Article(id=1198652620748451991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0266, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1678032000000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-06, revisedDate=1682352000000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763710654674, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1691769600000, pubDateStr=2023-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763710654674, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763710654674, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763710654674, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198652605778985059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='8', pageStart='0', pageEnd='2540', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1691769600000', pubDateStr='2023-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763710651106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763710739504, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2384, endPage=2390, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198652621151105217, articleId=1198652620748451991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Exploring the ability of TAT, a cell-penetrating peptide, to deliver proteins in a non-fused form, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Accumulating evidence has shown that the cell-penetrating peptide TAT can be applied to deliver different types of drug molecules, including nucleic acids, proteins and small molecule drugs. Usually TAT delivers cargoes on the basis of their covalent bonds or non-covalent interactions. However, there are few reports on the delivery of proteins by TAT in a non-covalent manner, and no quantitative comparisons have been made on the protein delivery ability of TAT in fusion and non-fusion manners. In order to explore the ability of TAT to deliver proteins in non-fusion manner, here we used fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry to investigate the ability of TAT to deliver enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) into non-small cell lung cancer cells A549 in a non-fusion manner. It was found that TAT could deliver EGFP into A549 cells, and its delivery ability was positively correlated with its concentration. In addition, the fusion protein TAT-EGFP was overexpressed and purified, and its permeability across cell membrane was also investigated. In this paper, based on quantitative comparison, we found that the delivery of EGFP by TAT in fusion manner is significantly efficient than that of TAT in non-fusion manner. This is the report that TAT can deliver EGFP in a non-fusion manner. Although its delivery efficiency remains to be improved as compared with the fusion manner, the non-fusion manner has shown incomparable advantages in ease of operation, suggesting that it is also a candidate for delivery strategy in the future.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jia DOU, Li-na JI, Zi-chun HUA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li-na JI, Zi-chun HUA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198652626146521578, articleId=1198652620748451991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=细胞穿膜肽TAT以非融合形式递送蛋白质的能力探究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

