Article(id=1198656290714120432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0420, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1680710400000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-06, revisedDate=1685635200000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711529662, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1699718400000, pubDateStr=2023-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711529662, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711529662, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711529662, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656283525087620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3476', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711527949, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711688683, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3354, endPage=3365, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656291037081864, articleId=1198656290714120432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Mechanism of HES1 regulating herceptin resistance in gastric cancer cells by ferroptosis, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Drug resistance of cancer cells is the main causes of chemotherapy failure, and gene mutation or function loss is key factor to induce drug resistance. Previous studies have shown that hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) is up-regulated in herceptin-resistant gastric cancer cells, and inhibition of its activity can reverse its resistance while the potential mechanism has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we employed CRISPR/Cas9 to establish HES1 knock-out cell line (HES1/NCI N87R) to investigate the functions of HES1 in herceptin resistance of NCI N87R cells and its potential mechanisms. We investigated proteomics profiling of HES1/NCI N87R cells based on quantitative proteomics. Gene ontology analysis was conducted by GeneSet Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Metascape database, and pathway enrichment analysis was done using GeneAnalytics database. The selected molecules were quantified by Western blot and some pathways were verified by using inhibitors. The results showed that the resistance to herceptin of HES1/NCI N87R cells decreased compared to NCI N87R cells. Proteomic data demonstrated that the expression of 1 263 genes changed significantly in HES1/NCI N87R cells, among which 761 genes were up-regulated while 502 ones down-regulated comparing with NCI N87R cells. Pathway analysis showed that ferroptosis, fatty acid β-oxidation, autophagy and glutathione metabolism, etc. exhibited notable changes in HES1/NCI N87R cells. The functional studies showed that the levels of iron ion and malondialdehyde increased, and glutathione decreased in HES1/NCI N87R cells. It was further found that Fer-1, a ferroptosis inhibitor, could reverse the expression of pTP53, solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) in HES1/NCI N87R cell, and reduce the sensitivity of HES1/NCI N87R cells to herceptin. It is suggested that HES1 regulated the resistance of NCI N87R cells to herceptin through TP53/SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling pathway, and targeting TP53/SLC7A11/GPX4 signal axis mediated by HES1 is a potential strategy to reverse herceptin resistance in gastric cancer.

, correspAuthors=Wen-hu LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jin-hua ZHANG, Jin-xia CHANG, Jian-cai TANG, Wen-hu LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656294593851855, articleId=1198656290714120432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=HES1通过铁死亡调控胃癌细胞对赫赛汀耐药的机制研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

肿瘤耐药是导致化疗失败的主要原因, 而基因突变或功能缺失是引起耐药的关键因素。前期研究显示, SPLIT多毛增强子1 (hairy and enhancer of SPLIT1, HES1) 在赫赛汀耐药胃癌细胞中表达上调, 抑制其活性可逆转其耐药, 其机制尚未明确。本研究以赫赛汀耐药胃癌细胞NCI N87R为对象, 基于CRISPR/Cas9构建HES1敲除细胞(HES1/NCI N87R), 探究HES1在胃癌赫赛汀耐药中的潜在作用。采用定量蛋白质组学分析HES1/NCI N87R细胞蛋白质表达谱; 基于基因集富集分析(GeneSet Enrichment Analysis, GSEA) 和Metascape数据库进行基因本体分析; 利用GeneAnalytics进行通路富集分析, 并通过免疫印迹和抑制剂对筛选分子及通路研究。结果显示, 相比NCI N87R细胞, HES1/NCI N87R对赫赛汀的抗药性降低; 敲除HES1使NCI N87R细胞1 263种基因表达改变, 其中上调761种, 下调502种, 且铁死亡、脂肪酸β-氧化、自噬、谷胱甘肽代谢等多条通路显著变化。功能研究显示, HES1/NCI N87R细胞铁离子和丙二醛浓度增加, 而谷胱甘肽降低, 进一步发现, 铁死亡抑制剂Fer-1能够逆转HES1/NCI N87R中pTP53、溶质载体家族7成员11 (solute carrier family 7 member 11, SLC7A11)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4 (glutathione peroxidase 4, GPX4) 的表达, 且降低对赫赛汀的敏感性, 提示HES1通过TP53/SLC7A11/GPX4通路参与调控NCI N87R细胞对赫赛汀耐药, 靶向HES1介导的TP53/SLC7A11/GPX4信号轴可能是逆转胃癌赫赛汀耐药的潜在策略。

, correspAuthors=刘文虎, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘文虎, Tel: 86-817-3373323, E-mail:
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#共同第一作者.

