Article(id=1198652616612868964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0395, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1680364800000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-02, revisedDate=1682006400000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763710653689, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1691769600000, pubDateStr=2023-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763710653689, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763710653689, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763710653689, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198652605778985059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='8', pageStart='0', pageEnd='2540', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1691769600000', pubDateStr='2023-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763710651106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763710739504, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2035, endPage=2046, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198652616956801920, articleId=1198652616612868964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Design of small molecules targeting molecular chaperone system: review and perspective, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Molecular chaperone system, which mainly consist of heat shock proteins family and their cochaperones, is crucial for maintaining proteostasis in life. It assists in folding, maturation and ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated degradation of proteins, thus to play a key role in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Functional disorder of molecular chaperone system is highly relevant to occurrence and development of multiple diseases including cancers, autoimmune disease/inflammatory, infective diseases, neurodegenerative disease, etc. Therefore, molecular chaperone system has long been regarded as potential drug targets. In this review, we outline the progress in the design of small molecules targeting molecular chaperone system and analyze the features of small molecules with different mechanisms. Finally, we put forward expects about potential development directions for future drug design in this field.

, authors=null, authorsList=Huang-liang SHU, Qi-dong YOU, Lei WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qi-dong YOU, Lei WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198652620878475428, articleId=1198652616612868964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=靶向分子伴侣系统的小分子设计策略: 回顾与展望, columnId=1190335349206389552, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专家论坛, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

分子伴侣系统(molecular chaperone system) 对维持生命体蛋白稳态十分重要, 它主要由热休克蛋白(heat shock proteins, HSPs) 家族及其共伴侣蛋白(cochaperones) 构成。分子伴侣主要参与蛋白的折叠、成熟和经泛素-蛋白酶体系统(ubiquitin-proteasome system, UPS) 介导的蛋白降解, 最终调控细胞增殖和凋亡。分子伴侣系统功能的紊乱与癌症、自身免疫疾病、炎症、感染性疾病和神经退行性疾病等疾病的发生发展高度相关, 成为药物研发的潜在靶标群。本文系统性回顾靶向分子伴侣系统的小分子设计策略及其发展历程, 分析各阶段代表性分子的特点, 为未来靶向分子伴侣系统的小分子药物设计提供更多思路。

, authors=null, authorsList=舒黄亮, 尤启冬, 王磊, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=尤启冬, 王磊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*尤启冬, Tel: 86-25-83271351, E-mail: ;
王磊, Tel: 15261483858, E-mail:
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Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2010, 11: 515-528., articleTitle=HSP90 at the hub of protein homeostasis: emerging mechanistic insights, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960099202003580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, awardId=82173741, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(82173741), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960099319444105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, awardId=82003582, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(82003582), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960099436884635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, awardId=81930100, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(81930100), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960093208342628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960093233508453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, companyId=1198960093208342628, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960093237702758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, companyId=1198960093208342628, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国药科大学, 江苏省药物分子设计与成药性优化重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210009)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198960093334171757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960093359337585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, companyId=1198960093334171757, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960093367726194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, companyId=1198960093334171757, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国药科大学药学院药物化学系, 江苏 南京 210009)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960096639283572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=RHBYh13C4SAz5Q06qLNLkQ==, figureFileBig=0fG8ZK8OkOny+YgtwWsPyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960096748335490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption=  The mechanism of the molecular chaperone cycle and strategies for inhibiting the molecular chaperone machinery (A). HSP: Heat shock protein. HOP: Homeodomain only protein; HIP: HSP70 interacting protein; AHA1: HSP90 ATPase homologue 1; PPI: Protein-protein interaction; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate. Timeline for the development of small molecules targeting molecular chaperone (B). CDC37: Cell division cycle 37; GRP94: 94-kDa glucose-regulated protein; TRAP1: Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1; CHAMP: Chaperone-mediated protein degrader; PHORCs: Phosphatase recruiting chimeras , figureFileSmall=RHBYh13C4SAz5Q06qLNLkQ==, figureFileBig=0fG8ZK8OkOny+YgtwWsPyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960096953856410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=WzdmVtKHg/T0AAWQd+/h3w==, figureFileBig=E8E9SNP8576MgawRMtIo4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960097058714025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption=  Chemical scaffolds of HSP90 ATPase inhibitors and biological/clinical data. GDA: Geldanamycin; FP: Fluorescence polarization; MM: Multiple myeloma; NSCLC: Non-small cell lung cancer; HER2: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 , figureFileSmall=WzdmVtKHg/T0AAWQd+/h3w==, figureFileBig=E8E9SNP8576MgawRMtIo4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960097163571641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=pFeF8kps8ahC8qsdN9m3cQ==, figureFileBig=gnURO6CFokbKdvsj6/ouig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960097251652037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption=  Superimposition of the crystal structure of apo-N-terminal Hsp90<i>α</i> (PDB: 1YER, green) and the