Article(id=1198656147201819055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0376, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1679932800000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-28, revisedDate=1683907200000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711495446, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1694448000000, pubDateStr=2023-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711495446, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711495446, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711495446, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656143976399200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='9', pageStart='2541', pageEnd='2834', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1694448000000', pubDateStr='2023-09-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711494677, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763711620095, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656670072144034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656670072144035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2700, endPage=2706, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656147717718479, articleId=1198656147201819055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research on anti-tumor mechanism of attenuated Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009 is a widely used natural oncolytic bacterium, which has great application potential given its unique characteristics, including clinical safety, tumor targeting specificity, and explicit genome sequence. Here, we show that tumor progression can be effectively reduced by intraperitoneal administration with VNP20009 in a mouse model of melanoma (all animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the Animal Ethics Committee of China Pharmaceutical University); co-culture experiment in vitro demonstrated that VNP20009 can induce the polarization of macrophage M1, accompanied by expression of inflammation-related factors; flow cytometry analysis showed that VNP20009 induced the increase of immune cell infiltration in tumor. Further analysis showed that T cells infiltration in tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN) increased, and VNP20009 induced the activation of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in tumor. Our results demonstrate that VNP20009 treatment significantly inhibited melanoma tumors by remodeling tumor-associated macrophages to an M1-like phenotype, as well as recruiting and activating cytotoxic T cells, combined with its own antigenic activity to exert anti-tumor immunity.

, authors=null, authorsList=Te YIN, Li-na LIU, Shi-da DONG, Bao-lian HUANG, Chen-yang LI, Zhi-ting CAO, Zi-chun HUA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhi-ting CAO, Zi-chun HUA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656151756833370, articleId=1198656147201819055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=减毒沙门氏菌VNP20009的抗肿瘤机制研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

减毒沙门氏菌VNP20009是一种应用范围较广的天然来源溶瘤细菌, 基于其已证实的临床安全性、可特异性趋化靶向肿瘤和明确已知的基因组序列等优点而被广泛用于抗肿瘤研究。本研究建立黑色素瘤小鼠模型(所有动物实验均遵循中国药科大学动物伦理委员会的规定), 通过腹腔注射VNP20009对其抗肿瘤活性进行验证, 与对照组相比, VNP20009治疗可显著抑制肿瘤生长; 体外共培养实验证明VNP20009能够诱导巨噬细胞向M1表型极化并表达相关炎症因子; 通过流式细胞实验分析肿瘤和肿瘤引流淋巴结(tumor-draining lymph node, TDLN) 内免疫变化, 证明VNP20009治疗诱导肿瘤组织免疫细胞增加, 进一步分析发现肿瘤引流淋巴结内T细胞浸润增加, 而VNP20009治疗能够诱导肿瘤内部的CD4+ T和CD8+ T细胞活化。本研究结果证明, VNP20009可通过诱导巨噬细胞向M1表型极化, 招募并激活细胞毒性T细胞, 协同其自身组分, 共同抑制小鼠体内黑色素瘤的生长。

, authors=null, authorsList=尹特, 刘丽娜, 董世达, 黄宝连, 李晨阳, 曹志婷, 华子春, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=曹志婷, 华子春, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*华子春, Tel: 13814039758, E-mail: ;
曹志婷, Tel: 13170153150, E-mail:
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School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
2. The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210033, China
3. Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology of Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute, Changzhou 213164, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1198960225677050420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656147201819055, authorId=1198960225379254805, language=CN, stringName=华子春, firstName=子春, middleName=null, lastName=华, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, *, address=1.中国药科大学生物药物学院, 江苏 南京 211198
2.南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210033
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A: Overall procedures to establish B16F10-C57BL/6 subcutaneous tumor model. Cancer cell inoculation was followed by treatment with VNP or PBS; B: Comparison of tumor, liver and spleen from the tumor-bearing mice; C: The tumor volume of the mice treatment with VNP or PBS was monitored; D: The curves of the mice body weight were recorded every day; E: Organ body weight index of the tumor-bearing mice. <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span>±<i>s</i> (analyzed by unpaired two-tailed Student′s <i>t</i>-test). <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 , figureFileSmall=k0BnmwU820YOQ0Z2rK20ag==, figureFileBig=fmuONb97DajVKT3/6jiYUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960227895837442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656147201819055, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=HUUVq4QhwadOx/KFJc4PGA==, figureFileBig=w37fR5yOFfJ47Jh2YSnYUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228113941263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656147201819055, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Representative