Article(id=1198656216948896632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0202, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1676822400000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-20, revisedDate=1681920000000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711512076, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1697040000000, pubDateStr=2023-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711512076, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711512076, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711512076, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656209390764948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='10', pageStart='2835', pageEnd='3150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1697040000000', pubDateStr='2023-10-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711510274, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763711659007, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656833280897539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656833280897540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2914, endPage=2921, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656217263469444, articleId=1198656216948896632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research on monitoring method of dripping pills dripping process based on laser detection and multivariate data analysis technology, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

At present, the digitalization and intelligence level of dripping pills production process is low, and there is a lack of process monitoring methods, which makes it difficult to effectively control the quality of dripping pills. Therefore, this paper proposed an online monitoring method for the dripping process of dripping pills based on laser detection technology and multivariate data analysis (MVDA) technology. Firstly, the width data of the falling droplets during the dripping process of the dripping pills were collected by the laser detector at a high frequency. Secondly, based on the width data, the nodes were selected for each droplet and the features were extracted. Then, the principal component analysis (PCA) model was established based on the feature dataset under normal process conditions, and Hotelling's T2 or DModX statistic was selected to determine whether the droplets in the dripping process were abnormal, and the abnormalities were classified and diagnosed by the principal component score map combined with K-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm. In this study, the feasibility of this method was investigated by taking the dripping process of Ginkgo biloba leaf dripping pills as an example. The results showed that the obtained model has good detection and diagnosis ability for abnormal valve opening, abnormal liquid temperature, and abnormal liquid volume. This method can provide some reference for the industrial production of dripping pills.

, authors=null, authorsList=Hang CHEN, Sheng ZHANG, Hai-bin QU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hai-bin QU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656221692653671, articleId=1198656216948896632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于激光检测和多变量数据分析技术的滴丸滴制过程监控方法研究, columnId=1198656210498061206, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 中药制造质量控制与智能制造, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

当前滴丸生产过程数字化、智能化水平较低, 缺乏过程监控方法, 难以有效控制滴丸的质量。因此, 本文提出了一种基于激光检测技术和多变量数据分析(multivariate data analysis, MVDA) 技术的滴丸滴制过程在线监控方法。该方法首先通过激光检测器高频采集滴丸滴制过程中下落液滴的宽度数据, 其次基于宽度数据对每个液滴选取节点并提取特征指标, 然后基于正常工艺条件下的特征数据集建立主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA) 模型, 选择Hotelling's T2或DModX统计量判断滴制过程的液滴是否异常, 并通过主成分得分图结合K近邻(K-nearest neighbor, KNN) 算法对异常进行分类和诊断。本文以银杏叶滴丸的滴制过程为例, 考察了该方法的可行性, 结果表明所得到的模型对滴头阀门开度异常、药液温度异常、药液量异常具有较好的检测和诊断能力, 该方法可为滴丸剂的工业生产提供一定的参考。