predicted binding mode of HSP90N-TAS-116 (white) (A). TAS-116 is indicated in yellow sticks. The ligand-induced conformation of residues 104-111 is indicated in blue cartoon. Key binding residues are highlighted in green. HSP90<i>α</i>/<i>β</i> selective inhibitor TAS-116 and its biological testing (B). PMDA: Pharmaceuticals and medical devices agency , figureFileSmall=pFeF8kps8ahC8qsdN9m3cQ==, figureFileBig=gnURO6CFokbKdvsj6/ouig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960097360703956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=bD5WCqeAPYRU80QDpYaBHQ==, figureFileBig=k/9FSWVWcDzs8StLuBM8xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960097478144483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Superimposition of the co-crystal structure of apo-GRP94 (PDB: 3O2F, green) and the predicted biding mode of GRP94-<strong>6</strong> (White). <strong>6</strong> is indicated in yellow sticks. The unique site 2 is indicated by the red curve. The "Phe199 shift" effect is indicated by a small magenta arrow. GRP94 selective inhibitor <strong>6</strong> and its biological testing , figureFileSmall=bD5WCqeAPYRU80QDpYaBHQ==, figureFileBig=k/9FSWVWcDzs8StLuBM8xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960097616556530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=I/OghTYQFQ0DNfodT16Hog==, figureFileBig=LWUOYUnf/Fx51qanFFcXvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960097822077439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= The co-crystal structure of TRAP1-PU-H71 (PDB: 4Z1F, white). The disordered sequence 171-202 in the binding site is indicated <i>via</i> red dash (A). The co-crystal structure of TRAP1-<strong>7</strong> (PDB: 3Y2N, white) (B). <strong>7</strong> is indicated in yellow sticks. The key binding residues are highlighted in green. Dotted yellow lines and red wires indicate intermolecular hydrogen bonds and water molecules, respectively. TRAP1 selective inhibitor <strong>7</strong> and its biological testing , figureFileSmall=I/OghTYQFQ0DNfodT16Hog==, figureFileBig=LWUOYUnf/Fx51qanFFcXvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960097918546441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=jE2aYeiwQlZfuvHrypPR3g==, figureFileBig=U53flEn+CbryDb0KomXCzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960097998238229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption=  Overall structure with the surface of HSP90 colored white (A). Detailed binding region of DDO-5936. HSP90 is represented as a white cartoon, and DDO-5936 is shown as yellow sticks (B). The residues Arg46, Glu47 and Gln133 are highlighted within the green stick model. Hydrogen bonds are displayed as yellow dotted lines. Structure and biological testing of DDO-5936. BLI: Bio-layer interferometry; ITC: Isothermal titration calorimetry , figureFileSmall=jE2aYeiwQlZfuvHrypPR3g==, figureFileBig=U53flEn+CbryDb0KomXCzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960098111484446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=/t+lQOA+mpjiY2lfP8S7AA==, figureFileBig=mj/2DMEHaZJGHWV/Ci736w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960098291839539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption=  Co-crystal structure of AHA1-CTD (white) and HSP90 (PDB: 6XLG, green). Predicted binding site is indicated in blue. Structure and biological testing of SEW84. CTD: C terminal domain , figureFileSmall=/t+lQOA+mpjiY2lfP8S7AA==, figureFileBig=mj/2DMEHaZJGHWV/Ci736w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960098447028792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=DVhsQmoEpTMwbwpjgRJWfQ==, figureFileBig=KdIVqchMkV843URcW4RfVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960098581246530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption=  Co-crystal structure of HOP-TPR2A (white) and HSP90C MEEVD sequences (show in surface and cartoon, PDB: 1ELR, green). Predicted binding site is indicated in red rectangle. Structure and biological testing of 7-azapteridines. TPR: Tetratricopeptide repeat; MEEVD: Met-Glu-Glu-Val-Asp motif , figureFileSmall=DVhsQmoEpTMwbwpjgRJWfQ==, figureFileBig=KdIVqchMkV843URcW4RfVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960098740630100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NtBS5HnaT7Wwl9L3U7Ow8A==, figureFileBig=Y65x1ORhGZdiIOneGwcIcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960098962928224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616612868964, language=CN, label=Figure 9, caption=  The structure, biological testing and mechanism of action for CHAMP (A). BET: Bromodomain and extra-terminal domain; BRD4: Bromodomain-containing protein 4; AML: Acute myelocytic leukemia. The structure, biological testing and mechanism of action for PHORC (B). 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靶向分子伴侣系统的小分子设计策略: 回顾与展望
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舒黄亮 1, 2 , 尤启冬 1, 2, * , 王磊 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 专家论坛 2023,58(8): 2035-2046
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药学学报 |专家论坛 2023 , 58 (8) : 2035 -2046
靶向分子伴侣系统的小分子设计策略: 回顾与展望
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舒黄亮1, 2, 尤启冬1, 2, * , 王磊1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国药科大学, 江苏省药物分子设计与成药性优化重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210009
  • 2.中国药科大学药学院药物化学系, 江苏 南京 210009
通讯作者:
*尤启冬, Tel: 86-25-83271351, E-mail: ;
王磊, Tel: 15261483858, E-mail:
Design of small molecules targeting molecular chaperone system: review and perspective
Huang-liang SHU1, 2, Qi-dong YOU1, 2, * , Lei WANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
  • 2. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
出版时间: 2023-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0395
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分子伴侣系统(molecular chaperone system) 对维持生命体蛋白稳态十分重要, 它主要由热休克蛋白(heat shock proteins, HSPs) 家族及其共伴侣蛋白(cochaperones) 构成。分子伴侣主要参与蛋白的折叠、成熟和经泛素-蛋白酶体系统(ubiquitin-proteasome system, UPS) 介导的蛋白降解, 最终调控细胞增殖和凋亡。分子伴侣系统功能的紊乱与癌症、自身免疫疾病、炎症、感染性疾病和神经退行性疾病等疾病的发生发展高度相关, 成为药物研发的潜在靶标群。本文系统性回顾靶向分子伴侣系统的小分子设计策略及其发展历程, 分析各阶段代表性分子的特点, 为未来靶向分子伴侣系统的小分子药物设计提供更多思路。

分子伴侣系统  /  小分子药物  /  药物设计

Molecular chaperone system, which mainly consist of heat shock proteins family and their cochaperones, is crucial for maintaining proteostasis in life. It assists in folding, maturation and ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated degradation of proteins, thus to play a key role in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Functional disorder of molecular chaperone system is highly relevant to occurrence and development of multiple diseases including cancers, autoimmune disease/inflammatory, infective diseases, neurodegenerative disease, etc. Therefore, molecular chaperone system has long been regarded as potential drug targets. In this review, we outline the progress in the design of small molecules targeting molecular chaperone system and analyze the features of small molecules with different mechanisms. Finally, we put forward expects about potential development directions for future drug design in this field.

