Article(id=1198656345609171398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0285, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1678291200000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-09, revisedDate=1680796800000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711542751, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1702310400000, pubDateStr=2023-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711542751, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711542751, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711542751, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656343151313891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='12', pageStart='3477', pageEnd='3726', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711542164, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711721609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198657095835943176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198657095840137481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3572, endPage=3582, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656345877606867, articleId=1198656345609171398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Potential of natural products containing 3-acyl tetramic acid as antibacterial precursors, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The natural products containing 3-acyl tetramic acid units have a large number of complex and diverse structures, showing a variety of biological activities such as antibacterial, antiviral, anti-tumor and so on, especially antibacterial activity which are regarded as a potential reservoir of new antibiotics. In this paper, the antibacterial activities of various natural products containing 3-acyl tetramic acids and the new research hotspots and directions are reviewed.

, correspAuthors=Zhan-zhu LIU, Xuan PAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Cai-yun MA, Zhan-zhu LIU, Xuan PAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656348578738717, articleId=1198656345609171398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=含有3-酰基特特拉姆酸结构单元的天然产物作为抗菌先导物的潜力, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

含有3-酰基特特拉姆酸结构单元的天然产物数量巨大, 结构复杂多样, 表现出了抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤等多种生物活性, 尤以抗菌活性最为突出, 被看作是新型抗生素的潜在储库。本文按照化合物的结构特征分类, 综述了各类含有3-酰基特特拉姆酸结构单元的天然产物的抗菌活性, 以及含有3-酰基特特拉姆酸结构单元的天然产物的研究新热点、新方向。

, correspAuthors=刘站柱, 潘璇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘站柱, Tel: 86-10-63165253, E-mail: ;
潘璇, E-mail:
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含有3-酰基特特拉姆酸结构单元的天然产物作为抗菌先导物的潜力
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马彩云 , 刘站柱 * , 潘璇 *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(12): 3572-3582
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药学学报 | 综述 2023, 58(12): 3572-3582
含有3-酰基特特拉姆酸结构单元的天然产物作为抗菌先导物的潜力
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马彩云, 刘站柱* , 潘璇*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*刘站柱, Tel: 86-10-63165253, E-mail: ;
潘璇, E-mail:
Potential of natural products containing 3-acyl tetramic acid as antibacterial precursors
Cai-yun MA, Zhan-zhu LIU* , Xuan PAN*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Nature Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2023-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0285
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含有3-酰基特特拉姆酸结构单元的天然产物数量巨大, 结构复杂多样, 表现出了抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤等多种生物活性, 尤以抗菌活性最为突出, 被看作是新型抗生素的潜在储库。本文按照化合物的结构特征分类, 综述了各类含有3-酰基特特拉姆酸结构单元的天然产物的抗菌活性, 以及含有3-酰基特特拉姆酸结构单元的天然产物的研究新热点、新方向。

耐药菌  /  3-酰基特特拉姆酸  /  天然产物  /  抗菌活性  /  金属螯合

The natural products containing 3-acyl tetramic acid units have a large number of complex and diverse structures, showing a variety of biological activities such as antibacterial, antiviral, anti-tumor and so on, especially antibacterial activity which are regarded as a potential reservoir of new antibiotics. In this paper, the antibacterial activities of various natural products containing 3-acyl tetramic acids and the new research hotspots and directions are reviewed.