images of RAW264.7 cells under different treatment conditions. RAW264.7 cells were co-cultured with PBS, lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 200 ng·mL<sup>-1</sup>) and interleukin-4 (IL-4, 40 ng·mL<sup>-1</sup>) for 24 h, co-cultured with VNP (1×10<sup>5</sup> CFU·mL<sup>-1</sup>) for 8 h (scale bar, 20 µm) , figureFileSmall=HUUVq4QhwadOx/KFJc4PGA==, figureFileBig=w37fR5yOFfJ47Jh2YSnYUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228323656481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656147201819055, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=SNdJLnds6aQrZBWDGYOGTQ==, figureFileBig=PkDd4uIaLO9O4EdzK9s7aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228541760303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656147201819055, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= RT-qPCR detection of the levels of M1 markers (TNF-<i>α</i>, iNOS and CCL2) in RAW264.7 in co-culturing system. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span>±<i>s</i> (analyzed by one-way ANOVA). <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1. ns: Not significant , figureFileSmall=SNdJLnds6aQrZBWDGYOGTQ==, figureFileBig=PkDd4uIaLO9O4EdzK9s7aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228646617916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656147201819055, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=UuYq+q2WgQpeviQ2nOWdOA==, figureFileBig=zev4MleAgTAKRZr2XRFouQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228822778704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656147201819055, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= RT-qPCR detection of the levels of TNF-<i>α</i>, IFN-<i>γ</i>, IL-2 and GZMB in tumor and tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN) (<i>n</i> = 3) , figureFileSmall=UuYq+q2WgQpeviQ2nOWdOA==, figureFileBig=zev4MleAgTAKRZr2XRFouQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228936024923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656147201819055, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=DMPcqSmE+nZ0zdKARUCguA==, figureFileBig=oZdmbDUcAGaRmJKpJhxrNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960229082825580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656147201819055, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= VNP treatment promotes the activation of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in the tumor environment. Flow cytometry detecting the levels of T cell markers in tumor, spleen, TDLN and blood. A: CD45 staining was used to determine leukocyte; B: CD3 staining was used to determine T cells; C, D: CD4 and CD8 staining was used to differentiate T cells; E: CD69 staining was used to determine CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells activation, and the quantification graph show in F, G. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span>±<i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=DMPcqSmE+nZ0zdKARUCguA==, figureFileBig=oZdmbDUcAGaRmJKpJhxrNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960229271569279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656147201819055, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ThQ/asblG4EEsG7s7pm7Bw==, figureFileBig=AeEJNkFmKzuIrybC2PTduw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960229384815495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656147201819055, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Schematic models demonstrating the VNP treatment for tumor immunotherapy. Step A: VNP treatment stimulates macrophage M1 polarization and promotes the accumulation of leukocyte in the tumor environment; Step B: After being polarization in the tumor, M1 macrophages, which is loaded with tumor antigens, recruit and activate T cells in TDLN; Step C: Cytotoxic CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells, which is activated by M1 macrophages, can interact with tumor cells, thereby releasing GZMB and enhancing the tumor killing effect together with VNP , figureFileSmall=ThQ/asblG4EEsG7s7pm7Bw==, figureFileBig=AeEJNkFmKzuIrybC2PTduw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960229523227544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656147201819055, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer Sequence (5′-3′)
m-TNF-α-F ACTGAACTTCGGGGTGATCG
m-TNF-α-R TCCACTTGGTGGTTTGTGAGT
m-IFN-γ-F CGCTACACACTGCATCTTGG
m-IFN-γ-R TTCATGTCACCATCCTTTTGCC
m-IL-2-F TCTGCGGCATGTTCTGGATT
m-IL-2-R TGTGTTGTCAGAGCCCTTTAGT
m-GZMB-F AGGAGAAGACCCAGCAAGTC
m-GZMB-R CTCTTGGCCTTACTCTTCAGCTTTA
m-INOS-F CTAGTGAAGCAAAGCCCAACA
m-INOS-R CCTCACATACTGTGGACGGG
m-CCL2-F CACTCACCTGCTGCTACTCA
m-CCL2-R GCTTGGTGACAAAAACTACAGC
), ArticleFig(id=1198960229657445283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656147201819055, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The primer sequence of RT-qPCR. TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; IFN-γ: Interferon gama; IL: Interleukin; GZMB: Granzyme B; INOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; CCL2: C-C motif chemokine ligand 2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer Sequence (5′-3′)