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A, B: HES1 was detected in NCI N87R and <i>△</i>HES1/NCI N87R cell lines by Western blot; C: HES1 was quantified by mass spectrometry; D: Cell viability of NCI N87, NCI N87R and <i>△</i>HES1/NCI N87R cell lines was detected by CCK-8 kit, respectively; E: The morphological comparison among NCI N87, NCI N87R and <i>△</i>HES1/NCI N87R cell lines after immunofluorescence, respectively. <i>n</i> = 3, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. HES1: Hairy and enhancer of SPLIT , figureFileSmall=wPwWkLdwDIV4o76AtBcj2A==, figureFileBig=a4DsaaPubQ+nx+53gNGGiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960256358384226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290714120432, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vPGCfXvp69A6butztOrtDg==, figureFileBig=3TO5orkrcyPpTlfFnBS96w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960256500990583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290714120432, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Proteomics profiling of NCI N87R and <i>△</i>HES1/NCI N87R cell lines. A: Principal component scores of NCI N87R and <i>△</i>HES1/NCI N87R cells, respectively; B: Dendrogram plot analysis of samples in two cell lines; C: Spearman′s correlation coefficients analysis of NCI N87R and <i>△</i>HES1/NCI N87R samples; D: Comparison of heat map of proteomics profiling in two cell lines , figureFileSmall=vPGCfXvp69A6butztOrtDg==, figureFileBig=3TO5orkrcyPpTlfFnBS96w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960256639402628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290714120432, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=H+ziHnyZu3GZ9FC1Oo8/ZA==, figureFileBig=JvGVa7JFI8spnraC3RY/Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960256844923541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290714120432, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Identification and analysis of differentially expressed proteins. A: Differentially expressed proteins shown by volcano plot; B: Rank plot of differentially expressed proteins; C, D: Analysis of heat map and cluster of differentially expressed proteins; E: GSEA analysis of all genes. ES: Enrichment score , figureFileSmall=H+ziHnyZu3GZ9FC1Oo8/ZA==, figureFileBig=JvGVa7JFI8spnraC3RY/Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960257004307106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290714120432, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=PP9QaHg0ksa8cH6wnumvQQ==, figureFileBig=KLDRB2VkxY4icdFKVonP4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960257130136243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290714120432, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Gene ontology analysis of differential proteins involved in biological process. A: Enrichment results are displayed by network plot, sizes of nodes correspond to the degree of enrichment; B: Enrichment results are showed by <i>P</i> value , figureFileSmall=PP9QaHg0ksa8cH6wnumvQQ==, figureFileBig=KLDRB2VkxY4icdFKVonP4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960257306297024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290714120432, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=e+A7xMTMUuoM1AvS50fSbQ==, figureFileBig=WvpK/kSHUT3Huk5KfPowQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960257507623630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290714120432, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Enrichment analysis of signaling pathways of differentially expressed proteins. A: Bubble plot visualization of signaling pathways; B-H: Quantitative