穿膜肽TAT被证实可用于不同类型药物分子的递送, 包括核酸、蛋白质和小分子药物等。TAT可以通过共价连接和非共价连接等形式递送分子。但是迄今TAT采用非共价连接形式递送蛋白质分子的报道较少, 也未有研究比较过融合形式和非融合形式下TAT递送蛋白质能力的差异。为了探究非融合形式对于TAT递送蛋白质能力的影响, 本文采用了荧光显微镜观察和流式细胞检测法在细胞水平上探究了TAT以非融合形式递送增强型绿色荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescent protein, EGFP) 进入人非小细胞肺癌细胞A549的能力, 发现其可以穿膜递送EGFP, 并且递送能力与TAT浓度呈现正相关。同时, 本文还表达纯化了TAT与绿色荧光蛋白质EGFP的融合蛋白TAT-EGFP并考察了其穿膜能力。本文将两种形式的递送效果进行定量对比后发现: 当TAT以融合蛋白形式递送EGFP时, 其递送能力要明显优于TAT以非融合形式递送EGFP的能力。本文报道了TAT能够以非融合形式递送EGFP, 尽管其递送效果有待进一步提高, 但是该递送形式在操作便捷性上有着不可比拟的优势, 是未来一种值得选择的递送方案。

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*吉丽娜, Tel: 15996254057; E-mail: ;
华子春, Tel: 13814039758; E-mail:
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State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
2. Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology of Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute and Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University, Changzhou 213164, China
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2.江苏省产业技术研究院医药生物技术研究所, 常州南京大学高新技术研究院, 江苏 常州 213164
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J Membr Biol, 2017, 250: 115-122., articleTitle=Progress in research and application of HIV-1 TAT-derived cell-penetrating peptide, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960116956491935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, awardId=32250016, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(32250016), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960117099098289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, awardId=82130106, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(82130106), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960117245898936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, awardId=202110016, language=CN, fundingSource=南京市生命健康科技专项计划(202110016), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960117388505284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, awardId=CZ20210010, language=CN, fundingSource=常州市科技局(CZ20210010), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960117539500247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, awardId=CJ20210024, language=CN, fundingSource=常州市科技局(CJ20210024), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960117669523689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, awardId=CJ20220019, language=CN, fundingSource=常州市科技局(CJ20220019), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960111298376292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960111310959208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, companyId=1198960111298376292, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960111319347815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, companyId=1198960111298376292, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198960111470342771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960111478731381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, companyId=1198960111470342771, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology of Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute and Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University, Changzhou 213164, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960111487119990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, companyId=1198960111470342771, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.