molecular chaperone system  /  small molecule  /  drug design
舒黄亮, 尤启冬, 王磊. 靶向分子伴侣系统的小分子设计策略: 回顾与展望. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2035 -2046 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0395
Huang-liang SHU, Qi-dong YOU, Lei WANG. Design of small molecules targeting molecular chaperone system: review and perspective[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2035 -2046 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0395
蛋白发挥生物学功能需要稳定的三维结构, 但在病理情况下存在折叠效率低、易发生错误折叠等问题, 进而影响蛋白质稳态[1]。在生命体中, 分子伴侣系统负责调控此过程, 包括帮助新生多肽准确折叠、修复重要细胞蛋白(如蛋白激酶、类固醇激素受体、转录因子等)、抑制蛋白聚集、协助蛋白酶体降解等, 在细胞生长、分化和生存中发挥关键作用[2, 3]。分子伴侣系统主要由热休克蛋白(heat shock proteins, HSPs) HSP60、HSP70、HSP90和HSP100及共伴侣蛋白(cochaperones) 构成。其中, HSP60作用于蛋白质折叠早期, 为蛋白折叠提供了封闭的场所; HSP70指导蛋白的展开、分解、再折叠或降解; HSP90作用于折叠后期, 识别已部分折叠的蛋白并协助其成熟或通过蛋白酶体降解; HSP100主要负责展开蛋白、协助蛋白降解和避免蛋白聚集[4]
HSP90是一种腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸(adenosine triphosphate, ATP) 依赖的分子伴侣蛋白, 其已知的客户蛋白已超过500余个, 处于细胞内多种信号通路调节的中心位置[5]。HSP90及其共伴侣蛋白构成的分子伴侣循环是蛋白质折叠、成熟的重要途径(图 1A), 主要包括以下阶段: ① HSP70/HSP40复合物, 承载新生多肽或错误折叠蛋白, 通过同源域特有蛋白(homeodomain only protein, HOP) 与HSP90链接发生相互作用; ②细胞分裂周期37 (cell division cycle 37, CDC37)、结合素(immunophilin) 等共伴侣蛋白与HSP90结合形成多元复合物, 将客户蛋白装载于HSP90并伴随HSP70/HSP40复合物离去; ③ ATP结合于HSP90 N端, HSP90构象逐渐由开放钳形转变为闭合二聚体; ④包括热休克蛋白90 ATP酶激活因子1 (HSP90 ATPase homologue 1, AHA1) 在内的其他共伴侣蛋白结合于HSP90, AHA1能提高HSP90 ATPase的活性, 加速HSP90构象二聚化, 促进底物蛋白成熟; ⑤ ATP水解, HSP90 N端闭合构象打开, 释放出成熟的客户蛋白, HSP90复位准备进入下一次循环[6] (图 1A)。
基于分子伴侣系统的重要生物学功能, 已在包括癌症、炎症、感染性疾病和神经退行性疾病等病理过程中发现其功能异常或紊乱。因此, 靶向分子伴侣系统的关键节点开展小分子药物设计极具前景。1997年, 天然产物格尔德霉素(geldanamycin, GDA) 被确证为首个HSP90 ATPase抑制剂(图 1B)[7], 掀起了靶向HSP90 ATP结合位点小分子药物设计的浪潮, 本课题组也在2014~2016年设计并优化了一系列基于该位点的小分子抑制剂[8, 9]。截至目前, 先后已有超过30种HSP90 ATPase抑制剂进入临床, 但发现此类抑制剂会造成HSP90所有客户蛋白的无选择性降解, 并发生不可逆的热休克反应, 难以找到有效的药用安全窗口使得临床研究严重受阻[10, 11]。从2010年开始, 为解决ATPase抑制剂的泛抑制问题, 药物化学家们陆续开发出针对HSP90单一亚型的选择性抑制剂(图 1B)[12-14]。在哺乳动物细胞中, HSP90有4种亚型: HSP90α/β、葡萄糖调节蛋白94 (94-kDa glucose-regulated protein, GRP94) 和肿瘤坏死因子受体相关蛋白1 (tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1, TRAP1), 针对以上各类亚型目前均有高选择性、高活性的抑制剂报道。本课题组也在2018年得到了一类具有抗炎活性的GRP94抑制剂(GRP94 inhibitor 1, 图 4)[15]。亚型选择性抑制剂为研究HSP90亚型间的结构和功能差异提供了工具, 但是单一亚型抑制的作用效果不佳, 且各亚型的生物学功能研究尚不深入, 与之相匹配的临床适应症不明确, 限制了此类抑制剂的进一步开发。随着对分子伴侣系统生物学研究的深入, 药物化学家们注意到分子伴侣系统间的蛋白-蛋白相互作用(protein-protein interaction, PPI) 是其功能精细化调控的基础, 因此设计小分子有目的地干预伴侣蛋白间的相互作用过程成为重要的研究策略。从2008年开始, 靶向HSP90-cochaperone PPI的小分子药物设计在CDC37、HOP、AHA1和p23等共伴侣蛋白上取得突破, 本课题组在CDC37研究领域处于领先地位, 在2019年报道了首个HSP90-CDC37 PPI小分子抑制剂(DDO-5936, 图 1B)[16]。PPI抑制剂的设计绕开了N端ATP口袋, 避免了热休克反应, 同时还基于共伴侣蛋白的底物特异性识别实现了蛋白的差异化降解, 颇具潜力, 相关研究仍处于起步阶段[16-18]。2021年, 利用HSP90底物选择和肿瘤组织高表达的特性, 珃诺生物科技提出了分子伴侣介导的蛋白降解技术(chaperone-mediated protein degrader, CHAMP, 图 1B), 该技术利用化学嵌合体(chimeras) 拉近靶蛋白和HSP90的距离, 以HSP90为生物效应器泛素化靶蛋白后经蛋白酶体降解, 是一种新型的靶向蛋白降解(target protein degradation, TPD) 技术, 在效力和安全性方面具有显著优势。2022年, 基于HSP90共伴侣蛋白丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白磷酸酶5 (Ser/Thr protein phosphatase 5, PP5), 本课题组设计首个募集PP5的磷酸酶募集嵌合体(phosphatase recruiting chimeras, PHORCs), 实现了对过度磷酸化底物蛋白的选择性去磷酸化调控(DDO-3711, 图 1B)[19]。基于分子伴侣系统的异双功能分子代表了全新的药物设计策略, 拓展了伴侣蛋白的功能与分子设计思路[19, 20]。本篇综述以靶向分子伴侣系统小分子设计策略的发展历程为主线, 提出各阶段代表性的抑制剂, 总结其各自特点, 并展望该领域未来的发展方向。
