Article(id=1201177208766297004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201177206518145841, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0449, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1681142400000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-11, revisedDate=1688832000000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764312563362, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1704988800000, pubDateStr=2024-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764312563362, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764312563362, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764312563362, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201177206518145841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='268', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764312562826, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764312760268, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201178034725417827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201177206518145841, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201178034725417828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201177206518145841, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=43, endPage=60, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201177209248641973, articleId=1201177208766297004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Recent advances in small-molecule inhibitors targeting influenza virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Influenza virus causes serious threat to human life and health. Due to the inherent high variability of influenza virus, clinically resistant mutant strains of currently approved anti-influenza virus drugs have emerged. Therefore, it is urgent to develop antiviral drugs with new targets or mechanisms of action. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is directly responsible for viral RNA transcription and replication, and plays key roles in the viral life cycle, which is considered an important target of anti-influenza drug design. From the point of view of medicinal chemistry, this review summarizes current advances in diverse small-molecule inhibitors targeting influenza virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, hoping to provide valuable reference for development of novel antiviral drugs.

, correspAuthors=Xin-yong LIU, Peng ZHAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hui-nan JIA, Rui-fang JIA, Ji-wei ZHANG, Yuan-min JIANG, Chuan-feng LIU, Ying ZHANG, Xin-yong LIU, Peng ZHAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201177216328626580, articleId=1201177208766297004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=靶向流感病毒RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶的小分子抑制剂研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

流感病毒严重威胁人类的生命健康。由于流感病毒固有的高变异性, 目前上市的抗流感病毒药物已出现临床耐药突变株。因此, 亟需开发具有新靶标、新机制的抗流感药物。RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶直接负责病毒RNA的转录和复制, 在病毒的生命周期中发挥关键作用, 是抗流感药物的重要靶标。本文精选近十年典型研究实例, 从药物化学角度总结了靶向流感病毒RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶抑制剂的研究进展, 以期为研发抗流感病毒药物提供参考。

, correspAuthors=刘新泳, 展鹏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘新泳, E-mail: ;
展鹏, E-mail:
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#共同第一作者.

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A: The structure of pimodivir. B: The complex structure of pimodivir bound to the PB2 cap-binding domain , figureFileSmall=/jNGBQqxL6EZckFtg2Q3Rg==, figureFileBig=mwQdw9k3as/6IIkeJbqHaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177223895151354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177208766297004, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=cTHyFA+fsuO6swxRcv45Xw==, figureFileBig=0xLDEnBbSi636Ts3WUyvcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177223983231741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177208766297004, language=CN, label=Figure 18, caption= The complex structure of pimodivir bound to the PB2 cap-binding domain and structures of pimodivir derivatives <strong>47</strong> and <strong>48</strong>. A: The complex structure of pimodivir bound to the PB2 cap-binding domain; B: Structures of pimodivir derivatives <strong>47</strong> and <strong>48</strong> , figureFileSmall=cTHyFA+fsuO6swxRcv45Xw==, figureFileBig=0xLDEnBbSi636Ts3WUyvcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177224067117822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177208766297004, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=SsV1JikOM9Zjbrs5USo4Mw==, figureFileBig=NJx8WbgKqTvZewHNMi/UWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177224130032383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177208766297004, language=CN, label=Figure 19, caption= Structures of pimodivir derivatives <strong>49</strong> and <strong>50</strong> , figureFileSmall=SsV1JikOM9Zjbrs5USo4Mw==, figureFileBig=NJx8WbgKqTvZewHNMi/UWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177224230695681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, 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靶向流感病毒RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶的小分子抑制剂研究进展
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贾惠婻 # , 贾瑞芳 # , 张继伟 , 江圆敏 , 刘传峰 , 张莹 , 刘新泳 * , 展鹏 *
药学学报 | 综述 2024,59(1): 43-60
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药学学报 | 综述 2024, 59(1): 43-60
靶向流感病毒RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶的小分子抑制剂研究进展
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贾惠婻#, 贾瑞芳#, 张继伟, 江圆敏, 刘传峰, 张莹, 刘新泳* , 展鹏*
作者信息
  • 山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012

通讯作者:

*刘新泳, E-mail: ;
展鹏, E-mail:
Recent advances in small-molecule inhibitors targeting influenza virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Hui-nan JIA, Rui-fang JIA, Ji-wei ZHANG, Yuan-min JIANG, Chuan-feng LIU, Ying ZHANG, Xin-yong LIU* , Peng ZHAN*
Affiliations
  • Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
出版时间: 2024-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0449
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流感病毒严重威胁人类的生命健康。由于流感病毒固有的高变异性, 目前上市的抗流感病毒药物已出现临床耐药突变株。因此, 亟需开发具有新靶标、新机制的抗流感药物。RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶直接负责病毒RNA的转录和复制, 在病毒的生命周期中发挥关键作用, 是抗流感药物的重要靶标。本文精选近十年典型研究实例, 从药物化学角度总结了靶向流感病毒RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶抑制剂的研究进展, 以期为研发抗流感病毒药物提供参考。

流感病毒  /  抗病毒药物  /  RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶  /  抑制剂  /  药物设计

Influenza virus causes serious threat to human life and health. Due to the inherent high variability of influenza virus, clinically resistant mutant strains of currently approved anti-influenza virus drugs have emerged. Therefore, it is urgent to develop antiviral drugs with new targets or mechanisms of action. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is directly responsible for viral RNA transcription and replication, and plays key roles in the viral life cycle, which is considered an important target of anti-influenza drug design. From the point of view of medicinal chemistry, this review summarizes current advances in diverse small-molecule inhibitors targeting influenza virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, hoping to provide valuable reference for development of novel antiviral drugs.

