Article(id=1201177207235371826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201177206518145841, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0388, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1680105600000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-30, revisedDate=1680624000000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764312562998, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1704988800000, pubDateStr=2024-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764312562998, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764312562998, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764312562998, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201177206518145841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='268', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764312562826, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764312760268, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201178034725417827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201177206518145841, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201178034725417828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201177206518145841, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=16, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201177207570916150, articleId=1201177207235371826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Advances in antitumor research of bifunctional small molecule inhibitors targeting heat shock protein 90, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) protein family is a cluster of highly conserved molecules that play an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Hsp90 and its co-chaperones regulate a variety of pathways and cellular functions, such as cell growth, cell cycle control and apoptosis. Hsp90 is closely associated with the occurrence and development of tumors and other diseases, making it an attractive target for cancer therapeutics. Inhibition of Hsp90 expression can affect multiple oncogenic pathways simultaneously. Most Hsp90 small molecule inhibitors are in clinical trials due to their low efficacy, toxicity or drug resistance, but they have obvious synergistic anti-tumor effect when used with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, tubulin inhibitors or topoisomerase II (Topo II) inhibitors. To address this issue, the design of Hsp90 dual-target inhibitors can improve efficacy and reduce drug resistance, making it an effective tumor treatment strategy. In this paper, the domain and biological function of Hsp90 are briefly introduced, and the design, discovery and structure-activity relationship of Hsp90 dual inhibitors are discussed, in order to provide reference for the discovery of novel Hsp90 dual inhibitors and clinical drug research from the perspective of medicinal chemistry.

, correspAuthors=Gu HE, Bo HAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hong-ping ZHU, Xin XIE, Rui QIN, Wei HUANG, Yan-qing LIU, Cheng PENG, Gu HE, Bo HAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201177211169629126, articleId=1201177207235371826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=靶向热休克蛋白90的双功能小分子抑制剂的抗肿瘤研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

热休克蛋白90 (heat shock protein 90, Hsp90) 家族是一组高度保守的分子, 在维持细胞稳态中发挥重要作用。Hsp90及其共同伴侣可调控多种途径和细胞功能, 如细胞生长、细胞周期控制和细胞凋亡等。Hsp90与肿瘤等疾病的发生发展密切相关, 是癌症治疗的一个有吸引力的靶点。抑制Hsp90表达可同时影响多种致癌途径。Hsp90小分子抑制剂由于其低疗效、毒性或耐药性等问题, 大多数抑制剂都处于临床试验阶段, 但其与组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase, HDAC) 抑制剂、微管蛋白抑制剂、拓扑异构酶II (topoisomerase II, Topo II) 抑制剂等联合使用时, 具有明显的协同抗肿瘤作用。针对这一问题, 设计Hsp90双靶点抑制剂以提高疗效和降低耐药性是一种有效的肿瘤治疗策略。本文简要介绍了Hsp90的结构域及其生物学功能, 并讨论了Hsp90双重抑制剂的设计、发现和构效关系, 旨在从药物化学的角度为新型Hsp90双重抑制剂的发现和临床药物研究提供参考。

, correspAuthors=何谷, 韩波, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*何谷, E-mail: ;
韩波, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=u4eASso2R9p65z09oxWywA==, magXml=dEuLntQxG5TDgq6ru7w7jQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=pmtt1iLgAM+pTeCuWf0l1A==, pdfFileSize=7656135, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=06V30Q5EW41xAVXcJqXrsw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=uN5cpTeIy4zHoVqlUO606Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

#共同第一作者.