1997年, 天然产物格尔丹霉素被确证为首个HSP90抑制剂, 拉开了HSP90 ATPase抑制剂研究的序幕。药物化学家们采用经典的基于配体的药物设计策略, 先后设计了多种不同化学骨架的小分子药物, 他们的共有机制是模仿ATP竞争性结合于HSP90 N端结构域ATP结合口袋, 阻断HSP90 ATP依赖性的构象转变, 继而干扰分子伴侣循环的正常运转, 最后使过表达的未成熟致癌蛋白因无法正确折叠而被泛素-蛋白酶体系统(ubiquitin-proteasome system, UPS) 识别并降解[10]
按照小分子结构类型, ATPase抑制剂可分为以下4类: 格尔丹霉素衍生物类、间苯二酚类、嘌呤骨架类和苯甲酰胺类(图 2)。由于格尔丹霉素在治疗剂量下展现出显著肝脏毒性、低溶解度和稳定性欠佳等问题[7], 研究者们通过对格尔丹霉素结构进行优化, 试图改善其理化特性, 陆续获得了17-AAG、17-DAMG、IP-504和IP-493等格尔丹霉素衍生物, 共同构成了第一代HSP90 ATPase抑制剂。其中, 衍生物17-AAG (IC50 = 0.031 μmol·L-1) 因肝毒性缓解而成为第一个进入临床试验的HSP90抑制剂(NCT00003969), 用于成人实体瘤的治疗[21]。此外, 后续的诸多实验表明, 17-AAG在多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma, MM) 的治疗领域也有着重要作用[22]。17-AAG单药使用的情况下, 能在体内和体外对MM细胞产生多效作用, 包括降低蛋白激酶B (protein kinase B, PKB或AKT) 和抗凋亡蛋白caspase-8/caspase-9的活性, 使骨髓基质细胞对癌症细胞的保护作用失效等, 表现出抗增殖作用(图 2)[22]。然而, 17-AAG单药使用疗效不佳, 药物化学家们转而筛选联合用药策略。临床试验结果表明, 17-AAG和蛋白酶体抑制剂硼替佐米(bortezomib) 的联用可提升耐药MM细胞对硼替佐米的敏感性, 并具有良好的耐受性(NCT00514371)[22, 23]。但是, 格尔丹霉素衍生物的类药性、治疗剂量下的低效性和代谢物肝毒性问题始终难以解决, 随着17-AAG临床Ⅲ期试验终止, 第一代ATPase抑制剂研究宣告失败。
第二类ATPase抑制剂的间苯二酚母核来源于天然产物根赤壳菌素(radicicol)。1953年, 根赤壳菌素最早从真菌中提取得到, 后来这种抗生素被发现也能和格尔丹霉素一样作用于HSP90 N端ATP口袋(IC50 = 30 nmol·L-1)。尽管由于其结构环氧部分的不稳定性[7], 体内活性不佳, 但其结构中的间苯二酚母核在X-衍射共晶研究中发现同HSP90 N端ATP口袋Asp93和Thr184形成氢键作用, 是高靶标亲和力的关键。故而间苯二酚部分被保留用以指导一系列衍生物的合成。加特司匹(ganetespib) 是通过基于药物片段的设计策略获得的三唑类间苯二酚抑制剂, 亲和力和安全性均得到改善(图 2)[24]。目前, 已有累计37项(其中24项完成, 9项终止) 针对加特司匹的临床研究, 适应症涉及多发性骨髓瘤、黑色素瘤、乳腺癌、非小细胞肺癌(non small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)、直肠癌等, 研究阶段最高(Ⅲ期) 的是治疗NSCLC。在体外NSCLC细胞系中, 加特司匹能引起受体酪氨酸激酶的耗竭, 抑制下游通路和细胞增殖, 诱导细胞凋亡, IC50值为2~300 nmol·L-1, 远低于17-AAG的0.02~3.50 μmol·L-1 [25]。体内研究表明加特司匹(125 mg·kg-1, iv) 能在整个肿瘤组织中有效分布, 表现出比17-AAG更强效力, 且无明显心脏或肝脏毒性[24], 然而, 加特司匹联合多西他赛(docetaxel) 对NSCLC患者的治疗Ⅲ期临床试验却在2015年因总生存风险比不理想而终止[5]。其他进入临床研究阶段的间苯二酚小分子包括: KW-2478、芦米司匹(luminespib) 和奥那司匹(onalespib), 最高临床阶段皆为Ⅱ期。相较于GDA系列化合物, 间苯二酚骨架的小分子呈现出更少的毒副作用和更好的耐受性, 但是治疗效果不理想。
第三类ATPase抑制剂嘌呤骨架类的研究始于2001年, 基于对ADP/ATP以及格尔丹霉素和根赤壳菌素等抑制剂与HSP90共晶结构的研究, Chiosis等[26]发表了首个嘌呤骨架的HSP90抑制剂PU-3, 虽然PU-3本身活性不佳, 但提供了一种新的HSP90 ATPase抑制剂结构母核。代表性分子CUDC-305 (IC50 = 100 nmol·L-1) 是一种可口服的嘌呤骨架HSP90抑制剂(图 2), 通过抑制P13K/AKT和RAF/MEK/ERK等多种信号通路诱导细胞凋亡, 且具有独特的药理性质: CUDC-305具有很高的口服生物利用度(96.0%) 和肿瘤组织选择性保留(t1/2 = 20.4 h), 还能透过血脑屏障在脑组织中达到有效浓度。CUDC-305在40种癌细胞系中(34种实体瘤和6种血液瘤) 展示出抗增殖活性, 平均IC50值为200 nmol·L-1 [27]。此外, CUDC-305在2018年被用于银屑病治疗的临床试验中(NCT03675542)。除CUDC-305外, 此类分子还包括BIIB021、PU-H71和MPC-3100等, 他们在溶解度方面有所改善, 但临床疗效不佳, 止步于Ⅰ/Ⅱ期研究。
