Article(id=1198656222258889131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0223, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1677168000000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-24, revisedDate=1690819200000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711513341, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1697040000000, pubDateStr=2023-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711513341, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711513341, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711513341, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656209390764948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='10', pageStart='2835', pageEnd='3150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1697040000000', pubDateStr='2023-10-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711510274, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763711659007, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656833280897539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656833280897540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3090, endPage=3098, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656223060001220, articleId=1198656222258889131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Characteristic identification of Sophorae Flavescentis Radix and Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma based on HPTLC-ESI-MS, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sophorae Flavescentis Radix is the dried root of Sophora flavescens Ait. and Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma is the dried root and rhizome of Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep. The two drugs are both from the same genus Sophora, having similar and different compositions and efficacies, however, their differences are not fully demonstrated in current standard. In this study, the high-performance thin-layer chromatography with multi-dimensional and multi-level features combined with electric spray mass spectrometry (HPTLC-ESI-MS) was used to discover and identify the characteristic zones in extracts of Sophorae Flavescentis Radix and Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma, after optimizing the preparation method of the test solution and chromatographic parameters. As a result, 17 main characteristic zones were found on HPTLC chromatograms of Sophorae Flavescentis Radix and Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma, among them, besides 3 known chemicals, another 12 unknown components were identified by HPTLC-ESI-MS, they are 1 alkaloid and 11 flavonoids. The identification results were verified by the reference standards partially and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra after guided-isolation. Finally, a unified HPTLC specific identification method with different markers was established to identify Sophorae Flavescentis Radix and Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma simultaneously. Thanks to abundant chemical information provided when using diverse polarity mobile phases and derivatization reagents, the HPTLC technology offers a convenient strategy for discovery, quality evaluation, and identification of target chemicals when connecting with mass spectrometry.

, authors=null, authorsList=Fan LI, Li-hua GU, Moo-seob KIM, Lin-nan LI, Zhu-zhen HAN, Li YANG, Zheng-tao WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li-hua GU, Zheng-tao WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656224498647618, articleId=1198656222258889131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于高效薄层色谱-电喷雾质谱联用技术建立苦参和山豆根专属性特征图谱, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

苦参为苦参Sophora flavescens Ait.的干燥根, 山豆根为越南槐Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep.的干燥根和根茎, 两者均来自豆科槐属, 成分和功效相似而有差异, 现有标准仅显示其生物碱类成分差异性难以体现, 不利于两味药材的质量控制。本研究利用高效薄层色谱技术多维度多层次分析优势, 对供试品制备方法和色谱参数进行优化, 整体展现苦参和山豆根共有和差异性特征成分。利用薄层色谱-电喷雾质谱(HPTLC-ESI-MS) 在线鉴定技术对特征条带中化学成分进行快速鉴定, 并导向分离获得部分单体成分。结果从苦参与山豆根中共发现17个主要特征条带, 除了3个已知成分, 采用HPTLC-ESI-MS鉴定出另12个未知成分, 包括1种生物碱和11种黄酮成分, 后采用对照品对照或分离后经核磁共振波谱解析对鉴定结果进行了验证。最后采用优化后的色谱方法, 为苦参和山豆根建立了同一的薄层色谱专属性鉴别方法。HPTLC-ESI-MS联用技术兼具薄层色谱简便、直观和整体性, 能快速鉴定目标成分结构。建立的特征图谱直观反映药材整体特征和特异性, 为其他同属、易混药材的分析鉴别提供了参考。

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*谷丽华, Tel: 86-21-51522507, E-mail: ;
王峥涛, E-mail:
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Chin Tradit Herb Drugs (中草药), 2022, 53: 6234-6244., articleTitle=Research progress on pharmacological effects and mechanisms of flavonoids from Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960246849892768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656222258889131, awardId=ZY(2021-2023)-0215, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市“三年行动”计划项目(ZY(2021-2023)-0215), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960246933778863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656222258889131, awardId=2018Z003, language=CN, fundingSource=国家药典委员会标准项目(2018Z003), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960239954457327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656222258889131, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960239975428851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656222258889131, companyId=1198960239954457327, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960239988011765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656222258889131, companyId=1198960239954457327, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.上海中医药大学中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室, 国家中医药管理局中药新资源与质量评价重点实验室, 上海 201203)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198960240139006719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656222258889131, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960240147395329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656222258889131, companyId=1198960240139006719, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960240159978242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656222258889131, companyId=1198960240139006719, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.