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(A) A schematic diagram of the genomic structure of human Hsp90 subtypes; (B) Domain structure diagrams of human Hsp90 <i>α</i>, <i>β</i>, Grp94, Hsp90N and Trap1; (C) Proposed domain structure of Hsp90 dimer , figureFileSmall=HPnV+6c7TsH0AQVj3sducw==, figureFileBig=yISoq/NatLzfnRglD4EzOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177216739664299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177207235371826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=gkfO0w/+aTF86cFO8neIhA==, figureFileBig=GAXFwheE0LIiWtnQ4DXaCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177216869687734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177207235371826, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Representative structure of Hsp90 ATP inhibitors. (A) Chemical structure of Hsp90 N-terminal ATP inhibitors containing ansamycin, resorcinol, purine or benzamide stents; (B) Chemical structure of natural Hsp90 C-terminal ATP inhibitors and their derivatives , figureFileSmall=gkfO0w/+aTF86cFO8neIhA==, figureFileBig=GAXFwheE0LIiWtnQ4DXaCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177216987128254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177207235371826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=snQ47TKK87mw75mil6Fr5g==, figureFileBig=aOPi4at/kRiy0vbSaP9F4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177217108763085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177207235371826, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= The structure of Hsp90 family representative Hsp90 inhibitors targeting PPI networks and subtypes. (A) Natural products that destroy the Hsp90-Cdc37 PPI network; (B) Small molecules that destroy the Hsp90-Cdc37/Hop/Aha1/immunophilin PPI network; (C) Isomer specific inhibitors of Hsp90 , figureFileSmall=snQ47TKK87mw75mil6Fr5g==, figureFileBig=aOPi4at/kRiy0vbSaP9F4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177217213620696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177207235371826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ZpccCYGa+8Mxri75UjMumQ==, figureFileBig=K4QKeHjluReKF36a1spmvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177217310089694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177207235371826, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Biological processes related to Hsp90 and its customer proteins , figureFileSmall=ZpccCYGa+8Mxri75UjMumQ==, figureFileBig=K4QKeHjluReKF36a1spmvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177217444307433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177207235371826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=nL5y9FYRG6kQP3GPc4mJtg==, figureFileBig=rK9nHlS9ts1bBwsVGuUEhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177217519804914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177207235371826, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= The application of small molecular dual inhibitors of Hsp90 and other oncoproteins in cancer therapy , figureFileSmall=nL5y9FYRG6kQP3GPc4mJtg==, figureFileBig=rK9nHlS9ts1bBwsVGuUEhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177217628856827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177207235371826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=E/FT+EBtgga+ocwu4LtRFA==, figureFileBig=xMEtb4hvF8lGRcGgLYcrig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177217800823302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177207235371826, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= Dual inhibitors of Hsp90 and HDAC6. (A) Chemical structure of HSP90 and HDAC6 dual inhibitors; (B) The binding mode of compound <strong>1</strong> with HSP90<i>α</i> (PDB: 2CCU); (C) The binding mode of compound <strong>1</strong> with HDAC6 (PDB: 5EDU); (D) The binding mode of compound <strong>3</strong> with Hsp90α (PDB: 2CCU); (E) The binding mode of compound <strong>3</strong> with HDAC6 (PDB: 5EDU). Proteins are represented by gray bands, and contact residues of compounds are represented by green bands. The compound is shown as a rod and colored according to the atomic type (C: yellow; N: blue; O: red; S: brown). Green dotted line is hydrogen bond; orange dashed line is ion-PI interaction , figureFileSmall=E/FT+EBtgga+ocwu4LtRFA==, figureFileBig=xMEtb4hvF8lGRcGgLYcrig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177217930846740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177207235371826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=HVIlBpmzCtXzoYBsWqUL5A==, figureFileBig=YZ7QCfdiXh6NFUs8s36I1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177218023121437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177207235371826, language=CN, label=Figure 9, caption= Dual target inhibitors of Hsp90 and tubulin. (A) Chemical structure of compound <strong>4</strong> and <strong>5</strong>; (B) The binding mode of compound <strong>4</strong> with Hsp90<i>α</i> (PDB: 2CCu); (C) The binding mode of compound <strong>4</strong> with tubulin (PDB: 6F7C). Proteins are represented by gray bands, and residues of contact compounds are represented by green rods. Compounds are shown as rods and according to atomic type (C: Yellow; N: Blue; O: Red; S: Brown). Green dotted line is hydrogen bond; orange dashed line is ion-<i>π</i> interaction , figureFileSmall=HVIlBpmzCtXzoYBsWqUL5A==, figureFileBig=YZ7QCfdiXh6NFUs8s36I1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177218123784746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177207235371826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=95bIvyBbEaLv1iuBCjMS4g==, figureFileBig=VAAaboC+aHEHxFA8XF8oZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177218220253744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177207235371826, language=CN, label=Figure 10, caption= Dual inhibitors of Hsp90 and topoisomerase II. (A) Chemical structure of compound <strong>6</strong> and <strong>7</strong>; (B) Chemical structures of natural products <strong>8</strong>; (C) The binding mode of compound <strong>8</strong> with Hsp90<i>α</i> (PDB: 2CCu); (D) The binding mode of compound <strong>8</strong> with topoisomerase II (PDB: 3FOF). Proteins are represented by gray bands, and residues of contact compounds are represented by green rods. Compounds are shown as rods and according to atomic type (C: Yellow; N: Blue; O: Red; S: Brown). Green dotted line is hydrogen bond; orange dashed line is ion-<i>π</i> interaction , figureFileSmall=95bIvyBbEaLv1iuBCjMS4g==, figureFileBig=VAAaboC+aHEHxFA8XF8oZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177218320917051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177207235371826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=77NY8jf92TJQIr1GSh7fvw==, figureFileBig=Pub/TeS8kMreuiDBkoVb0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177218455134785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177207235371826, language=CN, label=Figure 11, caption= Dual inhibitors of Hsp90 and PI3K. (A) Design strategy and chemical structure of compounds <strong>9</strong> and <strong>10</strong>; (B) The binding mode of compound <strong>9</strong> with HSP90<i>α</i> (PDB: 2CCU); (C) The binding mode of compound <strong>9</strong> with PI3K (PDB: 6PYS). The proteins are represented by gray bands, and the residues of contact compounds are represented by green bars. The compound is shown as a rod and colored according to the atomic type (C: yellow; N: blue; O: red; S: brown). Green dotted line is hydrogen bond; orange dashed line ision-PI interaction , figureFileSmall=77NY8jf92TJQIr1GSh7fvw==, figureFileBig=Pub/TeS8kMreuiDBkoVb0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177218568381005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177207235371826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=samhVdQjM7VshRiyvs45Fw==, figureFileBig=yk6zD6IenixIUCDuV7MKAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177218669044308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177207235371826, language=CN, label=Figure 12, caption= Dual inhibitors of Hsp90 and ALK. (A) Design strategy and chemical structure of compounds <strong>13</strong> and <strong>14</strong>; (B) The binding mode of compound <strong>14</strong> with HSP90<i>α</i> (PDB: 2CCU); (C) The binding mode of compound <strong>14</strong> with ALK (PDB: 4MKC). The proteins are represented by gray bands, and the residues of contact compounds are represented by green bars. The compound is shown as a rod and colored according to the atomic type (C: Yellow; N: Blue; O: Red; S: Brown). Green dotted line is hydrogen bond; orange dashed line is ion-PI interaction , figureFileSmall=samhVdQjM7VshRiyvs45Fw==, figureFileBig=yk6zD6IenixIUCDuV7MKAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177218757124703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177207235371826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+9c5fUR2onOQ41OSBupsxg==, figureFileBig=yjbW7hofuIOroo9V8c5BUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177218878759520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177207235371826, language=CN, label=Figure 13, caption= Dual-target inhibitors of Hsp90 and other cancer-related targets. (A) Chemical structure of double-target inhibitors <strong>15</strong>-<strong>17</strong> of Hsp90 and other cancer-related targets; (B) The binding mode of compound <strong>15</strong> with Hsp90<i>α</i> (PDB: 2CCU); (C) The binding mode of compound <strong>15</strong> with BCR-ABL (PDB: 7DT2); (D) The binding mode of compound <strong>16</strong>-<strong>2</strong> with HSP90<i>α</i> (PDB: 2CCU); (E) The binding mode of compound <strong>16</strong>-<strong>2</strong> with B-Raf (PDB: 4KSQ); (F) The binding mode of compound <strong>17</strong> with Hsp90<i>α</i> (PDB: 2CCU); (G) The binding mode of compound <strong>17</strong> with PARP (PDB: 4ZZY). Proteins are represented by gray bands, and residues of contact compounds are represented by green rods. Compounds are shown as rods and according to atomic type (C: Yellow; N: Blue; O: Red; S: Brown). Green dotted line is hydrogen bond; orange dashed line is ion-<i>π</i> interaction , figureFileSmall=+9c5fUR2onOQ41OSBupsxg==, figureFileBig=yjbW7hofuIOroo9V8c5BUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177218958451301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177207235371826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2i9OxXuY68jlxNi2RepuyQ==, figureFileBig=CNsgTw1k2MfII3x9y5ai1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177219054920300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177207235371826, language=CN, label=Figure 14, caption= Design strategy and chemical structure of heterobifunctional BRD4-CHAMP based on Hsp90 inhibitors , figureFileSmall=2i9OxXuY68jlxNi2RepuyQ==, figureFileBig=CNsgTw1k2MfII3x9y5ai1Q==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1189982048455397383, delFlag=0, nameCn=药学学报, nameEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0513-4870, 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靶向热休克蛋白90的双功能小分子抑制剂的抗肿瘤研究进展
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朱红萍 1, # , 谢欣 1, # , 覃蕊 1 , 黄维 1 , 刘燕青 1 , 彭成 1 , 何谷 2, * , 韩波 1, *
药学学报 | 综述 2024,59(1): 1-16
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药学学报 | 综述 2024, 59(1): 1-16
靶向热休克蛋白90的双功能小分子抑制剂的抗肿瘤研究进展
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朱红萍1, #, 谢欣1, #, 覃蕊1, 黄维1, 刘燕青1, 彭成1, 何谷2, * , 韩波1, *
作者信息
  • 1.西南特色中药资源国家重点实验室, 成都中医药大学药学院, 四川 成都 611137
  • 2.四川大学华西医院, 四川 成都 610041

通讯作者:

*何谷, E-mail: ;
韩波, E-mail:
Advances in antitumor research of bifunctional small molecule inhibitors targeting heat shock protein 90
Hong-ping ZHU1, Xin XIE1, Rui QIN1, Wei HUANG1, Yan-qing LIU1, Cheng PENG1, Gu HE2, * , Bo HAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
  • 2. West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
出版时间: 2024-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0388
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热休克蛋白90 (heat shock protein 90, Hsp90) 家族是一组高度保守的分子, 在维持细胞稳态中发挥重要作用。Hsp90及其共同伴侣可调控多种途径和细胞功能, 如细胞生长、细胞周期控制和细胞凋亡等。Hsp90与肿瘤等疾病的发生发展密切相关, 是癌症治疗的一个有吸引力的靶点。抑制Hsp90表达可同时影响多种致癌途径。Hsp90小分子抑制剂由于其低疗效、毒性或耐药性等问题, 大多数抑制剂都处于临床试验阶段, 但其与组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase, HDAC) 抑制剂、微管蛋白抑制剂、拓扑异构酶II (topoisomerase II, Topo II) 抑制剂等联合使用时, 具有明显的协同抗肿瘤作用。针对这一问题, 设计Hsp90双靶点抑制剂以提高疗效和降低耐药性是一种有效的肿瘤治疗策略。本文简要介绍了Hsp90的结构域及其生物学功能, 并讨论了Hsp90双重抑制剂的设计、发现和构效关系, 旨在从药物化学的角度为新型Hsp90双重抑制剂的发现和临床药物研究提供参考。

热休克蛋白90  /  结构域  /  生物学功能  /  双重抑制剂  /  抗肿瘤活性

The heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) protein family is a cluster of highly conserved molecules that play an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Hsp90 and its co-chaperones regulate a variety of pathways and cellular functions, such as cell growth, cell cycle control and apoptosis. Hsp90 is closely associated with the occurrence and development of tumors and other diseases, making it an attractive target for cancer therapeutics. Inhibition of Hsp90 expression can affect multiple oncogenic pathways simultaneously. Most Hsp90 small molecule inhibitors are in clinical trials due to their low efficacy, toxicity or drug resistance, but they have obvious synergistic anti-tumor effect when used with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, tubulin inhibitors or topoisomerase II (Topo II) inhibitors. To address this issue, the design of Hsp90 dual-target inhibitors can improve efficacy and reduce drug resistance, making it an effective tumor treatment strategy. In this paper, the domain and biological function of Hsp90 are briefly introduced, and the design, discovery and structure-activity relationship of Hsp90 dual inhibitors are discussed, in order to provide reference for the discovery of novel Hsp90 dual inhibitors and clinical drug research from the perspective of medicinal chemistry.

Hsp90  /  domain  /  biological function  /  dual inhibitor  /  antitumor activity
朱红萍, 谢欣, 覃蕊, 黄维, 刘燕青, 彭成, 何谷, 韩波. 靶向热休克蛋白90的双功能小分子抑制剂的抗肿瘤研究进展. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (1) : 1 -16 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0388
Hong-ping ZHU, Xin XIE, Rui QIN, Wei HUANG, Yan-qing LIU, Cheng PENG, Gu HE, Bo HAN. Advances in antitumor research of bifunctional small molecule inhibitors targeting heat shock protein 90[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (1) : 1 -16 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0388
热休克蛋白(heat shock proteins, HSPs) 是细胞在应激原诱导下产生的, 如缺氧、氧化损伤和高温等[1]。Hsp90是一种高度保守的分子伴侣蛋白, 在300多种候选蛋白底物的组装、功能成熟、运输、折叠和降解中发挥重要作用, 包括各种蛋白激酶、类固醇激素受体、突变的P53、生存素和其他通过与共伴侣相互作用而导致失控增殖和凋亡抵抗的客户蛋白(图 1)[2, 3]。这些相互作用有助于形成具有活性的多伴侣复合体。因此, Hsp90是许多生物网络的关键枢纽, 这些网络协调多个途径和细胞功能。
Hsp90的过度表达通常是为了减轻细胞损伤以应对各种细胞压力, 导致客户蛋白的错误折叠和错误积累, 影响信号转导网络, 最终导致生理功能异常、细胞内蛋白质动态平衡失衡, 以及复杂的疾病, 如癌症、神经退行性疾病和免疫系统疾病[4-6]。因此, 靶向Hsp90和Hsp90-客户复合体一直被认为是治疗各种疾病的潜在方法[7-9], 特别是癌症[10-12]。自从1999年17-烯丙氨基-17去甲氧基格尔达霉素(17-AAG) 作为一类Hsp90抑制剂进入临床试验以来, 已经开展了100多项Hsp90抑制剂的肿瘤学试验, 涉及各种类型的癌症, 最常见的适应症是广谱肿瘤(图 2)[12-15]。因此, 开发Hsp90抑制策略和发现小分子Hsp90抑制剂一直是医药和化学领域关注的主要领域, 许多研究小组和制药公司在研究基于Hsp90的新药方面做出了实质性的尝试[16-19]
然而, 进入临床试验的大多数Hsp90抑制剂由于疗效低、毒性或耐药性而被宣布临床失败。尽管进入临床试验的Hsp90抑制剂的数量在过去10年中有所减少, 但Hsp90抑制剂与其他抗肿瘤药物或癌蛋白抑制剂的药物组合比例明显增加[20-22]。临床试验表明, Hsp90抑制剂与其他抑制剂的组合具有协同作用和抗耐受的特性。鉴于Hsp90抑制和联合治疗的重要意义, 开发Hsp90双重抑制剂引起了科学领域的关注, 2020年相关论文总数呈现爆发式增长。
本文综述了Hsp90的结构域结构和生物学功能, 并对Hsp90双抑制剂的设计、发现和构效关系进行了讨论, 旨在从药物化学的角度为临床抗肿瘤药物的研究开发提供启示, 并为发现新的Hsp90双重抑制剂奠定基础。
自1997年[23]Hsp90的晶体结构被报道以来, 小角X射线散射、结晶学和电子显微镜等多种结构生物学技术被用来揭示Hsp90的构象复杂性[24-28]。Hsp90的结构域结构如图 3所示, Hsp90是由两个相同的部分组成的二聚体, 每个部分包含3个不同的结构域, 具有各自特定的功能。第一个结构域是一个24~28 kDa的高度保守的N-末端结构域, 带有一个ATP结合位点, 这对ATP的水解至关重要, 并为蛋白质的折叠和运输提供能量。第二个结构域是一个33~44 kDa的中间结构域(通过一个带电的连接子连接到N-末端结构域), 未折叠的客户蛋白组装起来负责客户蛋白或辅助伴侣蛋白的识别和结合。第三个结构域是一个11~15 kDa的C末端四螺旋束结构, 包含一个同源二聚结构域作为另一个ATP/辅助伴侣结合部位。根据Hsp90的结构和结合部位, Hsp90抑制剂可以分为两种化学类型: N-末端Hsp90抑制剂和CTeral-Hsp90抑制剂[16]
位于N-末端结构域的ATP位点已经引起了人们的极大兴趣, 并被大量研究用于开发Hsp90抑制剂, 其中一些已经进入临床试验。经典的结构如阿萨霉素(ansamycin)、嘌呤(purine)、间苯二酚(resorcinol) 和苯甲酰胺(benzamide), 是必不可少的Hsp90N竞争抑制剂(图 4A)[5, 29-31]。C端域作为ATP结合口袋, 被天然产物新生霉素(novobiocin, 第一个Hsp90C抑制剂) 和其他天然产物, 如鱼藤素(deguelin)、地龙骨(derrubone) 和水飞蓟宾(silybin) 靶标。研究表明, 经过结构修饰这些天然产物的衍生物对Hsp90C抑制有效(图 4B)[32-36]。一些Hsp90抑制剂的另一种抑制机制是直接破坏Hsp90与辅助伴侣之间的相互作用, 而Hsp90充当分子伴侣。天然产物如雷公藤红素(celastrol)、睡茄素A (kongensin A)、萝卜硫素(sulforaphane)、FW-04-804[37, 38], 以及一些小分子, 都是Hsp90-Cdc37蛋白-蛋白相互作用(protein-protein interaction, PPI) 的抑制剂, 但它们没有共同的骨架(图 5AB)[39-41]。嘧啶并[5, 4-e][1, 2, 4]-三嗪-5, 7-二酮结构核心对于破坏Hsp90-Hop-Hsp70复合物至关重要(图 5B)[42]。单个分子被确定为Hsp90-亲和蛋白及Hsp90-Aha1 PPI网络的干扰物(图 5B)[43, 44]
Hsp90的亚型特异性抑制和随后相关的药理学和细胞通路影响各种客户蛋白的功能。Hsp90是一种大的构象动态蛋白, 根据构型在哺乳动物细胞中可分为4类: 诱导型Hsp90α和组成型活性蛋白胞质溶胶中的Hsp90β、内质网中的Grp94[45]、以及与线粒体相关的Trap1[46]。与Hsp90α/β序列相比, Grp94的N端多出5个残基QEDGQ, C端多出KDEL, 这对内质网定位至关重要, 而Trap1的N端多出一个线粒体信号序列。Hsp90α/β中N端结构域和C端结构域之间的带电接头负责核定位并调节Grp94中的钙活性。异构体特异性抑制剂的开发是根据结构和构象变化而不是类似的核苷酸结合域(图 5C)[47-49]