drug-resistant bacteria  /  3-acyl-tetramic acid  /  natural product  /  antibacterial activity  /  metal-chelating
马彩云, 刘站柱, 潘璇. 含有3-酰基特特拉姆酸结构单元的天然产物作为抗菌先导物的潜力. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (12) : 3572 -3582 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0285
Cai-yun MA, Zhan-zhu LIU, Xuan PAN. Potential of natural products containing 3-acyl tetramic acid as antibacterial precursors[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (12) : 3572 -3582 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0285
1884年, 细菌学家Hans Christian Gram发明了革兰氏染色法来鉴别区分细菌[1], 根据着色情况不同将细菌分成了两大类: 革兰阳性菌(gram-positive bacteria) 和革兰阴性菌(gram-negative bacteria)。两类细菌生理结构上的主要区别在于细胞壁中肽聚糖层的厚度以及外部是否存在脂质膜。革兰阳性菌的细胞壁含有肽聚糖、脂质、磷糖醛酸和磷壁酸, 肽聚糖层较厚, 在革兰氏染色实验中呈紫色/蓝色; 革兰阴性菌的细胞壁由薄的肽聚糖层和外膜(含有脂质、蛋白质和脂多糖) 组成, 没有磷壁酸, 在革兰氏染色实验中呈红色至粉红色。尽管革兰阳性菌具有较厚的肽聚糖层, 但因其缺乏外膜, 比革兰阴性菌更易受到靶向细胞壁抗生素的影响; 对于革兰阴性菌来说, 大多数抗生素必须要通过外膜进入其内部才能发挥作用, 革兰阴性菌可以通过改变外膜阻止抗生素进入, 而且当其细胞壁受到干扰时还会释放内毒素, 抑制抗生素发挥作用[2, 3]
目前全球抗菌药物滥用严重, 增加了耐药菌出现的几率, 使得感染性疾病治愈难度愈发增大[4], 超级细菌(superbug) 的出现更为全球卫生安全带来了巨大挑战。所谓超级细菌, 又称多药耐药菌(multidrug-resistant bacteria), 是指携带多种抗生素耐药基因的细菌, 常见的超级细菌有粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)、金葡菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)、鲍曼不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumannii)、铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa) 和肠杆菌属(Enterobacter spp.), 它们又被称为“ESKAPE”病原体[5]。虽然可以通过现有抗菌药物的结构修饰或联合应用来治疗部分耐药菌导致的感染, 但是治疗范围和治疗效果仍不能满足临床需求, 目前在临床开发中的抗生素很少显示出新的作用机制, 新型抗菌药物亟待研发[6]
COVID-19的大流行更是警告要始终做好应对全球性微生物药物耐药事件的发生, 在2021年世界卫生组织报告中, 抗微生物药物耐药性全球协调主任Haileyesus Getahun强调, 必须抓住COVID-19大流行带来的机遇, 将对新型有效抗生素研发的可持续投资需求放在首位。抗生素是全民健康覆盖和全球卫生安全的薄弱环节, 需要全球持续努力, 包括资金统筹机制和新的投资, 以应对微生物药物耐药性的问题。
细菌耐药性的机制可以分为两大类: 固有耐药(intrinsic resistance) 和获得性耐药(acquired resistance)。固有耐药, 是指特定种类的细菌因其自身结构或功能特征而对某一种或某一类抗生素产生抵抗, 例如达托霉素(daptomycin) 对革兰阳性菌有效, 但对革兰阴性菌无效, 这是由于革兰阴性菌细胞质膜中缺乏磷壁酸, 阻断了达托霉素插入细胞质膜[7]; 获得性耐药指的是细菌与抗菌药物接触后, 由质粒介导, 通过改变自身代谢途径, 使其不被抗菌药物杀灭。获得性耐药可由质粒将耐药基因转移给染色体而遗传给后代, 成为固有耐药, 也可因不再接触抗菌药物而消失。获得性耐药主要由3种机制介导: ①改变细胞外膜通透性或影响主动流出系统使得胞内抗生素浓度降低; ②通过基因突变或翻译后修饰改变抗生素作用靶点; ③通过水解或修饰使抗生素失活[8]