上海中药标准化研究中心, 上海 201203)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960245360914691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656222258889131, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=JBHDvE/ynkYFO9T6qaU2bw==, figureFileBig=6uQjzgZxyEJSKnTyc+BGOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960245499326743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656222258889131, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Comparison of HPTLC chromatograms of SF and ST. The mobile phase of A is the mixture of chloroform, methanol, and concentrated ammonia TS (9∶1∶0.1); the mobile phase of B is the mixture of <i>n</i>-butanol, glacial acetic acid, and water (7∶1∶1); A1/B1 are detected under UV 254 nm before derivatization; A2/B2 are detected under UV 365 nm before derivatization; A3/B3 are detected under UV 365 nm after derivatization using 2% solution of AlCl<sub>3</sub> in ethanol; A4/B4 are detected under visible light after derivatization using 10% sulfuric acid in ethanol; A5/B5 are detected under visible light after derivatization using potassium bismuth iodide TS in ethanol , figureFileSmall=JBHDvE/ynkYFO9T6qaU2bw==, figureFileBig=6uQjzgZxyEJSKnTyc+BGOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960245620961575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656222258889131, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=zsYzjmDdvJ9dBQfys9tKtw==, figureFileBig=I8lrVQ+HMVvXpEy97F6reQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960245776150839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656222258889131, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= HPTLC-ESI-MS/MS spectra and fragmentation of zones 10 in HPTLC of Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma (A), 11 in Sophorae Flavescentis Radix (B) and 15 in Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma (C) , figureFileSmall=zsYzjmDdvJ9dBQfys9tKtw==, figureFileBig=I8lrVQ+HMVvXpEy97F6reQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960245922951496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656222258889131, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=W2dd70tEf6w4ojI7h+Q2UA==, figureFileBig=YnZAzciRgrkA6ISZ+07kyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960246036197714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656222258889131, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= HPTLC chromatograms of Sophorae Flavescentis Radix (A) and Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma (B/C). The mobile phase of A/B is the mixture of chloroform, methanol and concentrated ammonia TS (9∶1∶0.1), and C is the mixture of <i>n</i>-butanol, glacial acetic acid, and water (7∶1∶1); A1/B1/C are detected under UV 365 nm after derivatization using 2% solution of aluminium chloride in ethanol, A2/B2 are detected under visible light after derivatization using potassium bismuth iodide TS in ethanol. S<sub>1</sub> in A are oxysophocarpine, oxymatrine, sophoridine and matrine (from low to up); S<sub>2</sub> in A are trifolirhizin, kurarinone, kushenol F and maackiain (from low to up); E and Rd in A are Sophorae Flavescentis Radix reference extract and Sophorae Flavescentis Radix reference drug, respectively; S<sub>1</sub> in B are oxymatrine and matrine (from low to up), S<sub>2</sub> in B are trifolirhizin; 4′, 7-dihydroxyflavone, formononetin, maackiain, sophoranone (from low to up), S<sub>3</sub> in C are sophoraflavone A and bayin (from low to up); Rd in B/C is Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma reference drug , figureFileSmall=W2dd70tEf6w4ojI7h+Q2UA==, figureFileBig=YnZAzciRgrkA6ISZ+07kyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960246141055327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656222258889131, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Lot No. Label name Collection location Identification result
1 SF-1 Kushen Hebei Sophora flavescens
2 SF-2 Kushen Sichuan S. flavescens
3 SF-3 Kushen Hebei S. flavescens
4 SF-4 Kushen Jilin S. flavescens
5 SF-5 Kushen Hebei S. flavescens
6 SF-6 Kushen Shanxi S. flavescens
7 SF-7 Kushen Hebei S. flavescens
8 SF-8 Kushen Anhui S. flavescens
9 SF-9 Kushen Sichuan S. flavescens
10 SF-10 Kushen Shanxi S. flavescens
11 ST-1 Shandougen Shanghai Sophora tonkinensis
12 ST-2 Shandougen Shanghai S. tonkinensis
13 ST-3 Shandougen Anhui S. tonkinensis
14 ST-4 Shandougen Anhui S. tonkinensis
15 ST-5 Shandougen Anhui S. tonkinensis
16 ST-6 Shandougen Anhui S. tonkinensis
17 ST-7 Shandougen Anhui S. tonkinensis
18 ST-8 Shandougen Shanghai S. tonkinensis
19 ST-9 Shandougen Shanghai S. tonkinensis
20 ST-10 Shandougen Anhui S. tonkinensis
21 ST-11 Shandougen Northeast China S. tonkinensis
), ArticleFig(id=1198960246271078761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656222258889131, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sample information of commercial Sophorae Flavescentis Radix and Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma samples. SF: Sophorae Flavescentis Radix; ST: Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Lot No. Label name Collection location Identification result
1 SF-1 Kushen Hebei Sophora flavescens
2 SF-2 Kushen Sichuan S. flavescens
3 SF-3 Kushen Hebei S. flavescens
4 SF-4 Kushen Jilin S. flavescens
5 SF-5 Kushen Hebei S. flavescens
6 SF-6 Kushen Shanxi S. flavescens
7 SF-7 Kushen Hebei S. flavescens
8 SF-8 Kushen Anhui S. flavescens
9 SF-9 Kushen Sichuan S. flavescens
10 SF-10 Kushen Shanxi S. flavescens
11 ST-1 Shandougen Shanghai Sophora tonkinensis
12 ST-2 Shandougen Shanghai S. tonkinensis
13 ST-3 Shandougen Anhui S. tonkinensis
14 ST-4 Shandougen Anhui S. tonkinensis
15 ST-5 Shandougen Anhui S. tonkinensis
16 ST-6 Shandougen Anhui S. tonkinensis
17 ST-7 Shandougen Anhui S. tonkinensis
18 ST-8 Shandougen Shanghai S. tonkinensis
19 ST-9 Shandougen Shanghai S. tonkinensis
20 ST-10 Shandougen Anhui S. tonkinensis
21 ST-11 Shandougen Northeast China S. tonkinensis
), ArticleFig(id=1198960246413685105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656222258889131, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. RF MS MS/MS Formula Compound Exist in Ref.