m-TNF-α-F ACTGAACTTCGGGGTGATCG
m-TNF-α-R TCCACTTGGTGGTTTGTGAGT
m-IFN-γ-F CGCTACACACTGCATCTTGG
m-IFN-γ-R TTCATGTCACCATCCTTTTGCC
m-IL-2-F TCTGCGGCATGTTCTGGATT
m-IL-2-R TGTGTTGTCAGAGCCCTTTAGT
m-GZMB-F AGGAGAAGACCCAGCAAGTC
m-GZMB-R CTCTTGGCCTTACTCTTCAGCTTTA
m-INOS-F CTAGTGAAGCAAAGCCCAACA
m-INOS-R CCTCACATACTGTGGACGGG
m-CCL2-F CACTCACCTGCTGCTACTCA
m-CCL2-R GCTTGGTGACAAAAACTACAGC
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减毒沙门氏菌VNP20009的抗肿瘤机制研究
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尹特 1 , 刘丽娜 2 , 董世达 1 , 黄宝连 1 , 李晨阳 2 , 曹志婷 1, * , 华子春 1, 2, 3, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(9): 2700-2706
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药学学报 |研究论文 2023 , 58 (9) : 2700 -2706
减毒沙门氏菌VNP20009的抗肿瘤机制研究
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3.江苏省产业技术研究院医药生物技术研究所, 江苏 常州 213164, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960222212554907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656147201819055, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960222220943518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656147201819055, companyId=1198960222212554907, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960222233526432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656147201819055, companyId=1198960222212554907, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国药科大学生物药物学院, 江苏 南京 211198)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198960222409687218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656147201819055, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960222426464437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656147201819055, companyId=1198960222409687218, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210033, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960222434853046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656147201819055, companyId=1198960222409687218, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210033)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198960222535516356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656147201819055, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960222548099270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656147201819055, companyId=1198960222535516356, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology of Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute, Changzhou 213164, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960222556487880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656147201819055, companyId=1198960222535516356, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.江苏省产业技术研究院医药生物技术研究所, 江苏 常州 213164)])])]
尹特1, 刘丽娜2, 董世达1, 黄宝连1, 李晨阳2, 曹志婷1, * , 华子春1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国药科大学生物药物学院, 江苏 南京 211198
  • 2.南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210033
  • 3.江苏省产业技术研究院医药生物技术研究所, 江苏 常州 213164
通讯作者:
*华子春, Tel: 13814039758, E-mail: ;
曹志婷, Tel: 13170153150, E-mail:
Research on anti-tumor mechanism of attenuated Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009
Te YIN1, Li-na LIU2, Shi-da DONG1, Bao-lian HUANG1, Chen-yang LI2, Zhi-ting CAO1, * , Zi-chun HUA1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
  • 2. The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210033, China
  • 3. Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology of Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute, Changzhou 213164, China
出版时间: 2023-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0376
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减毒沙门氏菌VNP20009是一种应用范围较广的天然来源溶瘤细菌, 基于其已证实的临床安全性、可特异性趋化靶向肿瘤和明确已知的基因组序列等优点而被广泛用于抗肿瘤研究。本研究建立黑色素瘤小鼠模型(所有动物实验均遵循中国药科大学动物伦理委员会的规定), 通过腹腔注射VNP20009对其抗肿瘤活性进行验证, 与对照组相比, VNP20009治疗可显著抑制肿瘤生长; 体外共培养实验证明VNP20009能够诱导巨噬细胞向M1表型极化并表达相关炎症因子; 通过流式细胞实验分析肿瘤和肿瘤引流淋巴结(tumor-draining lymph node, TDLN) 内免疫变化, 证明VNP20009治疗诱导肿瘤组织免疫细胞增加, 进一步分析发现肿瘤引流淋巴结内T细胞浸润增加, 而VNP20009治疗能够诱导肿瘤内部的CD4+ T和CD8+ T细胞活化。本研究结果证明, VNP20009可通过诱导巨噬细胞向M1表型极化, 招募并激活细胞毒性T细胞, 协同其自身组分, 共同抑制小鼠体内黑色素瘤的生长。

VNP20009  /  黑色素瘤  /  巨噬细胞  /  肿瘤引流淋巴结  /  细胞毒性T细胞

Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009 is a widely used natural oncolytic bacterium, which has great application potential given its unique characteristics, including clinical safety, tumor targeting specificity, and explicit genome sequence. Here, we show that tumor progression can be effectively reduced by intraperitoneal administration with VNP20009 in a mouse model of melanoma (all animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the Animal Ethics Committee of China Pharmaceutical University); co-culture experiment in vitro demonstrated that VNP20009 can induce the polarization of macrophage M1, accompanied by expression of inflammation-related factors; flow cytometry analysis showed that VNP20009 induced the increase of immune cell infiltration in tumor. Further analysis showed that T cells infiltration in tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN) increased, and VNP20009 induced the activation of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in tumor. Our results demonstrate that VNP20009 treatment significantly inhibited melanoma tumors by remodeling tumor-associated macrophages to an M1-like phenotype, as well as recruiting and activating cytotoxic T cells, combined with its own antigenic activity to exert anti-tumor immunity.