特特拉姆酸(tetramic acid, TA), 即2, 4-吡咯烷二酮, 存在两种互变异构体1a1b (图 1), 其3-位氢原子具有酸性, 环内酰胺键性质稳定, 不易被强酸或强碱破坏[9]。含有特特拉姆酸结构单元的天然产物来源丰富, 广泛分布于细菌、蓝藻、真菌和海绵等陆地或海洋生物中, 因其结构复杂多样表现出了丰富的生物活性, 如抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤等[10]
特特拉姆酸的C-3位常被酰基取代基, 形成3-酰基特特拉姆酸(3-acyl-tetramic acids, 3-ATAs)。3-酰基特特拉姆酸具有如下性质: ①其在溶液中主要存在4种互变异构体(图 2), 分别是2a~2d。其中2a2b2c2d之间的相互转化非常快速, 但是环外双键的顺反构型之间转化相对缓慢, 主要是因为在这个转化过程中存在C-C单键的旋转[11]。对于不同的3-酰基特特拉姆酸, 各种互变异构体存在的比例并不相同, C-5位和N-1位取代基的种类、溶剂都会影响互变异构体的比例, 例如, 大多数3-酰基特特拉姆酸在溶液中主要的存在形式是2d, 但N-酰基化的3-酰基特特拉姆酸更倾向于以2a的形式存在, 这种差异归因于酰基化后N原子的孤对电子无法增强2-位羰基的质子受体能力, 使得4-位羰基形成氢键的倾向增强[12]; ②特特拉姆酸是一种弱酸(pKa = 6.4), C-3位酰基的存在使得其酸性增强(pKa = 3~3.5)[10]; ③ 3-酰基特特拉姆酸是良好的金属螯合剂, β, β′-三羰基部分为金属络合提供了可用的位点[13], 每个互变异构体都可以作为金属的强双齿螯合物, 形成稳定的六元环螯合物, 现已发现3-酰基特特拉姆酸能够与碱土金属Mg2+和Ca2+, 过渡金属Zn2+、Fe3+、Cu2+和Ni2+等形成天然的或合成的金属螯合物[14], 例如Petroliagi等[13]发现5-benzylidene-3-hexanoyl tetramic acid (ΒΗΤΑ) 能够与Mg2+、Ba2+或Zn2+螯合(图 3)。
含有特特拉姆酸结构单元的天然产物数量庞大, 有关该类化合物的综述最早发表于1993年[9], 此后, 陆续有一些综述发表[10-12, 15-21]。本文将该类天然产物中具有抗菌活性的化合物挑选出来进行综述, 以期对抗菌药物的研发提供借鉴。
含有特特拉姆酸结构单元的化合物按照结构通常可以分为9大类: 简单3-酰基特特拉姆酸(simple 3-acyl-tetramic acids)、多环特特拉姆酸大环内酰胺(polycyclic tetramate macrolactams)、二烯基特特拉姆酸(dienoyltetramic acids)、3-烯酰十氢萘特特拉姆酸(3-decalinoyltetramic acids)、N-酰基特特拉姆酸(N-acylated tetramic acids)、多烯基特特拉姆酸(polyenoyltetramic acids)、3-螺特特拉姆酸(3-spirotetramic acids)、CPA型特特拉姆酸(cyclopiazonic acid-type tetramic acids) 及其他类型特特拉姆酸(other tetramic acids)。
简单3-酰基特特拉姆酸中表现出初步抗菌活性的天然产物有15个, 分别是magnesidin A, penicillenols A1、A2、B1、B2、G1和H, melophlins A、G、H和I, epicoccarines A、B, vancoresmycin和reutericyclin。其中, reutericyclin为膜活性抗生素(图 4)。
Magnesidin A (1) 是由两个同系物以约1∶1的比例与金属镁螯合形成的天然产物, 也是最早发现的含有镁离子的抗菌活性天然产物, 其性质稳定, 可耐受高温和强酸强碱环境, 最早从Pseudomonas magnesiorubra nov. sp. (ATCC No 21856) 中分离得到[22]。Magnesidin A只对革兰阳性菌有效, 尤其是孢子携带者, 对Bacillus subtilis (ATCC6633)、Bacillus megatheriumBacillus anthracis等革兰阳性菌的最小抑制浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC) 为2~7 μg·mL-1, 但它对小鼠正常细胞表现出了一定的细胞毒性, 半数致死剂量为50 mg·kg-1 i.p.[22, 23]