1 0.06 447.25 [M+H]+ 285.16 [M+H-C6H10O5]+, 148.91 [M+H-C6H10O5-C6H7O-C2H2O]+ C22H22O10 Trifolirhizin SF, ST [7, 8]
2 0.10 453.41 [M-H]- 275.17 1, 4A-, 176.92 [1, 3A--lavandulyl]-, 148.92 [1, 3A--lavandulyl-CH2O]-, 421.33 [M-H-CO2]- C26H30O7 Kushenol I SF [8, 9]
3 0.21 253.08 [M-H]- 135.08 1, 3A-, 117.08 1, 3B-, 209.08 [M-H-CO2]- C15H12O4 4', 7-Dihydroxyflavone ST [10]
4 0.23 439.41 [M+H]+
461.41 [M+Na]+
274.58 1, 4A+, 149.08 [1, 4A+-lavandulyl]+, 313.41 [M+H-lanandulyl]+ C26H30O6 Kurarinone SF [8, 11]
5 0.32 423.41 [M-H]- 261.08 1, 4 A-, 161.08 1, 4 B- C25H28O6 Kushenol F SF [9]
6 0.40 355.16 [M+H]+
377.00 [M+Na]+
148.91 [1, 3A+-C4H8-CH2O]+, 136.08 [1, 3A+-lanandulyl-CO-CH3·]+, 299.08 [M+H-C4H8]+ C21H22O5 Isoxanthohumol SF [8, 9]
7 0.43 269.16 [M+H]+
291.16 [M+Na]+
254.16 [M+H-CH3·]+,
237.16 [M+H-CH3OH]+, 213.16 [M+H-2CO]+
C16H12O4 Formononetin SF, ST [8, 12]
9 0.66 283.33 [M-H]- 267.08 [M-H-O]-, 255.08 [M-H-CO]- C16H12O5 Maackiain SF, ST [8, 9]
10 0.75 461.25 [M+H]+ 376.08 [M+H-O-C5H9·]+, 348.08 [M+H-CO2-C5H9·]+, 279.08 [M+H-CO2-2C5H9·]+, 148.91 [1, 3A+-C4H8]+, 135.91 [M+H-ring B-CO-C5H9·]+ C30H36O4 Sophoranone ST [13]
11 0.15 263.16 [M+H]+
285.16 [M+Na]+
245.08 [M+H-H2O]+,
203.08 [M+H-H2O-C3H6]+, 150.00 [M+H-H2O-C5H5NO]+, 136.00 [M+H-H2O-C6H7NO]+
C15H22N2O2 Oxysophocarpine SF, ST [4, 9, 14]
12 0.22 265.33 [M+H]+
287.33 [M+Na]+
529.33 [2M+H]+
247.60 [M+H-H2O]+,
205.13 [M+H-H2O-C3H6]+,
148.11 [M+H-H2O-C5H9NO]+, 136.11 [M+H-H2O-C6H9NO]+
C15H24N2O2 Oxymatrine SF, ST [9, 14]
13 0.54 249.16 [M+H]+ 150.12 [M+H-C5H9NO]+, 152.14 [M+H-C5H7NO]+, 148.11 [M+H-C5H11NO]+, 176.10 [M+H-C4H9O]+, 136.11 [M+H-C6H11NO]+ C15H24N2O Sophoridine SF [9, 14]
14 0.76 249.16 [M+H]+ 190.12 [M+H-C3H7O]+, 176.10 [M+H-C4H9O]+, 150.12 [M+H-C5H9NO]+, 148.11 [M+H-C5H11NO]+ C15H24N2O Matrine SF, ST [4, 9, 14]
15 0.49 563.48 [M+H]+
585.38 [M+Na]+
417.16 [M+H-Rha]+ C27H30O13 Sophoraflavone A ST [15]
16 0.66 417.31 [M+H]+ 361.41 [M+H-2CO]+, 399.41 [M+H-H2O]+ C21H20O9 Bayin ST [15]
), ArticleFig(id=1198960246602428809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656222258889131, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Compounds identified in zones of SF and ST by HPTLC-ESI-MS

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. RF MS MS/MS Formula Compound Exist in Ref.
1 0.06 447.25 [M+H]+ 285.16 [M+H-C6H10O5]+, 148.91 [M+H-C6H10O5-C6H7O-C2H2O]+ C22H22O10 Trifolirhizin SF, ST [7, 8]
2 0.10 453.41 [M-H]- 275.17 1, 4A-, 176.92 [1, 3A--lavandulyl]-, 148.92 [1, 3A--lavandulyl-CH2O]-, 421.33 [M-H-CO2]- C26H30O7 Kushenol I SF [8, 9]
3 0.21 253.08 [M-H]- 135.08 1, 3A-, 117.08 1, 3B-, 209.08 [M-H-CO2]- C15H12O4 4', 7-Dihydroxyflavone ST [10]
4 0.23 439.41 [M+H]+
461.41 [M+Na]+
274.58 1, 4A+, 149.08 [1, 4A+-lavandulyl]+, 313.41 [M+H-lanandulyl]+ C26H30O6 Kurarinone SF [8, 11]
5 0.32 423.41 [M-H]- 261.08 1, 4 A-, 161.08 1, 4 B- C25H28O6 Kushenol F SF [9]
6 0.40 355.16 [M+H]+
377.00 [M+Na]+
148.91 [1, 3A+-C4H8-CH2O]+, 136.08 [1, 3A+-lanandulyl-CO-CH3·]+, 299.08 [M+H-C4H8]+ C21H22O5 Isoxanthohumol SF [8, 9]
7 0.43 269.16 [M+H]+
291.16 [M+Na]+
254.16 [M+H-CH3·]+,
237.16 [M+H-CH3OH]+, 213.16 [M+H-2CO]+
C16H12O4 Formononetin SF, ST [8, 12]
9 0.66 283.33 [M-H]- 267.08 [M-H-O]-, 255.08 [M-H-CO]- C16H12O5 Maackiain SF, ST [8, 9]
10 0.75 461.25 [M+H]+ 376.08 [M+H-O-C5H9·]+, 348.08 [M+H-CO2-C5H9·]+, 279.08 [M+H-CO2-2C5H9·]+, 148.91 [1, 3A+-C4H8]+, 135.91 [M+H-ring B-CO-C5H9·]+ C30H36O4 Sophoranone ST [13]
11 0.15 263.16 [M+H]+
285.16 [M+Na]+
245.08 [M+H-H2O]+,
203.08 [M+H-H2O-C3H6]+, 150.00 [M+H-H2O-C5H5NO]+, 136.00 [M+H-H2O-C6H7NO]+
C15H22N2O2 Oxysophocarpine SF, ST [4, 9, 14]
12 0.22 265.33 [M+H]+
287.33 [M+Na]+
529.33 [2M+H]+
247.60 [M+H-H2O]+,
205.13 [M+H-H2O-C3H6]+,
148.11 [M+H-H2O-C5H9NO]+, 136.11 [M+H-H2O-C6H9NO]+
C15H24N2O2 Oxymatrine SF, ST [9, 14]
13 0.54 249.16 [M+H]+ 150.12 [M+H-C5H9NO]+, 152.14 [M+H-C5H7NO]+, 148.11 [M+H-C5H11NO]+, 176.10 [M+H-C4H9O]+, 136.11 [M+H-C6H11NO]+ C15H24N2O Sophoridine SF [9, 14]