江苏省产业技术研究院医药生物技术研究所, 常州南京大学高新技术研究院, 江苏 常州 213164)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198960111600366205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960111629726337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, companyId=1198960111600366205, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. Nanjing Genrecom Laboratories, Nanjing 210044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960111642309252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, companyId=1198960111600366205, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.南京吉芮康生物科技研究院, 江苏 南京 210044)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960115232633821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=n12rAZxL54Gk55sI4Qr9PQ==, figureFileBig=2I6aCgT8CtZqTNBRx5RNlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960115333297132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Schematic diagram of two delivery manners. A: TAT-EGFP, the fusion protein of TAT and EGFP, was incubated with A549 cells; B: TAT and EGFP were co-incubated with A549 cells. TAT: Cell-penetrating peptide TAT; EGFP: Enhanced green fluorescent protein , figureFileSmall=n12rAZxL54Gk55sI4Qr9PQ==, figureFileBig=2I6aCgT8CtZqTNBRx5RNlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960115488486398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=JYLk3HzS5widLpRZPdlRrA==, figureFileBig=f2e0V6P47aiEnChWas8daQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960115584954381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= The transmembrane delivery of EGFP into A549 cells by TAT. A: A549 cells were observed under fluorescence microscopy after incubation with 40 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> EGFP and TAT at different concentrations. Scale bar: 500 μm; B: Flow cytometry analysis of EGFP-positive A549 cells after they were incubated with 40 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> EGFP and different concentrations of TAT; C: The mean fluorescence intensity of EGFP-positive A549 cells were obtained based on the flow cytometry analysis in B. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group (0 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>). ns: <i>P</i> > 0.05 , figureFileSmall=JYLk3HzS5widLpRZPdlRrA==, figureFileBig=f2e0V6P47aiEnChWas8daQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960115706589205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=7lz+57l68y9bZsNi6MCJFA==, figureFileBig=b06ierPJ7uPYBVbZJsrKRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960115845001250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Expression and purification of fusion protein TAT-EGFP. A: pET28a-TAT-EGFP-His plasmid map. TAT-EGFP with a His tag at its N-terminal can be overexpressed by in <i>E. coli</i> containing pET28a-TAT-EGFP-His; B: The purification of TAT-EGFP protein using Ni-NTA. Lane 1 and 2: The lysate of <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> overexpressing TAT-EGFP before and after IPTG induction; Lane 3: The lysate of <i>E.</i> <i>coli</i> containing pET28a after IPTG induction was used as a control; Lane 4 and 5: The supernatant and pellet fractions of <i>E.</i> <i>coli</i> lysate when TAT-EGFP was overexpressed; After the supernant of <i>E.