VNP20009  /  melanoma  /  macrophage  /  tumor-draining lymph node  /  cytotoxic T cell
尹特, 刘丽娜, 董世达, 黄宝连, 李晨阳, 曹志婷, 华子春. 减毒沙门氏菌VNP20009的抗肿瘤机制研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (9) : 2700 -2706 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0376
Te YIN, Li-na LIU, Shi-da DONG, Bao-lian HUANG, Chen-yang LI, Zhi-ting CAO, Zi-chun HUA. Research on anti-tumor mechanism of attenuated Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (9) : 2700 -2706 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0376
实体瘤具有血管异常增生及局部组织缺氧坏死等特征[1, 2], 该微环境适合专性或兼性厌氧菌的定植与生长, 如链球菌、梭状芽孢杆菌、双歧杆菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌和李斯特菌等[3]。这些细菌能够在肿瘤组织内富集并增殖, 数量可达肝脏或脾脏等组织内部的1 000多倍[4]。其中, 鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium) 由于其易于培养及遗传操作的特点, 目前已被广泛研究。鼠伤寒沙门氏菌可以在有氧和无氧条件下生长, 因此能够在各种实体肿瘤组织中定植。为了提高治疗效果, 细菌治疗策略被开发与放疗和化疗相结合[5], 或者设计通过细菌传递抗癌药物分子[6]。除了作为抗肿瘤治疗药物的传递系统, 它还具有内在的抗肿瘤作用, 这在很大程度上归因于其免疫调节活性。
研究表明, 沙门氏菌的抗肿瘤能力与其免疫激活能力相关: 沙门氏菌自身的固有免疫组分如鞭毛蛋白和脂多糖可以通过宿主的固有免疫系统, 招募免疫细胞和细胞因子直接杀死肿瘤细胞[7]。除此之外, 沙门氏菌还可以诱导针对细菌定植和肿瘤细胞的固有免疫和适应性免疫应答[8]。静脉注射鼠伤寒沙门氏菌能有效刺激免疫系统, 导致全身性促炎细胞因子如白细胞介素1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β)、白细胞介素18 (interleukin-18, IL-18)、肿瘤坏死因子α (tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNF-α) 和干扰素γ (interferon gama, IFN-γ) 的产生增加, 并引起先天和适应性免疫细胞的激活[9]
VNP20009 (以下简述为VNP) 是一种减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌菌株, 与野生型相比, VNP具有更加优良的安全性。其中msbB突变株诱导产生的TNF-α水平显著降低, 减少TNF-α引起的感染性休克的风险。同时, 为了提高肿瘤特异性定植能力, 进一步敲除了VNP的purI基因, 使其更易于在高嘌呤的环境中定植和扩增[10, 11], 如肿瘤组织。因此, VNP在肿瘤内的富集数量较肝脏等主要器官高出100~1 000倍[12], 而传统的抗肿瘤药物递送体系即使引入肿瘤靶向基团也只有不到总量1%的药物富集于肿瘤, 高达80%的药物滞留在肝肾等器官[13]。基于此, VNP已在多种动物肿瘤模型和癌症患者I期临床试验中展开广泛研究, 包括黑色素瘤[14]、乳腺癌[15]和结肠癌[16]
为了进一步探究VNP的抗肿瘤机制, 本研究建立黑色素瘤(B16F10) 小鼠肿瘤模型, 分析VNP20009对于黑色素瘤的治疗效果及免疫机制, 旨在为VNP的基因工程改造及其抗肿瘤临床研究提供理论依据。