14 0.76 249.16 [M+H]+ 190.12 [M+H-C3H7O]+, 176.10 [M+H-C4H9O]+, 150.12 [M+H-C5H9NO]+, 148.11 [M+H-C5H11NO]+ C15H24N2O Matrine SF, ST [4, 9, 14]
15 0.49 563.48 [M+H]+
585.38 [M+Na]+
417.16 [M+H-Rha]+ C27H30O13 Sophoraflavone A ST [15]
16 0.66 417.31 [M+H]+ 361.41 [M+H-2CO]+, 399.41 [M+H-H2O]+ C21H20O9 Bayin ST [15]
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李凡 1 , 谷丽华 1, 2, * , 金武燮 1, 2 , 李林楠 1 , 韩竹箴 1 , 杨莉 1, 2 , 王峥涛 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(10): 3090-3098
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药学学报 |研究论文 2023 , 58 (10) : 3090 -3098
基于高效薄层色谱-电喷雾质谱联用技术建立苦参和山豆根专属性特征图谱
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李凡1, 谷丽华1, 2, * , 金武燮1, 2, 李林楠1, 韩竹箴1, 杨莉1, 2, 王峥涛1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.上海中医药大学中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室, 国家中医药管理局中药新资源与质量评价重点实验室, 上海 201203
  • 2.上海中药标准化研究中心, 上海 201203
通讯作者:
*谷丽华, Tel: 86-21-51522507, E-mail: ;
王峥涛, E-mail:
Characteristic identification of Sophorae Flavescentis Radix and Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma based on HPTLC-ESI-MS
Fan LI1, Li-hua GU1, 2, * , Moo-seob KIM1, 2, Lin-nan LI1, Zhu-zhen HAN1, Li YANG1, 2, Zheng-tao WANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 2. Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2023-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0223
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苦参为苦参Sophora flavescens Ait.的干燥根, 山豆根为越南槐Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep.的干燥根和根茎, 两者均来自豆科槐属, 成分和功效相似而有差异, 现有标准仅显示其生物碱类成分差异性难以体现, 不利于两味药材的质量控制。本研究利用高效薄层色谱技术多维度多层次分析优势, 对供试品制备方法和色谱参数进行优化, 整体展现苦参和山豆根共有和差异性特征成分。利用薄层色谱-电喷雾质谱(HPTLC-ESI-MS) 在线鉴定技术对特征条带中化学成分进行快速鉴定, 并导向分离获得部分单体成分。结果从苦参与山豆根中共发现17个主要特征条带, 除了3个已知成分, 采用HPTLC-ESI-MS鉴定出另12个未知成分, 包括1种生物碱和11种黄酮成分, 后采用对照品对照或分离后经核磁共振波谱解析对鉴定结果进行了验证。最后采用优化后的色谱方法, 为苦参和山豆根建立了同一的薄层色谱专属性鉴别方法。HPTLC-ESI-MS联用技术兼具薄层色谱简便、直观和整体性, 能快速鉴定目标成分结构。建立的特征图谱直观反映药材整体特征和特异性, 为其他同属、易混药材的分析鉴别提供了参考。

苦参  /  山豆根  /  高效薄层色谱  /  高效薄层色谱-质谱  /  黄酮

Sophorae Flavescentis Radix is the dried root of Sophora flavescens Ait. and Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma is the dried root and rhizome of Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep. The two drugs are both from the same genus Sophora, having similar and different compositions and efficacies, however, their differences are not fully demonstrated in current standard. In this study, the high-performance thin-layer chromatography with multi-dimensional and multi-level features combined with electric spray mass spectrometry (HPTLC-ESI-MS) was used to discover and identify the characteristic zones in extracts of Sophorae Flavescentis Radix and Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma, after optimizing the preparation method of the test solution and chromatographic parameters. As a result, 17 main characteristic zones were found on HPTLC chromatograms of Sophorae Flavescentis Radix and Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma, among them, besides 3 known chemicals, another 12 unknown components were identified by HPTLC-ESI-MS, they are 1 alkaloid and 11 flavonoids. The identification results were verified by the reference standards partially and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra after guided-isolation. Finally, a unified HPTLC specific identification method with different markers was established to identify Sophorae Flavescentis Radix and Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma simultaneously. Thanks to abundant chemical information provided when using diverse polarity mobile phases and derivatization reagents, the HPTLC technology offers a convenient strategy for discovery, quality evaluation, and identification of target chemicals when connecting with mass spectrometry.