Penicillenols A1~C2最早在2008年分离自Penicillium sp. GQ-7, 其中penicillenol A1 (2) 对金葡菌和结核分枝杆菌具有抑制作用, 在10 μmol·L-1时对结核分枝杆菌抑制率达到了96.1%[24]。Penicillenol A2 (3) 对耐甲氧西林的金葡菌具有良好的抗菌作用, 与β-内酰胺类抗生素联合使用可显著降低耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA) 的存活率, 两者联合使用为治疗MRSA引起的感染提供了新方法[25]。Penicillenols B1 (4) 和B2 (5) 可以抑制金葡菌的生长, MIC值分别为2.2和19.4 μg·mL-1[26]。Penicillenol G1 (6) 和penicillenol H (7) 是2021年从Penicillium sp. SCSIO06868中分离得到的新型特特拉姆酸类天然产物, 其对金葡菌和耐甲氧西林金葡菌均表现出抑制作用, 其中, penicillenol H对金葡菌和耐甲氧西林金葡菌表现出选择性抑制活性, MIC值均为2.5 μg·mL-1[27]
Melophlins A (8)、G (9)、H (10) 和I (11) 自Melophlus sp.中分离得到, 在丙酸盐琼脂培养基中对耻垢分枝杆菌的MIC值为0.4~0.8 μg·mL-1, 其中melophlin A选择性最好[28]
Epicoccarines A (12) 和B (13) 自Epicoccum sp.中分离得到, epicoccarine A对母牛分枝杆菌有选择性抑制作用, MIC为6.25 μg·mL-1, 而epicoccarine B对革兰阳性菌活性较弱[29]
Vancoresmycin (14) 是从放线菌Amycolatopsis sp. ST 101170发酵液中分离得到的新型具有3-酰基特特拉姆酸结构的天然产物, 对多种致病性革兰阳性菌具有抑制作用, 对屎肠球菌(E. faecium O2D3HT12、E. faecium O2D3IP2、E. faecium O2D3HM3)、粪肠球菌(E. faecalis O2D2HM9) 的抗菌活性约是万古霉素的100倍[30], 对多种耐药菌有效, MIC值在0.25~1 μg·mL-1[31]。其作用机制是通过非孔隙形成、浓度依赖的去极化机制靶向革兰阳性菌的细胞质膜[32]
Reutericyclin (15) 是从Lactobacillus reuteri LTH2584中分离得到的一种高度疏水、带负电荷的小分子抗生素, 对乳酸菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、粪肠球菌、金葡菌等多种革兰阳性菌有抑制作用, 对旧金山乳杆菌、金葡菌和枯草芽孢杆菌具有杀菌作用, 并以剂量依赖的方式触发旧金山乳杆菌的细胞裂解[33]Lactobacillus reuteri是已报道的几乎天然存在于所有脊椎动物和哺乳动物肠道内的乳酸菌, 可改善肠道菌群分布, 拮抗有害菌定植, 我国国家卫生健康委员会于2003年批准了Lactobacillus reuteri作为人类保健品, 该菌株已是国际上公认的新型益生乳酸菌, 具有很高的理论研究和生产应用价值。Lactobacillus reuteri的多功能性预示着与其相关的活性物质reutericyclin可能具有极大的研究价值。Reutericyclin被证明是一种具有抑制细菌生物膜活性的抗生素, 可能有助于治疗金葡菌介导的皮肤感染[34]。膜活性抗生素(membrane-active antibiotic) 是靶向细菌细胞质膜的抗菌药的总称, 通常对革兰阳性菌具有有效的抑制活性。一般来说, 这些膜活性抗生素表现出复杂的作用模式, 具有多种细胞效应, 推测其作用机制为破坏细胞膜完整性、消散质子动力成分(跨膜pH梯度和膜电位) 或者通过抑制呼吸链而减少三磷酸腺苷(ATP) 合成[35]。Reutericyclin及其衍生物的构效关系研究结果如下[36]: ① N-1位的酰基对该类化合物的活性具有决定性作用; ②疏水链R2在与细菌细胞膜相互作用方面发挥着重要作用, R2疏水性越强, 抗菌活性越好; ③ R3为亲脂性基团能够提高化合物活性, R3为极性取代基时由于与膜相互作用减少导致活性丧失, 若R3为降低特特拉姆酸结构单元酸性的可电离胺或给电子基团时也会导致抗菌活性丧失; ④ R1异丁基可以被其他亲脂基团(异丙基和苄基) 取代而不影响活性; ⑤与外消旋化合物、reutericyclin相比, (5S)-reutericyclin抗菌活性降低[37]。此外, reutericyclin还是治疗艰难梭菌感染的优秀先导化合物[38]。艰难梭菌被认为是导致腹泻的主要病原体, 也是住院患者出现并发症及死亡的重要原因, 主要通过口服甲硝唑或万古霉素治疗, 但是万古霉素很难杀伤静止期细胞。与万古霉素和甲硝唑不同, 在低浓度(0.09~2 μg·mL-1) 时, reutericyclin及其衍生物表现出浓度依赖性的杀伤作用, 可快速消灭对数期和固定期细胞。未修饰的reutericyclin肠道吸收较差, 可以通过结构修饰或者剂型辅助提高其吸收。