analysis of proteins in activated signaling pathways. <i>n</i> = 3, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=e+A7xMTMUuoM1AvS50fSbQ==, figureFileBig=WvpK/kSHUT3Huk5KfPowQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960257654424280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290714120432, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=OaQ+yDD6NpEtsh+t2XKe8Q==, figureFileBig=5m+cKn0PEi4M7mhvFsSKJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960257805419236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290714120432, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Morphology analysis and ferroptosis detection of <i>△</i>HES1/NCI N87R cell. A: The representative transmission electron microscopy image of mitochondria (red arrowheads) in NCI N87R and <i>△</i>HES1/NCI N87R cells. Bar: 2 µm. Detection of iron ion concentration (B), glutathione (GSH, C) and malondialdehyde (MDA, D) level in NCI N87R and <i>△</i>HES1/NCI N87R cells. <i>n</i> = 3, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01. , figureFileSmall=OaQ+yDD6NpEtsh+t2XKe8Q==, figureFileBig=5m+cKn0PEi4M7mhvFsSKJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960257948025580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290714120432, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=XNPaLoq0KcUII59lhsJTsg==, figureFileBig=s83uAwT5tPyiecNmmjr2xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960258082243319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290714120432, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Effect of inhibitors on herceptin resistance in <i>△</i>HES1/NCI N87R cells. A-C: Relative cell viability of <i>△</i>HES1/NCI N87R cells in Fer-1, Z-VAD-FMK and 3-MA; D: Relative cell viability of <i>△</i>HES1/NCI N87R cells under different treatment factors. <i>n</i> = 3, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> Ctrl. 3-MA: 3-Methyladenine; Fer-1: Ferrostatin-1 , figureFileSmall=XNPaLoq0KcUII59lhsJTsg==, figureFileBig=s83uAwT5tPyiecNmmjr2xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960258229043976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290714120432, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=1nfXSkvtVKjXWwIIt2G49A==, figureFileBig=+3uaM16gRd1CRKyvyw0f6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960258325512975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656290714120432, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= Expression of some proteins detected by Western blot. A, B: The expression of TP53, pTP53, SLC7A11 and GPX4 in NCI N87R and <i>△</i>HES1/NCI N87R cells by Western blot; C, D: The expression of TP53, pTP53, SLC7A11 and GPX4 in <i>△</i>HES1/NCI N87R cells after Fer-1 treatment; E, F: The expression of TP53 and pTP53 in <i>△</i>HES1/NCI N87R cells after 3-MA treatment. <i>n</i> = 3, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. 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HES1通过铁死亡调控胃癌细胞对赫赛汀耐药的机制研究
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张金花 1, 2, # , 常晋霞 3, # , 汤建才 3 , 刘文虎 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(11): 3354-3365
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(11): 3354-3365
HES1通过铁死亡调控胃癌细胞对赫赛汀耐药的机制研究
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张金花1, 2, #, 常晋霞3, #, 汤建才3, 刘文虎1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.川北医学院药学院, 四川 南充 637100
  • 2.川北医学院科技创新中心, 四川 南充 637100
  • 3.川北医学院基础医学与法医学院, 四川 南充 637100

通讯作者:

*刘文虎, Tel: 86-817-3373323, E-mail:
Mechanism of HES1 regulating herceptin resistance in gastric cancer cells by ferroptosis