Sophorae Flavescentis Radix  /  Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma  /  HPTLC  /  HPTLC-ESI-MS  /  flavonoid
李凡, 谷丽华, 金武燮, 李林楠, 韩竹箴, 杨莉, 王峥涛. 基于高效薄层色谱-电喷雾质谱联用技术建立苦参和山豆根专属性特征图谱. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (10) : 3090 -3098 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0223
Fan LI, Li-hua GU, Moo-seob KIM, Lin-nan LI, Zhu-zhen HAN, Li YANG, Zheng-tao WANG. Characteristic identification of Sophorae Flavescentis Radix and Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma based on HPTLC-ESI-MS[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (10) : 3090 -3098 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0223
中药所含成分复杂多样, 发挥药效的物质基础尚不明确, 往往是多成分的共同作用[1], 因此对中药的质量评价, 不但要关注其特异性, 尤其要关注其整体性; 中药取之于自然, 非纯工业化产品, 地理、物候、种植、加工等诸多因素使其外观差异显著, 内在物质及含量也在一定范围内上下波动, 精细化分析很多时候不适合中药的质量控制, 而对药材的整体轮廓分析和主要差异成分的把控更具实际意义。薄层色谱(TLC/HPTLC) 技术具有简便、快速、经济、直观等特点[2], 其灵活的展开剂极性配比与丰富的显色试剂的使用, 使其在成分定性分析方面形成独特优势, 目前该技术已被各国药典广泛用于中草药定性鉴别分析, 与质谱技术联用还可对分离的未知成分结构进行快速鉴定[3-5]
苦参(Sophorae Flavescentis Radix, SF) 和山豆根(Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma, ST) 均来自豆科槐属, 苦参为苦参Sophora flavescens Ait.的干燥根, 味苦, 寒; 归心、肝、胃、大肠、膀胱经, 具清热燥湿、杀虫、利尿之功。山豆根为越南槐(Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep.) 的干燥根和根茎, 味苦, 寒; 有毒; 归肺、胃经, 具有清热解毒、消肿利咽之效[6]。两药性苦味寒, 均具有清热消肿的功效, 不同之处在于苦参善清下焦湿热以及杀虫作用, 山豆根善清肺、胃热引起的上焦实热, 此外山豆根显示“有毒”。化学成分上, 两者均含有包括苦参碱、氧化苦参碱等喹诺里西啶生物碱类成分, 近年来还发现都含有丰富的黄酮成分[7, 8]
《中华人民共和国药典》 (2020年版一部) 苦参和山豆根薄层色谱鉴别及含量测定项下的指标成分均为生物碱类成分, 苦参的定性指标为苦参碱、氧化苦参碱和槐定碱, 采用了两种薄层色谱方法, 含量测定指标为苦参碱和氧化苦参碱; 山豆根的定性和定量指标均为苦参碱和氧化苦参碱。两种药材的薄层色谱鉴别方法差异较大, 形成的图谱却很相似, 易导致苦参和山豆根的基原鉴定错误。且苦参鉴别项中的薄层板需要做改性处理, 展开剂需要分层, 使用二次展开模式, 操作较为繁琐。本研究以山豆根和苦参为例, 通过对比不同极性展开剂和不同显色剂下的薄层色谱图, 寻找两味药材共有条带和特异条带, 联合HPTLC-ESI-MS技术对目标条带进行在线鉴定, 获得目标成分, 建立同时鉴别山豆根和苦参的专属性薄层色谱鉴别方法, 为山豆根和苦参药材和饮片的质量标准提升提供参考。
仪器与试剂  数控超声波清洗器(Ultrasonic Cleaner, 美国Branson公司); 电子分析天平(BSA124S-CW, 瑞士梅特勒托利多仪器公司); 电子分析天平(BT-25S, 北京赛多利斯科学仪器有限公司); SF-TGL-16离心机(上海菲恰尔分析仪器有限公司); 双槽展开缸、薄层色谱自动点样仪、薄层色谱自动展开仪、薄层色谱成像仪、薄层色谱质谱接口仪均购自瑞士CAMAG公司; Milli-Q Synthesis A10 (Millipore, 美国Bedford公司); 线性离子阱质谱(LTQ-MS, 21880, 美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); 三重四极杆串联飞行时间质谱仪(Agilent 6545 UPLC-QTof-MS, 美国Agilent公司); 核磁共振波谱仪(Bruker Avance III 400 NMR spectrometer, 美国Brucker Daltonics公司); 制备液相色谱仪(LC-3000, 北京创新恒通科技有限公司)。
色谱纯试剂甲醇和乙腈, 分析纯试剂甲醇、氨水、无水乙醇、三氯甲烷、二氯甲烷和乙酸乙酯, 200~300目硅胶和Sephadex LH-20凝胶, 均购于上海国药集团化学试剂有限公司; 超纯水由Milli-Q纯水仪(Millipore, Billerica, 美国) 制备; 高效硅胶预制GF254薄层板(德国Merck公司); 高效硅胶预制GF254薄层板(德国MN公司); 高效硅胶GF254预制薄层板和制备型硅胶预制薄层板(烟台市化学工业研究所)。苦参碱(matrine, 批号T03F9F54046)、槐定碱(sophoridine, 批号Y19F7Y17832)、三叶豆紫檀苷(trifolirhizin, 批号Y06F6H1) 购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司; 氧化苦参碱(oxymatrine, 批号15032204) 购自南京狄尔格医药科技有限公司; 氧化槐果碱(oxysophocarpine, 批号7007)、马卡因(maackiain, 批号4106)、芒柄花素(formononetin, 批号3523)、苦参酮(kurarinone, 批号7434)、苦参新醇F (kushenol F, 批号6120) 和4′, 7-二羟基黄酮(4′, 7-dihydroxyflavone, 批号111787-201002) 购自诗丹德标准技术服务有限公司; 山豆根素(sophoranone)、砂生槐黄酮A (sophoraflavone A) 和黑豆黄素(bayin) 为实验室自制。苦参对照药材(121019-201407) 购自中国食品药品检定研究院; 山豆根对照药材(SDG-20160315) 来自上海中药标准化研究中心; 苦参对照提取物(EKS-20190801) 购自广州科曼生物科技有限公司。