</i> <i>coli</i> lysate was loaded on Ni-NTA column, we collected the flow-through sample, washed the column with binding buffer and eluted TAT-EGFP with 50 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup> imidazole. Lanes 6-8: Flow-through sample, flow-through binding buffer, and eluted TAT-EGFP sample. IPTG: Isopropyl-beta-<i>D</i>-thiogalactopyranoside , figureFileSmall=7lz+57l68y9bZsNi6MCJFA==, figureFileBig=b06ierPJ7uPYBVbZJsrKRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960115966636081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=/nCIbSoRYPj0Xwi8AoUryA==, figureFileBig=GMwdoFk1s7eDXZiXaZImTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960116113436737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= The transmembrane ability of TAT-EGFP fusion proteins. A: A549 cells were observed under fluorescence microscopy after incubation with TAT-EGFP at different concentrations. Scale bar: 200 μm; B: Flow cytometry analysis of TAT-EGFP A549 cells after they were incubated with different concentrations of TAT-EGFP; C: The mean fluorescence intensity of EGFP-positive A549 cells were obtained based on the flow cytometry analysis in B. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control group , figureFileSmall=/nCIbSoRYPj0Xwi8AoUryA==, figureFileBig=GMwdoFk1s7eDXZiXaZImTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960116251848784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=qelOfONjgO18HTypMZAVag==, figureFileBig=zYgZ/1Bj+cB5jldYnAB0Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960116402843749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= The comparison of TAT+EGFP group and TAT-EGFP group by flow cytometry analysis. A: The mean fluorescence intensities of EGFP-positive A549 cells in control, TAT+EGFP group and TAT-EGFP group were obtained from flow cytometry analysis. The growth rates of mean fluorescence intensity for TAT+EGFP group and TAT-EGFP group were listed after compared with control; B: Percentages of EGFP-positive A549 cells in control, TAT+EGFP group and TAT-EGFP group were compared. The growth rates of positive percentages for TAT+EGFP group and TAT-EGFP group were listed after compared with control. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control group , figureFileSmall=qelOfONjgO18HTypMZAVag==, figureFileBig=zYgZ/1Bj+cB5jldYnAB0Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960116545450098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Delivery manner k b
Fusion (TAT-EGFP) 2 734 32 443
Non-fusion (TAT+EGFP) 197.4 34 602
), ArticleFig(id=1198960116675473540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The k values of two delivery manners

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Delivery manner k b
Fusion (TAT-EGFP) 2 734 32 443
Non-fusion (TAT+EGFP) 197.4 34 602
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细胞穿膜肽TAT以非融合形式递送蛋白质的能力探究
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窦佳 1 , 吉丽娜 1, * , 华子春 1, 2, 3, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(8): 2384-2390
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药学学报 |研究论文 2023 , 58 (8) : 2384 -2390
细胞穿膜肽TAT以非融合形式递送蛋白质的能力探究
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State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
2. Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology of Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute and Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University, Changzhou 213164, China
3. Nanjing Genrecom Laboratories, Nanjing 210044, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1198960113139675923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, authorId=1198960112799937261, language=CN, stringName=华子春, firstName=子春, middleName=null, lastName=华, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, *, address=1.南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023