influenza virus  /  antiviral drug  /  RNA-dependent RNA polymerase  /  inhibitor  /  drug design
贾惠婻, 贾瑞芳, 张继伟, 江圆敏, 刘传峰, 张莹, 刘新泳, 展鹏. 靶向流感病毒RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶的小分子抑制剂研究进展. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (1) : 43 -60 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0449
Hui-nan JIA, Rui-fang JIA, Ji-wei ZHANG, Yuan-min JIANG, Chuan-feng LIU, Ying ZHANG, Xin-yong LIU, Peng ZHAN. Recent advances in small-molecule inhibitors targeting influenza virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (1) : 43 -60 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0449
流感是由流感病毒引起的严重呼吸道疾病, 分为季节性和散发性流感两种形式, 其在世界范围内造成了较高的发病率和死亡率, 以及重大的社会经济损失。例如, 世界卫生组织(WHO) 统计数据显示, 到目前为止2009年H1N1型病毒株在全球造成的死亡人数约20万[1, 2]。流感病毒属于正黏病毒科(Orthonlyxovoridae), 是一种单股负链RNA病毒, 可分为多种类型(甲、乙、丙和丁型), 其中甲型流感病毒可以感染飞鸟、家禽和人类, 是引发流感大流行的主要病原体[3, 4]
流感病毒的生命周期可分为吸附、内吞、融合、复制、翻译、装配、出芽和释放等环节[5]。阻断其生命周期的任何一个过程, 均可以阻断流感病毒复制。目前已批准上市的抗流感病毒药物主要包括M2离子通道阻滞剂[金刚烷胺(1, amantadine) 和金刚乙胺(2, rimantadine)]、神经氨酸酶(neuraminidase, NA) 抑制剂[扎那米韦(3, zanamivir)、奥司他韦(4, oseltamivir phosphate)、帕拉米韦(5, peramivir) 和拉尼娜米韦辛酸酯(6, laninamivir octanoate)] 和帽依赖性核酸内切酶(cap-dependent endonuclease) 抑制剂巴洛沙韦(7, baloxavir marboxil, BXM) (图 1), 分别作用于病毒生命周期的融合、释放和转录与复制环节。其中M2离子通道阻滞剂只对甲型流感病毒有效, 由于其严重的耐药性和中枢神经系统不良反应, 美国疾病预防与控制中心(CDC) 不再建议使用此类药物治疗甲型流感[6, 7]; 而一线抗流感病毒药物奥司他韦也因耐药株的出现导致临床应用受到限制, 如N1-H274Y突变株[8]; 巴洛沙韦作为第一个上市的核酸内切酶抑制剂, 抗甲型和乙型流感病毒活性最强, 但也出现了I38T等耐药突变株[9]。流感病毒RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶(RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RdRp) 主要负责病毒的转录和复制, 在其生命周期中起着关键作用, 且在各种甲型和乙型流感病毒中均高度保守[10]。特别是, 近年来流感病毒RdRp复合物的结构生物学研究取得了新进展, RdRp已成为抗流感病毒药物研发的重要靶标。本文精选了近十年典型研究实例, 从药物化学的角度总结了靶向流感病毒RdRp抑制剂的研究进展。
RdRp是一种异源三聚体, 由聚合酶酸性蛋白(polymerase acidic protein, PA)、聚合酶碱性蛋白1 (polymerase basic protein 1, PB1) 和聚合酶碱性蛋白2 (polymerase basic protein 2, PB2) 通过非共价方式结合形成(图 2), 参与病毒的转录和复制[11]。由于流感病毒自身不能合成转录所必需的5′帽引物, 所以需要夺取宿主细胞RNA的5′帽结构, 即“抢帽” (cap-snatching)。在这个过程中, PB2的帽结合区域首先与宿主细胞mRNA的5′帽状结构结合, 随后PA从帽状结构中切割8~14个核苷酸, 生成5′帽引物。产生的引物片段作为病毒转录的引物在PB1的催化下启动转录过程。RdRp的三个亚基高度保守, 抑制任一部分都可以达到抑制流感病毒复制的作用[12, 13]。根据不同的作用位点, 目前的RdRp抑制剂主要分为PA抑制剂、PB1抑制剂、PB2抑制剂、PA-PB1和PB1-PB2蛋白-蛋白相互作用抑制剂(protein-protein interaction inhibitors, PPIs)。
2018年, 首个可口服的PA抑制剂巴洛沙韦(7) 先后在日本和美国上市。其由日本盐野义制药公司和罗氏制药公司共同研发, 用于治疗甲型和乙型流感。巴洛沙韦作为前药, 经口服后转化为活性形式巴洛沙韦酸(8, baloxavir acid, BXA, 图 3), 通过抑制抢帽过程阻断病毒mRNA合成, 从而阻止流感病毒复制发挥抗病毒作用[14]