实验材料  收集苦参(SF) 和山豆根(ST) 样品共21件, 经上海中医药大学王峥涛教授对其基原进行鉴定, 10件苦参样品来源于苦参Sophora flavescens, 11件山豆根样品来源于越南槐Sophora tonkinensis, 凭证标本存放于上海中药标准化研究中心标本库。样品信息见表 1
对照品溶液的制备  取氧化苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、苦参碱和槐定碱各适量, 溶于甲醇, 分别配制成各含0.1 mg·mL-1的生物碱对照品溶液; 取三叶豆紫檀苷、苦参酮、苦参新醇F、芒柄花素、马卡因、山豆根素、4′, 7-二羟基黄酮、砂生槐黄酮A和黑豆黄素, 溶于甲醇, 分别配成含山豆根素0.2 mg·mL-1, 含4′, 7-二羟基黄酮0.01 mg·mL-1, 其他均各为0.1 mg·mL-1的对照品溶液。
供试品和对照药材溶液的制备  取药材粉末各0.25 g, 加80%乙醇5 mL, 超声处理20 min, 离心(6 min, 6 000 r·min-1), 取上清液, 作为供试品溶液。同法制备山豆根和苦参的对照药材溶液。取苦参对照提取物适量, 加甲醇超声15 min, 制成每1 mL含20 mg的溶液, 作为苦参对照提取物溶液。
薄层色谱条件  按照薄层色谱法(《中华人民共和国药典》2020年版通则0502) 试验, 分别吸取对照药材、提取物和供试品溶液各8 μL, 点于同一硅胶GF254薄层板上。分别用展开剂三氯甲烷-甲醇-浓氨试液(9∶1∶0.1, 展开剂1) 和正丁醇-冰醋酸-水(7∶1∶1, 展开剂2) 饱和30 min, 展开, 展距为8.5 cm; 取出, 晾干。每种展开条件平行制备2张薄层板, 第一张显色前置可见光、紫外光(254和365 nm) 下检视, 喷以2%三氯化铝乙醇溶液, 在105 ℃加热数分钟, 置可见光、紫外光(365 nm) 下检视; 再喷以10%硫酸乙醇溶液, 在105 ℃加热数分钟, 置可见光和紫外光(365 nm) 下检视; 最后喷以碘化铋钾乙醇溶液, 置可见光下检视, 拍照记录。第二张平行制备的薄层板避光备用。
质谱条件  通过对比不同展开剂(多维度) 和不同显色剂(多层次) 薄层色谱图中目标条带, 将备用薄层板上的对应目标条带通过TLC-MS Interface装置的红外光标对准椭圆形萃取头位置, 流动相由UPLC仪器泵出, 经过TLC-MS Interface流经薄层板的目标条带位置, 将目标条带处的物质洗脱, 洗脱液通过管道继续流入LTQ型电喷雾质谱仪进行质谱分析。流动相溶剂组成为甲醇-水(80∶20), 流速为0.2 mL·min-1。选择正、负离子模式分别检测, 选择最佳采集模式。毛细管喷雾电压3.50 kV, 干燥温度300 ℃, 毛细管温度300 ℃, 毛细管电压10 V, Tube Lens电压50 V, 鞘气体积流量20 arb, 辅助气体积流量10 arb, 反吹气体积流量5 arb, 扫描质量范围m/z 100~1 000。
化学分离  取山豆根粉末10 g, 100 mL乙酸乙酯加热回流提取3次(每次1 h), 合并提取液, 滤过, 滤液旋干, 得浸膏735 mg, 将浸膏用二氯甲烷-甲醇(1∶1) 5 mL溶解, 经Sephadex LH-20 (CH2Cl2-CH3OH, 1∶1) 分离, 合并目标化合物收集液, 将收集液旋干, 得干膏70 mg, 用甲醇复溶, 经薄层色谱制备分离、纯化得到条带10中的化合物(15 mg)。
取山豆根粉末20 g, 200 mL 70%甲醇加热回流提取3次(每次1 h), 合并提取液, 滤过, 滤液旋干, 得浸膏6 g, 取浸膏2.5 g, 用水5 mL溶解, 经D101大孔树脂分离, 分别用水、10%乙醇、30%乙醇洗脱, 收集30%乙醇洗脱液, 将洗脱液旋干, 得浸膏843 mg, 将浸膏用甲醇复溶, 经中压制备液相分离, 合并目标收集液, 旋干, 得干膏41 mg, 用甲醇10 mL复溶, 经薄层色谱制备分离、纯化得到条带15中的化合物(5 mg)。
实验分别使用两种不同极性的展开剂和3种不同显色剂, 见图 1。展开剂1用于表征药材中小极性成分, 展开剂2用于表征展开剂1中原点未展开部位。共发现17个主要特征条带。
展开剂1的365 nm图谱中, 苦参可明显看到6个蓝色荧光条带, 根据RF值依次标记为2、4、5、6、7和9; 山豆根除了含有与苦参的共有条带7和9, 还发现另两个亮蓝色的特征条带3和8。展开剂2中山豆根还观察到两个明显的荧光条带15和16。
展开剂1的可见光图谱中, 苦参自下而上发现一个棕红色条带, 两个橙黄色和一个浅黄色条带, 依次为1、4、5和9, 其中1和9为苦参和山豆根的共有条带, 9在山豆根中的含量明显高于苦参, 此外山豆根还有一个深红色特有条带10。展开剂2中苦参和山豆根均明显看到一个黑棕色共同条带, 记为17, 经硫酸乙醇显色后呈现黑棕色, 推测可能是糖类。
展开剂1的碘化铋钾显色的图谱中, 苦参含有四个橙色生物碱条带, 自下而上分别为11、12、13和14, 山豆根含有橙色条带11、12和14, 其中条带12、13和14分别是氧化苦参碱、槐定碱和苦参碱, 是药典的指标成分; 展开剂2中生物碱条带基本停留在原点附近, 可能由于展开剂中不含有碱性试剂, 生物碱在展开剂中溶解度欠佳所致。