2.江苏省产业技术研究院医药生物技术研究所, 常州南京大学高新技术研究院, 江苏 常州 213164
3.南京吉芮康生物科技研究院, 江苏 南京 210044, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960111298376292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960111310959208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, companyId=1198960111298376292, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960111319347815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, companyId=1198960111298376292, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198960111470342771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960111478731381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, companyId=1198960111470342771, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology of Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute and Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University, Changzhou 213164, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960111487119990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, companyId=1198960111470342771, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.江苏省产业技术研究院医药生物技术研究所, 常州南京大学高新技术研究院, 江苏 常州 213164)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198960111600366205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960111629726337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, companyId=1198960111600366205, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. Nanjing Genrecom Laboratories, Nanjing 210044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960111642309252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652620748451991, companyId=1198960111600366205, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.南京吉芮康生物科技研究院, 江苏 南京 210044)])])]
窦佳1, 吉丽娜1, * , 华子春1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023
  • 2.江苏省产业技术研究院医药生物技术研究所, 常州南京大学高新技术研究院, 江苏 常州 213164
  • 3.南京吉芮康生物科技研究院, 江苏 南京 210044
通讯作者:
*吉丽娜, Tel: 15996254057; E-mail: ;
华子春, Tel: 13814039758; E-mail:
Exploring the ability of TAT, a cell-penetrating peptide, to deliver proteins in a non-fused form
Jia DOU1, Li-na JI1, * , Zi-chun HUA1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2. Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology of Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute and Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University, Changzhou 213164, China
  • 3. Nanjing Genrecom Laboratories, Nanjing 210044, China
出版时间: 2023-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0266
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穿膜肽TAT被证实可用于不同类型药物分子的递送, 包括核酸、蛋白质和小分子药物等。TAT可以通过共价连接和非共价连接等形式递送分子。但是迄今TAT采用非共价连接形式递送蛋白质分子的报道较少, 也未有研究比较过融合形式和非融合形式下TAT递送蛋白质能力的差异。为了探究非融合形式对于TAT递送蛋白质能力的影响, 本文采用了荧光显微镜观察和流式细胞检测法在细胞水平上探究了TAT以非融合形式递送增强型绿色荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescent protein, EGFP) 进入人非小细胞肺癌细胞A549的能力, 发现其可以穿膜递送EGFP, 并且递送能力与TAT浓度呈现正相关。同时, 本文还表达纯化了TAT与绿色荧光蛋白质EGFP的融合蛋白TAT-EGFP并考察了其穿膜能力。本文将两种形式的递送效果进行定量对比后发现: 当TAT以融合蛋白形式递送EGFP时, 其递送能力要明显优于TAT以非融合形式递送EGFP的能力。本文报道了TAT能够以非融合形式递送EGFP, 尽管其递送效果有待进一步提高, 但是该递送形式在操作便捷性上有着不可比拟的优势, 是未来一种值得选择的递送方案。

细胞穿膜肽  /  TAT  /  非融合表达  /  递送形式  /  TAT-EGFP  /  穿膜能力