Jin-hua ZHANG1, 2, Jin-xia CHANG3, Jian-cai TANG3, Wen-hu LIU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Department of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637100, China
  • 2. Innovation Centre for Science and Technology, Nanchong 637100, China
  • 3. School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medical, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637100, China
出版时间: 2023-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0420
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肿瘤耐药是导致化疗失败的主要原因, 而基因突变或功能缺失是引起耐药的关键因素。前期研究显示, SPLIT多毛增强子1 (hairy and enhancer of SPLIT1, HES1) 在赫赛汀耐药胃癌细胞中表达上调, 抑制其活性可逆转其耐药, 其机制尚未明确。本研究以赫赛汀耐药胃癌细胞NCI N87R为对象, 基于CRISPR/Cas9构建HES1敲除细胞(HES1/NCI N87R), 探究HES1在胃癌赫赛汀耐药中的潜在作用。采用定量蛋白质组学分析HES1/NCI N87R细胞蛋白质表达谱; 基于基因集富集分析(GeneSet Enrichment Analysis, GSEA) 和Metascape数据库进行基因本体分析; 利用GeneAnalytics进行通路富集分析, 并通过免疫印迹和抑制剂对筛选分子及通路研究。结果显示, 相比NCI N87R细胞, HES1/NCI N87R对赫赛汀的抗药性降低; 敲除HES1使NCI N87R细胞1 263种基因表达改变, 其中上调761种, 下调502种, 且铁死亡、脂肪酸β-氧化、自噬、谷胱甘肽代谢等多条通路显著变化。功能研究显示, HES1/NCI N87R细胞铁离子和丙二醛浓度增加, 而谷胱甘肽降低, 进一步发现, 铁死亡抑制剂Fer-1能够逆转HES1/NCI N87R中pTP53、溶质载体家族7成员11 (solute carrier family 7 member 11, SLC7A11)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4 (glutathione peroxidase 4, GPX4) 的表达, 且降低对赫赛汀的敏感性, 提示HES1通过TP53/SLC7A11/GPX4通路参与调控NCI N87R细胞对赫赛汀耐药, 靶向HES1介导的TP53/SLC7A11/GPX4信号轴可能是逆转胃癌赫赛汀耐药的潜在策略。

SPLIT多毛增强子1  /  赫赛汀  /  抗药性  /  蛋白质组学  /  铁死亡  /  TP53/SLC7A11/GPX4

Drug resistance of cancer cells is the main causes of chemotherapy failure, and gene mutation or function loss is key factor to induce drug resistance. Previous studies have shown that hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) is up-regulated in herceptin-resistant gastric cancer cells, and inhibition of its activity can reverse its resistance while the potential mechanism has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we employed CRISPR/Cas9 to establish HES1 knock-out cell line (HES1/NCI N87R) to investigate the functions of HES1 in herceptin resistance of NCI N87R cells and its potential mechanisms. We investigated proteomics profiling of HES1/NCI N87R cells based on quantitative proteomics. Gene ontology analysis was conducted by GeneSet Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Metascape database, and pathway enrichment analysis was done using GeneAnalytics database. The selected molecules were quantified by Western blot and some pathways were verified by using inhibitors. The results showed that the resistance to herceptin of HES1/NCI N87R cells decreased compared to NCI N87R cells. Proteomic data demonstrated that the expression of 1 263 genes changed significantly in HES1/NCI N87R cells, among which 761 genes were up-regulated while 502 ones down-regulated comparing with NCI N87R cells. Pathway analysis showed that ferroptosis, fatty acid β-oxidation, autophagy and glutathione metabolism, etc. exhibited notable changes in HES1/NCI N87R cells. The functional studies showed that the levels of iron ion and malondialdehyde increased, and glutathione decreased in HES1/NCI N87R cells. It was further found that Fer-1, a ferroptosis inhibitor, could reverse the expression of pTP53, solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) in HES1/NCI N87R cell, and reduce the sensitivity of HES1/NCI N87R cells to herceptin. It is suggested that HES1 regulated the resistance of NCI N87R cells to herceptin through TP53/SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling pathway, and targeting TP53/SLC7A11/GPX4 signal axis mediated by HES1 is a potential strategy to reverse herceptin resistance in gastric cancer.

hairy and enhancer of SPLIT1  /  herceptin  /  resistance  /  proteomics  /  ferroptosis  /  TP53/SLC7A11/GPX4