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*瞿海斌, Tel: 86-571-88208428, E-mail:
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Lab Chip, 2017, 17: 460-473., articleTitle=Pinch-off dynamics and dripping-onto-substrate (DoS) rheometry of complex fluids, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960259957092989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656216948896632, doi=10.1002/polb.24388, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=55, issue=null, pageStart=1692, pageEnd=1704, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dinic J, Biagioli M, Sharma V. Pinch‐off dynamics and extensional relaxation times of intrinsically semi‐dilute polymer solutions characterized by dripping‐onto‐substrate rheometry[J]. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys, 2017, 55: 1692-1704., articleTitle=Pinch‐off dynamics and extensional relaxation times of intrinsically semi‐dilute polymer solutions characterized by dripping‐onto‐substrate rheometry, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960257331458460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656216948896632, awardId=ZYYCXTD-D-2020002, language=CN, fundingSource=国家中医药管理局“组分中药与智能制药多学科交叉创新团队”项目(ZYYCXTD-D-2020002), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960250150810376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656216948896632, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960250155004680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656216948896632, companyId=1198960250150810376, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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A: Continuous width data captured by laser detector; B: Droplet partitioning and nodes selection; C: Droplet width data acquisition process; D: Actual positions of the droplet corresponding to the selected nodes , figureFileSmall=ebgoFsVQf2RllOTQV4K2BA==, figureFileBig=VamsA3IB46bzMSXmHN18Bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960254240256140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656216948896632, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=8Dx9SazXNTZ8cd3WQj9DKA==, figureFileBig=roZmY/AGVHuH4yCUeZPovg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960254382862488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656216948896632, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Flow chart of the establishment procedure of dripping pill dripping process monitoring method and application procedure of the proposed monitoring method , figureFileSmall=8Dx9SazXNTZ8cd3WQj9DKA==, figureFileBig=roZmY/AGVHuH4yCUeZPovg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960254491914403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656216948896632, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=wDmYHa9pSd/mlGBS1q/eHA==, figureFileBig=SNUTxWF14eBqPM9djFPbTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960254705823929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656216948896632, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Hotelling's T<sup>2</sup> and DModX control charts for samples in each dataset. A: Hotelling's T<sup>2</sup> control chart for samples in training set; B: DModX control chart for samples in training set; C: Hotelling's T<sup>2</sup> control chart for samples in validation set; D: DModX control chart for samples in validation set. The 5 denoted regions of C and D contains data of different datasets. a: NOC/Val; b: AOC/Valve; c: AOC/TempL; d: AOC/TempH; e: AOC/Liquid , figureFileSmall=wDmYHa9pSd/mlGBS1q/eHA==, figureFileBig=SNUTxWF14eBqPM9djFPbTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960254852624578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656216948896632, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=iCnVK6fg2on28YmcZi4Cdw==, figureFileBig=/3RKfUlPSVxwuyzId9WR2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960255045562588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656216948896632, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= PCA score plots of samples in validation set. 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Sample set Classification Experimental condition Dataset Sample number
Training set NOC Normal dripping conditionsa NOC/Train 599
Validation set AOC Dripper valve opening reduced to 50% AOC/Valve 400
Liquid temperature reduced to 65 ℃ AOC/TempL 400
Liquid temperature increased to 100 ℃ AOC/TempH 400
Liquid weight increased to 330 g AOC/Liquid 400
NOC Normal dripping conditions NOC/Val 100
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Sample classification, experimental conditions, and dataset partitioning. The samples in training set were used for establishment of PCA model, and samples in validation set were used for validation of PCA model. PCA: Principal component analysis; NOC: Normal operation condition; AOC: Abnormal operation condition. aThe normal dripping conditions were as follows: the liquid temperature was 80 ℃, the liquid weight was 130 g, and the dripper valve was opened to 100%

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Sample set Classification Experimental condition Dataset Sample number
Training set NOC Normal dripping conditionsa NOC/Train 599
Validation set AOC Dripper valve opening reduced to 50% AOC/Valve 400
Liquid temperature reduced to 65 ℃ AOC/TempL 400
Liquid temperature increased to 100 ℃ AOC/TempH 400
Liquid weight increased to 330 g AOC/Liquid 400
NOC Normal dripping conditions NOC/Val 100
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Feature Calculation method
Droplet width at point B ($ {d}_{\mathrm{B}} $) Droplet width at point B
Droplet width at point C ($ {d}_{\mathrm{C}} $) Droplet width at point C
Length of AB segment ($ {l}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}} $) Number of data points between nodes A and B
Length of BC segment ($ {l}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{C}} $) Number of data points between nodes B and C
Slope of AB segment ($ {k}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}}=\frac{{d}_{\mathrm{B}}}{{l}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}}} $) Ratio of droplet width at point B to the length of AB segment
Slope of BC segment ($ {k}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{C}}=\frac{{d}_{\mathrm{B}}}{{l}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{C}}} $) Ratio of droplet width at point B to the length of BC segment
Half peak width of AC segment ($ w $) Number of data points between the points corresponding to the half maximum width within AB segment and BC segment
Droplet widths at the third equidistant points of the AB segment ($ {d}_{\frac{1}{3}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}} $, $ {d}_{\frac{2}{3}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}} $) Droplet widths at the third equidistant points of the number of data points within AB segment
Droplet widths at the third equidistant points of the BC segment ($ {d}_{\frac{1}{3}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{C}} $, $ {d}_{\frac{2}{3}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{C}} $) Droplet widths at the third equidistant points of the number of data points within BC segment
Droplet spacing ($ s $) Number of data points between point A of the current droplet and point A of the previous droplet
), ArticleFig(id=1198960256425488719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656216948896632, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Features and calculation methods