多环特特拉姆酸大环内酰胺由多环体系与嵌入特特拉姆酸结构单元的大环内酰胺稠合而成, 该类化合物具有抗细菌、抗真菌、抗原生动物、抗肿瘤等多种生物活性[39]。多环特特拉姆酸大环内酰胺的多种生物活性主要源于两方面原因: ①多环体系的结构多样性[40]。多环体系的环稠合方式多样且存在多个手性中心, 增强了其结构的复杂性和多样性[39, 40]; ②大环内酰胺的构象多样性[41]。大环化合物因构象不受限而具有多功能性和立体化学复杂性, 当关键官能团与生物靶标相互作用时, 具有高效性和选择性[1, 39]。具有抗菌活性的多环特特拉姆酸大环内酰胺有ikarugamycin、butremycin、isoikarugamycin、28-N-methylikaguramycin、30-oxo-28-N-methylikarugamycin、capsimycin、capsimycin B和capsimycin C (图 5)。其中, 关于ikarugamycin应用于治疗人类疾病、解决畜牧业问题等方面的研究一直在持续进行。
最早发现的多环特特拉姆酸大环内酰胺是从Streptomyces sp. (No 8603) 中分离得到的天然抗生素斑鸠霉素(ikarugamycin, 16)[42]。斑鸠霉素对多种革兰阳性菌具有抑制作用, 有研究发现, 斑鸠霉素可能成为治疗金葡菌感染的乳腺炎的新型抗菌药物[43]。金葡菌是导致奶牛乳腺炎的病原体之一, 现有的大多数抗生素对金葡菌的宿主细胞渗透性差, 对牛乳腺炎的治愈率仅有10%~30%, 严重影响了乳制品行业的发展。Saeed等[43]利用金葡菌感染的牛乳腺上皮细胞作为体外模型, 发现金葡菌对斑鸠霉素敏感, MIC值可达到0.6 μg·mL-1, 最小杀菌浓度(minimum bactericidal concentration, MBC) 为5 μg·mL-1, 而对牛乳腺上皮细胞的半数抑制浓度(half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50) 为9.2 μg·mL-1, 表明斑鸠霉素对金葡菌具有抑制作用, 且对牛乳腺上皮细胞具有较小的细胞毒性。
斑鸠霉素的抗菌机制推测如下: ①特特拉姆酸基团干扰细菌质子梯度和膜电位。细菌质子梯度和膜电位在ATP合成和溶质跨细胞转运中起着关键作用, 斑鸠霉素可以使细胞膜去极化并耗尽跨膜质子梯度消除细胞质子动力(proton motive force, PMF) 导致细胞死亡[44]; ②大环内酰胺与细胞壁前体的D-丙氨酰-D-丙氨酸(D-alanyl-D-alanine) 部分紧密结合, 抑制细菌细胞壁肽聚糖的生物合成, 破坏细胞壁完整性[45]
Butremycin (17) 最早是2013年从Micromonospora sp. K310中分离得到的, 对金葡菌(ATCC 25923)、大肠杆菌(ATCC 25922) 和MRSA的一组临床分离株表现出微弱的抗菌活性, MIC值均≥ 50 μg·mL-1[46]
Isoikarugamycin (18)、28-N-methylikaguramycin (19) 和30-oxo-28-N-methylikarugamycin (20) 与斑鸠霉素的结构相似, 最早于Streptomyces zhaozhouensis CA-185989中分离得到。前两者表现出显著的抗MRSA活性, MIC值在1~4 μg·mL-1内; 而后者对MRSA的抗菌活性很低, MIC值为32~64 μg·mL-1[47]
Capsimycin (21) 对MRSA有抗菌活性, MIC值为16 μg·mL-1。Epoxyikarugamycin (又称capsimycin B, 22) 对金葡菌(ATCC 43300)、金葡菌(ATCC 29213)、大肠杆菌(ATCC 25922) 和苏云金芽孢杆菌(SCSIO BT01) 表现出中等的抑制作用, MIC值为8 μg·mL-1。Capsimycin C (23) 对苏云金芽孢杆菌(SCSIO BT01) 表现出中等抗菌活性, MIC值为8 μg·mL-1[48]
多环特特拉姆酸大环内酰胺的已知构效关系研究结果如下: ①特特拉姆酸结构单元中氮原子的甲基取代与否几乎不影响化合物的抗菌活性[47]; ② C-16位乙基侧链对其生物活性起关键作用[47]
二烯基特特拉姆酸是在特特拉姆酸结构单元的C-3位上连有1-氧代戊二烯基侧链, 化合物数量较多, 表现出潜在抗菌活性的天然产物有tirandamycins A~D、isotirandamycin B、tirandalydigin、nocamycin I和streptolydigin (图 6)。最具代表性的化合物是tirandamycin亚族和streptolydigin[10, 18, 49]
Tirandamycins是二烯基特特拉姆酸中一个非常重要的亚族, 包括多个化合物, 其中, tirandamycins A~D (24~27) 最早是从Streptomyces sp. 307-9中分离得到的[18], 推测该类化合物的主要抗菌机制是抑制细菌RNA聚合酶[50, 51]。Tirandamycin A对粪肠球菌具有较强的抗菌活性, MIC值为2.25 μmol·L-1, 而tirandamycins B、C、D对粪肠球菌具有较低的抑制活性[50]。Isotirandamycin B (28)、tirandamycins A和B对无乳链球菌具有较强的抑制作用, MIC值分别为11.5 μmol·L-1[52]、2.52 μg·mL-1和5.7 μmol·L-1[53]。Tirandamycins C和D对耐万古霉素粪肠球菌具有抗菌活性[54]。构效关系研究发现, C-10位酮羰基、C-11/C-12环氧化可以增强tirandamycins的抗菌活性, 当C-18位有羟基时活性降低[50]