张金花, 常晋霞, 汤建才, 刘文虎. HES1通过铁死亡调控胃癌细胞对赫赛汀耐药的机制研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (11) : 3354 -3365 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0420
Jin-hua ZHANG, Jin-xia CHANG, Jian-cai TANG, Wen-hu LIU. Mechanism of HES1 regulating herceptin resistance in gastric cancer cells by ferroptosis[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (11) : 3354 -3365 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0420
肿瘤耐药是临床化疗过程中的普遍现象, 也是导致化疗失败的主要原因。肿瘤耐药机制与基因突变或缺失、信号通路异常等有关[1, 2]。人表皮生长因子受体2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, HER-2) 是由erbB2基因编码的癌基因, 其过表达不仅与胃癌的发生发展相关, 而且是一个重要的化疗和预后指标[3, 4]。赫赛汀/曲妥珠单抗是抗HER-2单克隆抗体药物, 通过结合HER-2阻止癌细胞的增殖。尽管HER2阳性胃癌患者在赫赛汀化疗中获益, 但肿瘤细胞获得性耐药仍不可避免。因此, 探究胃癌细胞对赫赛汀耐药机制, 发现耐药靶标, 对提高化疗效果具有重要意义。
SPLIT多毛增强子1 (hairy and enhancer of SPLIT1, HES1) 是一类DNA结合蛋白超家族成员, 对细胞分化具有促进作用[5]。HES1通过结合基因启动子区域特定位点发挥转录激活/抑制双重功能, 然而其调控机制并不清楚。近年来研究显示, HES1过表达与肿瘤恶性行为及耐药有关。HES1通过促进结肠癌干细胞自我更新能力和致瘤性促进其转移, 且HES1诱导上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, EMT) 和ABC转运蛋白促进结直肠癌对5-氟尿嘧啶耐药[6]。使用γ-分泌酶抑制剂抑制HES1活性, 能够提高紫杉醇对卵巢癌化疗的敏感性[7]。本课题组前期研究发现[8], HES1在赫赛汀耐药胃癌细胞中高表达, 特异性敲除HES1抑制其活性, 可有效逆转其耐药, 提示HES1可能参与调控胃癌赫赛汀耐药, 然而具体机制尚未明确。
本研究以赫赛汀耐药胃癌细胞(NCI N87R) 为对象, 基于CRISPR/Cas9构建HES1特异性敲除细胞(HES1/NCI N87R), 基于定量蛋白质组学研究HES1/NCI N87R细胞蛋白质表达谱的变化, 通过生物信息学分析HES1/NCI N87R细胞信号通路的改变, 结合功能研究阐释HES1在胃癌赫赛汀耐药中的潜在机制。
主要仪器   LTQ Orbitrap Velos Pro轨道阱质谱仪、Easy-nLC 2000 nano液相色谱系统、细胞培养箱(Thermo Fisher公司); 2695HPLC液相色谱系统(Waters公司); SP8荧光显微镜(Leica公司); 化学发光成像系统(Tanon公司); 电泳仪(Bio-Rad公司); 多功能超声仪(Sonics公司); 5810R真空浓缩仪(Eppendorf公司)。
细胞与试剂   胃癌细胞NCI N87由国家蛋白质组科学研究中心惠赠; 赫赛汀耐药细胞(NCI N87R)及HES1/NCI N87R为自建细胞系。凋亡抑制剂Z-VAD-FMK (HY-16658B)、自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-methyladenine, 3-MA, HY-19312) 及铁死亡抑制剂ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1, HY-100579) 购于MedChemExpress公司; 谷胱甘肽、丙二醛检测试剂盒、DMEM培养基、胰酶及抗兔/鼠二抗购于Beyotime生物科技公司; 铁离子检测试剂盒(I291) 和CCK-8细胞增殖检测试剂盒(CK04) 购于日本同仁化学研究所; 蛋白定量试剂盒(MA0081, 大连美仑生物技术); 赫赛汀(罗氏制药); 胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS, Gibco公司); 二硫苏糖醇(dithiothreitol, DTT)、吲哚-3-乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)、尿素、甲醇、乙腈和甲酸(Thermo Fisher公司); 抗体TP53 (60283-2)、pTP53 (28961-1-AP)、SLC7A11 (26864-1-AP)、GPX4 (14432-1-AP) 及磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(reduced glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH, 60004-1) 购于Proteintech公司; Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen公司); BsmBI (NEB公司); T4连接酶(TAKARA公司)。
细胞培养   细胞NCI N87、NCI N87R及HES1/NCI N87R按照文献[9, 10]培养。
向导RNA (sgRNA) 的设计及构建   采用http://www.e-crisp.org/设计靶向HES1基因的sgRNA序列, 选取打分前两位的sgRNA, 分别为sgRNA1和sgRNA2。sgRNA1正向5'-CACCGGAGAAAAATTCC-TCGTCCC-3', 反向5'-AAACGGGACGAGGAATTTT-TCTCC-3'; sgRNA2正向5'-CACCGGTAGCAGCCA-CCGGGGACG-3', 反向5'-AAACCGTCCCCGGTGG-CTGCTACC-3'。序列由华大基因合成, 并通过T4连接酶连入U6-sgRNA-SFFV-spCas9-puro质粒。
细胞转染及筛选   将1 μg pMD 2.G、1.5 μg psPAX2和2 μg Cas9质粒与15 μL Lipofectamine 2000混合, 将其加入融合度约80%的293T细胞, 孵育8 h除去含质粒的培养基, PBS清洗1次, 加入新鲜培养液培养48 h, 3 000 ×g离心10 min, 收集含病毒颗粒的细胞上清, -20 ℃保存。NCI N87R细胞按每毫升1×105个接种于6孔板, 培养至细胞融合度约70%时加入慢病毒, 48 h后加入0.5 μg·mL-1嘌呤霉素培养72 h, 流式分选单细胞, 扩大培养。
细胞活力测定   将NCI N87、NCI N87R和HES1/NCI N87R细胞分别按5 000个/孔接种于96孔板中, 按文献[10, 11]检测细胞活力。
抑制剂干预HES1/NCI N87R细胞对赫赛汀抗药性的影响    将对数期生长的HES1/NCI N87R细胞接种于96孔板中, 每孔含细胞数为5 000个, 培养过夜(含80 µg·mL-1赫赛汀), 分别加入8 µmol·L-1凋亡抑制剂Z-VAD-FMK、16 µmol·L-1自噬抑制剂3-MA和5 µmol·L-1铁死亡抑制剂Fer-1, 细胞培养48 h, 利用CCK-8检测抑制剂干预HES1/NCI N87R细胞对赫赛汀敏感性的变化。
免疫荧光实验   对数期NCI N87、NCI N87R和HES1/NCI N87R细胞分别用PBS清洗3次, 按文献[10]进行免疫荧光实验。
透射电镜   对数期NCI N87R和HES1/NCI N87R细胞, 分别用2.5%戊二醛固定过夜。PBS洗3次, 每次10 min。1%锇酸后固定1 h。PBS洗2次。依次放入水、70%、90%乙醇脱水10 min, 再用等体积90%乙醇/90%丙酮、丙酮分别脱水10 min。用Epon812包埋剂与丙酮(v/v = 1∶1) 浸泡1 h, 再按1∶3浸泡过夜。60 ℃烘箱聚合24 h。切片、捞片, 醋酸铀和枸橼酸铅分别染色30 min, 室温干燥, 拍片。