试剂和材料  蛋白胨(3256061) 和酵母提取物(4333726-02) 购自英国Oxoid公司; NaCl (2208281) 购自广东西陇科学股份有限公司; 硫酸卡那霉素(#D2117220) 购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司; 大肠杆菌脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS, AC11974) 购自上海吉至生化科技有限公司; 细胞因子IL-4 (400-04) 购自美国PeproTech公司; DMEM (KGM12800-500) 和1640高糖培养基(KGM31800-500) 购自南京凯基生物科技发展有限公司; 青霉素-链霉素(P3203300) 购自上海翌圣生物科技有限公司; 胎牛血清(10099141C) 购自美国Gibco公司; 六孔板(220811-074-B) 购自广州洁特生物过滤有限公司; real-time qPCR引物由上海生工生物工程有限公司合成; 氧化锆陶瓷球(0.4~0.6 mm) 购自湖州雄盛研磨有限公司; 总RNA抽提试剂TRIzol (Total RNA Extraction Reagent, 7F632K2)、cDNA逆转录试剂盒(7E601K2) 和qPCR试剂盒One Step RT-qPCR SYBR Green Kit (Q221-01) 购自南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司; 流式抗体购自美国BD公司; 其他试剂均为市售分析纯。
实验仪器  实时荧光定量PCR仪(A28567, 美国应用生物系统公司); 超纯水仪(Milli-Q, IQ 70055, 美国密理博公司); 高压灭菌锅(GR85DA, 美国致微仪器); 恒温培养箱(HDPF-150, 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司); 组织匀浆机(Scientz-48, 宁波新芝生物科技有限公司); 倒置荧光显微镜(Vert.A1, 德国蔡司公司); 流式细胞仪(BD Accuri C6 plus, 美国BD Biosciences公司); 酶标仪(H1MF, 美国BioTek公司)。
细菌培养  本研究所用的减毒沙门氏菌VNP20009由南京大学生命科学学院构建保存。在治疗前细菌提前划线涂布至含有50 μg·mL-1卡那霉素的LB固体培养基, 并挑取单菌落隔夜培养。通过在600 nm处测量A值[1 A = 4×108菌落形成单位(CFU)] 来确定细菌数量。将生长至对数生长期(A = 0.6~0.8) 的VNP调整到所需数量并在无菌PBS中洗涤3次。
细胞培养  小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16F10和小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7来自ATCC公司并由中国药科大学生物药物学院保存。RAW264.7使用添加10%胎牛血清和1%双抗的DMEM, 在95%湿度和5% CO2的条件下培养, 细胞生长至70%及以上时, 将半贴壁细胞吹打重悬并进行细胞传代; B16F10使用添加10%胎牛血清和1%双抗的RPMI1640, 在95%湿度和5% CO2的条件下培养, 细胞生长至80%及以上时, 使用胰酶消化2 min, 重悬并进行细胞传代。
小鼠黑色素瘤移植实验及治疗  雌性SPF级C57BL/6J小鼠(17~19 g, 6~8周龄), 购自上海必凯科翼生物科技有限公司, 许可证编号: SCXK (沪) 2018-0006, 合格证编号: 20180006048738。小鼠被饲养在25 ± 2 ℃的恒温条件下, 保持12 h光-暗循环, 自由饮用食物和水, 在实验前饲养至少7天。本研究中动物福利和实验过程均遵循中国药科大学动物伦理委员的相关规定, 并按照美国国立卫生研究院指南进行。小鼠随机分为2组, 每组5只[17]。首先使用29 G针头于C57BL/6J小鼠前肢腋窝下皮下注射黑色素瘤B16F10细胞(每只小鼠2×105个细胞), 植瘤4天后, 将PBS稀释的VNP经腹腔注射, 每只小鼠注射剂量为1×106 CFU, 并在第14天解剖小鼠取各脏器分析。