Tirandalydigin (29) 是从Streptomyces tirandis subsp. Umidus中分离得到的, 对许多致病性厌氧菌、链球菌、肠球菌和军团菌具有抗菌活性, MIC范围为0.5~32 μg·mL-1[55]
诺卡霉素Ⅰ (nocamycin Ⅰ, 30) 又称“Bu-2313B”, 对革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌显示出广泛的抑制作用。诺卡霉素对脆弱拟杆菌、梭状芽孢杆菌、梭杆菌属和产球菌属的抑制作用特别强, MIC值在0.1~0.4 μg·mL-1[56]
Streptolydigin (31) 是第一个被分离出来的二烯基特特拉姆酸, 从放线菌Streptomyces lydicus的培养液中分离得到[10]。据报道, streptolydigin是末端DNA转移酶和细菌RNA聚合酶的有效抑制剂, 能选择性抑制细菌RNA聚合酶而不抑制真核细胞RNA聚合酶[57]。因其对结核分枝杆菌具有活性, 且与抗结核分枝杆菌的关键一线药物利福平相比具有不同的结合位点和作用机制, 曾被认为是利福平的替代品。但是, streptolydigin对结核分枝杆菌的MIC值≥ 100 μg·mL-1, 远高于NIH (National Institutes of Health) 规定的MIC值< 10 μg·mL-1, 因此未能成为治疗结核分枝杆菌的先导化合物[58]。此外, streptolydigin对多种革兰阳性菌具有显著活性, 对几种典型的梭状芽孢杆菌和链球菌的抑制作用特别强, 最小抑制浓度低至0.04 μg·mL-1[59]。构效关系研究表明, streptolydigin中的二烯基单元对抗菌活性至关重要, N-1位和C-5位取代基的存在能提高活性, 这也是streptolydigin比tirandamycin A抗菌活性高得多的原因[51]
3-酰基十氢萘特特拉姆酸的结构特征是在特特拉姆酸结构单元中的N-1位存在一个活泼氢或者甲基, C-3位为连有多个手性中心十氢萘的烯醇基[18, 60]。3-酰基十氢萘特特拉姆酸由于其结构复杂、含有多个手性中心且表现出了多种生物活性, 已成为近期该领域的研究热点[60]。该类化合物中表现出潜在抗菌活性的天然产物有CJ-17572、altersetin和coniosetin等33个化合物(图 7), 其中equisetin、kibdlomycin和signermycin B表现出新型抗菌机制, 为治疗耐药菌感染尤其是多药耐药菌感染提供了新思路。
CJ-17572 (32) 是从Pezicula sp.中分离得到的3-酰基十氢萘特特拉姆酸, 对多药耐药的金葡菌和粪肠球菌的MIC值分别为10和20 μg·mL-1[61]。Altersetin (33) 最早从Endophytic Alternaria sp.中分离得到, 对多种金葡菌有抗菌作用, MIC值为0.12~0.50 μg·mL-1[62]。Coniosetin (34) 是2002年首次分离于Coniochaeta ellipsoidea DSM 13856, 对多药耐药金葡菌的MIC值达到了0.3 μg·mL-1[63]。Pyrrolocin A (35) 首次分离于Fusarium heterosporum, 对粪肠球菌和金葡菌表现出抗菌活性, MIC值分别为5和4 μg·mL-1[64]。Ophiosetin (36) 分离自真菌Elaphocordyceps ophioglossoides, 对粪肠球菌有微弱的抗菌活性, MIC值为128 μg·mL-1。Paecilosetin (37) 是从真菌Paecilomyces farinosus中分离得到的, 对金葡菌的MIC值为4 μg·mL-1, 对粪肠球菌的MIC值为2 μg·mL-1, 对大肠杆菌的MIC值为8 μg·mL-1[65]
Paecilosetin C (38) 最早分离自Isaria farinosa, 对MRSA具有良好的抑制作用, MIC值达到了1 μg·mL-1[66]。Methiosetin (39) 最早从Capnodium sp.中分离得到, methiosetin对流感嗜血杆菌(MIC = 32 μg·mL-1) 比金葡菌EP167 (MIC = 256 μg·mL-1) 具有更强的抗菌活性[67]。Colposetin B (40) 可从Colpoma quercinum CCTU A372中分离得到, 对Bacillus subtilis DSM 10和Mucor hiemalis DSM 2656表现出较弱的抗菌活性, MIC值均为67 μg·mL-1[68]