由于PA内切酶与HIV整合酶同为金属酶, 日本盐野义制药公司采用“优势骨架再定位”策略, 将HIV整合酶抑制剂度鲁特韦(9, dolutegravir) 的双金属结合药效团骨架, 即氨甲酰吡啶酮骨架(carbamoyl pyridone bicycle, CAB) 转移到PA抑制剂的设计中[15]。研究人员以含CAB骨架的化合物10为先导, 基于构效关系研究(structure-activity relationship, SAR) 对其C (N)-1、N-3和C-7位进行结构修饰合成了一系列氨甲酰吡啶酮衍生物(图 4)。其中化合物11对PA的抑制活性(IC50 = 0.286 μmol·L-1) 远高于10 (IC50 = 68.6 μmol·L-1), 对甲型H1N1 (EC50 = 0.081 6 μmol·L-1) 和乙型(EC50 = 0.124 3 μmol·L-1) 流感病毒均有强效抑制活性, 且细胞毒性低(CC50 > 25 μmol·L-1, MDBK细胞)。此外, 11在小鼠体内清除率为10.9 mL·min-1·kg-1, 显示出较好的药代动力学性质[16]。随后, 研究人员在11N-1位引入疏水性取代基, 并修饰其N-3位以改善药代动力学性质, 设计合成了一系列二氢二苯并噻庚环类化合物。其中化合物12抑制PA的活性(IC50 = 5.57 nmol·L-1) 是11的51倍, 抗H1N1流感病毒活性(EC50 = 4.28 nmol·L-1) 是11的19倍, 同时小鼠体内清除率达到了11.0 mL·min-1·kg-1, 与11相当。在感染甲型流感病毒的小鼠模型中, 与磷酸奥司他韦(以临床剂量5 mg·kg-1口服给药) 相比, 12以0.4 mg·kg-1的口服剂量使小鼠肺部病毒滴度减少了十分之一[17]。通过骨架跃迁策略(scaffold hopping) 对12进行多样性的结构修饰得到了巴洛沙韦酸, 随后采用前药策略优化得到可口服的巴洛沙韦[18, 19]
从巴洛沙韦酸与PA靶标复合物晶体结构(图 3) 可以看出, CAB骨架中的两个羰基和一个羟基与PA内切酶活性位点上的两个Mn2+配位, 而二氢二苯并噻庚环则通过疏水作用与PA内切酶活性位点的疏水口袋结合。巴洛沙韦对包括奥司他韦耐药株在内的甲型和乙型流感病毒均有效, 单次口服一片就可减轻流感症状, 而奥司他韦需要服用五天[9]。但是在体外活性表征中PA/I38T突变株的出现导致巴洛沙韦抗甲、乙型流感病毒活性明显降低(EC50值分别升高30~50倍和7倍); 在临床II期和III期试验中, 接受巴洛沙韦治疗的患者有2.2%~9.7%体内也出现了I38T突变株, 使得巴洛沙韦对流感病毒的敏感性大大降低[20, 21]
2020年, Ivashchenko等[22]针对巴洛沙韦进行优化, 报道了与巴洛沙韦的二氢二苯并噻庚环刚性基团不同的非刚性二苯甲基类化合物(图 5)。分子模拟显示这类化合物与甲型流感病毒(H1N1pdm09) PA内切酶活性位点的结合模式与巴洛沙韦酸相似, 金属离子螯合基团与活性中心的两个Mn2+结合, 二苯甲基疏水基团与活性位点上由残基Ala20、Tyr24、Lys34和Ile38形成的疏水口袋作用。其中化合物13在细胞水平抗H1N1pdm09流感病毒活性(EC50 = 18.5 nmol·L-1) 虽低于巴洛沙韦酸(EC50 = 0.9 nmol·L-1), 但其细胞毒性低(CC50 > 100 μmol·L-1, MRC5细胞) 且在HepG2细胞中未见有线粒体毒性。由于化合物13的金属螯合骨架与巴洛沙韦酸相同, 研究人员同样采用前药策略对13进行修饰, 得到化合物14, 14经口服后在体内水解转化为其活性形式131314在小鼠体内口服生物利用度分别为38.2%和62.1%, 高于巴洛沙韦酸(3%) 和巴洛沙韦(26.9%)。
Ivashchenko等[22]所报道的非刚性二苯甲基类化合物抗病毒活性仍低于巴洛沙韦酸, 因此Tang等[23]认为巴洛沙韦的抗病毒活性依然由其刚性结构二氢二苯并噻庚环决定。随后他们用二苯并环庚烯环取代巴洛沙韦的二氢二苯并噻庚环合成了一系列刚性更强的化合物(图 5), 其中化合物15在细胞水平抗H1N1流感病毒的活性(EC50 = 0.42 nmol·L-1) 明显高于巴洛沙韦酸(EC50 = 0.59 nmol·L-1)。qRT-PCR实验显示15 (3 nmol·L-1) 对H1N1流感病毒M2 RNA的抑制率为88.5%, 稍弱于巴洛沙韦酸(98.3%); 间接免疫荧光实验显示15 (3 nmol·L-1) 在MDCK细胞中对H1N1流感病毒M2蛋白表达的抑制略弱于巴洛沙韦酸。且化合物15的选择性(SI = 449 762) 远高于巴洛沙韦酸(SI = 16 220), 在小鼠体内的口服生物利用度(F = 22.9%) 也高于巴洛沙韦酸(4.2%) 和巴洛沙韦(14.9%)。同时15只有一个手性中心, 大大降低了合成和纯化难度[19]
2013年, Sagong等[24]利用X-射线晶体学(X-ray crystallography) 方法对甲型流感病毒PA内切酶进行片段筛选, 发现化合物5-氯-3-羟基吡啶-2(1H)-酮能够作为PA活性位点的双金属螯合配体, 因此该课题组开发了3-羟基喹啉-2(1H)-酮系列PA抑制剂(图 6)。SAR研究发现, 6位和7位对氟苯基取代的化合物1617对PA的抑制活性较好, IC50值均为0.05 μmol·L-1。化合物17与PA靶标复合物共晶结构显示(图 6), 其3-羟基吡啶-2(1H)-酮结构中的羰基和羟基与PA活性中心的两个Mn2+螯合, 质子化的氮原子也通过水分子介导与Mn2+螯合, 且羟基与Lys134上的主链氨基形成氢键; 喹啉环以50°角向His41倾斜与之形成π-π堆积作用, 7-对氟苯基插入由Ala20、Met21、Tyr24、Asp26、Lys34和Ile38形成的口袋, 与Ala20、Tyr24和Ile38形成疏水作用。
在后续的研究中, 该课题组又合成了苯基取代的5-羟基嘧啶-4(3H)-酮类化合物(图 7), 其中4-(四氮唑) 苯衍生物18抑制PA的活性较好(IC50 = 0.15 μmol·L-1), 而3-(四氮唑) 苯衍生物19活性明显降低(IC50 = 0.48 μmol·L-1); 但3-(氰基) 苯衍生物20的抑制活性(IC50 = 0.25 μmol·L-1) 是4-(氰基) 苯衍生物21 (IC50 = 0.52 μmol·L-1) 的2倍[25]。由此可以看出化合物对PA的抑制活性受取代基基团的种类及位置共同影响。
2016年, Miyagawa等[26]在其螯合物库中进行筛选发现了对PA有抑制活性的4-吡啶酮酸类化合物22 (IC50 = 3.23 μmol·L-1)。随后, 为进一步丰富构效关系, 他们针对22的螯合部位与亲脂性基团之间的距离进行优化合成了一系列4-吡啶酮酸衍生物(图 8), 其中化合物23对PA抑制活性较好(IC50 = 0.714 μmol·L-1), 但分子模拟显示23只能占据PA活性中心的一个疏水口袋(pocket 1)。为了进一步提高化合物的活性, 他们尝试引入能够占据pocket 2的亲脂性基团, 通过对4-吡啶酮酸衍生物的构效关系探讨, 发现含环戊烷基团的化合物24对PA的抑制活性较23显著提高(IC50 = 5.12 nmol·L-1), 分子对接显示其能同时占据pocket 1和pocket 2。然而24的细胞活性较低(EC50 = 201 nmol·L-1), 可能与其脂溶性低和透膜性差有关(Log P计算值为0.82)。