第四类ATPase抑制剂为苯甲酰胺类, 主要由SNX-2112、SNX-5422、XL-888和TAS-116等构成。其中, SNX-5422 (IC50 = 32 nmol·L-1) 采用前药设计改善了SNX-2112的溶解度和生物利用度, 并于2008年成为首个进入临床的苯甲酰胺类小分子, 用于实体瘤和淋巴瘤治疗[28]。SNX-5422在20余种实体瘤和血液瘤中表现出抗增殖活性(IC50 = 0.9~114.0 nmol·L-1), 诱导降解人表皮生长因子受体2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, HER2)、蛋白激酶R (PKR) 样内质网激酶(PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, pERK)、p56和HSP70 (EC50分别为3、5、14和7 nmol·L-1)。在MM异种移植的小鼠模型中, SNX-5422能促进MM细胞凋亡和降低微血管密度, 抑制肿瘤生长(图 2)[11]。但是, 关于SNX-5422的Ⅱ期临床试验由于眼毒性和潜在的不可逆视网膜损伤而受阻。
本课题组在研究早期也致力于开发HSP90 ATPase抑制剂。2014年, 通过基于配体和化合物库的虚拟筛选技术ROCS (rapid overlay of chemical structures), 以奥那司匹为参照化合物, 筛选出基于间苯二酚结构的5, 6, 7, 8-四氢吡啶[4, 3-d]嘧啶核苗头化合物(IC50 = 45.39 ± 2.82 μmol·L-1)[8]。而后, 在分子对接模拟对配体-蛋白相互作用的研究和构效关系、构性关系分析的辅助下进行两轮优化, 所得优化产物不仅靶标亲和力提升(IC50 = 0.028 ± 0.002 μmol·L-1), 且体内肝微粒体代谢稳定性良好, 无眼毒性, 展示出优良的安全特性, 成为颇具潜力的小分子候选物[9]
如今, HSP90 ATPase抑制剂的研发已走过20余载, 但仍未能有一个安全性和疗效俱佳的小分子药物经美国食品药品监督管理局批准上市。虽然药物化学家通过骨架更新和结构优化对ATPase抑制剂的类药性和物化性质进行了优化, 但是其核心抑制策略始终无法绕开N端ATP结合口袋。N端ATP抑制造成HSP90底物蛋白无选择性地降解, 还会代偿性引起HSP70表达, 造成热休克反应, 降低药效, 以上是靶向ATPase的小分子药物始终难以解决的问题。因此, 纵然仍有诸多ATPase抑制剂处于临床研究当中, 药物化学家们需深入对分子伴侣系统的生物学研究, 寻求新的作用位点, 探索基于全新机制的靶向策略。
ATPase抑制剂对HSP90各个亚型的抑制活性相当, 从而造成泛抑制和毒副作用。为解决这一问题, 药物化学家们致力于开发亚型选择性抑制剂实现对肿瘤细胞精准杀伤。在哺乳动物细胞中, HSP90有4种亚型: HSP90α/β、GRP94和TRAP1。HSP90α/β分布于细胞质, 二者调控的信号通路和客户蛋白(HSP90α: 原癌基因丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶(RAF-1)、细胞外信号调控的蛋白激酶5 (ERK-5) 和凋亡抑制基因Survivin等, HSP90β: 周期蛋白依赖性激酶4/6 (CDK4/6)、AKT和趋化因子受体CXCR4等) 与癌症高度关联[6]; GRP94分布于内质网, 其客户蛋白(Toll样受体、胰岛素样生长因子、结合素和免疫球蛋白等) 与细胞迁移和黏附相关, 在肿瘤转移和免疫逃避过程中有关键作用[29]; TRAP1位于线粒体, 具有抗凋亡和抗氧化特性, 可以调节活性氧介导的致死应激和伴侣蛋白变性, 保护线粒体完整性[30]。HSP90s的氨基酸序列高度同源, 任意两者间相似的可达50%~60%[29]。这一保守性进一步体现在结构上, 他们均是由3个结构域构成的同源二聚体, 包括: 含ATP结合位点的N端结构域(N terminal domain, NTD)、用于结合客户蛋白的中部结构域(middle domain, MD) 和二聚化的C端结构域(C terminal domain, CTD)。HSP90s的保守性限制了基于结合口袋氨基酸差异的分子设计, 但随着小分子-蛋白晶体结构研究的深入, 配体诱导的特异性构象变化为亚型选择性抑制剂的设计提供了方向。
2014年, Ernst等[31]通过比对小分子配体-HSP90s的晶体结构, 发现HSP90α/β NTD ATP口袋104~111氨基酸序列存在特异性构象变化: apo状态下, 该序列为一段不规则的铰链, 在结合配体后则形成了α-螺旋(图 3A)。这一发现为HSP90α/β选择性抑制剂的开发提供了生物学基础。目前, TAS-116是首个也是唯一一个进入临床的HSP90α/β选择性抑制剂(HSP90α, Ki = 34.7 nmol·L-1; HSP90β, Ki = 21.3 nmol·L-1; GRP94和TRAP1, Ki > 50 μmol·L-1)。TAS-116甲酰胺基团同Asp93和Thr184形成水分子介导的氢键网络; 吡唑并[3, 4-b]吡啶结构占据由Leu107、Trp162和Phe138构成的疏水区域; C-3取代的异丙基则是占据Ala111、Tyr139和Val136形成的疏水口袋; 同样地, TAS-116诱导了Ile110-Gly114的构象变化, 形成了新的α-螺旋, 是其具备HSP90α/β选择性的关键(图 3B)[31, 32]。但是, TAS-116并不具有HSP90α和HSP90β之间选择性, 这可能是由于二者高度的同源性(95%) 而致使TAS-116无法在结合位点引起差异化的构象转变。在高表达HER2的NCI-N87人胃癌细胞异种移植的小鼠模型中, TAS-116 (14 mg·kg-1) 下调HER2、HER3和AKT蛋白水平, 抑制P13K/AKT和MAPK/ERK信号通路, 展示强大的抗肿瘤活性。同时, TAS-116在动物模型实验中更多地在肿瘤组织富集, 有着良好的分布, 这也可能是其不引起眼毒性的原因之一[13]。综合而言, TAS-116是一个可口服的、安全性改善的HSP90α/β ATPase抑制剂(图 3)。2022年8月, TAS-116作为四线用药在日本获批上市, 用于癌症化疗后胃肠道间质瘤恶化[33]