铁离子检测   对数期NCI N87R和HES1/NCI N87R细胞悬液各5 mL, 取0.5 mL用BCA法测蛋白浓度, 剩余4.5 mL离心后用100 µL assay buffer重悬, 快速冻融3次, 冰上裂解10 min, 3 000 ×g离心10 min, 上清待用。于96孔板中每孔加入100 µL待测上清和5 µL assay buffer, 37 ℃孵育30 min, 每孔加铁离子探针100 µL, 37 ℃避光孵育1 h, 检测593 nm处的吸光度, 根据铁浓度-吸光度标准曲线计算铁离子浓度。
谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH) 检测   将对数期NCI N87R和HES1/NCI N87R细胞, 按3×105个/孔分别接种到6孔板中, 待细胞至融合度约50%时, 加入细胞沉淀3倍体积的蛋白去除剂S溶液。细胞快速冻融3次, 12 000 ×g离心10 min, 上清用于GSH测定。按照试剂盒要求检测412 nm处吸光度, 根据标准曲线计算GSH含量。
丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA) 检测   将对数期NCI N87R和HES1/NCI N87R细胞(2×106个) 用PBS重悬, 低温超声裂解, BCA法测定蛋白浓度, 配置MDA工作液。取100 µL样品与1 mL工作液混匀, 95 ℃加热1 h冷却至室温, 6 000 ×g离心10 min, 取上清。取200 µL加入96孔板, 酶标仪检测532 nm吸光度, 根据吸光度及蛋白浓度计算MDA。
免疫印迹实验(Western blot)   收集对数期NCI N87R和HES1/NCI N87R细胞, 按文献[10]进行免疫印迹实验。一抗TP53、pTP53、SLC7A11、GPX4及GAPDH分别稀释1 000倍, 二抗稀释3 000倍; 使用Image J进行灰度值计算, GraphPad Prism 8.04定量分析。
色谱条件   Easy nLC 2000纳升高效液相色谱系统, 搭载反相C18分离柱(2 cm × 100 μm × 3 μm) 和C18分析柱(15 cm × 75 μm × 3 μm, 美国Thermo Fisher公司)。流动相A: 0.1%甲酸的水溶液, 流动相B: 0.1%甲酸的乙腈溶液, 洗脱梯度为: 0~5 min, 0~5% B; 6~90 min, 6%~35 % B; 91~110 min, 36%~98% B; 111~120 min, 2% B; 流速200 nL·min-1
质谱检测   LTQ-Orbitrap Velos Pro型质谱仪, 纳升级电喷雾离子源, 电压2.5 kV, 离子传输毛细管温度300 ℃, Orbitrap扫描质荷比(m/z) 300~2 000, MS扫描分辨率为30 000, 选取丰度最高的Top 20离子MS/MS分析, 分辨率为7 500, MS/MS碎裂模式为碰撞诱导解离(CID), 归一化碰撞能(NCE) 为35%。动态排除时间40 s, 重复次数1, 重复持续时间30 s, 排除列表 50, 排除离子时间180 s。
细胞蛋白质提取、还原烷基化及FASP酶切   对数期细胞用PBS漂洗2次, 加入8 mol·L-1尿素, 震荡后冰上裂解10 min, 超声2 min, 4 ℃、12 000 ×g离心10 min, 取上清, Bradford法测定蛋白浓度。
还原烷基化及FASP酶切按照文献方法[12]
肽段分离及检测   肽段经Waters 2695 HPLC液相系统分离, 流动相A: 水, 流动相B: 乙腈, 洗脱梯度为: 0~34 min, 0~98% B; 35~40 min, 98% B, 流速0.5 mL·min-1, 收集洗脱液, 按下列顺序合并洗脱液: ① 1、6、11、16、21; ② 2、7、12、17、22; ③ 3、8、13、18、23; ④ 4、9、14、19、24; ⑤ 5、10、15、20、25; ⑥ 26~30; ⑦ 31~35; ⑧ 36~40, 减压浓缩, 质谱待检。
蛋白质定量分析及差异表达基因筛选   肽段经0.1%甲酸复溶后, 于12 000 ×g离心10 min, 上清经Easy-nLC 2000 nano分离进入LTQ Orbitrap Velos Pro质谱, 采用Proteome Discover 1.4软件搜库, 检索参数为: 母离子质量公差20 ppm, 子离子0.5 Da。蛋白质修饰设定为: 半胱氨酸脲甲基化为固定修饰, 蛋氨酸N-乙酰化及氧化为动态修饰, 肽段水平错误发现率(false discovery rate, FDR) 小于1%。
基于数据依赖分析(data dependence analysis, DDA) 采集数据, 按总面积进行归一化定量, 方法为蛋白峰面积除以样本全部蛋白峰面积之和, 再将所有相对峰面积扩大105倍。肽段筛选标准为: 每个蛋白质被检测到的特异性肽段数≥ 1, Mascot ≥ 20。基于差异倍数(fold change, FC) 及t检验筛选差异表达基因, 若某基因表达在两组样本中的均值之比≥ 1.5或≤ 0.67, 且P < 0.05, 认为该基因在两样本中的表达具有显著差异。
统计学分析   数据用均数±标准误(mean ± SEM) 表示。采用SPSS 26.0进行统计学分析, 组间均数比较用t检验, P < 0.05表示差异具有统计学意义, P < 0.01表示差异具有显著统计学意义, P < 0.001表示差异具有极显著统计学意义。定量作图采用GraphPad Prism 8.0。生物信息学作图采用RStudio (version 3.6.2)。
Western blot显示, 设计的两条sgRNA序列中, 其中sgRNA1能够引导Cas9高效切割靶基因(图 1A), 以此构建的细胞命名为HES1/NCI N87R。进而采用Western blot检测NCI N87R和HES1/NCI N87R细胞中HES1的水平, 显示HES1在HES1/NCI N87R中不表达(图 1B)。蛋白质组数据表明, 与对照组相比, HES1在HES1/NCI N87R中的相对平均峰面积下降了99.92% (图 1C), 表明HES1/NCI N87R细胞构建成功。CCK-8显示, 在实验指定剂量下, 细胞活力-药物浓度呈剂量依赖关系(图 1D)。与NCI N87R相比, HES1/NCI N87R细胞对赫赛汀的抗药性降低(P < 0.05)。赫赛汀对NCI N87、NCI N87R及HES1/NCI N87R的IC50分别为147.5、614.1和401.3 μg·mL-1, 且对HES1/NCI N87R细胞的抑制能力较NCI N87R提高了1.53倍。免疫荧光显示, NCI N87与HES1/NCI N87R细胞表型相似, 而NCI N87R细胞具有上皮-间质转化特征(epithelial to mesenchymal transition, EMT), 这与本课题组之前的研究结果相一致[13] (图 1E)。
基于定量蛋白质组学分析NCI N87R和HES1/NCI N87R细胞蛋白质表达谱, 在蛋白及肽段FDR < 1%条件下共鉴定到蛋白6 095个。根据经验将3个及以上样本中被检测到的蛋白(共计4 127个) 纳入生信分析。主成分分析(principal composition analysis, PCA) 显示, NCI N87R和HES1/NCI N87R分别沿主成分1 (PC1) 和主成分2 (PC2) 两个维度分开, PC1与PC2之和能够解释组间70.6%的变异, 组内聚集良好, 组间明显区分(图 2A)。聚类树图显示, NCI N87R和HES1/NCI N87R能够完全分组(图 2B)。相关性分析表明, NCI N87R和HES1/NCI N87R组内相关系数R2均大于0.85 (图 2C)。热图显示, NCI N87R和HES1/NCI N87R细胞蛋白表达谱存在差异(图 2D)。以上结果表明, 敲除HES1并抑制其活性对NCI N87R细胞蛋白质表达谱产生影响, 且HES1/NCI N87R细胞的蛋白质谱较NCI N87R存在较明显不同。