Accumulating evidence has shown that the cell-penetrating peptide TAT can be applied to deliver different types of drug molecules, including nucleic acids, proteins and small molecule drugs. Usually TAT delivers cargoes on the basis of their covalent bonds or non-covalent interactions. However, there are few reports on the delivery of proteins by TAT in a non-covalent manner, and no quantitative comparisons have been made on the protein delivery ability of TAT in fusion and non-fusion manners. In order to explore the ability of TAT to deliver proteins in non-fusion manner, here we used fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry to investigate the ability of TAT to deliver enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) into non-small cell lung cancer cells A549 in a non-fusion manner. It was found that TAT could deliver EGFP into A549 cells, and its delivery ability was positively correlated with its concentration. In addition, the fusion protein TAT-EGFP was overexpressed and purified, and its permeability across cell membrane was also investigated. In this paper, based on quantitative comparison, we found that the delivery of EGFP by TAT in fusion manner is significantly efficient than that of TAT in non-fusion manner. This is the report that TAT can deliver EGFP in a non-fusion manner. Although its delivery efficiency remains to be improved as compared with the fusion manner, the non-fusion manner has shown incomparable advantages in ease of operation, suggesting that it is also a candidate for delivery strategy in the future.

cell-penetrating peptide  /  TAT  /  non-fusion expression  /  delivery strategy  /  TAT-EGFP  /  cell permeability
窦佳, 吉丽娜, 华子春. 细胞穿膜肽TAT以非融合形式递送蛋白质的能力探究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2384 -2390 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0266
Jia DOU, Li-na JI, Zi-chun HUA. Exploring the ability of TAT, a cell-penetrating peptide, to deliver proteins in a non-fused form[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2384 -2390 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0266
细胞穿膜肽是一种可以穿透细胞膜进入细胞, 并能够保持其自身生物活性的类信号肽的短肽物质[1]。Frankel等[2]于1988年首次发现人类免疫缺陷病毒HIV的反式激活蛋白(transactivator) 可以穿透细胞膜进入胞内。研究发现, 该蛋白的一段氨基酸序列具有穿膜活性, 后期人们称其为穿膜肽TAT。此后, 多种穿膜肽被陆续发现[3, 4]。这些肽的链长一般不超过30个氨基酸, 并且带有正电荷[5]
TAT的氨基酸序列对于其穿膜能力至关重要, 11个氨基酸的TAT穿膜能力强。自2000年起, 与TAT相关的研究逐年递增。基于其良好的穿膜活性和低细胞毒性[6], TAT可被应用于递送蛋白质[7]、核酸[8]和小分子药物[6]等进入细胞, 从而促进药物分子到达靶标部位。TAT在眼部疾病治疗[9]、神经系统相关疾病治疗[7]和肿瘤治疗[10]等方面显现出较好的应用潜力。理论上, TAT可以通过共价结合和非共价结合的形式进行药物分子递送。根据目前已发表文献, 以共价结合的形式, 如通过TAT与蛋白质融合表达后进行分子递送的报道居多, 而以非融合形式进行蛋白质递送的报道则十分稀少。因此, 非融合递送形式是否可以有效地实现蛋白质的跨膜转运, 以及非融合形式的效果与融合蛋白递送形式相比较, 递送效果有多大差别? 目前仍无报道能够回答这一问题。
本文采用增强型绿色荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescent protein, EGFP) 作为模式蛋白, 用于表征TAT递送分子进入细胞的能力。EGFP的分子量为26.9 kDa, 具有球型构象, 在488 nm处被激发, 发射光波长为507 nm, 易于检测。EGFP是分子量较大的蛋白质, 不是容易跨膜的小分子; 此外, EGFP具有亲水性, 对于细胞膜的磷脂双分子结构而言, 不容易跨膜进入细胞。EGFP的内源性荧光容易被追踪, 是理想的示踪剂。总体而言, EGFP是一种理想的可用于评价递送效果的模式蛋白。
为了探究TAT非融合形式是否可以递送蛋白以及不同的递送形式对于TAT递送能力的影响, 本文首先表达纯化TAT与EGFP的融合蛋白(TAT-EGFP), 在细胞水平上考察其穿膜能力。同时, 考察了TAT和EGFP (TAT+EGFP) 与人非小细胞肺癌细胞A549共孵育后递送EGFP的能力, 对比了采用不同递送形式时TAT的递送能力(图 1)。
实验材料  人非小细胞肺癌细胞A549来源于本实验室冻存; 穿膜肽TAT由金斯瑞生物科技有限公司合成(氨基酸序列: YGRKKRRQRRR); TAT-EGFP的表达质粒(pET28a-TAT-EGFP-His) 由本实验室构建; Ni-NTA琼脂糖介质来源于上海生工生物工程有限公司; 多聚甲醛固定液购自武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司; DAPI染色液购自上海碧云天生物科技有限公司。
TAT-EGFP融合蛋白质的表达纯化  将质粒pET28a-TAT-EGFP-His转化进入E.coil BL21 (DE3) 菌株。在16 ℃下使用0.24 g·mL-1异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside, IPTG) 诱导BL21 (DE3) 菌株过量表达TAT-EGFP, 20 h后离心收集菌体。用结合缓冲液(50 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl, 500 mmol·L-1 NaCl, pH 8.5) 重悬菌体, 600 bar破碎菌体, 13 000 r·min-1离心60 min, 后收集上清。