与HSP90α/β选择性抑制剂相似, GRP94抑制剂的研究也是基于特定的构象变化。2013年, Patel等[12]发现在PU-H54和GRP94的共晶结构中存在一个配体诱导的特异性疏水位点site 2 (图 4), 利用疏水取代基团占据该位点成为GRP94抑制剂开发的关键。2018年, 本课题组针对site 2开展了深入研究, 以求获取活性更佳的GRP94抑制剂。通过比对PU-H54和HSP90α、GRP94的共晶结构发现, 在HSP90α结合袋中, Phe138平行排列; 而在GRP94中, PU-H54的8位芳基基团插入GRP94的site 2, 并且造成残基Phe199倾斜(图 4)。GRP94构象中的“Phe199移位”仅发生在配体存在的情况下, 因此, 假设用具有刚性基团的化合物来诱导这种构象变化能实现更好的GRP94选择性。根据以上假设, 本课题组将芳基与苯甲酰胺支架结合, 形成了一系列新的GRP94选择性抑制剂[15]。最终, 获得的GRP94 inhibitor 1 (图 4), 相较于HSP90α, 有着1 000倍的GRP94活性选择性(HSP90α: IC50 > 100 μmol·L-1; GRP94: IC50 = 2 nmol·L-1)。在Panc-1细胞系中, GRP94 inhibitor 1能在不干扰AKT和HSP70的表达的情况下, 选择性下调GRP94的客户蛋白(整合素α2和整合素αL等)。在溃疡性结肠炎小鼠模型中, GRP94 inhibitor 1展示出强效的抗炎作用[15]。总的来说, 本课题组的研究证明Phe199的移位与实现GRP94选择性有关, 为后续的开发提供了指导。
2017年, Park等[14]通过对HSP90、TRAP1和PU-H71的共晶研究, 发现了二者之间存在的细微结构差异: TRAP1结合位点中的172~201氨基酸序列相较于在HSP90中是无序的, 且两个保守的氨基酸Asn171和Gly202在HSP90和TRAP1中有着不同的布局(图 5A)。基于以上结果, 他们对PU-H71的咪唑环进行改造得到了7 (TRAP1, IC50 = 79 nmol·L-1; HSP90, IC50 = 698 nmol·L-1, 图 5), 与PU-H71不同, 7的吡唑并嘧啶环和保守氨基酸Gly202旁的Phe201形成π-π堆积作用; 此外, 吡唑环N-2和Asn171形成水分子介导的氢键网络, 以上相互作用是7具备TRAP1选择性的关键(图 5B)[14]。在HeLa细胞中, 7导致线粒体膜电位下降和活性氧的过量生成。且在20 μmol·L-1浓度下抑制客户蛋白的表达而不上调HSP70[14]
HSP90亚型选择性抑制是减少HSP90泛抑制剂不良反应的替代策略。对HSP90各亚型及其抑制剂的共晶结构研究为基于结构的药物设计提供了有力的指导[13-15]。同时, 选择性抑制剂的发现又有助于研究各亚型的功能, 形成一个互促的良性循环。但是单一亚型的抑制作用效果不能满足临床需求, 并且当下对于亚型生物学功能探索不足以支撑成药性研究, 提出明确的临床适应症。因此, 基于现有的研究进展, 靶向亚型设计小分子的策略暂无法对泛抑制剂形成有效替代。
共伴侣蛋白是分子伴侣循环的重要组成部分, 其功能包括不同底物的识别与递呈, 构象稳定和酶功能催化等。近年来, 随着对诸多共伴侣蛋白与HSP90之间的相互作用机制和结合位点研究的深入, 靶向共伴侣蛋白与HSP90的蛋白-蛋白相互作用、干扰共伴侣蛋白对分子伴侣循环的调控成为新的药物设计策略。这种基于不同作用机制的策略绕开了经典ATP结合口袋, 能够避免对HSP90泛抑制; 同时, 得益于各共伴侣蛋白对不同底物蛋白的特异性识别, 有望借此实现针对不同疾病中特征高表达的蛋白的靶向降解。下文将围绕CDC37、AHA1和HOP三种共伴侣蛋白的PPI抑制剂展开。
CDC37是一种激酶特异性的共伴侣蛋白, 其能识别多种未折叠的激酶客户蛋白(受体酪氨酸激酶、非受体酪氨酸激酶、淋巴细胞特异性酪氨酸激酶、丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶等) 并将它们募集至HSP90完成折叠和成熟[34]。CDC37已被证实在包括前列腺癌、肝癌和多发性骨髓瘤等多种癌症细胞中过表达, 且癌症相关激酶(AKT、CDK4、ERK和B-RAF等) 的成熟高度依赖CDC37与HSP90间的相互作用[35]。因此, 靶向HSP90-CDC37 PPI被视为一种潜在的分子设计策略。2008年, 研究发现天然产物雷公藤红素(celastrol) 能够下调HSP90激酶客户蛋白的表达而不引起热休克反应。2009年, Sreeramulu等[36]的后续研究通过异核单量子相干谱(heteronuclear singular quantum correlation, HSQC) 和免疫共沉淀(co-immunoprecipitation, Co-IP) 确证了雷公藤红素的抗增殖活性源自结合CDC37 NTD而干扰了HSP90和CDC37的PPI。虽然雷公藤红素的靶标众多、无特异性、成药性欠佳, 但也为靶向HSP90-CDC37 PPI提供了部分前期思路。2019年, 本课题组通过分子动力学模拟和点突变分析, 发现Glu47/Gln133 (HSP90) 和Arg167 (CDC37) 是二者相互作用的关键氨基酸, 突变上述任一氨基酸都将导致HSP90-CDC37复合物解离(图 6B)[16]。设定该区域为结合热区, 通过对化合物库的高通量筛选和生物学评价获得苗头化合物, 结构优化后得到了首个HSP90-CDC37 PPI小分子抑制剂DDO-5936 [生物层干涉测量法(bio-layer interferometry, BLI): KD = 7.41 μmol·L-1; 等温滴定量热法(isothermal titration calorimetry, ITC): KD = 5.68 μmol·L-1, 图 6]。HSQC发现DDO-5936结合于一个包括Glu47在内的HSP90 N端口袋, 该口袋位于HSP90-CDC37相互作用区域, 且临近HSP90 ATP结合位点, 但DDO-5936并未对ATPase产生抑制(IC50 > 50 μmol·L-1, 图 6A)。DDO-5936展示出良好的体内体外活性: 在HCT116细胞中(IC50 = 10.24 μmol·L-1), DDO-5936选择性下调CDC37依赖的激酶蛋白(CDK4/6和p-AKT等) 而不影响其他HSP90客户蛋白, 进而阻断细胞周期; 在多种HCT116异种移植的器官中, DDO-5936的功效和安全性俱佳[16]。本课题组后续对DDO-5936的进一步结构修饰获得了亲和力、理化性质和体内活性改善的DDO-5942[37]。DDO-5936揭示了一个全新的HSP90-CDC37 PPI抑制位点, 但囿于缺乏作用于该位点的小分子-蛋白的共晶, 进一步的药物设计和成药性优化难以开展[5]。目前, 针对HSP90-CDC37 PPI抑制剂的研发仍处于起步阶段。