剔除样本中缺失值超过50%的变量, 其余缺失值采用K-Nearest Neighbors (K = 10) 法回补, 然后对所有变量按样本总面积归一化。采用火山图筛选差异变量, HES1/NCI N87R细胞中表达上调的基因在火山图中标注为红色(FC ≥ 1.5, P < 0.05), 下调基因被标注为蓝色(FC ≤ 0.67, P < 0.05), 其余基因视为在两组中表达无显著差异, 标注为灰色(图 3A)。结果显示, 共有1 263种基因在HES1/NCI N87R中表达改变, 其中上调761种, 下调502种。对差异表达基因按倍数变化排序, 表达上调倍数前3位基因分别为MRPL41、FAU和CHMP5等; 下调倍数前3位基因分别为NKTR、SLC34A1和HES1 (图 3B)。值得注意的是: 铁蛋白重链分子FTH1和轻链分子FTL、铁死亡相关基因GPX4、SLC7A11、GCLM和GSS在HES1/NCI N87R中显著下调, 而TP53、CASP1/4/8、mTOR、ATG7和ATG12显著上调。热图趋势变化显示, 与NCI N87R相比, HES1/NCI N87R细胞中多数基因的表达上调, 其变化趋势归属于2个大的聚类(cluster) (图 3CD)。为更加全面了解HES1敲除对NCI N87R细胞基因集功能的影响, 在无须设定差异基因阈值的前提下, 本研究对3个及以上样本中被检测到的4 127个基因进行了GSEA分析。结果显示, 富集前3位的基因主要与铁死亡(P = 4.6×10-4, ES = 0.62)、DNA复制(P = 5.0×10-4, ES = -0.51) 及DNA双链断裂修复(P = 1.1×10-3, ES = -0.54) 功能有关(图 3E), 且铁死亡信号呈正向激活, 而DNA复制及DNA双链断裂修复呈负向激活, 提示这些基因功能改变可能与HES1调控赫赛汀耐药有关。
采用Metascape数据库对差异表达基因进行分群和网络构建, 对富集较高的基因进行功能注释, 并按照关联性和相似性构建网络。结果显示, 脂肪酸代谢(lgP = -35.11)、依赖铁的程序性细胞死亡(lgP = -34.91)、脂肪酸β-氧化(lgP = -25.12)、铁氧还蛋白代谢(lgP = -25.08)、细胞周期(lgP = -24.65)、谷胱甘肽代谢(lgP = -22.54) 和自噬(lgP = -21.67) 等生物学过程被高度富集。从功能看, 上述通路多与调控铁死亡相关, 其中直接相关通路包括依赖铁的程序性细胞死亡、谷胱甘肽代谢及铁氧还蛋白代谢; 间接相关通路包括脂肪酸β-氧化、脂肪酸代谢及自噬等。此外, 三羧酸循环(lgP = -20.03)、NF-κB (lgP = -19.81)、细胞对活性氧的反应(lgP = -18.36)、线粒体凋亡(lgP = -16.87) 及氧化还原过程(lgP = -15.58) 等也显著变化(图 4AB), 这些信号与能量代谢(三羧酸循环、NF-κB、线粒体凋亡) 及氧化-还原状态(细胞对活性氧的反应、氧化还原过程) 有关。综上所述, HES1/NCI N87R细胞中与铁死亡及氧化-还原状态相关的多条信号被高度富集, 提示铁死亡是HES1/NCI N87R细胞的重要特征之一。
基于GeneAnalytics数据库对差异表达基因通路富集分析, 根据P值及GeneRatio (GR), 对显著变化的通路可视化展示, 发现16条通路被富集(图 5A), 其中铁死亡(P = 3.5×10-4、GR = 0.83)、脂肪酸β-氧化(P = 5.1×10-3、GR = 0.86)、谷胱甘肽代谢(P = 1.48×10-3、GR = 0.51)、糖酵解/糖异生(P = 1.50×10-3、GR = 0.51)、自噬(P = 6.2×10-4、GR = 0.77)、三羧酸(tricarboxylic acid, TCA) 循环(P = 5.2×10-4、GR = 0.77) 及脂肪酸代谢(P = 5.3×10-4、GR = 0.69) 显著改变。定量分析显示, HES1/NCI N87R细胞中, 铁死亡相关分子TP53、VDAC2、SLC39A14和ATG7的表达上调, 而GSS、FTH1、SLC7A11、GPX4、FTL、GCLM、PCBP2、AIFM2、CISD1、SLC38A1、CTH、TXNRD1和SLC2A1表达下调(图 5B)。从生物学功能分析, VDAC2为电压依赖性阴离子通道, 能够与erastin直接结合诱导脂质ROS的产生; 而SLC39A14为重要的金属离子转运蛋白, 其表达增加有助于铁离子转运进入细胞, 进而促进铁死亡。另一方面, 作为胞内抗氧化系统胱氨酸/谷氨酸反向转运体系统(cystine/glutamate antiporter, system Xc-) 的亚基成员之一, SLC7A11对胞内谷氨酸(Glu) 和胞外胱氨酸(Cys2) 交换起重要作用, 交换后的Cys2在GCLM和谷胱甘肽合成酶(GSS) 催化下合成GSH, 以维持胞内氧化-还原平衡, 数据显示HES1/NCI N87R中SLC7A11、GCLM和GSS表达均降低, 提示GSH水平下降, 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GPX4的活性降低。此外, 抗氧化分子硫氧还蛋白还原酶TXNRD1的表达下降, 细胞抗氧化能力降低, 为HES1/NCI N87R铁死亡创造了先决条件。脂肪酸β-氧化主要发生在线粒体中, β-氧化可通过减少多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFAs) 的累积抑制脂质过氧化, 从而抑制铁死亡。本研究的数据显示, 脂肪酸β-氧化中, 除了ACBD7和ACOT11上调外, 其余CPT1A、ECI1、ACADM、CPT2、HADHA、ACSF2、ACADVL、ECHS1、HADHB、ACAA2、ACOT9和SCP2在HES1/NCI N87R中的表达均显著下调(图 5C), 提示HES1/NCI N87R脂肪酸β-氧化能力降低, 胞内脂质积累, 这有助于激活铁死亡。谷胱甘肽代谢中, 抗氧化分子GSS、GPX4和GCLM表达均下调(图 5D)。值得注意的是, 与TCA循环有关的分子, 包括PCK2、OGDH、SDHA、PDHB、CS、SUCLA2、IDH3B、SUCLG2、PC、ACO2和MDH2均上调(图 5E); 与脂肪酸代谢有关的基因多数上调(图 5F)。此外, 与自噬和凋亡相关的分子, 包括mTOR、ATG7和ATG12以及TP53、CASP1/4/8均上调(图 5GH)。综上所述, HES1对胃癌赫赛汀耐药具有复杂的调控作用, 敲除HES1使NCI N87R细胞多条通路显著改变, 其中与铁死亡相关的多条通路变化明显, 推测HES1可通过介导铁死亡调控NCI N87R细胞对赫赛汀耐药。
电镜结果显示, 与耐药细胞相比, HES1/NCI N87R细胞线粒体变小, 线粒体嵴减少或消失, 线粒体膜密度增加或破裂, 线粒体颜色变深, 符合铁死亡形态学特征(图 6A)。与对照组相比, HES1/NCI N87R细胞中铁离子水平显著升高(图 6B), 而GSH水平降低(图 6C), 且脂质过氧化产物MDA提高了1.6倍(图 6D), 这些结果与蛋白质组学数据相吻合。
首先采用CCK-8评价抑制剂本身对HES1/NCI N87R细胞活力的影响。结果显示, 当Fer-1、Z-VAD-FMK及3-MA浓度分别不高于5、8和16 μmol·L-1时, 抑制剂对细胞活力无显著影响(图 7A~图C)。据此, 采用5 μmol·L-1 Fer-1、8 μmol·L-1 Z-VAD-FMK和16 μmol·L-1 3-MA联合赫赛汀处理HES1/NCI N87R细胞, 分析其对细胞活力的影响。与DMSO组相比, Fer-1和3-MA干预使赫赛汀对HES1/NCI N87R的细胞活力分别提高了1.1和1.03倍, 而Z-VAD-FMK干预对赫赛汀敏感性无显著影响(图 7D), 表明抑制铁死亡一定程度上可增强HES1/NCI N87R细胞对赫赛汀的抗药性。
为了进一步研究HES1对NCI N87R细胞铁死亡的潜在调控机制, 采用Western blot分别检测了NCI N87R和HES1/NCI N87R细胞中TP53、磷酸化TP53 (pTP53)、SLC7A11、GPX4的表达变化。结果显示, TP53和pTP53在HES1/NCI N87R细胞中表达上调, 且pTP53/TP53比值增加, 而SLC7A11和GPX4表达下调(图 8AB)。采用5.0 μmol·L-1 Fer-1干预HES1/NCI N87R细胞后, 显示pTP53、SLC7A11和GPX4的表达被逆转, 且pTP53/TP53比值降低(图 8CD)。然而, 3-MA对pTP53和TP53表达无显著影响(图 8EF), 提示HES1通过TP53/SLC7A11/GPX4信号轴调控胃癌细胞对赫赛汀耐药。