2016年, Credille等[27]采用高通量筛选(high-throughput screening, HTS) 及基于片段的药物发现策略(fragment-based drug discovery, FBDD), 得到了对PA有抑制活性的焦袂康酸(25, pyromeconic acid, IC50 = 22.5 μmol·L-1, 图 9) 及其相似片段, 通过SAR研究及片段生长策略(fragment growing) 对25进行修饰, 最终得到了活性明显提升的羟基吡啶酮类化合物26, 其抑制PA的IC50值为14 nmol·L-1, 同时具有细胞水平的抗H1N1活性(EC50 = 2.1 μmol·L-1) 及较低的细胞毒性(CC50 = 280 μmol·L-1, MDCK细胞)。此外, 该课题组基于SAR研究对前期得到的结构片段进行优化, 得到了吡喃酮类PA抑制剂27 (IC50 = 43 nmol·L-1)。基于金属离子结合药效团的电子效应, 他们利用吡啶酮取代27中的吡喃酮得到了化合物28。与吡喃酮结构相比, 吡啶酮芳香性增加, 其给电子体氧原子的电子云密度增大, 碱性增强。作为PA活性中心金属离子的配体时, 吡啶酮类结构与硬路易斯酸性金属的配位更强, 因此28对PA的抑制活性(IC50 = 17 nmol·L-1) 是27的2.5倍。同时28在不同浓度下(500 nmol·L-1和200 μmol·L-1) 对PA内切酶和其他三种双核金属酶[人精氨酸酶1 (ARG1)、人蛋氨酸氨基肽酶2 (METAP2) 和NDM-1] 的抑制率分别为97%、24%、0和6%, 选择性好[28, 29]
28作为基本结构片段, 该课题组通过FBDD策略及SAR研究设计合成了一系列吡啶酮类化合物(图 9)。其中化合物293031差示扫描荧光(differential scanning fluorometry, DSF) 实验得到的熔融值变化ΔTM与配体浓度和配体结合亲和力成正比。由于部分化合物IC50值低于核酸酶实验测定中所用酶的最小可用浓度, 因此根据ΔTM与测定的已知化合物pIC50值之间的线性关系, 基于ΔTM值外推得293031的IC50值分别为120、110和47 pmol·L-1) 对PA的抑制活性均高于之前报道的抑制剂, 且800 μmol·L-1浓度下对细胞活力无影响, 毒性低。但是3031细胞水平抗H1N1病毒活性相对较低(EC50值分别为21.3和11.5 μmol·L-1), 可能与化合物中的三个电离基团导致其透膜性差、溶解度低等因素有关。化合物29与PA复合物共晶结构(图 9) 显示, 29吡啶酮骨架中的两个羟基和一个羧基与PA内切酶活性中心的两个Mn2+螯合, 同时通过2′位烷基取代基与活性位点Ile38附近的氨基酸残基形成范德华力, 4′环状取代基则与Lys34和Arg124形成氢键(或水介导的氢键)[30]
2016年, 有研究[31-34]基于前人报道的对HIV及流感病毒具有良好生物活性的N-酰腙类金属螯合配体, 设计合成了一系列N-酰腙类化合物(图 10), 其中含三羟基苯基的化合物32对PA具有中等程度的抑制活性(IC50 = 8.7 μmol·L-1); 细胞水平抗病毒活性较好(EC90 = 3.5 μmol·L-1) 且细胞毒性低(CC50 > 200 μmol·L-1, MDCK细胞)。化合物32与PA复合物共晶结构显示(图 10), 32的三羟基苯甲酰胺部分与PA活性中心的两个Mn2+螯合; 三羟基苯基与Tyr24的芳香环形成π-π相互作用, 其中两个羟基与Glu26和Lys34形成氢键。
Pala等[35, 36]根据前期报道的碳酸酐酶抑制剂的金属螯合特征, 对包含500万个具有金属螯合功能化合物的数据库进行虚拟筛选(structure-based virtual screening), 同时测定其对PA的抑制活性, 得到了活性较好的二羟基吲哚类化合物(图 11) 33 (IC50 = 0.94 μmol·L-1) 和34 (IC50 = 7.0 μmol·L-1)。同时33 (EC90 = 3.2 μmol·L-1) 和34 (EC90 = 6.3 μmol·L-1) 在细胞水平的抗病毒活性高于广谱抗病毒药物利巴韦林(ribavirin, EC90 = 6.8 μmol·L-1), 且细胞毒性低。分子对接显示, 3334二羟基吲哚基团中两个羟基与PA活性中心的两个Mn2+螯合; 33的邻苯二酚基团和34的第二个二羟基吲哚环插入由Val122、Arg124和Tyr130形成的口袋。
2018年, Ferro等[37]通过对小分子化合物库进行虚拟筛选得到了含有苯磺酰胺的邻苯二酚类PA抑制剂35 (IC50 = 12 μmol·L-1, 图 12)。分子对接显示, 35苯环上的两个羟基与PA活性位点上的两个Mn2+螯合, 对磺酰胺苯甲酰胺片段占据由Leu16、Lys19、Ala20、Glu23、Glu80、Gly81、Arg82和Asp83包围形成的一个口袋, 同时磺酰胺基团分别与Glu23和Lys19形成氢键。
2020年, 华南农业大学与南方医科大学研究团队[38]对含邻苯二酚基团的多巴胺进行SAR研究, 设计合成了一系列多巴胺衍生物及其构象限制的1, 2, 3, 4-四氢异喹啉-6, 7-二醇类似物(图 12)。细胞水平的抗流感病毒活性显示, 化合物36 (EC50 = 2.46 μmol·L-1) 和37 (EC50 = 2.58 μmol·L-1) 具有比帕拉米韦(5, EC50 = 5.26 μmol·L-1) 更强的抗病毒活性和更高的选择性(36, SI > 81.3; 37, SI = 58.5; 5, SI > 38.0), 且细胞毒性低(MDCK细胞: 36, CC50 > 200 μmol·L-1; 37, CC50 = 150.85 μmol·L-1; 5, CC50 > 200 μmol·L-1)。但化合物36 (IC50 = 312.36 nmol·L-1) 和37 (IC50 = 489.39 nmol·L-1) 对PA的抑制活性低于巴洛沙韦酸(IC50 = 1.34 nmol·L-1)。分子对接显示, 36的多巴胺片段和37的1, 2, 3, 4-四氢异喹啉-6, 7-二醇片段均可与PA活性位点的Mn2+螯合并与关键残基His41形成疏水作用, 但37的螯合片段由于刚性太强不能同时与两个Mn2+螯合。36的3, 4-二羟基苯乙酰胺片段中的芳环与Tyr24形成疏水作用, 对位羟基与Glu26形成氢键; 37的另一个邻苯二酚官能团与Ser194形成双重氢键, 芳环与Lys34和Ala134形成多重疏水作用。尽管37的金属-配体相互作用强度略低于36, 但较多的疏水作用和氢键可能是使其保持与36相似活性的原因。另外3637都不与Ile38产生作用力, 因此可以推测I38T突变可能不会改变其对PA内切酶的亲和力。