AHA1是作用于分子伴侣循环后期(ATP水解, 图 1A) 的另一共伴侣蛋白, 能提升HSP90 ATPase的活性, 加速HSP90 N端闭合构象的形成[38]。AHA1具有两个结构域, AHA1 NTD与HSP90 MD结合形成半闭合构象, AHA1 CTD的空间位阻致使HSP90 NTD游离MD, 这样更有利于ATP进入[39]。此外, AHA1还可能与客户蛋白的选择性相关: 在酵母菌中, AHA1的敲除影响了糖皮质激素受体和SRC激酶的成熟[40]。靶向HSP90-AHA1 PPI成为一种新的HSP90抑制策略。2020年, Singh等[18]通过喹哪啶红ATPase活性测定证明SEW84能抑制AHA1提升的HSP90 ATPase活性(IC50 = 0.30 μmol·L-1), 进一步的HSQC试验表明SEW84结合于AHA1 CTD (KD = 1.74 μmol·L-1) 进而阻断AHA1和HSP90的PPI, 但由于缺乏复合物共晶, 具体作用位点和相互作用模式还有待阐明(图 7)。在HEK293细胞中, SEW84能抑制雄激素受体和特异性清除磷酸化的Tau蛋白, 提示其适应症可能与前列腺癌和神经退行性疾病相关。SEW84的构效关系研究表明, 结构中的三氟甲基和肼碳酰硫酰胺部分为活性相关基团, 苯环上的间位或对位取代基起活性调节作用[18]。SEW84提供了一种新型的HSP90-AHA1 PPI抑制剂的结构母核。除SEW84外, 靶向HSP90-AHA1 PPI的小分子还包括A12、A16和TL-2-8等, 相关研究处于生物测试阶段[39]
回到HOP作用的分子伴侣循环起始阶段(图 1A), HOP负责连接HSP70和HSP90并将处于HSP70复合物中的新生多肽装配至HSP90。HSP90通过CTD的五肽重复序列MEEVD和HOP的TPR2A结构域发生相互作用(KD = 11 μmol·L-1, 图 8)[41]。这种相互作用对HSP90分子伴侣循环的启动十分重要, 设计小分子阻断HSP90-HOP PPI成为干扰分子伴侣循环的有效策略。2008年, Yi等[17]通过AlphaScreen高通量筛选, 得到7-氮杂蝶啶类化合物, 其中10活性最好, KD值为202 nmol·L-1 (图 8)。ITC证明10同TPR2A存在1∶1结合, 但具体的作用位点和结合模式尚未阐明。在BT474和SKBR3细胞中, 这些化合物降低HSP90客户蛋白HER2的表达水平, 诱导细胞凋亡, 但并不引起HSP70的上调。10证实了靶向HSP90-HOP PPI的可行性并展示了较好的安全性, 为后续研究提供了结构母核[17]
分子伴侣循环的正常运行不仅需要ATP来推动构象的转变, 同时也要借助在不同阶段和各共伴侣蛋白的相互作用。鉴于作用于HSP90 NTD ATP结合口袋所造成的泛抑制和诸多不良反应, 药物化学家们试图通过靶向HSP90-cochaperone PPI来实现对分子伴侣循环的针对性调控。这一药物分子设计策略已在CDC37、AHA1和HOP等共伴侣蛋白上取得可观的进展。基于共伴侣蛋白的客户蛋白选择性, 经典热休克反应的有效避免都证实了该策略颇具潜力。当然, 该领域的研究仍有低亲和力, 具体作用机制不明确, 缺乏复合物共晶指导进一步药物优化等问题尚待解决。
基于异双功能分子(heterobifunctional small molecule) 的靶向蛋白降解技术在近年来成为热门的药物设计策略。其中, 基于E3泛素连接酶和泛素-蛋白酶体系统的靶向蛋白水解嵌合体(proteolysis targeting chimeras, PROTACs) 技术进展迅速, ARV-110和ARV-471两个分子已进入临床Ⅱ期[42]。然而, 由于E3泛素连接酶分布的广泛性, PROTACs造成的正常组织损伤和诱导机体耐药机制是其主要面临的问题[43]。利用分子伴侣系统介导TPD或能解决上述问题。分子伴侣系统除了帮助客户蛋白折叠、成熟外, 还可以识别错误折叠的蛋白以加速其经UPS的降解[38]。分子伴侣系统中的HSP90能与多种E3泛素连接酶(泛素样含PHD和环指域1、热休克蛋白70羧基端作用蛋白、清选蛋白5和小鼠双微体2蛋白等[44-46]) 产生相互作用, E3泛素连接酶继而把小泛素蛋白附着于底物蛋白上, 将其标记为缺陷或受损蛋白, 加速蛋白酶体对其的识别和降解。此外, HSP90在癌症细胞中过表达, 诸多癌症相关蛋白依赖HSP90成熟。综合HSP90的以上特征, 基于分子伴侣系统设计新的TPD平台颇具潜力。
2021年, 珃诺生物医药科技首创性地提出了CHAMP技术。CHAMP是一种基于分子伴侣系统的异双功能分子, 通过linker链接靶蛋白配体和分子伴侣配体, 能化学诱导性地拉近靶蛋白和分子伴侣复合物, 形成三元复合物, 将靶蛋白泛素化后降解, 代表了全新的小分子设计策略。RNK05028是首个报道的CHAMP分子, 它由溴结构域和超末端结构域(bromodomain and extra-terminal domain, BET) 蛋白抑制剂(+)-JQ1[47], 含三唑酮的间苯二酚系列HSP90抑制剂[24]以及链接二者的linker构成, 实现了对癌症相关溴域蛋白-4 (bromodomain-containing protein 4, BRD4) 的靶向降解(图 9A)。在MV-4-11细胞中, 经免疫共沉淀测定, RNK05028、BRD4和HSP90形成了三元复合物。对比BET抑制剂MK-8628、RNK05028对BRD4具有更强的降解作用。该CHAMP分子还具有优良的选择性: 与BET-PROTAC对BRD2、BRD3和BRD4同等效力的降解不同[48], 蛋白质印迹法(Western blot) 结果显示RNK05028仅降解BRD4 (IC50 = ~50 nmol·L-1), 同时, RNK05028对除BRD4外的其他HSP90客户蛋白无降解效果。RNK05028展示出良好的药代动力学特性, 在MV-4-11细胞异种移植的小鼠模型中, 选择性浓集于癌细胞中且单剂给药后在72 h内持续保有降解活性。其后续优化产品RNK05047已于2022年8月在美国Ⅰ/Ⅱ临床完成首例患者给药, 用于评估在晚期实体肿瘤以及淋巴瘤受试者中的安全性和耐受性。2023年2月, 珃诺生物向药品审评中心提交RNK05047的临床试验申请, 并已被受理。除珃诺的BRD4-CHAMP系列分子外, 2023年, Li等[20]发表了基于HSP90配体BIIB021和CDK4/6配体哌柏西利(palbociclib) 的小分子HEMTAC (heat shock protein 90-mediated targeting chimeras), 实现了对CDK4/6的靶向降解, 是基于分子伴侣系统的TPD设计策略的又一成功应用。综合而言, 以分子伴侣系统为生物效应器, 利用其特异性底物识别和肿瘤细胞高表达的特性, 设计靶向蛋白降解的异双功能分子技术, 与现有TPD手段相比, 因选择性提升而降低了脱靶风险, 具备更好的效力和安全性。