肿瘤获得性耐药与氧化应激能力增强、凋亡抵抗、基因突变等多种机制有关[14-16]。氧化还原稳态改变是导致化疗失败和产生耐药的主要因素[17]。铁死亡是细胞内铁依赖的、由脂质过氧化积累驱动且与细胞代谢状态有关的细胞死亡方式。铁死亡不仅与氧化应激密切相关, 而且诱导铁死亡能够提高肿瘤化疗的有效性[18, 19]。因此, 研究铁死亡并探究与肿瘤耐药之间的关系, 将为肿瘤的精准治疗提供指导。
HES1是Notch信号通路下游靶基因。研究显示, 激活Notch信号有助于促进胃癌赫赛汀耐药[20]。然而, HES1在胃癌赫赛汀耐药中的作用尚不清楚。本课题组前期研究显示, 赫赛汀耐药胃癌细胞NCI N87R中HES1高表达, 抑制其表达能够逆转细胞耐药。蛋白质组学显示, 抑制HES1可诱导耐药细胞铁死亡、自噬、谷胱甘肽代谢等多条通路改变。反之, 抑制铁死亡能够增强HES1/NCI N87R细胞对赫赛汀抗药性, 提示HES1介导的铁死亡可能是逆转胃癌赫赛汀耐药的潜在策略。
众所周知, TP53介导的细胞信号转导在调节细胞代谢过程中发挥复杂且重要的调控作用。TP53通过转录依赖方式抑制system Xc-亚基SLC7A11的表达, 造成胞内胱氨酸摄取减少, 谷胱甘肽合成被抑制, 导致GPX4活性降低, 引发细胞铁死亡[21, 22]。研究数据显示, 与NCI N87R相比, HES1/NCI N87R细胞pTP53/TP53的比值升高, 而SLC7A11和GPX4的水平降低。使用抑制剂Fer-1抑制HES1/NCI N87R细胞铁死亡, 则能够逆转SLC7A11和GPX4的表达, 且pTP53/TP53的比值降低, 且一定程度上促进HES1/NCI N87R细胞对赫赛汀的抗药性, 提示HES1介导的TP53/SLC7A11/GPX4信号轴在胃癌赫赛汀耐药过程中具有重要调控作用(图 9)。另一方面, 在细胞铁代谢中, Fe3+经转铁蛋白TFR1转运至胞内, 再经金属还原酶STEAP3 (metalloreductase STEAP3, STEAP3) 转化为Fe2+, 并通过双性和mab-3相关转录因子1 (doublesex- and mab-3-related transcription factor 1, DMT1) 释放到胞质中, 形成铁复合物, 多余的Fe2+在胞内形成不稳定铁池, 参与Fenton反应, 产生脂质活性氧, 引起铁死亡(图 9)。本研究数据显示, HES1/NCI N87R细胞铁浓度显著增加, 提示脂质活性氧水平升高, 这为细胞铁死亡发生提供了必要条件。
脂肪酸β-氧化是细胞获取能量的主要形式, β-氧化通过减少未酯化PUFAs的有效性对铁死亡产生抑制作用[23]。相反, 细胞中未被氧化的PUFAs可增强线粒体氧化应激水平和脂质过氧化能力, 导致铁死亡发生[23, 24]。数据显示, 与脂肪酸β-氧化相关的基因, 除了ACBD7和ACOT11上调之外, 其余基因包括CPT1A、ECI1、ACADM、CPT2、HADHA、ACSF2、ACADVL、ECHS1、HADHB、ACAA2、ACOT9和SCP2在HES1/NCI N87R中的表达均降低, 提示HES1/NCI N87R细胞脂肪酸β-氧化能力降低, 游离PUFAs水平增加, 脂质过氧化水平提高, 为HES1/NCI N87R细胞铁死亡创造了先决条件。
众所周知, 线粒体中富含大量铁, 这些铁不仅参与铁-硫(Fe-S) 簇和血红素合成, 而且直接参与线粒体活性氧(mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, mitoROS) 的积累, 累积的mitoROS可以直接与线粒体膜多不饱和脂肪酸反应, 导致脂质过氧化水平提高, 造成线粒体DNA (mtDNA) 损伤, 进而导致铁死亡[25]。此外, 作为氧化磷酸化的主要场所, TCA循环流动性的提高能够直接产生ROS, 这为细胞启动铁死亡提供了有利条件[26]。本研究数据显示, 与TCA循环相关的分子, 包括PCK2、OGDH、SDHA、PDHB、CS、SUCLA2、IDH3B、SUCLG2、PC、ACO2和MDH2在HES1/NCI N87R细胞的表达均显著增加, 提示HES1/NCI N87R细胞内TCA循环流动能力增强, 为活性氧的产生提供了源动力。
自噬是独立于caspase依赖的细胞程序性死亡方式, 对维持细胞内稳态起关键作用[27]。肿瘤化疗过程伴随自噬与铁死亡的交互调控作用, 它们共同参与肿瘤的化疗耐药, 然而二者在肿瘤耐药中的调控机制尚未完全阐明。在急性淋巴细胞白血病细胞(acute lymphocytic leukemia, ALL) 中, 自噬通过影响铁蛋白及不稳定铁池调节了细胞铁稳态, 从而影响ALL对铁死亡激活剂的敏感性[28]; 在胶质母细胞瘤中, 自噬和铁死亡相互拮抗, 抑制自噬诱导的铁死亡有效提高胶质母细胞瘤对替莫唑胺的敏感性[29]。与前者不同的是, 在拉帕替尼对乳腺癌的治疗中, 铁死亡与自噬相互独立[30]。也有报道, 铁死亡时, 铁蛋白重链FTH1和铁蛋白轻链FTL的表达均降低, 且FTH1/FTL可通过自噬增加铁的水平[31]。本研究结果显示, 与自噬直接相关的分子在HES1/NCI N87R细胞中显著变化, 其中mTOR、ATG12、ATG7、ECHS1、SCP2、WIPI2、SPTLC1和RB1CC1表达上调, 而FTL、ATG2A、RPTOR、RHEB和COASY表达下调, 进一步功能研究显示, 抑制自噬一定程度可逆转胃癌赫赛汀耐药, 然而自噬抑制剂3-MA对TP53磷酸化水平无显著影响, 提示本研究中HES1/NCI N87R细胞的自噬作用并不直接由TP53所介导, 是否由铁蛋白组件FTL/FTH1调控尚需进一步探究。
Notch和TP53在多种肿瘤信号转导过程中具有交互作用, 作为Notch下游的重要靶基因, HES1在哺乳动物细胞中可通过翻译后机制激活TP53, 导致其磷酸水平改变[32], 尽管这种作用在调控细胞发育中至关重要, 然而在肿瘤耐药中的作用尚未明确。结果显示, 敲除HES1可激活TP53, 活化的TP53通过转录抑制SLC7A11表达, 继而导致GPX4活性降低, 使细胞抗氧化能力降低, 从而诱导细胞铁死亡(图 9), 提示HES1介导的TP53/SLC7A11/GPX4信号轴调控了胃癌细胞对赫赛汀的耐药。然而, HES1与TP53之间的调控机制尚不明确, 其在胃癌赫赛汀耐药中的作用尚需进一步探究。
作者贡献: 刘文虎提出研究思路, 完成部分实验操作、数据分析及文章撰写; 张金花负责部分实验操作; 常晋霞负责部分数据分析、英文修改及校对; 汤建才提供技术支持。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明无利益冲突。
  • 四川省应用基础科研项目(2019YJ0378)
  • 川北医学院重点发展项目(CBY22-ZDA01)
  • 南充市市校合作项目(19SXHZ0298)
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2023年第58卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0420
  • 接收时间:2023-04-06
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-06
  • 修回日期:2023-06-02
基金
四川省应用基础科研项目(2019YJ0378)
川北医学院重点发展项目(CBY22-ZDA01)
南充市市校合作项目(19SXHZ0298)
作者信息
    1.川北医学院药学院, 四川 南充 637100
    2.川北医学院科技创新中心, 四川 南充 637100
    3.川北医学院基础医学与法医学院, 四川 南充 637100

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*刘文虎, Tel: 86-817-3373323, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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