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Feature Calculation method
Droplet width at point B ($ {d}_{\mathrm{B}} $) Droplet width at point B
Droplet width at point C ($ {d}_{\mathrm{C}} $) Droplet width at point C
Length of AB segment ($ {l}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}} $) Number of data points between nodes A and B
Length of BC segment ($ {l}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{C}} $) Number of data points between nodes B and C
Slope of AB segment ($ {k}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}}=\frac{{d}_{\mathrm{B}}}{{l}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}}} $) Ratio of droplet width at point B to the length of AB segment
Slope of BC segment ($ {k}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{C}}=\frac{{d}_{\mathrm{B}}}{{l}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{C}}} $) Ratio of droplet width at point B to the length of BC segment
Half peak width of AC segment ($ w $) Number of data points between the points corresponding to the half maximum width within AB segment and BC segment
Droplet widths at the third equidistant points of the AB segment ($ {d}_{\frac{1}{3}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}} $, $ {d}_{\frac{2}{3}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}} $) Droplet widths at the third equidistant points of the number of data points within AB segment
Droplet widths at the third equidistant points of the BC segment ($ {d}_{\frac{1}{3}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{C}} $, $ {d}_{\frac{2}{3}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{C}} $) Droplet widths at the third equidistant points of the number of data points within BC segment
Droplet spacing ($ s $) Number of data points between point A of the current droplet and point A of the previous droplet
), ArticleFig(id=1198960256538734937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656216948896632, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Statistical index NOC false alarm rate/% AOC missing report rate/%
Train Val Valve TempL TempH Liquid
95% Hotelling's T2 2.00 3.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 2.50
95% DModX 8.68 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
99% Hotelling's T2 0.33 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 5.75
99% DModX 2.17 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
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False alarm rate or missing report rate of PCA model on each dataset

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Statistical index NOC false alarm rate/% AOC missing report rate/%
Train Val Valve TempL TempH Liquid
95% Hotelling's T2 2.00 3.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 2.50
95% DModX 8.68 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
99% Hotelling's T2 0.33 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 5.75
99% DModX 2.17 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
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Abnormal class Sample number Misclassified number Prediction error rate
Training Validation Training Validation Training Validation
Valve 320 80 0 0 0.00% 0.00%
TempL 320 80 0 0 0.00% 0.00%
TempH 320 80 0 0 0.00% 0.00%
Liquid 320 80 1 0 0.31% 0.00%
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Dataset partitioning, misclassified sample number and prediction error rate of K-nearest neighbor (KNN) model on each data set

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Abnormal class Sample number Misclassified number Prediction error rate
Training Validation Training Validation Training Validation
Valve 320 80 0 0 0.00% 0.00%
TempL 320 80 0 0 0.00% 0.00%
TempH 320 80 0 0 0.00% 0.00%
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基于激光检测和多变量数据分析技术的滴丸滴制过程监控方法研究
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陈杭 1, 2 , 张胜 1, 2 , 瞿海斌 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 中药制造质量控制与智能制造 2023,58(10): 2914-2921
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药学学报 |专题报道: 中药制造质量控制与智能制造 2023 , 58 (10) : 2914 -2921
基于激光检测和多变量数据分析技术的滴丸滴制过程监控方法研究
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陈杭1, 2, 张胜1, 2, 瞿海斌1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.浙江大学药学院药物信息学研究所, 浙江 杭州 310058
  • 2.组分中药国家重点实验室浙江大学交叉创新中心, 浙江 杭州 310058
通讯作者:
*瞿海斌, Tel: 86-571-88208428, E-mail:
Research on monitoring method of dripping pills dripping process based on laser detection and multivariate data analysis technology
Hang CHEN1, 2, Sheng ZHANG1, 2, Hai-bin QU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
  • 2. Innovation Center in Zhejiang University, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
出版时间: 2023-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0202
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当前滴丸生产过程数字化、智能化水平较低, 缺乏过程监控方法, 难以有效控制滴丸的质量。因此, 本文提出了一种基于激光检测技术和多变量数据分析(multivariate data analysis, MVDA) 技术的滴丸滴制过程在线监控方法。该方法首先通过激光检测器高频采集滴丸滴制过程中下落液滴的宽度数据, 其次基于宽度数据对每个液滴选取节点并提取特征指标, 然后基于正常工艺条件下的特征数据集建立主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA) 模型, 选择Hotelling's T2或DModX统计量判断滴制过程的液滴是否异常, 并通过主成分得分图结合K近邻(K-nearest neighbor, KNN) 算法对异常进行分类和诊断。本文以银杏叶滴丸的滴制过程为例, 考察了该方法的可行性, 结果表明所得到的模型对滴头阀门开度异常、药液温度异常、药液量异常具有较好的检测和诊断能力, 该方法可为滴丸剂的工业生产提供一定的参考。