在正常细胞中, 低细胞质Hsp90β表达足以在细胞周期、增殖、信号转导和转录过程中调节细胞稳态。然而, 在重金属暴露、高温和氧化应激等不同类型的压力下, Hsp90α会上调并促进许多客户蛋白的成熟, 包括致癌激酶[4]。Hsp90α和Hsp90β调节Tau、人表皮生长因子受体2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, HER2)、Akt、表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) 和细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶4或6 (cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6, CDK4/6)。Grp94主要调节整合素、HER2、LRP6、Toll样受体和Wnt/β-catenin信号通路[50, 51]。Wnt/β-连环蛋白信号通路对肿瘤形成和免疫调节至关重要, 但在Grp94敲除肿瘤细胞系中被阻断[52]。Trap1主要调节细胞周期停滞并降低与细胞增殖和凋亡相关的活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 水平[53]。一方面, Hsp90的过表达引起客户蛋白的过度积累, 加速细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭, 促进血管生成和细胞周期; 另一方面, Hsp90的功能依赖于辅伴侣辅助的ATP水解和客户蛋白成熟。Co-chaperones的主要功能是调节Hsp90ATP的活性, 从而进一步改变Hsp90的构象, 并聚集特异性组装在Hsp90上的未成熟客户蛋白[54], 与Hsp90及其客户蛋白相关的生物过程如图 6所示。
作为有希望的癌症治疗选择, 一些Hsp90抑制剂正在进行临床试验[7]。然而, 作为单一疗法的Hsp90抑制剂在临床阶段存在一些不理想的结果, 包括疗效不佳、耐药性以及无法耐受的不良反应, 如肝毒性、眼毒性和心脏毒性[26]。由于Hsp90抑制剂和其他化疗药物具有协同作用, 将两者组合已成为研发抗肿瘤药物的新策略。
在Hsp90和其他肿瘤相关蛋白的所有多靶向案例中, 靶向Hsp90及其下游途径是克服耐药潜力最大的策略。PI3K-Akt-mTOR是Hsp90下游信号之一, 在常见的癌症类型中普遍过度激活, 因此研究者试图同时抑制该途径和Hsp90。NVP-BEZ235 (PI3Kt-mTOR抑制剂) 与多种Hsp90抑制剂联合使用时, 对受试细胞或相应的动物模型具有协同抗肿瘤作用。17-DMAG (Hsp90抑制剂) 和NVP-BEZ235联合应用对顺铂耐药的膀胱癌显示出协同的抗肿瘤作用, 诱导细胞周期停滞于G1期, 并诱导半胱氨酸酶依赖的细胞凋亡[55]
NVP-AUY922 (Hsp90抑制剂) 和NVP-BEZ235在诱导肝内胆管癌细胞(cholangiocarcinoma, CCA) 细胞死亡和导致CCA动物模型肿瘤消退方面具有协同作用, 这种协同作用与ROS诱导有关[56]。17-AAG (Hsp90抑制剂) 和NVP-BEZ235的组合在抑制黑色素瘤细胞生长、诱导细胞凋亡以及同时靶向MAPK和PI3K-Akt-mTOR通路方面具有协同作用[20]。此外, 17-AAG和Torin2 (mTOR抑制剂) 在体内和体外协同抑制间变性甲状腺癌(anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, ATC) 的生长[57]
由于组蛋白脱乙酰酶(histone deacetylase, HDAC) 抑制剂可阻断ATP结合, 使Hsp90的伴侣功能失效, 并使对Hsp90抑制剂产生耐药性的耐药细胞重新敏感, 目前已探索了PAN HDAC和选择性HDAC6抑制剂与Hsp90抑制剂之间的协同作用[58, 59]。贝力诺他是一种HDAC抑制剂, 常与其他药物联合治疗多种肿瘤。在三阴性乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞中, 17-AAG和贝力诺斯特具有协同作用。这些效应在治疗后的增殖、凋亡和细胞周期停滞过程中被检测到[58, 60]。另外, AUY922和贝利司他在ATC细胞死亡中观察到协同作用[58]; HDAC抑制剂伏立诺他(SAHA) 和曲古菌素A (TSA) 与贝力诺斯特具有协同作用并诱导ATC细胞的细胞毒作用, 这种作用伴随着PI3K-Akt-mTOR信号和生存素的抑制, 以及DNA损伤相关蛋白的过度表达[59]
C086 (Hsp90抑制剂) 和吉非替尼(EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂[TKI]) 在降低EGFR表达方面具有协同作用, 下游的PI3K/Akt和Ras-Raf-ERK通路抑制ERK信号转导[61]。Hsp90抑制剂(AUY922和17-AAG) 与JAK2抑制剂TG101209在抑制培养的和原代阴性的骨髓增殖性肿瘤细胞方面具有协同作用, 并促进TG101209介导的JAK2V617F信号抑制和凋亡[61, 62]。HAA2020是一种比17-AAG更好的抑制Hsp90的化合物, 与PAN CDK抑制剂dinaciclib联合使用时, 通过上调caspase-7和肿瘤坏死因子-α[63]的表达, 对HL60细胞显示出协同抗白血病作用。Topo II抑制剂依托泊苷和17-AAG对FLT3+MLL融合基因白血病细胞有协同抑制作用[64]。第二阶段临床试验已经开始, 以评估IPI-504 (Hsp90抑制剂) 和多西他赛(微管抑制剂) 对非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC) 患者预期寿命的影响。BRAF是Hsp90的客户蛋白之一, 多种Hsp90和B-Raf抑制剂的多种组合显示出显著的协同效应[65, 66]。基于Hsp90和B-Raf单一抑制剂的药物组合(如AT13387和达普拉非尼或XL888和维莫拉非尼) 已进入治疗突变黑色素瘤的临床试验。
由于迫切需要具有多靶点活性且无明显不良反应的药物, 而这类药物具有挑战性的合理设计催生了各种策略和方法, 包括药效团建模、杂交策略、基于结构的药物设计、多药理学、活性景观、多靶点虚拟配体筛选、相似性集成方法和定量结构活性关系(quantitative structure activity relationship, QSAR) 方法[67-69]。Hsp90双靶点抑制剂的设计策略主要分为4类, 即杂交策略、虚拟筛选(virtual screening, VS; 基于结构、配体或两者)、计算机辅助药物设计(computer-aided drug design, CADD; 基于结构或配体) 和天然产物或合成化合物的机制研究。首先, 杂交策略是开发新的抗癌药物和修饰铅化合物结构的最合理的方法, 已被用于将所需蛋白质抑制剂的药效团组合成单一骨架的化学实体[70]。混合支架降低了药物-药物相互作用的风险, 并最大限度地减少耐药性。Hsp90/HDAC或Hsp90/PI3K双抑制剂的设计主要基于此策略。此外, VS在药物开发中已被确定为一种节省时间和经济的方法。基于结构的VS (SBVS) 在Hsp90与Topo II结构同源的基础上, 开发了Hsp90/Topo II双重抑制剂。基于商业数据库的SBVS和LBVS方法的集成已被用于多种Hsp90双抑制剂的开发。此外, CADD包括基于结构的药物设计(structure-based drug design, SBDD) 和基于配体的药物设计(ligand-based drug design, LBDD) 策略, 已被用于开发涉及Hsp90抑制的新型双制剂。最后, 通过对天然产物或已知抗肿瘤化合物分子机制的详细深入研究, 发现了Hsp90s的有效双抑制剂(图 7)。表型筛选是一种用于分子机制研究的筛选方法, 已被用于识别一种已知的小分子化合物作为有效的Hsp90/微管蛋白双抑制剂。
HDAC在表观遗传变异和基因表达改变中起重要作用, 与许多癌基因和肿瘤抑制因子有关, 因此被认为是潜在的治疗靶点[71, 72]。鉴于HDAC抑制剂影响Hsp90的伴侣功能, 在Hsp90抑制剂和HDAC抑制剂的组合中观察到协同效应[73]。从2018年开始, 刘景平团队开始致力于Hsp90/HDAC双重抑制剂的开发。他们设计了一种由先前报道的具有非平面吲哚核心的HDAC抑制剂和4-异丙基间苯二酚片段组成的混合骨架, 该片段作为与Hsp90蛋白质的ATP结合位点相关的关键结合剂, 也是第二代Hsp90抑制剂的基本结构[74]。一系列具有不同烷基长度的1-芳基吲哚-异羟肟酸(n = 2~8) 或吲哚环上C-5位的SAHA衍生的N-苄基接头具有细胞毒性(图 8)。
化合物1对Hsp90和HDAC表现出最佳的双重抑制作用(图 8A)。在吲哚核心上与SAHA相同的连接基和锌结合基团的组合下, 化合物1显示出比FDA批准的HDAC抑制剂SAHA高1.6倍的HeLa HDAC抑制, 以及比口服小分子Hsp90抑制剂BIIB021更高的Hsp90抑制。与此同时, 多种Hsp90客户蛋白和HDAC相关蛋白, 如Akt、Hsp70和STAT3, 在一定浓度和时间内下调结果表明, 化合物1通过对Hsp90和HDAC的双重抑制而对癌细胞产生细胞毒作用。对HDAC异构体酶抑制的进一步研究表明, HDAC6异构体对1-芳基吲哚异羟肟酸最敏感, 尤其是化合物1, 甚至比参比化合物TSA更敏感。
刘景平团队在2019年开发了一系列Hsp90和HDAC的双重抑制剂, 基于2006年被FDA批准为HDAC抑制剂的SAHA的结构和间苯二酚部分, 后者被确定为适合设计Hsp90抑制剂的片段[75]。以相应的丁氧基氨基甲酸苯胺为底物合成了各种羟基甲酸酯类化合物2。一系列新的异羟肟酸2是组蛋白的双重抑制剂, 尤其是那些侧链含有7个碳烷基的化合物, 其中烷基化合物表现出比未烷基化合物更好的抑制活性。化合物2对HDAC6的抑制作用最强, IC50值在纳摩尔范围内, 对HDAC6异构体的选择性高于其他化合物。此外, 它们还能以剂量依赖的方式减少干扰素-γ处理的肺H1975细胞中程序性死亡配体1的表达。