巨噬细胞极化实验  6孔板内将生长至70%~80%的RAW264.7细胞用无菌PBS清洗3次, 对照组分别用含LPS (200 ng·mL-1) 或IL-4 (40 ng·mL-1) 的DMEM完全培养基孵育24 h; 无菌PBS清洗3次, 实验组用含VNP (1×105 CFU·mL-1) 的DMEM完全培养基孵育8 h; 全部细胞用无菌PBS清洗3次后, 更换DMEM完全培养基孵育4 h, 于镜下观察细胞形态变化。对于qPCR实验, LPS和IL-4浓度分别为100和10 ng·mL-1, 其他处理方式相同, 诱导结束后提取细胞RNA。
实时荧光定量PCR  分别制备肿瘤组织和巨噬细胞样本, 将肿瘤组织剪碎并加入氧化锆陶瓷球和1 mL TRIzol溶液, 在组织匀浆机中70 Hz, 90 s匀浆破碎。室温放置5 min, 加入200 μL氯仿剧烈震荡45 s, 4 ℃放置5 min, 再室温放置10 min。离心(12 000 r·min-1, 15 min, 4 ℃) 后, 吸取上层水相于无核酶EP管中, 加入等体积的异丙醇, 混匀后-20 ℃放置10 min。离心(12 000 r·min-1, 10 min, 4 ℃) 后弃去上清, 每管加1 mL 75%乙醇重悬沉淀, 室温静置15 min。离心(7 500 r·min-1, 5 min, 4 ℃) 后弃去上清, 室温静置并晾干乙醇, 加入适量的DEPC水[用焦炭酸二乙酯(diethyl pyrocarbonate, DEPC) 处理后经高温高压灭菌的超纯水] 溶解, 用酶标仪检测其浓度和纯度; 根据逆转录试剂盒配置反应体系, 反应程序: 98 ℃, 5 min, 37 ℃, 15 min, 将得到的cDNA保存于-20 ℃; 根据qPCR试剂盒检测mRNA相对表达量, 反应程序: 95 ℃预变性5 min; 95 ℃变性10 s、60 ℃退火30 s, 循环扩增40次; 95 ℃, 15 s; 60 ℃, 60 s; 95 ℃, 15 s; 对于细胞样品, 不需要匀浆, 直接加入TRIzol, 方法同上。引物于表 1中列出。
流式细胞实验  将肿瘤、脾脏和肿瘤引流淋巴结(tumor-draining lymph node, TDLN) 剪碎并研磨, 将研磨液通过200目尼龙网过滤至15 mL离心管中。吸取10 µL细胞悬液, 混匀后计数。离心(3 000 r·min-1, 5 min, 4 ℃) 收集细胞, 分别用1 mL PBA (0.5% BSA溶于PBS) 重悬细胞, 于冰上封闭30 min。离心后分别用100 μL抗体混合液(根据说明书用PBS稀释抗体) 重悬细胞, 使用购自美国Invitrogen公司的APC anti-mouse CD45 (#17-0451-83) 和购自美国BD Pharmingen公司的PE/Cyanine7 anti-mouse CD4 (#552775)、PE anti-mouse CD3 (#553063)、FITC anti-mouse CD69 (#557392)、PerCP/Cyanine5.5 anti-mouse CD69 (#557392) 对单细胞进行染色, 于冰上避光孵育30 min。通过流式细胞仪检测免疫细胞, 结果通过Flow Jo VX软件进行分析。
统计学分析  使用GraphPad 8.0软件进行数据分析。所有数据均使用平均值±标准差表示; 比较两组数据时, 采用Student′s t-test检验; 比较多组数据时, 采用在one-way ANOVA检验; 所有统计分析中ns代表着没有统计学差异, P < 0.05代表有统计学差异。
通过B16F10原位模型评估VNP的体内抗肿瘤效果, 根据图 1A流程进行造模及治疗。将2×105个小鼠B16F10黑色素瘤细胞悬液经皮下注射接种至C57BL/6J小鼠腋下建立肿瘤。以PBS为对照, 在植瘤4天后腹腔注射稀释后(每只小鼠1×106 CFU) 的VNP, 通过监测治疗后小鼠的体重及肿瘤大小变化评估VNP的体内抗肿瘤效果。并在第14天解剖小鼠, 取各脏器样本进行后续分析。结果显示, VNP治疗后小鼠皮下肿瘤体积发展变缓, 且随时间延长, 对照组和治疗组肿瘤体积差异变大, VNP治疗组有效抑制肿瘤体积的增长(图 1BC)。在治疗结束时, VNP组小鼠的肿瘤重量仅为对照组的1/5, 显示出明显的肿瘤杀伤能力。
VNP的抗肿瘤效果与其免疫激活能力相关, 体内注射后会引起宿主的急性炎症反应。在腹腔注射VNP后监测小鼠体重, 可以发现在注射后几天内小鼠体重快速下降, 之后缓慢恢复(图 1D)。治疗10天后解剖小鼠取各脏器, VNP治疗组虽然明显抑制了肿瘤的发展, 但导致小鼠的肝脾肿大(图 1BE), 结合体重变化, 表明腹腔注射VNP会引起宿主的毒性反应, 一定程度上限制了VNP的应用前景。为了解VNP的抗肿瘤机制用于指导菌株改造和临床应用, 随后研究了VNP对于肿瘤免疫微环境的影响。
