接技术从内源性小分子代谢和计算机模拟分析层面分析了消炎利胆方干预CIHC的潜在作用机制, 结果表明消炎利胆方对肝脏组织病变和胆汁代谢障碍具有良好的改善作用, 其通过诱导细胞色素P450酶中CYP3A4基因的表达调控胆汁酸代谢途径, 调节胆汁酸紊乱来缓解胆汁淤积的发展进程, 为后续进一步研究其分子机制提供了基础。
作者贡献: 陈思敏和黄锦豪主要负责实验操作和论文撰写; 王德勤和夏玉英主要负责提供药品和质量控制; 王美琪主要负责实验设计和数据分析; 石润丰主要负责实验结果复核及论文修改; 刘方乐、祝晨蔯和林朝展主要负责本研究的实验设计、基金支持和论文修改。所有作者阅读并认可最终稿。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82174266)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81974520)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81673872)
  • 广东省普通高校重点领域专项(2021ZDZX2021)
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2023年第58卷第11期
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文章信息
doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0452
  • 接收时间:2023-04-11
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-11
  • 修回日期:2023-07-17
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82174266)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81974520)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81673872)
广东省普通高校重点领域专项(2021ZDZX2021)
作者信息
    1.广州中医药大学中药学院, 广东 广州 510006
    2.广州白云山和记黄埔中药有限公司, 广东 广州 510000
    3.南方医科大学第一临床医学院, 广东 广州 510515

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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