2020年, Pinzi等[76]利用集成计算方法设计了新型HDAC6和Hsp90双重抑制剂。由于Hsp90和HDAC6与它们自己的配体在结构和结合部位结构上几乎没有同源性, 研究人员结合了基于硅配体和基于结构的VS方法来预测与这两个靶标结合的必要片段, 并选择了10个对接分数可接受的候选片段, 合成了所有的预测分子, 并对其生物活性进行了评价。体外研究表明, 它们通过调节多个靶点抑制MCF-7细胞的增殖。一些候选药物已被证明在同时抑制HDAC6和Hsp90方面有效。最有效的分子化合物3, 能靶向于具有多个结合位点的HDAC6: 它与5-(三氟甲基)-1, 2, 4-噁二唑部分配位锌离子, 而具有π-π堆积作用的Phe620和Phe680残基由苯环、His500、Pro501和Leu749与2, 4-二氨基三嗪片段提供(图 8D)。虽然化合物3不能有效地抑制Hsp90, 但苯环部分符合Hsp90的Leu103、Leu107和Phe138残基, 而5-(三氟甲基)-1, 2, 4-噁二唑环向由残基Phe22、Gly108、Trp162和Phe170排列的子袋延伸, 从而进一步优化了结构(图 8E)。
Hsp90和微管是癌细胞增殖和存活的关键蛋白质, 因此被认为是抗肿瘤的靶点, 它们的生物学功能可能是协同联系的[77]。Hsp90保护微管蛋白免受热变性, 并保持其有利于微管聚合的状态。Hsp90和微管蛋白抑制剂在体外和体内显示出协同抗肿瘤作用[78]。Hsp90和微管蛋白的双重抑制剂引起了人们的极大兴趣(图 9)。
2009年, Knox等[79]集中研究了3′, 4′, 5′-三甲氧基苯基的药效团, 它们来自3-芳基硫代吲哚(一种微管蛋白结合化合物) 和PU3 (一种与Hsp90结合的嘌呤类似物), PU3被认为是一个单一的支架, 可以用于VS和鉴定与Hsp90或微管蛋白具有强大的双重结合亲和力的分子。一个基于配体和基于结构的VS工作流由对接或评分协议和基于受体的药效团组成, 被设计用于检索“一流”分子1-[(3, 4, 5-三甲氧基苯基)-羰基]-1H-吲唑-5-胺(4, MDG892), 它从约16万个化合物的商业光谱数据库中击中了这两个目标(图 9A)。基于MCF-7细胞的Western blot分析表明, 化合物4的200 μmol·L-1可通过直接结合Hsp90 ATP结合部位而不是秋水仙素部位, 从而诱导Hsp90客户蛋白雌激素受体R的降解。此外, 对4在Hsp90中的结合模式的分析表明, 4与Asp93形成了氢键, 与Lys112形成了两个氢键, 但没有观察到与Thr184的直接结合(图 9B)。4与微管蛋白的结合模式表明, 4与Ser178 (3Å)形成了氢键, 但与Thr179没有普遍的相互作用(图 9C), 为合成作为Hsp90/微管蛋白双重抑制剂的替代骨架提供了方向。
2013年, Zhang等[80]利用表型筛选和目标识别方法证明2-(2-氯苯基亚氨基)-5-(4-二甲基氨基-亚苄基) 噻唑烷-4酮(5, CDBT) 在通过协同抑制Hsp90和微管蛋白在体内和体外发挥作用, 与靶向微管的秋水仙碱和Hsp90抑制剂17-DMAG相比具有中等亲和力(图 9A)。NSCLC细胞H460和H322的增殖被CDBT抑制的程度高于正常快速分裂的成纤维细胞NHFB和WI-38。CDBT的抑制作用需要高细胞浓度的靶蛋白, 这要求与Hsp90和微管蛋白在癌细胞中的过度表达相一致, 从而导致所需的癌症选择性。基于细胞的测定表明, CDBT可阻断微管形成, 降低癌症必需蛋白CRAF-1、ERBB2和磷酸化Akt的水平, 并导致G2/M期停滞和细胞凋亡。与已知的Hsp90抑制剂17-AAG不同, CDBT不是Hsp90的N端抑制剂, 因此CDBT可以克服大多数Hsp90抑制剂的缺点。有关NSCLC H460异种移植小鼠模型的动物实验表明, 以30 mg·kg-1浓度i.p.给药11天, 相对于载体对照, CDBT有效抑制了62.4%的肿瘤生长, 同时对正常组织无毒性。
Zhang等[80]证明了CDBT在P-糖蛋白(P-gp) 诱导的耐药NSCLC H460TaxR细胞中具有很强的抗肿瘤活性, 并探讨了其作用机制。CDBT不是P-gp底物, 这使其能够逃避P-gp介导的外排。作为Hsp90/微管蛋白的双重靶向剂, CDBT导致Hsp90的客户蛋白降解和微管解聚, 导致细胞周期停滞在G2/M期, 以及在H460TaxR细胞中由胱天蛋白酶8、9和3和PAPR裂解介导的凋亡。此外, CDBT单一疗法在人类NSCLC H460TaxR异种移植模型中产生60.4%的肿瘤生长抑制率。该值与在相同剂量水平和方案下其在亲代H460异种移植物模型中的功效(62.4%肿瘤生长抑制) 相当。该研究提供了强有力的证据, 证明了合成化合物可以发展成为非小细胞肺癌细胞的治疗剂, 即使对具有耐药性的细胞也有抑制作用。
Topo II和Hsp90在增殖的癌细胞中同时过表达。此外, Topo II与Hsp90在结构上具有相似性, 两个靶标包含属于同一家族的保守ATPase结构域, 即GHKL (促旋酶、Hsp90、组氨酸激酶和MutL) 结构域[81]。因此, Topo II和Hsp90的双重抑制是一个有希望的方向(图 10)。
由于Hsp90/Topo II的双重抑制在癌症治疗中的重要性, 以及Hsp90和Topo II上相似的ATPase结构域, Jun等[82]在2016年试图在比较两种靶蛋白的结构相似性的基础上, 开发靶向Topo II和Hsp90的ATPase结构域的新型抑制剂。尽管两个ATPase结构域之间的序列同一性较低(15.8%), 但它们的ATPase结合位点具有相似的环境, 这有助于通过分子对接研究在已报道的仅具有Topo II或Hsp90抑制作用的分子中发现双重抑制剂。包括化合物67在内的4个候选物被选为最有效的双重抑制剂, 并进一步用作药效团模型的模板(图 10A), 这可用于Hsp90和Topo II双重抑制剂的开发。
虽然还没有合成分子作为Hsp90和Topo II的双重抑制剂的报道, 但是天然产物已有作为这两种蛋白的双重抑制剂。2016年, Lai等[83]从海绵Carteriospongia sp.中分离得到了斯卡拉烷二萜类化合物12β-(3′β-羟基丁酰氧基)-20, 24-二甲基-24-氧代-斯卡拉烷-16-en-25-al (8), 并进一步证明了其在0.062 5 μg·mL-1 (125 nmol·L-1) 浓度下, 触发白血病Molt 4细胞线粒体膜电位破坏和凋亡并抑制拓扑异构酶IIα表达的有效作用(图 10B)。此外, 12β-(3′β-羟基丁酰氧基)-20, 24-二甲基-24-氧代-斯卡拉烷-16-en-25-al比标准的Hsp90抑制剂17-AAG对Hsp90蛋白的N-末端ATP结合口袋表现出更强的结合亲和力(图 10C)。确定了其Hsp90抑制活性, 某些Hsp90客户蛋白的表达, 如Akt、p70S6k、NF-κB、Raf-1、p-GSK3β、XIAP、MDM2、Rb2、CDK4、细胞周期蛋白D3, HIF1和HSF1的表达被抑制, 而Hsp70、乙酰化微管蛋白和活化的半胱天冬酶3的表达在治疗后被诱导。
PI3K-Akt-mTOR是Hsp90下游信号之一, 在常见的癌症类型中普遍过度激活, 因此对PI3K-Akt-mTOR途径和Hsp90蛋白的双重抑制已成为Hsp90抑制剂药物组合研究的主要领域之一[20, 56, 84]。然而, 用单分子对这种靶标的双重抑制剂很少被研究(图 11)。
2019年, 本团队[85]致力于发现Hsp90及其致癌客户蛋白的多靶点小分子抑制物, 并报道了使用2, 4-二羟基-5-异丙基苯甲酸酯片段抑制Hsp90和硫代并[2, 3-d]嘧啶骨架抑制酶获得了首个Hsp90/磷脂酰肌醇3K双抑制剂。设计并合成了一系列2, 4-二羟基-5-异丙基苯甲酸酯衍生物, 作为一种新型的Hsp90/PI3K双重抑制物在B16黑色素瘤细胞中的应用(图 11A)。构效关系分析表明, 4-烷基化取代比4-芳香取代对Hsp90的抑制作用更有利。化合物9对HSP90和PI3K的抑制作用最强, IC50值在纳摩尔水平, 可抑制黑色素瘤细胞的迁移、侵袭和增殖, 诱导细胞凋亡和细胞周期停滞, 调节PI3K-Akt信号和Hsp90客户蛋白及其下游效应分子。分子对接研究表明, 化合物9通过2, 4-二羟基苯甲酸酯与Asp93形成稳定的氢键, 从而与Hsp90进行结合(图 11B); 通过硫代并[2, 3-d]嘧啶与Lys58的阳离子相互作用, 与PI3K通过3个稳定的氢键与Lys802、Ala805和Val882结合, 并通过4-二羟基-5-异丙基苯甲酸酯提供的阳离子相互作用与Lys890结合(图 11C)。此外, 还利用B16皮下移植模型研究了化合物9的体内活性。
后来, 本课题组设计和合成了Hsp90/蛋白激酶多个抑制剂, 应用一系列研究, 包括通过流式细胞仪、蛋白质免疫印迹和蛋白质免疫沉淀, 进行基于四甲基偶氮唑蓝的细胞增殖、细胞周期和凋亡分析, 设计黑色素瘤异种移植模型, 以及免疫组织化学/免疫荧光分析, 以确定在先前的研究中开发的一种新型Hsp90/PI3K双重抑制剂DHP1808 (10) 的治疗效力和分子机制(图 11A)。通过激活Fas/FasL信号通路诱导黑色素瘤细胞A375的细胞增殖抑制, 并在Hsp90-EGFR相互作用和下游MAPK信号通路中断后诱导细胞周期停滞和细胞迁移或侵袭抑制。此外, DHP1808在肿瘤和正常组织中诱导的下垂程度低于Hsp90和PI3K抑制剂的组合, 从而表明药物是安全的。