2022年, 该团队[39]报道了针对天然PA抑制剂(38, D, L-氢溴酸劳丹素, LDS) 的结构优化, 其对PA的抑制活性较好(IC50 = 1.88 μmol·L-1), 但在20 μmol·L-1浓度下未显示抗病毒活性。分子对接显示, 化合物38 C-1位的邻苯二酚基团与氨基酸残基Val122和Arg124形成氢键而占据pocket 4, N-2位取代基能与Lys34作用, C-3位有向pocket 3延伸的空间, 引入疏水性取代基可能会使其与pocket 3发生相互作用。基于分子对接信息, 该团队采用多位点结合策略(multi-site binding strategy)、基于结构的药物设计(structure-based drug design, SBDD) 策略及SAR研究设计合成了一系列四氢异喹啉衍生物(图 13), 其中含2-氯苯基乙酸酯结构的化合物39对PA的抑制活性(IC50 = 0.28 μmol·L-1) 较38提高了近6倍, 细胞水平抗H1N1流感病毒活性明显提高(EC50 = 4.50 μmol·L-1), 且细胞毒性低(CC50 > 100 μmol·L-1, MDCK细胞)。分子对接显示, 39 C-1位的芳香取代基同38一样与pocket 4结合, 且与Ala37形成π-π堆积作用, 邻苯二酚基团与Val122和Arg124形成氢键; N-2位羰基氧与Lys34形成了一个额外的强氢键; 而C-3位的邻氯苯基由于体积太大未能与pocket 3形成疏水作用, 而是插入由Ala20、Met21和Lys19形成的另一个亲脂性口袋。
该研究团队[40]对化合物38重新进行了活性评价(IC50 = 2.36 μmol·L-1, EC50 = 46.82 μmol·L-1, CC50 > 200 μmol·L-1, MDCK细胞), 同样采用多位点结合策略、SBDD策略及SAR研究对其进行修饰, 发现在其N-2位引入氯代苯甲酰基基团以及C-3位引入羧酸酯基得到的四氢异喹啉衍生物对PA的抑制活性较好, 其中化合物40 (图 13) 对PA的抑制活性(IC50 = 0.2 μmol·L-1) 是38的近12倍; 细胞水平抗H1N1流感病毒活性(EC50 = 0.66 μmol·L-1) 较38提高了近70倍, 同时具有广谱抗流感病毒活性(抗H5N1、H3N2和乙型流感病毒的EC50值分别为1.12、0.76和0.43 μmol·L-1), 且细胞毒性低(CC50 = 99.52 μmol·L-1, MDCK细胞)。微型复制子试验显示, I38T突变株不影响40对流感病毒的敏感性。分子对接显示, 40的四氢异喹啉环和3, 4-二羟基苄基上的两个羟基分别与PA活性位点的两个Mn2+螯合, N-芳香酰基侧链定向插入pocket 4, C-3位正丙基占据pocket 3, 并与氨基酸残基Met21和Lys34形成疏水作用。初步成药性评价显示, 40在小鼠体内具有较高的代谢稳定性和良好的药代动力学性质(以15 mg·kg-1的剂量腹腔注射, 吸收迅速(tmax = 0.45 h), 且生物利用度高(F = 29.5%))。动物水平的抗病毒活性显示, 以30 mg·kg-1·d-1的剂量对小鼠腹腔注射给药, 40与帕拉米韦(10 mg·kg-1·d-1) 表现出相当的抗H1N1毒株活性。
2001年, Crews团队[41, 42]率先提出了蛋白降解靶向嵌合体(proteolysis targeting chimera, PROTAC) 的概念。PROTAC分子由靶蛋白配体和E3泛素连接酶配体通过中间连接体(linker) 连接而成, 利用泛素-蛋白酶体系统诱导靶向蛋白质降解。
近期, 岑山课题组[43]发现植物内生真菌曲霉代谢物APL-16-5 (41, 图 14) 对甲型(EC50 = 0.28 μmol·L-1) 和乙型(EC50 = 1.22 μmol·L-1) 流感病毒均有活性, 且细胞毒性低(CC50 > 100 μmol·L-1, MDCK细胞)。对化合物41抗病毒机制进行探究发现, 其同时与E3连接酶TRIM25和PA结合, 使TRIM25泛素化PA, 随后在蛋白酶体中降解PA, 这种作用模式符合PROTAC分子作用机制。PA作为流感病毒RdRp复合物的关键亚基, 它的降解破坏了病毒RNA的合成, 从而抑制了流感病毒的复制。
法匹拉韦(42, favipiravir, T-705, 图 15) 是2002年首次被报道的核苷酸类似物, 在日本上市用于对神经氨酸酶抑制剂耐药的大流行性流感病毒。其作为前药在细胞酶作用下转化为三磷酸活性形式, 该活性形式作为鸟嘌呤三磷酸酯(GTP) 的竞争性抑制剂被RdRp错误识别用于病毒RNA合成, 最终导致病毒RNA合成被抑制。法匹拉韦显示出广谱抗流感病毒活性(EC50值为0.19~22.5 μmol·L-1), 包括高致病性甲型流感病毒(H5N1和H7N9) 及对奥司他韦耐药的毒株, 细胞毒性低(CC50 > 1 000 μmol·L-1, MDCK细胞), 且与奥司他韦显示协同作用[44]。与法匹拉韦不同, 广谱抗病毒药物利巴韦林(43, ribavirin) 主要通过抑制单磷酸脱氢酶(IMPDH) 使酶催化生成的GTP减少而干扰病毒RNA合成, 其抗病毒活性较弱(EC50值为9.4~22.5 μmol·L-1, CC50 = 590 μmol·L-1)[45]
Lin等[46]基于前人对核苷类抗病毒药物的研究, 采用分子杂合策略将2′-脱氧-2′-氟-2′-C-甲基核糖基和6-甲基-7-脱氮杂嘌呤碱基整合成一个新的6-甲基-7-脱氮嘌呤核苷骨架(44, 图 16)。SAR研究发现, 在其C-7位引入芳杂环有利于提高化合物活性。其中含乙烯基吡啶基团的化合物45抗甲型流感病毒活性(H1N1, EC50 = 5.88 μmol·L-1; H3N2, EC50 = 6.95 μmol·L-1) 较好, 优于利巴韦林(H1N1, EC50 = 10.92 μmol·L-1; H3N2, EC50 = 11.2 μmol·L-1), 且细胞毒性低(CC50 > 100 μmol·L-1, MDCK细胞)。