Zopfiellamides A (41) 和B (42) 从海洋真菌Zopfiella latipes中分离得到, 能够抑制多种革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌的生长(MIC = 2~10 μg·mL-1), 其中, 在所测菌株中zopfiellamide A的活性约为zopfiellamide B的5倍[69]。Lindgomycin (43) 和ascosetin (44) 均可从海洋真菌Lindgomycetaceae中分离得到, 对多种革兰阳性菌表现出抗菌活性, 对耐甲氧西林金葡菌(DSM 18827) 的IC50值分别为(5.1 ± 0.2) 和(3.2 ± 0.4) μmol·L-1[70]。此外, ascosetin对肺炎链球菌有抑制作用, MIC值为2 μg·mL-1, 对枯草芽孢杆菌的MIC值为8 μg·mL-1, 对粪肠球菌的活性较低, MIC值为16 μg·mL-1[71]。Hymenosetin (45) 最早分离自Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus, 对包括耐甲氧西林金葡菌在内的多种革兰阳性菌表现出良好的抗菌活性, MIC值为0.52~4.2 μg·mL-1, 对所测试革兰阴性菌无效[72]
Lydicamycin (46) 和TPU-0037s A~D (47~50) 5个化合物均分离自Streptomyces platensis, 对MRSA等5种革兰阳性菌表现出显著的抗菌活性, MIC值在0.39~12.5 μg·mL-1内, 其中, 在所测试菌株中, 化合物TPU-0037 B抗菌活性最低, TPU-0037 C抗菌活性最高[73]。(±)-Conipyridoins C、D (51~54), conipyridoins E (55) 和F (56) 对金葡菌和耐甲氧西林金葡菌表现出抗菌活性, MIC范围为0.97~15.6 μmol·L-1。其中, conipyridoin E对金葡菌和耐甲氧西林金葡菌的抗菌活性最强, MIC值为0.97 μmol·L-1[74]
Pyrrolocins A (57)、B (58) 和C (59) 是从野生型真菌NRRL 50135中分离得到的3-酰基十氢萘特特拉姆酸, 均对结核分枝杆菌有抗菌活性, IC50分别为26.3、112.9、56.4 μmol·L-1。数据表明, pyrrolocins A和C的抗菌活性优于pyrrolocin B, 推测反式构型和N-甲基化能够增强该类化合物的抗菌活性[75]。Vermisporin (60) 是真菌Ophiobolus vermisporis的代谢产物, 在体外实验中表现出良好的抗菌活性, 对脆弱类杆菌和其他类杆菌的MIC值范围为0.25~1 μg·mL-1, 对产气荚膜梭菌的MIC值范围为0.25~2 μg·mL-1, 对金葡菌和耐甲氧西林金葡菌的MIC值范围为0.12~0.5 μg·mL-1[76]。此外, 该化合物对多种厌氧菌有很好的抑制作用, 但有关该化合物进一步研究的文献数量较少。
5′-Epiequisetin (61) 和equisetin (62) 可从真菌Fusarium equiseti BBG10中分离得到, 对6种弧菌(V. alginalyticusV. coralliilyticusV. harveyiV. parahaemolyticusV. owensiiV. shilonii) 均表现出抑制作用, MIC值为86~132 μg·mL-1[77]。其中, equisetin是3-酰基十氢萘特特拉姆酸中非常具有代表性的化合物, 对多种革兰阳性菌表现出了良好的抗菌活性[33], 对耐甲氧西林金葡菌的抗菌活性与万古霉素相当, MIC值为1 μg·mL-1, 可开发为治疗由MRSA引起的皮肤和软组织感染的候选药物[78]
Equisetin对铜绿假单胞菌群体感应(quorum sensing, QS) 系统有抑制作用, 可作为铜绿假单胞菌群体感应抑制剂[79]。铜绿假单胞菌是“ESKAPE”病原体中的四大革兰阴性菌之一, 在健康个体中很少致病, 但极易对恶性肿瘤患者、烧伤患者等造成严重感染[80]。其引起的感染由于生物膜的产生而难以根除, 且铜绿假单胞菌很容易对大多数传统抗生素产生耐药性[81]。群体感应是细菌细胞间的通信机制, 在调节毒力基因的表达和生物膜的形成中起着关键作用[82]。群体感应抑制剂可以在不影响细菌生长的情况下抑制或减弱其致病性, 是一种新型的细菌感染治疗药物。但是, 大多数群体感应抑制剂由于其毒性、高反应性和不稳定性并不适合在人类中使用。Equisetin作为一种群体感应抑制剂, 可以在不影响铜绿假单胞菌生长的情况下减弱群体感应调节的毒力表型, 以此作为治疗铜绿假单胞菌感染的主要机制, 通过优化equisetin的结构可以进一步提高其抗群体感应活性[79]。此外, equisetin能够恢复黏菌素(colistin) 对多重耐药革兰阴性菌的敏感性。黏菌素被称作是抗生素界的“最后一道防线”, 几乎能杀灭所有的革兰阴性菌, 不幸的是2015年我国首次报道在牲畜和人身上发现了黏菌素的耐受基因mcr-1。研究发现, 虽然单独的equisetin对革兰阴性菌无效, 但是4 μg·mL-1 equisetin与1 μg·mL-1黏菌素联用对23株临床mcr-1阳性革兰阴性菌株有协同作用, 对其抑制率达到100%[83]。其作用机制为黏菌素破坏了革兰阴性菌的疏水屏障, 促使equisetin进入细胞发挥作用, 同时, 在实验中发现, equisetin恢复了10种mcr-1阳性革兰阴性菌对黏菌素的敏感性。