使用2~3个柱体积的结合缓冲液平衡Ni-NTA纯化柱后, 开始将表达菌体裂解液上清上样于纯化柱。上样结束后, 先用结合缓冲液洗涤纯化柱, 然后用50 mmol·L-1咪唑缓冲液进行洗脱, 收集洗脱液。
荧光倒置显微镜观察  将生长状态良好的A549细胞接种到96孔板中培养, 第二天用不含血清的DMEM培养基配制不同浓度的TAT-EGFP、TAT和EGFP, 与细胞共孵育2 h。然后换成含10%血清的培养基继续培养2 h, 结束培养后用4%多聚甲醛固定细胞, 并用DAPI染色10 min, 在倒置荧光显微镜下观察。
流式细胞术检测  将生长状态良好的A549细胞接种到6孔板中, 在37 ℃、5% CO2条件下培养。第二天在6孔板中加入不同浓度的TAT-EGFP、TAT和EGFP, 孵育2 h后将培养基更换成含10%血清的新鲜培养基。继续培养2 h后, 去除培养基, 分别用0.01 mol·L-1 PBS和胰酶清洗和消化细胞, 离心收集细胞, 用流式细胞仪进行检测。EGFP阳性率=流式细胞结果中向右移的细胞数/细胞总数。增加率= (实验组平均荧光强度或阳性率-对照组平均荧光强度或阳性率) / 对照组平均荧光强度或阳性率。
TAT和TAT-EGFP的细胞毒性检测  将生长状态良好的A549细胞接种到96孔板中, 在37 ℃、5% CO2条件下培养。第二天在96孔板中分别加入不同浓度(0、10、20、40、60、80、120、150和200 μmol·L-1) 的TAT-EGFP和TAT。继续培养2 h后, 去除培养基, 加入100 μL的10% CCK8溶液,在37 ℃、5% CO2条件下避光培养1 h, 然后利用酶标仪在450 nm处检测吸光度。
统计学分析  结果用FlowJo分析流式结果后, 采用t检验进行显著性分析, 数据以x ± s表示。P < 0.05说明差异具有统计学意义。
以40 μmol·L-1 EGFP处理的A549细胞为对照, 利用不同浓度(10、20、40、60和120 μmol·L-1) 的TAT向A549细胞递送40 μmol·L-1 EGFP。TAT与EGFP分别加入0.01 mol·L-1 PBS中(137 mmol·L-1 NaCl, 2.7 mmol·L-1 KCl, 10 mmol·L-1 Na2HPO4, 2 mmol·L-1 KH2PO4, pH 7.4), 两者在37 ℃条件下共同孵育2 h, 形成非共价复合物。通过网站https://web.expasy.org/compute_pi/计算得到TAT等电点为12.31, EGFP的等电点为5.58。在pH 7.4的孵育缓冲液中, 二者因静电相互作用形成非共价复合物。将该复合物与细胞共同孵育后, 在荧光显微镜下进行观察。由图 2A可以看出, TAT可以将EGFP递送进入A549细胞, 并且随着TAT浓度的增加, EGFP的荧光强度逐渐增强, 说明TAT递送EGFP进入细胞的能力与TAT的浓度之间存在正相关。将经过上述处理的A549细胞进行流式分析, 图 2B结果显示, 随着TAT浓度的增加, 细胞的平均荧光强度有明显增强, 对该结果进行统计分析后可获得图 2C。然后对图 2C的平均荧光强度结果进行线性拟合, 可得Y = 197.4 X + 34 602, 斜率k值为197.4, R2 = 0.756 3。结合荧光显微观察和流式分析的结果发现, TAT具有将EGFP递送进入A549细胞的能力, 并且随着TAT浓度的增强, 其递送的效果也明显增强。
本文构建了能够表达融合蛋白TAT-EGFP的质粒pET28a-TAT-EGFP-His, 质粒图谱如图 3A所示, 每个EGFP分子上融合有1个TAT分子。利用12%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析TAT-EGFP的表达和纯化。如图 3B中箭头所示, 与IPTG未诱导的表达菌株(泳道1和3) 相比, IPTG诱导后, TAT-EGFP表达菌株裂解液样品中出现分子量大于25 kDa的蛋白质条带(泳道2和4), 其分子量与TAT-EGFP融合蛋白的理论分子量30 kDa相符合。如泳道4和5所示, TAT-EGFP出现在裂解液上清中, 而不存在于沉淀中, 因此, 重组TAT-EGFP主要以可溶形式表达。以50 mmol·L-1咪唑溶液为洗脱液, 利用Ni-NTA介质纯化获得如泳道8所示的TAT-EGFP。SDS-PAGE电泳的灰度定量分析显示, 融合蛋白TAT-EGFP的纯度高于87%。
以40 μmol·L-1 EGFP处理的A549细胞为对照, 采用不同浓度(10、20、40、60和120 μmol·L-1) 的TAT-EGFP处理A549细胞, 然后进行倒置荧光显微镜观察。由图 4A可以看出, 与对照组相比, 随着TAT-EGFP浓度的增高, 能够发出绿色荧光的阳性细胞比例增加。对同样经过TAT-EGFP处理的A549细胞进行流式分析, 由图 4B可以看出, 与对照组相比, 经TAT-EGFP处理过的细胞的荧光峰发生明显的偏移。对图 4B的结果进行统计分析后获得图 4C, 可以看出随着TAT-EGFP浓度的增加, 细胞的平均荧光强度逐渐增强。对于平均荧光强度结果进行线性拟合, 得到方程Y = 2 734 X + 32 443, 其中斜率k值为2 734, 反映了TAT-EGFP的穿膜能力随其浓度变化的趋势; R2 = 0.952 9, 代表两组数据间的线性相关度。此方程的k值明显高于图 2C中的k值(表 1), 说明其递送能力对于TAT浓度的敏感性高于TAT+EGFP组。荧光显微观察和流式分析结果均表明TAT-EGFP具有较强的穿膜能力, 并且随着其浓度的增加, 穿膜能力明显增强。
由前面的结果可知, 融合蛋白形式的TAT-EGFP具有良好的穿膜能力以及独立的TAT可以将EGFP递送进入A549细胞内。首先本文利用CCK8法测定TAT和TAT-EGFP对于A549细胞的毒性, 结果可知, TAT-EGFP的IC50值为487.8 μmol·L-1, TAT的IC50值为519.3 μmol·L-1; 开展递送实验时使用的TAT-EGFP或(TAT+EGFP) 的浓度仅为两者IC50剂量的1/12~1/13, 因此不会对细胞造成毒性影响。本文比较了这两种形式的递送效果。以40 μmol·L-1 EGFP处理的A549细胞为对照, 第一组(TAT+EGFP) 用40 μmol·L-1 TAT和40 μmol·L-1 EGFP, 第二组用40 μmol·L-1 TAT-EGFP处理A549细胞, 2 h后进行流式分析。由图 5A可以看出, TAT-EGFP的荧光强度显著高于TAT+EGFP组, TAT-EGFP的平均荧光强度相较于对照组增加了(413.8 ± 29.9)%, 而TAT+EGFP的平均荧光强度相较于对照组增加了(46.7 ± 3.5)%。从图 5B中能够发出绿色荧光的阳性细胞的比例来看, 对照组的阳性细胞比例为(9.3 ± 0.2)%, TAT+EGFP组的阳性细胞比例为(25.7 ± 0.9)%, TAT-EGFP组的阳性细胞比例为(84.9 ± 0.5)%, TAT+EGFP组的阳性细胞比例相较于对照组增加了(176 ± 9.4)%, TAT-EGFP的阳性细胞比例相较于对照组增加了(812 ± 5.5)%。由平均荧光强度和阳性细胞比例的比较可以看出, TAT-EGFP递送EGFP进入A549细胞的能力要明显优于TAT+EGFP形式。
生物屏障是保护机体不受外界微生物等损害的关键部位, 但是部分给药策略无法递送药物穿透这些生物屏障, 如皮肤屏障和血脑屏障[11]等, 导致药物无法到达靶标部位, 从而影响治疗效果。细胞穿膜肽的出现提供了一种全新的给药策略。自发现以来, 细胞穿膜肽在药物递送方面的应用极为广泛[12-14]。作为第一个被发现的细胞穿膜肽, TAT一直以来得到了广泛研究。近年来, 与TAT相关的文献发表量也在逐年增加, 说明其一直以来都是具有研究和应用潜力的穿膜肽。