2014年, Clark等[47]报道的PB2抑制剂匹莫地韦(46, pimodivir, VX-787, 图 17) 对甲型流感病毒具有强抑制活性(EC50值在0.15~2.8 nmol·L-1之间), 包括对金刚烷胺和奥司他韦耐药的毒株。VX-787与PB2复合物共晶结构(图 17) 显示, 其氮杂吲哚环与PB2帽结合域的活性口袋上的Lys376和Glu361形成氢键, 同时与His357和Phe404形成π-π堆积作用。嘧啶环与Phe323及环己基与Phe325之间也分别存在π-π堆积作用; 羧基分别与His357的侧链氨基、Gln406主链氨基及Arg355的主链羰基形成水分子介导的氢键。然而在临床III期试验中, 匹莫地韦因药物代谢和耐药性问题被终止研发[48]
由VX-787与PB2复合物共晶结构可知, 嘧啶环C-5位置附近还未与PB2帽结合域活性口袋形成相互作用, 因此, Xiong等[49]分别对VX-787的C-4和C-5 (系列1) 及C-5和C-6位(系列2) 进行成环修饰以增强分子刚性, 增加其与活性口袋的相互作用, 设计合成了两个系列的化合物, 然而系列1化合物的抗病毒活性并未超过VX-787。根据更新的VX-787与PB2复合物晶体结构(图 18) 发现, VX-787 C-4位连接的NH与Val511主链形成了关键氢键, 成环后氢键消失导致系列1化合物活性降低。该课题组将系列2化合物与PB2帽结合域重新进行对接, 结合SAR研究, 获得了抗病毒活性强于VX-787 (EC50 = 0.6 nmol·L-1, CC50 = 12 μmol·L-1 (MDCK细胞), CL = 30.9 mL·min-1·kg-1, AUC = 13.4 μmol·L-1·h) 的二氢噻吩并嘧啶环类化合物47 (EC50 = 0.4 nmol·L-1, CC50 = 4.5 μmol·L-1, MDCK细胞, 图 18), 同时其药代动力学性质明显改善(CL = 13.8 mL·min-1·kg-1, AUC = 19.5 μmol·L-1·h)。针对47氮吲哚骨架2′位易被醛氧化酶代谢为羟基产生肝肾毒性的问题, 将其2′位C替换为N后得到抗病毒活性和药代动力学性质均显著提升的化合物48 (EC50 = 0.2 nmol·L-1, CC50 = 4.9 μmol·L-1 (MDCK细胞), CL= 1.3 mL·min-1·kg-1, AUC = 152 μmol·L-1·h)。分子对接显示, 与VX-787相比, 48的二氢噻吩并嘧啶环增强了与Phe323和Leu512的疏水作用以及与Asn510的范德华力; 吡唑-嘧啶环上的两个氮原子同时与Arg332形成额外氢键。
Yang等[50]用吡嗪酮环取代VX-787的嘧啶环得到了新的PB2抑制剂49 (图 19), 表面等离子体共振(surface plasmon resonance, SPR) 实验测得其与PB2具有较好结合活性(Kd = 0.27 μmol·L-1)。随后对49的吡嗪酮环2位取代基进行结构优化合成了30个新的化合物。其中2-乙基吡嗪酮环类化合物50与PB2的结合活性(Kd = 0.11 μmol·L-1) 与VX-787相当(Kd = 0.07 μmol·L-1), 但其抗流感病毒活性(EC50 = 1.025 μmol·L-1) 远低于VX-787 (EC50 = 0.002 μmol·L-1)。
Zhang等[51]针对VX-787的三部分分别进行结构修饰, 构建了一个小型的PB2抑制剂库, 活性结果发现, 噻吩并嘧啶衍生物(图 20) 51 (EC50 = 6.5 nmol·L-1) 和52 (EC50 = 17 nmol·L-1) 的抗流感病毒活性较好, 但未超过VX-787 (EC50 = 4 nmol·L-1, CC50 > 20 μmol·L-1, A549细胞) 且细胞毒性增大(A549细胞: 51, CC50 = 14.5 μmol·L-1; 52, CC50 = 14.7 μmol·L-1)。
McGowan等[52]用7-氟取代吲哚环对VX-787的7-氮杂吲哚环进行生物电子等排置换(bioisosterism) 设计合成了一系列吲哚类化合物(图 20), 其中化合物53对PB2的抑制活性较好(IC50 = 0.12 μmol·L-1), 抗H1N1流感病毒活性突出(EC50 = 11 nmol·L-1) 且选择性高(SI = 145)。以10 mg·kg-1的剂量对小鼠口服给药, 53在0.5~2 h内迅速吸收, 口服生物利用度高(F = 95%) 且在人肝细胞中未显示醛氧化酶代谢。
RdRp的PA、PB1和PB2三个亚基通过非共价方式结合, 三者之间的蛋白-蛋白相互作用对流感病毒的转录和复制至关重要, 阻断亚基间相互作用的RdRp抑制剂被称为蛋白-蛋白相互作用抑制剂(protein-protein interaction inhibitors, PPIs), 目前的研究热点主要是PA-PB1和PB1-PB2相互作用抑制剂。
2012年, 意大利帕多瓦大学Arianna教授团队[53]从含三百万个分子的ZINC化合物库中进行虚拟筛选, 最终发现了32个PA-PB1相互作用抑制剂, 代表化合物为环庚噻吩-3-甲酰胺(cHTC) 衍生物54 (IC50 = 90.7 μmol·L-1, 图 21), 但遗憾的是, 其在细胞水平的抗病毒活性低(EC50 > 100 μmol·L-1)。Massari等[54]对化合物54环庚噻吩环C-2位修饰得到的含对氯苯基的55 (IC50 = 32 μmol·L-1) 和无芳香取代基的56 (IC50 = 35 μmol·L-1) 抑制PA-PB1相互作用的活性及抗流感病毒活性较54显著增强(55, EC50 = 18 μmol·L-1; 56, EC50 = 26 μmol·L-1), 且细胞毒性低(CC50 > 250 μmol·L-1, MDCK细胞), 同时也显示较好的抗乙型流感病毒活性(55, EC50 = 21 μmol·L-1; 56, EC50 = 19 μmol·L-1)。