Kibdlomycin (63) 最早分离自Kibdelosporangium, 对革兰阳性菌具有广谱抗菌活性, 是一类结构新颖的细菌Ⅱ型拓扑异构酶抑制剂, 优先抑制DNA回旋酶和拓扑异构酶Ⅳ的ATP酶活性[84]。Kibdlomycin对野生型金葡菌、耐甲氧西林金葡菌、肺炎链球菌、粪肠球菌和流感嗜血杆菌表现出抗菌活性, MIC值分别为2、0.5、1、2和2 μg·mL-1, 但是其对大肠杆菌和白色念珠菌没有明显作用。此外, kibdlomycin对艰难梭菌具有选择性抗菌活性, MIC50和MIC90分别为0.125和0.5 μg·mL-1, 为治疗艰难梭菌感染提供了新的可能[85]。Singh等[86]对kibdlomycin进行结构改造合成了系列衍生物, 并对其构效关系进行了初步总结: ① C-44位甲基和C-33位羟基均对kibdlomycin抗菌活性具有影响; ②十氢萘环上环内双键和C-42、43位氯对抗菌活性具有决定性作用。Signermycin B (64) 最早分离自Streptomyces sp. strain MK851-mF8, 是靶向组氨酸激酶WalK二聚结构域的新型抗生素。WalK/WalR双组分信号转导系统是低G+C革兰阳性细菌(枯草芽孢杆菌、金葡菌、粪肠球菌和变形链球菌等) 特有的调节系统, 主要作用是调节细胞壁的代谢和生长, 也是抗菌药对抗多药耐药细菌(耐甲氧西林金葡菌和耐万古霉素粪肠球菌等) 的新靶点。Signermycin B对具有WalK/WalR双组分信号转导系统的细菌(枯草芽孢杆菌168、金葡菌FDA 209P、粪肠球菌JCM5803、变形链球菌UA159、金葡菌MS16526、粪链球菌NCTC12201) 表现出抗菌活性, MIC值范围为3.13~6.25 μg·mL-1[87]
本文综述了含有3-酰基特特拉姆酸结构单元的天然产物及其衍生物在抗菌药物研发中的潜力, 该类天然产物对多种革兰阳性菌表现出显著的抗菌活性, 但是单独使用时对革兰阴性菌抑制作用较低。为实现该类天然产物在革兰阴性菌治疗中的应用, 本综述提供3点改造思路: ①通过对其降低细菌毒力、破坏细菌生物膜潜力进行监测, 筛选确定化合物是否可以作为某个或某类革兰阴性菌的群体感应抑制剂, 并通过基因改造、结构改造等方法降低该类化合物对人体的毒性, 提高体内代谢稳定性; ②与已知具有破坏革兰阴性菌外膜功能的抗生素联用, 利用已知抗生素破坏革兰阴性菌外膜, 而该类化合物进入细菌内部发挥抗菌作用。由于该类化合物多具有新的抗菌机制, 不易出现耐药性, 能够有效治疗耐药菌造成的细菌感染; ③与已知抗生素进行片段连接, 也许能够发现有效的抗革兰阴性菌活性物质。总之, 利用基因重组、生物合成和化学合成等方法对3-酰基特特拉姆酸天然产物进行结构修饰是新型抗菌药物研发的重要方向。
作者贡献: 马彩云负责文章的资料收集、撰写以及修改工作; 刘站柱和潘璇对文章结构和具体内容进行审阅和指导以及获取研究经费。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81903522)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2022-I2M-JB-011)
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2023年第58卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0285
  • 接收时间:2023-03-09
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-09
  • 修回日期:2023-04-07
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(81903522)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2022-I2M-JB-011)
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    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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