ALK是分子伴侣Hsp90的客户蛋白之一, 其成熟、激活和稳定性都受到Hsp90的调控[2]。Hsp90抑制剂的使用已被认为是克服ALK抑制剂诱导的耐药性的一种替代策略。Hsp90抑制剂的临床试验正在进行中, 以评估它们与碱性磷酸酶抑制剂联合使用的抗癌效果[86]。2018年, Geng等[87]开发了新型Hsp90/ALK双靶向抑制剂, 用于克服ALK抑制剂治疗引起的耐药性。在第二代ALK抑制剂12和Hsp90抑制剂AT13387 (11) 或AUY922 (7) 的基础上, 他们设想间苯二酚连接的2, 4二氨基嘧啶在不同的连接点有不同的连接物, 并可以作为同时靶向Hsp90和ALK的抑制剂(图 12A)。结合生物学评价, 将碱性磷酸酶抑制剂12的氨基片段引入到AT-13387的哌嗪部分和AUY922的异噁唑啉3-苯基的对位, 合成了优化的化合物1314。这两个化合物都显示出对ALK (9.8 nmol·L-1 vs 17.3 nmol·L-1) 和Hsp90 (40 nmol·L-1 vs 100 nmol·L-1) 的高活性, 证实了Hsp90对ALK和Akt的下调, H3122细胞中伴侣蛋白Hsp70的上调, 以及对ALK成瘾的H3122细胞的高抗增殖作用(13 nmol·L-1 vs 11 nmol·L-1)。对接分析表明, 14保留了几乎所有的关键氢键, 类似于ALK抑制剂12与ALK的络合物和AUY922与Hsp90的络合物(图 12B)。然而, 由于哌嗪部分暴露在ALK激酶域的溶剂区, 原始的ALK抑制剂部分暴露在Hsp90ATP结合口袋的溶剂区, 并在Lys112和磺酰基之间形成氢键, 导致14抗Hsp90的活性较低(图 12C)。
Gorre等[88]报道, BCR-ABL点突变株对Hsp90抑制剂格尔达那霉素(GA) 和17-烯丙基氨基格尔德那霉素(17-AAG) 敏感。2015年, Wu等[89]使用基于结构的药物设计, 重点研究姜黄素类似物库, 以寻找克服BCR-ABL突变和白血病干细胞引起的TKI耐药的抑制剂(图 13A)。采用对接模型设计了一种合成姜黄素衍生物15, 即C086。化合物15显示出比其母化合物姜黄素更好的活性和溶解性, 并在小鼠SW480细胞移植模型中具有显著的抗增殖作用, 且毒性相当低。它被认为是一种与Hsp90和BCR-ABL激酶结合的有效的新型抑制剂。一系列实验表明, C086抑制了结构域突变和过表达的WT ABL激酶活性。这些效应也是导致体外和慢性粒细胞白血病细胞对伊马替尼耐药的其他因素。C086与Hsp90物理结合, 在体外影响其ATPase活性, 破坏慢性髓系白血病(chronic myeloid leukemia, CML) 细胞中Hsp90的伴侣功能, 抑制人类白血病祖细胞或干细胞的生长, 减少体内CML干细胞和祖细胞的生长, 为治疗BCR-ABL诱导的白血病和其他对TKIs耐药的癌症类型提供了新的治疗策略。15与目标蛋白之间的分子对接研究如图 13BC所示。
2017年, Anighoro等[90]设计并使用了一种结合配体和结构策略的VS方法, 以确定两个创新化合物为Hsp90/B-Raf的双重抑制剂。第一个证据表明, Hsp90和B-Raf抑制剂共享部分重叠的化学空间。两个先导化合物16-116-2共享一个共同的硫代[2, 3-d]嘧啶骨架, 在连接的苯环上有不同的取代(图 13A)。这些化合物对所有受试靶标Hsp90、B-Raf, 甚至对突变体B-RafV600E都显示出微摩尔活性。分子对接研究表明, 这两种化合物都能与Hsp90的Asn251、Asp93和Thr184残基形成氢键网络。疏水作用是通过Hsp90残基Leu107和Phe138 (图 13D) 在苯环上进行取代而形成的。在B-Raf中, 这两种化合物都通过酰胺基和DFG基序残基附近的氰基和取代苯环与剩余的Cys532形成氢键(图 13E)。
2020年, Lin等[91]采用杂交策略, 将FDA批准的PARP-1抑制剂奥拉帕尼与他们之前合成的姜黄素衍生的Hsp90抑制剂C0817结合, 获得了一些PARP和Hsp90的双靶点抑制剂。获得的分子表现出强烈的抗癌选择性细胞毒性(图 13A)。受分子对接研究显示吡啶的氮原子可以与PARP-1中的残基Arg878形成氢键并与Hsp90形成键的启发, 进行了2氟-5-[(4-氧代-3, 4-二氢萘啶-1-基)甲基] 苯甲酸和哌啶-4-酮的分子杂交, 并在体外测试了生物活性。SAR分析表明, 吸电子芳环, 如吡啶环或卤素取代的苯环, 对受试肿瘤细胞的抗增殖活性有较大贡献, 而给电子基团, 如甲氧基或羟基取代的苯环, 导致抗癌活性的完全丧失。高效能的化合物17通过蛋白质印迹证实具有PARP抑制活性, 并通过荧光淬灭进一步鉴定了Hsp90结合能力。化合物17可以下调乳腺癌1号基因(BRCA-1), Hsp90的客户蛋白之一和HR中的必需蛋白17和靶蛋白之间的分子对接研究如图 13FG所示。
2021年, Foley等[92]开发了一种异双功能小分子化合物, 即RNK05028 (18), 通过利用Hsp90结合部分独特的肿瘤选择性药代动力学来实现CHAMP。该化合物由3部分组成, 一个目的蛋白的结合剂(BET-结合剂)、一个分子伴侣的结合剂(Hsp90-结合剂) 和它们之间的连接物(图 14)。它能在MV-4-11白血病细胞中形成BRD4: CHAMP: HSP90三元复合体, 选择性降解依赖蛋白酶体的BRD4, 抑制细胞增殖。
此外, CHAMP分子还可以降解非Hsp90蛋白, 如突变的KRAS。体内试验表明, 与血浆和正常组织相比, RNK05028在肿瘤中表现出更长的药代动力学, 提高了安全边际。
癌症这类复杂疾病会受到许多因素的影响, 并且通常对单靶点治疗具有耐受性[93-95]。因此, 多靶点疗法引起了研究复杂疾病的药物化学家的关注。由于联合疗法(即药物鸡尾酒) 和伴随的药物相互作用风险, 而多靶点药物具有明显的优势, 多靶点配体的设计在过去10年中引起了巨大的科学兴趣[67, 68, 96]。虽然药物组合的双靶点或多靶点机制通常仅在临床成功的回顾性研究中披露, 但双靶点或多靶点配体大多是根据联合治疗的临床数据、药物组合的表型筛选或硅晶入路的临床数据, 通过合理的药物设计而获得的。
Hsp90主要被确定为癌症化疗的靶点, 它的抑制剂是潜在的有效抗癌药物。在过去的几十年里, 数十种Hsp90抑制剂已经达到了临床试验的不同阶段。其中, 据资料显示口服Hsp90抑制剂pimitespib目前已在日本获批上市, 用于治疗化疗后进展的胃肠道间质瘤; 2023年2月6日该药获得中国临床试验审批, 拟用于伊马替尼耐药的胃肠道间质瘤, pimitespib是一种值得关注和期待的抗癌治疗药物, 期待该药未来能为更多肿瘤患者带来希望。因此, 单药物分子对Hsp90等癌蛋白的双靶向/多靶向是开发新型抗癌药物的一种有力的途径。本文综述了Hsp90双抑制剂以及HDAC、tubulin、Topo II、PI3K、BCR-ABL、ALK、PARP等通路内或通路间肿瘤相关靶点的研究进展, 包括杂交策略和VS方法在内的广泛研究致力于发现双Hsp90/HDAC抑制剂, 与单Hsp90抑制剂和HDAC抑制剂的联合使用保持同步。也有人通过重叠药效团法和表型筛选等方法开发了Hsp90和微管蛋白的双重抑制剂, 得到了两种化学实体, 其中CDBT已通过体外和体内实验验证。虽然有文献重点介绍了双Hsp90/Topo II抑制剂, 并建立了药效团模型, 此外还有两种海洋甾萜类化合物被证明可以同时抑制Hsp90和Topo II, 但目前还没有合成化学物质成功开发为新的双Hsp90/Topo II抑制剂。针对Hsp90和PI3K/Akt/mTOR的双抑制剂的设计和开发跟不上针对这些靶点的联合药物的速度。
综上所述, Hsp90和其他癌症相关靶点的双靶抑制剂目前显示出巨大的潜力, 应进一步探索这些双靶抑制剂的治疗价值。由于Hsp90复合物在肿瘤组织中相对于正常组织处于高度活化状态, Hsp90结合小分子药效团在开发用于蛋白质降解的创新靶向技术CHAMP的异双功能小分子化合物中显示出独特的选择性药代动力学。认为Hsp90的双靶点抑制剂具有广阔的应用前景, 但目前开发程度还很低。
尽管该领域已经使用了前瞻的计算方法, 但还没有候选方法进入临床试验, 这表明应该利用涉及药物化学、蛋白质组学、化学生物学、多药理学和计算化学的进一步综合方法。鉴于冷冻电子显微镜和AlphaFold人工智能预测等前沿技术正在推动结构生物学的快速发展, 对癌蛋白结构的研究将有助于基于结构的双重抑制剂设计。在不久的将来, Hsp90的双重抑制剂有望在抗癌药物发现中发挥越来越重要的作用。
作者贡献: 朱红萍、谢欣是本文的第一作者, 负责文献资料的收集及文章的撰写; 覃蕊、黄维、刘燕青对文章修改提出建议, 进行指导和帮助; 彭成对本文进行了细致的修改; 韩波为本文的通讯作者, 负责提供撰写思路和内容框架组织等工作; 何谷为本文的共同通讯作者, 负责稿件修改完善等工作。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明无利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(22177084)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82073998)
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2024年第59卷第1期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0388
  • 接收时间:2023-03-30
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-30
  • 修回日期:2023-04-05
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(22177084)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(82073998)
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    1.西南特色中药资源国家重点实验室, 成都中医药大学药学院, 四川 成都 611137
    2.四川大学华西医院, 四川 成都 610041

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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