VNP的抗肿瘤效果与其诱导激活宿主固有免疫能力相关, 其中, 作为固有免疫的主要成分, 巨噬细胞具有强大的抗原提呈能力[18], 典型的M1细胞是I型反应中的效应细胞, 它能杀伤微生物和肿瘤细胞, 分泌大量炎症因子, 启动机体抗肿瘤免疫。为探究VNP的免疫激活能力, 通过体外共培养诱导小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7极化。与对照组(未极化的PBS处理组) 相比, M1型巨噬细胞(LPS组) 发生形态学变化, 表现为轴突细而长, 出现伪足; 而M2型巨噬细胞(IL-4组) 轴突短而小[19], 呈椭圆形(图 2)。将巨噬细胞与VNP共培养后, 细胞呈现M1型形态学变化。
通过RT-qPCR进一步检测巨噬细胞极化相关标志物转录水平, 结果表明, VNP共培养组TNF-α、一氧化氮合成酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase, INOS) 和趋化因子配体2 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 2, CCL2) 水平(M1极化标志物) 明显升高(图 3), 即VNP可诱导巨噬细胞向M1表型极化, 增强肿瘤抗原识别能力激活宿主免疫系统, 协同其自身组分共同发挥抗肿瘤效果。
巨噬细胞能够将抗原呈递给细胞毒性T细胞, 并通过细胞毒性T细胞杀伤肿瘤。通过RT-qPCR分析肿瘤部位和TDLN内相关基因表达, 结果显示, VNP治疗后, 肿瘤组织内细胞毒性T细胞介导分泌的炎症细胞因子(TNF-α、IFN-γ和IL-2) 和颗粒酶B (granzyme B, GZMB) 表达水平升高, 表明T细胞功能激活(图 4)。GZMB来自细胞毒性T细胞释放的细胞浆颗粒, 含有包括穿孔蛋白在内的蛋白酶原, 能够引起肿瘤细胞凋亡[20]。相比之下, TDLN内的升高幅度更大, 提示发挥抗肿瘤活性的T细胞主要来自TDLN。
通过流式细胞实验检测免疫变化, 结果显示, VNP治疗引起肿瘤组织中免疫细胞(CD45+细胞) 浸润增加(图 5A), 但并没有引起T细胞(CD3+ CD45+细胞) 数量的明显变化。与RT-qPCR结果一致, T细胞的浸润增加主要发生在TDLN (图 5B), 表明循环系统内的T细胞被招募至TDLN。TDLN是肿瘤免疫逃逸及转移的关键部位[21], TDLN中T细胞的增加不但能够抑制原发肿瘤的生长, 还能够有效预防肿瘤的复发和转移。进一步分析发现, 虽然肿瘤组织和TDLN中CD4+ T细胞和CD8+ T的比例没有显著改变(图 5CD), 但是经过VNP刺激后, T细胞被大量激活(CD69阳性), 肿瘤组织中活化的细胞毒性T细胞达到对照组的8.0倍(图 5EF)。脾脏是免疫细胞受抗原刺激后增殖和分化的主要场所, VNP治疗后脾脏内细胞毒性T细胞的数量和活化程度均得到显著增加(图 5FG)。结合RT-qPCR及动物实验表明, VNP治疗能够诱导肿瘤部位巨噬细胞向M1表型极化并吞噬肿瘤细胞, 随后巨噬细胞进入TDLN招募并呈递抗原至T细胞, 诱导细胞毒性T细胞活化并释放炎症因子激活宿主免疫系统, 接着进入肿瘤组织发挥抗肿瘤作用。
VNP20009 (以下简述为VNP) 是一种天然来源减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌菌株, 与野生型相比, VNP具有良好的安全性。基于其可特异性趋化靶向肿瘤和基因组序列明确等优点, VNP已在多种动物肿瘤模型和癌症患者I期临床试验中展开广泛研究。研究表明, VNP的肿瘤组织特异性来源于其对肿瘤微环境的靶向性, 主要机制如下[1]: ①肿瘤的异常生长导致肿瘤的乏氧和坏死区域形成, VNP趋化肿瘤乏氧微环境, 在肿瘤部位特异性定植; ② VNP的鞭毛增加其运动性, 有助于其在肿瘤组织渗透和迁移; ③肿瘤免疫抑制微环境可以协助VNP避免被巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞清除。随后肿瘤组织内大量富集并增殖的VNP激活机体免疫系统, 招募免疫细胞杀伤肿瘤。