该团队[55, 56]继续对化合物54进行修饰(图 22), 尝试在其环庚噻吩环C-2位苯环上引入羟基以增强化合物与PA活性口袋的氢键, 其中邻位羟基衍生物57 (IC50 = 15 μmol·L-1) 抑制PA-PB1相互作用的活性是54的6倍, 抗病毒活性较54显著增强(EC50 = 2.6 μmol·L-1) 且细胞毒性低(CC50 > 250 μmol·L-1, MDCK细胞)。对57的环庚噻吩环C-3位进行修饰, 发现C-3位2-吡啶分别替换为对氯苯基(58, EC50 = 1.2 μmol·L-1) 和对氟苯基(59, EC50 = 1.2 μmol·L-1) 后抗病毒活性进一步提升。此外, 尽管57的C-3噻唑衍生物60 (IC50 = 69 μmol·L-1) 和C-2对硝基苯基衍生物61 (IC50 = 65 μmol·L-1) 抑制PA-PB1相互作用的活性较弱, 却具有更强的抗病毒活性(60, EC50 = 0.18 μmol·L-1; 61, EC50 = 0.26 μmol·L-1), 且细胞毒性低(CC50 > 250 μmol·L-1, MDCK细胞)。Nannetti等[57]发现化合物57~61均具有抗甲型和乙型流感病毒的广谱抗病毒活性, 包括对奥司他韦耐药株均具有纳摩尔或低微摩尔的抗病毒活性。其中化合物585961的耐药性屏障高于奥司他韦, 甲型流感病毒在药物诱导的选择压力下连续传代后, 没有出现使其敏感性降低的病毒变异株。
2015年, Arianna教授团队[53]对前期通过虚拟筛选得到的三唑并嘧啶类化合物62 (IC50 = 170.6 μmol·L-1, EC50 > 100 μmol·L-1, CC50 > 250 μmol·L-1, MDCK细胞, 图 23) 进行优化, 采用分子杂合策略合并其三唑并嘧啶(TZP) 骨架与化合物54的cHTC骨架, 得到杂化分子63, 其抑制PA-PB1相互作用的活性(IC50 = 1.1 μmol·L-1) 是62的155倍, 细胞水平抗H1N1活性较好(EC50 = 21 μmol·L-1), 且细胞毒性低(CC50 > 250 μmol·L-1, MDCK细胞)。化合物63的位置异构体64抑制PA-PB1相互作用的活性(IC50 = 28 μmol·L-1) 较63弱, 但抗病毒活性更强(EC50 = 8 μmol·L-1), 同时细胞毒性低(CC50 > 250 μmol·L-1, MDCK细胞)。由于6364的溶解度均很低(< 1 μg·mL-1), 而且可能与环庚噻吩环的存在有关[52]。因此在后续的研究中, 该团队保持化合物的TZP骨架不变, 将6364的环庚噻吩环替换为苯环, 所得化合物以65 (IC50 = 11 μmol·L-1) 和66 (IC50 = 7 μmol·L-1) 抑制PA-PB1相互作用活性较好, 但由于65的溶解度(6.55 μg·mL-1) 较66 (30.6 μg·mL-1) 低, 其抗病毒活性(EC50 > 100 μmol·L-1) 弱于66 (EC50 = 31 μmol·L-1)[58, 59]
近期, Pismataro等[60]基于对TZP衍生物的SAR研究, 设计合成了另一系列三唑并嘧啶类化合物(图 24), 其中含苯并噁嗪酮环的化合物67具有中等程度的抑制PA-PB1相互作用活性(IC50 = 19.5 μmol·L-1) 及细胞水平抗流感病毒活性(EC50 = 16 μmol·L-1), 且细胞毒性低(CC50 > 250 μmol·L-1, MDCK细胞)。此外, 含N-(2-氟苯基) 甲酰胺基团的化合物68抑制PA-PB1相互作用活性(IC50 = 17.5 μmol·L-1) 略高于67, 抗流感病毒活性较差(EC50 = 83.8 μmol·L-1), 却具有一定的抗SARS-CoV-2活性(EC50 = 34.47 μmol·L-1), 且对Vero E6细胞的毒性低(CC50 > 100 μmol·L-1)。
2013年, Kessler等[61]采用高通量筛选方法从15 000个化合物中筛选得到苯并呋喃类PA-PB1抑制剂69 (图 25), 其抗H1N1流感病毒活性较好(EC50 = 5 μmol·L-1) 且在20 μmol·L-1浓度下无细胞毒性。SAR研究发现, 在69的苯环C-3位引入硝基得到的化合物70抗病毒活性增加(EC50 = 1~2.5 μmol·L-1), 细胞毒性与69相同。该团队为了研发新型有效的苯并呋喃类RNA聚合酶抑制剂, 继续对70进行SAR研究, 发现在其苯环C-4位引入含羟基的三氮唑环得到的化合物71在细胞水平抗H1N1流感病毒活提高(EC50 = 1 μmol·L-1) 且细胞毒性降低(CC50 = 40 μmol·L-1), ELISA实验显示其抑制PA-PB1相互作用的IC50值为35 μmol·L-1 [62]
2016年, 香港大学周婕教授课题组[63]对950个化合物进行基于ELISA的高通量筛选, 获得了三唑并嘧啶类PA-PB1抑制剂PAC-3 (72, IC50 = 8.5 μmol·L-1, 图 26), 其抗流感病毒活性较好(EC50 = 0.8 μmol·L-1) 且选择性高(SI = 150)。对72进行结构修饰合成了含邻氯苯基的三唑并嘧啶类化合物73 (ANA-1), 其抗流感病毒活性(EC50 = 0.55 μmol·L-1) 和选择性(SI = 227) 均高于72。通过对感染H1N1病毒的小鼠鼻内给药, 发现73能够明显降低小鼠肺部病毒载量。分子对接显示, 73与PAC端的Asp426、Glu427、Arg582和Leu585残基形成氢键, 可能会引起构象变化, 从而破坏PAC与PB1N的相互作用。
2017年, Watanabe等[64]对约60万个化合物进行虚拟筛选得到136个得分较高的分子, 进而通过SPR实验, 发现含四氮唑基团的喹啉酮类化合物74 (图 27) 对PA具有较高的亲和力(Kd = 7.5 μmol·L-1), 进一步的机制研究表明其通过抑制PA的核定位干扰PA-PB1相互作用。细胞水平抗H1N1流感病毒活性较好(EC50 = 0.57 μmol·L-1), 对突变株H1N1pdm09 (EC50 = 0.62 μmol·L-1) 和乙型流感病毒(EC50 = 0.92 μmol·L-1) 也有抑制活性且细胞毒性低(CC50 > 100 μmol·L-1, MDCK细胞)。近期该课题组保留74的喹啉酮环, 对其四氮唑环和二苄基氨基进行修饰得到了化合物75, 其抗H1N1病毒活性(EC50 = 0.103 μmol·L-1) 是74的5.5倍。接着, 他们以75为先导, 在其对位取代苯环上的间位引入氯原子, 将喹啉酮环6位乙基替换为甲氧基后得到了化合物76, 其抗病毒活性(EC50 = 0.061 μmol·L-1) 高于75, 且细胞毒性降低(CC50 > 10 μmol·L-1, MDCK细胞); 此外, 采用骨架跃迁策略对75进行修饰, 结合SAR研究, 又发现了抗病毒活性和细胞毒性与化合物76相当的1, 8-萘啶酮类化合物77 (EC50 = 0.077 μmol·L-1; CC50 > 10 μmol·L-1, MDCK细胞), 且化合物7677均显示较好的抗乙型流感病毒活性(76, EC50 = 0.079 μmol·L-1; 77, EC50 = 0.23 μmol·L-1)[65]