HPTLC-ESI-MS在线联用技术被用于对薄层色谱图中主要特征条带中化学成分的鉴定。通过质谱获得一级质谱图, 改变碰撞能获得碎片离子, 参考文献信息对薄层色谱图中标注的未知条带中主要成分进行结构确证。从上述14个未知的主要特征条带中共鉴定出12个化学成分(8、17号条带未获得鉴定), 其中黄酮类成分11个, 两药共有黄酮3个, 分别是三叶豆紫檀苷(1), 芒柄花素(7) 和马卡因(9); 苦参中的特征成分有苦参醇I (2)、苦参酮(4)、苦参新醇F (5)、异黄腐醇(6), 山豆根的特有成分有4′, 7-二羟基黄酮(3)、山豆根素(10)、砂生槐黄酮A (15) 和黑豆黄素(16)。1个未知生物碱成分被鉴定为氧化槐果碱(11), 在苦参中含量明显高于山豆根。质谱信息和鉴定结果见表 2[7-15]。以条带10、11和15为例对裂解碎片进行解析, 见图 2。条带10 (RF = 0.75) 在ESI+模式下一级质谱图可见准分子离子峰m/z 461.25 [M+H]+, 增加碰撞能之后获得二级质谱, 得到m/z 376.08 [M+H-O-C5H9·]+、348.08 [M+H-CO2-C5H9·]+、279.08 [M+H-CO2-2C5H9]+和148.91 [1, 3A+-C4H8]+等碎片, 根据上述碎片信息结合文献[13]初步将条带10中成分鉴定为山豆根素。条带11 (RF = 0.15) 在ESI+模式下一级质谱图可见准分子离子峰m/z 263.16 [M+H]+和加合离子峰m/z 285.16 [M+Na]+, 二级质谱得到m/z 245.08 [M+H-H2O]+、203.08 [M+H-H2O-C3H6]+、150.00 [M+H-H2O-C5H5NO]+和136.00 [M+H-H2O-C6H7NO]+等碎片, 根据上述碎片信息结合文献[4, 9, 14]初步将该成分鉴定为氧化槐果碱。采用氧化槐果碱对照品进行验证, 薄层板上相同RF值处出现颜色相同的条带, 表明鉴定结果正确。条带15 (RF = 0.49) 为非生物碱类成分, 其紫外光谱在259 nm处有最大吸收, 且极性较大, 可能是黄酮苷类成分, 其在ESI+模式下的一级质谱图可见加合离子峰m/z值为563.48 [M+H]+和585.38 [M+Na]+, 二级质谱脱去一分子鼠李糖得到m/z 417.16 [M+H-Rha]+, 结合文献[15]推测该条带成分为砂生槐黄酮A。
黄酮类是本次鉴定的主要化学类型, 其中黄酮取代基及连接位置多样, 为验证HPTLC-ESI-MS鉴定结果的准确性, 选取小极性代表性条带10和大极性代表性条带15, 采用硅胶柱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱、制备薄层色谱、制备液相色谱结合薄层色谱进行分离, 获得两个单体化合物, 采用NMR和UPLC-QTof-MS数据对结构进行鉴定。鉴定结果与HPTLC-ESI-MS鉴定结果一致。
化合物10 (条带10), 黄色粉末。UPLC-QTof-MS m/z 461.268 9 [M+H]+1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δH 7.78 (1H, d, J = 8.6 Hz, H-5), 7.09 (2H, s, H-2′, 6′), 6.55 (1H, d, J = 8.6 Hz, H-6), 5.38 (1H, m, H-2, 与H-7″, 12″重叠), 5.35 (2H, m, H-7″, 12″, 与H-2重叠), 5.28 (1H, t, J = 7.2 Hz, H-2″), 3.44 (2H, d, J = 7.2 Hz, H-1″), 3.39 (4H, d, J = 7.2 Hz, H-6″, H-11″), 3.03 (1H, dd, J = 16.8, 13.3 Hz, H-3b), 2.82 (1H, dd, J = 16.8, 2.9 Hz, H-3a), 1.80 (6H, s, Me-14″, 15″), 1.78 (6H, s, Me-9″, 10″), 1.77 (6H, s, Me-4″, Me-5″). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δC 79.7 (C-2), 44.1 (C-3), 191.7 (C-4), 126.5 (C-5), 110.4 (C-6), 161.2 (C-7), 115.0 (C-8), 160.8 (C-9), 114.3 (C-10), 130.7 (C-1′), 125.7 (C-2′), 127.4 (C-3′), 152.9 (C-4′), 127.4 (C-5′), 125.7 (C-6′), 22.2 (C-1″), 121.0 (C-2″), 130.7 (C-3″), 17.9 (C-4″), 25.8 (C-5″), 29.5 (C-6″), 121.6 (C-7″), 134.7 (C-8″), 17.9 (C-9″), 25.8 (C-10″), 29.5 (C-11″), 121.6 (C-12″), 134.7 (C-13″), 17.9 (C-14″), 25.8 (C-15″)。该化合物的波谱数据与文献[13, 16]报道相一致, 确定为山豆根素。
化合物15 (条带15), 浅黄色无定形粉末。UPLC-QTof-MS m/z 563.165 0 [M+H]+1H NMR (600 MHz, CD3OD) δH 8.02 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz, H-2′, 6′), 7.96 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz, H-5), 6.98 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz, H-6), 6.96 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz, H-3′, 5′), 6.69 (1H, s, H-3), 5.17 (1H, d, J = 10.0 Hz, H-1″), 5.13 (1H, br.d, J = 1.3 Hz, H-1‴), 4.35 (1H, t, J = 10.0 Hz, H-2″), 3.97 (1H, dd, J = 12.1, 2.1 Hz, H-6″a), 3.80 (1H, dd, J = 12.1, 6.0 Hz, H-6″b), 3.83 (1H, dd, J = 3.0, 1.3 Hz, H-2‴), 3.68 (2H, m, H-3″, 4″), 3.48 (1H, m, H-5″), 3.35 (1H, dd, J = 9.6, 3.0 Hz, H-3‴), 3.07 (1H, t, J = 9.6 Hz, H-4‴), 2.16 (1H, m, H-5‴), 0.52 (3H, d, J = 6.2 Hz, Me-6‴)。