靶向分子伴侣系统的异双功能分子不仅在靶向蛋白降解领域有所建树, 还在靶向去磷酸化调节领域取得突破。蛋白磷酸化水平异常与多种疾病的发生发展相关, 包括炎症、肝脏疾病、心肺功能疾病以及癌症等[49]。PP5是HSP90的共伴侣蛋白, PP5结合于HSP90解除自抑制状态进而去磷酸化HSP90-CDC37-Client复合物, 促进HSP90构象转变, 释放成熟客户蛋白[38]。2022年, 本课题组基于此前对HSP90-CDC37-PP5-Client分子伴侣系统特点的研究, 报道了首个募集PP5的PHORC分子DDO-3711 (图 9B)。DDO-3711由凋亡信号调节激酶1 (apoptosis signal-regulated kinase 1, ASK1) 的抑制剂TCASK10 (IC50 = 37.2 nmol·L-1)、PP5激动剂P5SA-2 (PP5 activation: 222%) 以及linker三部分组成。一方面, DDO-3711作用于PP5激活其磷酸酶功能(PP5 activation: 424%); 另一方面, 结合ASK1 (IC50 = 164.1 nmol·L-1) 拉近与PP5距离, 最终实现PP5对ASK1的自磷酸化位点Thr848的靶向去磷酸化调节, 进而抑制ASK1下游信号通路c-Jun氨基末端激酶、p-38的激活以及细胞周期相关蛋白CDK4/6、G1/S-特异性周期蛋白-D1的表达, 表现出抗增殖活性。在MKN-45胃癌细胞和异种移植的小鼠模型中, 较之于TCASK10和P5SA-2各自单用或联用, DDO-3711具备更优的活性(IC50 = 0.5 μmol·L-1), 提示DDO-3711或为有效的胃癌治疗手段[19]。与PROTACs相比, PHORCs在不影响蛋白表达水平的情况下, 实现了对底物蛋白磷酸化水平的精准调控, 为小分子调控蛋白的翻译后修饰过程提供了重要研究思路与范例, 同时也是靶向分子伴侣系统的异双功能分子药物设计策略的有效实践。
一直以来, 分子伴侣系统因其在蛋白稳态和细胞周期中的重要调控作用而被视作治疗多种相关疾病的理想靶标。1997年GDA确证为HSP90抑制剂并发现ATP结合口袋, 此后近20年的时间是ATPase抑制剂研发的黄金年代, 前后有30余种药物进入临床。但随着临床数据的累积, ATPase抑制剂三大缺陷也逐渐浮现: ①眼毒性和肝毒性等不良反应; ②有限的治疗效果; ③热休克反应和机体耐药机制, 成为制约HSP90抑制剂上市的主要因素。单药使用不理想, ATPase抑制剂或转向联合用药领域发挥余热[50-52]。就靶向分子伴侣系统本身而言, 亟需新的药物设计策略。2013年, 首个GRP94抑制剂发现, 开发HSP90亚型抑制剂的设计策略进入药物化学家们的视野[12]。选择性抑制单一亚型HSP90可减轻泛抑制作用引起多种不良反应, 但伴随着疗效的减弱。并且, HSP90四个亚型间高度同源, 针对各亚型的结构和功能研究不足以支撑成药性研究。生物学研究进展或许能为作用于亚型选择性抑制剂注入活力。随着对分子伴侣系统作用机制研究的深入, 共伴侣蛋白的调控作用被强调, 通过干扰HSP90-cochaperone PPI实现对分子伴侣循环的精准调控代表了全新的药物设计理念。2008年至今, 已涌现出多种共伴侣蛋白的PPI抑制剂, 他们基于全新的结合口袋, 有效避免了热休克反应, 并且基于共伴侣蛋白对底物的特异性识别实现了靶蛋白降解。但是, 由于PPI的动态性和复杂性, 这些分子的具体作用机制研究还不够深入; 同时, 相互作用蛋白间本身的低亲和力结合致使现有PPI抑制剂的结合活性不佳; 具体分子机制的阐明和更多小分子-蛋白共晶复合物的获得是PPI抑制剂进一步优化的关键。自PROTACs问世以来, 异双功能分子研究的热度日趋增加。结合分子伴侣系统强大的生物效应器特性, 选择性和安全性更佳的靶向降解技术CHAMP和靶向去磷酸化调节分子PHORC将靶向分子伴侣系统的药物设计推向一个新的高度, 提供了更多的可能性。由于分子伴侣底物蛋白/非底物蛋白本身界限的模糊性[53], 众多以往“不可靶”或“可靶性差”的靶点, 有望借助分子伴侣系统的降解和调控作用成为有效的作用位点。基于非底物蛋白的靶向降解或许代表了下一代靶向分子伴侣系统的小分子设计策略。
作者贡献: 舒黄亮负责文章资料收集与撰写; 尤启冬、王磊负责文章的选题与修改, 为该文章的主要负责人。
利益冲突: 本文无利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82173741)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82003582)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81930100)
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2023年第58卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0395
  • 接收时间:2023-04-02
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-02
  • 修回日期:2023-04-21
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82173741)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82003582)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81930100)
作者信息
    1.中国药科大学, 江苏省药物分子设计与成药性优化重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210009
    2.中国药科大学药学院药物化学系, 江苏 南京 210009

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*尤启冬, Tel: 86-25-83271351, E-mail: ;
王磊, Tel: 15261483858, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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