TAT与被递送分子的连接形式分为两种, 一种为共价连接, 如穿膜肽-蛋白质/肽融合分子的形式, 另一种为非共价连接, 如非融合形式。其中, 采用非共价结合递送分子的报道较少。而本文报道了将穿膜肽TAT和EGFP以非融合形式进行递送的形式。结果表明, 在本文的实验条件下, TAT在非融合形式下可以成功地将EGFP递送进入A549细胞内, 并且递送效果与TAT的浓度呈现正相关性。目前已报道的关于TAT以非共价形式成功递送蛋白质的文献只有两篇, 第一篇论文[15]中作者将TAT与钙调蛋白(calmodulin, CaM) 融合形成TAT-CaM复合物, 将其与不同的蛋白以非共价的形式结合, 实现了肌红蛋白、β-半乳糖苷酶和辣根过氧化物酶的胞内递送; 另一篇论文[16]作者利用生物素化的TAT与亲和素进行非共价连接, 将其递送到RBL-2H3细胞内部。上述的两篇研究报道中TAT均需要在被修饰的条件下才能够将不同分子量的蛋白质递送到细胞中, 而本文在未对TAT进行任何修饰的情况下, 便实现了EGFP的跨膜递送。
虽然有大量的文献报道过TAT具有递送不同分子的能力, 并且一般会通过共价结合或非共价结合的形式递送分子, 但是目前的文献都是利用单一的递送形式开展研究, 缺乏对不同的递送形式的比较, 因此本文在同一个研究体系中, 比较了两种不同结合形式对于TAT递送蛋白质能力的影响。
本研究探究了TAT+EGFP联用形式下的穿膜效果, 并且将其与TAT-EGFP的效果进行对比, 结果发现在相同浓度下, TAT-EGFP的递送效果要优于TAT+EGFP。对TAT-EGFP组的线性拟合方程Y = 2 734 X + 32 443和TAT+EGFP组的线性拟合方程Y = 197.4 X + 34 602进行比较, 可以发现, 在相同浓度范围内, 两者的截距值相近, 说明两组实验中的背景值相似, 这为进一步的比较奠定了科学基础。TAT-EGFP组的斜率k值明显高于TAT+EGFP组, 说明TAT-EGFP组的递送效果随着浓度变化的趋势更加显著, 即两种形式的浓度效应不同, TAT-EGFP组的递送效率对于蛋白浓度更加敏感。
融合表达的优势在于递送效率高, 因此其应用广泛, 通常采用共价键将穿膜肽与被递送分子连接成为一个分子的形式进行递送。Cattelan等[17]研究证明, 低黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶融合蛋白TAT-HPRT可以直接穿膜进入到HPRT缺陷的细胞中, 显著提高细胞活性。TAT和肉毒毒素重链融合蛋白TAT-EGFP-HCS能够通过血脑屏障特异性递送至中枢神经系统[18]。但是, 共价结合形式的最大劣势在于连接过程复杂, 针对不同类型的药物, 如蛋白质、核酸和小分子化合物等, 有不同的连接方法; 对于蛋白质而言, 一般采用融合蛋白的形式来进行递送, 如通过构建TAT与RNA结合蛋白(HuR) 的融合蛋白来通过竞争性阻断HuR与其伴侣的相互作用来抑制促炎基因表达[19]。对于核酸分子, 一般会通过共价偶联的手段进行连接, 如Brodyagin等[20]将不同的穿膜肽与PNA偶联, 发现与TAT偶联的PNA可以在MCF-7细胞中被吸收。针对小分子药物, 一般通过化学修饰等手段进行连接并递送, TAT修饰的固体脂质纳米颗粒能够结合紫杉醇(PTX) 和顺铂, 进而抑制宫颈癌肿瘤生长[21]。由此可见, 共价结合的形式虽然应用广泛, 但是针对不同分子需要不同的手段进行共价连接, 连接反应因目标分子而异, 应用时比较繁琐。
虽然非融合形式的递送效率不如融合形式, 但是非融合形式的简便性也是融合形式无法比拟的。非融合形式下, 不需要额外构建表达质粒或者进行化学偶联, 就可以将分子顺利递送进入细胞内。此外, 虽然目前采用非共价连接的形式进行药物递送的报道比较少, 但是该形式在递送分子的广泛性上也不亚于共价结合的形式。研究表明, 人乳头瘤病毒HPV的癌蛋白E7与Pep-1的复合物通过非共价结合形成稳定的纳米颗粒, 并以293∶1的摩尔比(E7∶Pep-7) 有效地转染在HEK-1T细胞系中[22]。细胞穿膜肽MPG可以通过非共价结合将DNA分子转移到细胞系中[23]。研究人员发现在弱酸性环境下, 细胞穿膜肽LH2和PTX可以形成非共价复合物(PTX-LH2), 其在三阴性乳腺癌移植小鼠模型中显示出强烈的抗肿瘤作用[24]。从以往研究可以看出, 通过非共价结合的形式, 细胞穿膜肽也可以顺利地将蛋白质、核酸和小分子化合物等递送进入细胞, 与共价结合相比仍具有应用的广泛性并且操作更加便捷。
TAT的跨膜机制一直以来都是人们在讨论的问题。2004年, Wadia等[25]通过实验发现TAT跨膜转导的形式可能为内吞作用。而2006年, Tunnemann等[26]发现TAT融合蛋白进入细胞的形式受到被递送分子尺寸等因素影响, 既存在内吞作用也存在直接内化的形式。其中内吞作用包括吞噬作用和胞吞作用。Yamano等[27]发现使用内吞作用抑制剂可以显著抑制TAT进入细胞。此外, TAT的跨膜机制也可能和被递送分子的带电性质、TAT的浓度、温度和细胞类型等因素相关[28]。本研究中两种不同联用形式也可能是通过不同的机制进行跨膜递送的, 从而表现出不同的效率, 但是具体机制仍需进一步的探索。
近年来, 对于穿膜肽的报道越来越多, TAT也被广泛应用于各个领域, 包括治疗肿瘤、神经退行性疾病和眼部疾病等。其中, TAT与被递送分子之间的连接形式也各有不同, 包括融合蛋白表达、非共价连接等。本文证明TAT可以采用非融合表达的形式进行EGFP的跨膜递送, 并证明其递送能力与TAT的浓度存在正相关性。同时, 本文还对融合和非融合表达形式进行了比较, 发现融合表达的递送效率高于非融合表达, 但是非融合表达的便捷性明显优于融合表达。TAT的非融合表达形式的便捷性和通用性使得其可以成为一种可考虑的新型药物递送策略。
作者贡献: 窦佳参与实验研究、论文撰写及论文修改; 华子春和吉丽娜是本文的通讯作者, 负责实验设计及把关, 提供本文思路, 参与稿件修改等工作。
利益冲突: 本文不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(32250016)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82130106)
  • 南京市生命健康科技专项计划(202110016)
  • 常州市科技局(CZ20210010)
  • 常州市科技局(CJ20210024)
  • 常州市科技局(CJ20220019)
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2023年第58卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0266
  • 接收时间:2023-03-06
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-06
  • 修回日期:2023-04-25
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(32250016)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82130106)
南京市生命健康科技专项计划(202110016)
常州市科技局(CZ20210010)
常州市科技局(CJ20210024)
常州市科技局(CJ20220019)
作者信息
    1.南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023
    2.江苏省产业技术研究院医药生物技术研究所, 常州南京大学高新技术研究院, 江苏 常州 213164
    3.南京吉芮康生物科技研究院, 江苏 南京 210044

通讯作者:

*吉丽娜, Tel: 15996254057; E-mail: ;
华子春, Tel: 13814039758; E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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