13C NMR (150 MHz, CD3OD) δC 166.5 (C-2), 105.0 (C-3), 180.6 (C-4), 127.5 (C-5), 116.0 (C-6), 163.2 (C-7), 114.4 (C-8), 158.5 (C-9), 118.1 (C-10), 124.1 (C-1′), 130.2 (C-2′), 117.1 (C-3′), 162.8 (C-4′), 117.1 (C-5′), 130.2 (C-6′), 74.1 (C-1″), 78.1 (C-2″), 81.8 (C-3″), 72.6 (C-4″), 83.3 (C-5″), 63.2 (C-6″), 102.5 (C-1‴), 72.4 (C-2‴), 72.0 (C-3‴), 73.5 (C-4‴), 69.9 (C-5‴), 18.2 (C-6‴)。该化合物的波谱数据与文献[15]报道基本一致, 确定为砂生槐黄酮A。
以三氯甲烷-甲醇-浓氨试液(9∶1∶0.1) 为展开剂, 苦参以4种生物碱(氧化槐果碱、氧化苦参碱、槐定碱和苦参碱) 和4种黄酮成分(三叶豆紫檀苷、苦参酮、苦参新醇F和马卡因) 为对照, 建立苦参的薄层色谱特征图谱, 见图 3, 10批苦参样品与苦参对照药材、对照提取物色谱行为一致, 在对照品对应的位置, 均显相同颜色的条带。山豆根以2种生物碱(氧化苦参碱、苦参碱) 和5种黄酮成分(三叶豆紫檀苷、4′, 7-二羟基黄酮、芒柄花素、马卡因、山豆根素) 为对照, 建立山豆根小极性部位的薄层色谱特征图谱, 再以正丁醇-冰醋酸-水(7∶1∶1) 为展开剂, 以砂生槐黄酮A和黑豆黄素为对照, 建立山豆根大极性部位的薄层色谱特征图谱, 11批山豆根样品与山豆根对照药材色谱行为一致, 在对照品对应的位置, 均显相同颜色的条带。
苦参和山豆根为基原相近、形态相似的易混药材, 针对现行标准中薄层色谱定性鉴别项之方法复杂、重现性不佳, 指标成分相似, 色谱行为相似, 易造成基原鉴定错误等现实问题。本研究秉持简便、绿色原则优化提取方法, 固定相采用常规的非改性硅胶板, 优化色谱条件, 选择大小两个极性展开剂, 对苦参和山豆根样品共薄层对比分析, 根据成分类型同时选择通用型和专属型显色剂, 同板依次显色和检视, 检视结果互不干扰, 同板提供多层次信息, 便于遴选具有鉴别意义的特征条带。采用HPTLC-ESI-MS在线鉴定技术对目标条带成分进行快速鉴定。在苦参中共发现和鉴定了11个化学成分(生物碱4个、黄酮7个), 山豆根中共发现和鉴定了10个化学成分(生物碱3个、黄酮7个), 两种药材共有成分6个(生物碱3个、黄酮3个)。
根据薄层色谱分析和HPTLC-ESI-MS鉴定结果, 苦参和山豆根中生物碱成分主要为苦参碱型生物碱, 如苦参碱、氧化苦参碱、槐果碱和氧化槐果碱。文献[17-19]报道该类生物碱具有抗肿瘤、抗肝炎病毒、抗心血管疾病作用。此外, 黄酮是苦参和山豆根中的第二类特征成分。苦参中黄酮含量约占2.01%左右[20], 有抑菌、抗病毒[21, 22]和抗炎、抗肿瘤活性[23, 24]。山豆根中黄酮含量约占5.7%[25], 总黄酮以及单体化合物以抗肿瘤[26, 27]、抗炎[28, 29]和抗菌活性[30]研究较多。可见黄酮类成分不但是苦参和山豆根的主要成分, 其生物活性与苦参和山豆根的功效具有一致性。山豆根自宋代首次记载以来, 历代古籍未见山豆根“有毒”记载, 1985年版《中华人民共和国药典》首次记载为有毒[31], 直至现版药典。目前多数研究认为山豆根的毒性成分为生物碱类(苦参碱、氧化苦参碱等)[32], 然而苦参中此类生物碱含量明显高于山豆根中含量[6], 但苦参在《中华人民共和国药典》中并无“有毒”记载, 因此生物碱是否为其毒性成分还需更多研究。本文的薄层色谱图显示山豆根中黄酮类成分种类丰富且含量不低, 具有显著的结构特异性[33, 34]和生物活性, 因此推测黄酮类成分也可能与山豆根毒性有关, 其相关药理、毒理及构效关系均值得深入研究。通过高效薄层色谱分析和质谱鉴定结果, 遴选主要特征成分, 建立同时表征两味药材中生物碱和黄酮两类成分的薄层色谱特征图谱, 针对山豆根中大极性黄酮苷特征成分, 新增一种薄层色谱方法, 化学成分上更为全面地反映两味药材的整体相似性和差异性。
综上, 本文采用多维度多层次高效薄层色谱技术联合薄层色谱-质谱在线检测技术从中药复杂成分中快速发现进而快速鉴定特征成分, 建立的薄层色谱鉴别方法具有简便性、直观性和整体性, 可全面反映药材的成分特征, 为同属药材、易混药材的鉴别分析提供了参考。
作者贡献: 王峥涛和谷丽华负责药材采集和设计实验; 李凡进行实验数据采集和分析; 金武燮参与数据分析; 李凡和韩竹箴负责分离鉴定; 李凡、谷丽华、李林楠、杨莉和王峥涛撰写和修改论文。
利益冲突: 所有作者均不存在利益冲突。
  • 上海市“三年行动”计划项目(ZY(2021-2023)-0215)
  • 国家药典委员会标准项目(2018Z003)
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2023年第58卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0223
  • 接收时间:2023-02-24
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-24
  • 修回日期:2023-08-01
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上海市“三年行动”计划项目(ZY(2021-2023)-0215)
国家药典委员会标准项目(2018Z003)
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    1.上海中医药大学中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室, 国家中医药管理局中药新资源与质量评价重点实验室, 上海 201203
    2.上海中药标准化研究中心, 上海 201203

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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