VNP的抗肿瘤效果与其免疫激活能力相关, 通过抑制自噬等方法增加VNP在肿瘤内的定植效率, 能够显著提高肿瘤组织免疫细胞浸润, 从而增强抗肿瘤效果[22]。本研究在黑色素瘤小鼠模型上探讨VNP的抗肿瘤机制。结果显示, VNP显著抑制了B16F10肿瘤的生长。由于肿瘤抑制效果与其免疫激活能力相关, 因此在肿瘤治疗的同时会伴随肝脾肿大[4, 14]。具体而言, 兼性厌氧细菌VNP在进入循环系统后, 会高效富集在肿瘤乏氧部位, 这一肿瘤免疫抑制微环境可以减少VNP被免疫系统清除[12]。因此, 肿瘤部位的VNP逐渐增殖, 细菌组分如LPS和鞭毛蛋白能够激活肿瘤部位的固有免疫细胞如巨噬细胞, 并诱导巨噬细胞向抗肿瘤M1表型极化, 释放包括TNF-α在内的炎症因子, 引起局部炎症反应, 大量招募免疫细胞至肿瘤组织[23, 24]。随后M1型巨噬细胞进入TDLN招募并呈递抗原至T细胞, 诱导T细胞活化并大量释放炎症因子(TNF-α、IFN-γ和IL-2) 激活宿主免疫系统。肿瘤组织内的M1型巨噬细胞激活后会上调促炎细胞因子和表面共刺激分子的表达水平, 介导Th1 (T helper 1) 反应[25], 诱导细胞毒性T (CD8+ T) 细胞瘤内浸润并将抗原呈递至CD8+ T细胞, 促进CD8+ T细胞活化[26, 27], 释放颗粒酶B, 协同VNP发挥抗肿瘤作用(图 6)。
综上所述, VNP能够通过诱导肿瘤部位的巨噬细胞向M1分型极化, 招募并激活细胞毒性T细胞, 协同细菌自身组分共同发挥对黑色素瘤的抑制效果。近年来, 随着对微生物抗肿瘤治疗及合成生物学的研究不断深入, 进一步对VNP的抗肿瘤机制研究及基因工程改造也显得尤为重要, 以充分发挥VNP的抗肿瘤优势, 提高其临床应用效果。而本研究为VNP的基因工程改造及用于抗肿瘤临床研究提供了理论依据。
作者贡献: 尹特负责主要实验操作与设计、结果分析与统计、文章写作; 刘丽娜负责部分实验操作及结果分析; 董世达负责资料搜集和部分文章撰写; 黄宝连对实验中遇到的问题给予帮助和指导; 李晨阳对文章修改过程中遇到的问题给予数据分析和指导; 华子春和曹志婷负责论文的构思、指导和论文修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(32250016)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82130106)
  • 南京市生命健康科技专项计划(202110016)
  • 常州市科技局(CZ20210010)
  • 常州市科技局(CJ20210024)
  • 常州市科技局(CJ20220019)
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2023年第58卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0376
  • 接收时间:2023-03-28
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-28
  • 修回日期:2023-05-13
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(32250016)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82130106)
南京市生命健康科技专项计划(202110016)
常州市科技局(CZ20210010)
常州市科技局(CJ20210024)
常州市科技局(CJ20220019)
作者信息
    1.中国药科大学生物药物学院, 江苏 南京 211198
    2.南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210033
    3.江苏省产业技术研究院医药生物技术研究所, 江苏 常州 213164

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*华子春, Tel: 13814039758, E-mail: ;
曹志婷, Tel: 13170153150, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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