2020年, Zhang等[66]采用体外裂解荧光素酶裂解法(SLC) 从10 000种化合物中筛选出噻唑类PA-PB1相互作用抑制剂78 (IC50 = 4.78 μmol·L-1, 图 28)。进一步活性评价显示, 其对甲型和乙型流感病毒以及对金刚烷胺、奥司他韦耐药及双重耐药的毒株具有广谱抗病毒活性(EC50 = 0.93~4.66 μmol·L-1), 且细胞毒性低(CC50 > 300 μmol·L-1, MDCK细胞)。机制研究表明, 78通过抑制PA核定位, 进而降低病毒RNA和蛋白质水平, 最终抑制病毒复制。
2017年, 香港大学周婕教授课题组[67]将发现PA-PB1相互作用抑制剂ANA-1的高通量筛选方法用于PB1-PB2相互作用抑制剂的研发, 首次报道了靶向PB1-PB2相互作用的吡唑烷二酮类化合物79 (IC50 = 8.6 μmol·L-1, 图 29), 其在细胞水平对流感病毒H1N1pdm09具有较强活性(EC50 = 1.4 μmol·L-1) 且细胞毒性低(CC50 > 500 μmol·L-1, MDCK细胞), 但在40 μmol·L-1浓度下79才对H5N1、H7N7流感病毒显示抑制活性, 对这两类流感病毒具有不同程度的耐药性。
目前, 流感病毒仍对人类健康构成严重威胁。小分子药物是抗击流感的重要防线, 但耐药毒株的出现导致现有抗流感病毒药物的选择受到限制, 因此迫切需要开发具有新骨架或新机制的抗流感病毒药物。流感病毒的RdRp在病毒的转录和复制中发挥关键作用, 是一个重要的抗病毒靶点。本文介绍了流感病毒RdRp的结构和功能, 并总结了近年来靶向RdRp的各类抑制剂(图 30)。
PA属于金属酶, 目前报道的大多数PA抑制剂的结构包含金属结合药效团(MBG) 和疏水基团两部分, MBG与PA活性位点的二价金属离子螯合并与氨基酸残基相互作用, 例如羟基吡啶酮或邻苯二酚基团; 疏水部分与远离金属离子中心的口袋相互作用[25, 40]。根据PA的金属螯合特征, 主要通过基于片段的药物发现得到与酶活性中心二价金属离子螯合的优势片段, 再采用片段生长策略进行优化; 或采用基于结构的虚拟筛选和高通量筛选得到PA抑制剂的新骨架, 其中使用计算技术的虚拟筛选方法确定先导化合物可以大大节约时间和成本[24, 27, 36]; 或采用优势骨架再定位策略将其他有效金属酶抑制剂的MBG用于PA抑制剂的设计, 例如巴洛沙韦的发现历程[15, 16]。由于PA抑制剂均包含一个极性的金属螯合基团, 常常面临透膜性差和口服生物利用度差等问题[26], 因此这类药物在研究过程中, 应注重早期的成药性评价, 比如透膜性的虚拟预测。运用基于靶标的结构修饰策略、改善物理化学性质的策略使化合物兼顾抗病毒活性与成药性, 经验主义的试错方法正在被这些更复杂的策略所取代。
Arianna教授团队[53]通过虚拟筛选得到了PA-PB1相互作用抑制剂, 开启了抗流感药物研发的新方向, 后续不同研究团队[61, 63-66]也报道了关于PA-PB1相互作用抑制剂的研究, 但目前报道的化合物抗病毒活性大多在微摩尔水平, 与上市药物相比还有很大的优化空间。而关于另一个蛋白-蛋白相互作用靶标PB1-PB2复合物的共晶研究还较少, 目前仅报道了一个对PB1-PB2相互作用有抑制作用的化合物, 针对此类抑制剂的研究仍前路漫漫[67]。对于蛋白-蛋白相互作用靶标, 蛋白间的接触面积大, 相互作用界面平坦, 口袋较浅, 是对这类靶标进行药物设计的难点。针对这一问题, 可通过增加小分子化合物的立体性使其更好地占据活性口袋, 如Watanabe等[64]报道的三骨架喹啉酮类PA-PB1相互作用抑制剂抗病毒活性达到了纳摩尔水平; 或采用共价策略使配体与蛋白-蛋白相互作用界面口袋形成共价键以提高化合物活性; 同时PROTAC策略已成功应用于靶向流感病毒表面蛋白的药物的设计中[43, 68, 69], 因此理论上对RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶也同样适用。
作者贡献: 展鹏对论文进行整体的构思和修改; 贾惠婻和贾瑞芳负责全文的撰写; 张继伟、江圆敏、刘传峰和张莹对论文进行修改; 刘新泳对论文进行整体的指导。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82173677)
  • 山东省杰出青年基金(ZR2020JQ31)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0449
  • 接收时间:2023-04-11
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-11
  • 修回日期:2023-07-09
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(82173677)
山东省杰出青年基金(ZR2020JQ31)
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    山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012

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*刘新泳, E-mail: ;
展鹏, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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