滴丸  /  过程监控  /  多变量统计过程控制  /  激光检测  /  主成分分析

At present, the digitalization and intelligence level of dripping pills production process is low, and there is a lack of process monitoring methods, which makes it difficult to effectively control the quality of dripping pills. Therefore, this paper proposed an online monitoring method for the dripping process of dripping pills based on laser detection technology and multivariate data analysis (MVDA) technology. Firstly, the width data of the falling droplets during the dripping process of the dripping pills were collected by the laser detector at a high frequency. Secondly, based on the width data, the nodes were selected for each droplet and the features were extracted. Then, the principal component analysis (PCA) model was established based on the feature dataset under normal process conditions, and Hotelling's T2 or DModX statistic was selected to determine whether the droplets in the dripping process were abnormal, and the abnormalities were classified and diagnosed by the principal component score map combined with K-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm. In this study, the feasibility of this method was investigated by taking the dripping process of Ginkgo biloba leaf dripping pills as an example. The results showed that the obtained model has good detection and diagnosis ability for abnormal valve opening, abnormal liquid temperature, and abnormal liquid volume. This method can provide some reference for the industrial production of dripping pills.

dripping pills  /  process monitoring  /  multivariate statistical process control  /  laser detection  /  principal component analysis
陈杭, 张胜, 瞿海斌. 基于激光检测和多变量数据分析技术的滴丸滴制过程监控方法研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (10) : 2914 -2921 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0202
Hang CHEN, Sheng ZHANG, Hai-bin QU. Research on monitoring method of dripping pills dripping process based on laser detection and multivariate data analysis technology[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (10) : 2914 -2921 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0202
滴丸剂是将原料药物通过混合方法均匀分散于合适的熔融基质中后, 滴入不相混溶、互不作用的冷凝介质中, 由于表面张力作用而收缩冷凝形成的可供口服的球形或类球形制剂[1]。滴丸剂一般以水溶性基质作为载体, 具有溶出起效快、生物利用度高等优势[2], 因此得到了日益广泛的应用。
滴丸的生产工序分为混料、滴制、洗丸、晾丸、筛丸和包衣等步骤, 其中滴制工序是关键工序[3]。在滴制过程中, 混合药液从恒温滴罐中经滴头流出形成液滴, 并与滴头分离落入冷凝液中, 药液温度、滴头阀门开度或滴罐中的药液液位都会影响滴丸的丸重或者丸形。当前滴丸工业生产中, 操作人员普遍采用从滴头处采集液滴并进行称重的方法来判断液滴重量是否合格, 若不合格, 则通过手动微调滴头阀门开度进行调整。但离线称重的方法存在取样时间间隔较大, 无法及时反馈至生产过程, 人力物力消耗较大等问题, 且该方法难以及时发现过程的异常, 也无法辨析异常发生的原因。
为使工业生产过程保持在较优状态, 过程监控的应用尤为重要。多变量统计过程控制(multivariate statistical process control, MSPC) 是一种在工业生产中常用的过程监控方法。MSPC通过多变量数据分析(multivariate data analysis, MVDA) 方法从原始数据集中提取有用信息, 并构造统计指标[4]用于异常检测和诊断。其中主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA) 是一种常用的MSPC方法, 将相关的原始变量投影为相互正交的主成分。从原始数据至主成分的变换通过载荷矩阵实现, 载荷矩阵是将原始数据线性组合为主成分的系数矩阵。在PCA变换中, 第1个主成分最优地从数据中提取变异信息, 后续的主成分依次从残差中提取变异信息, 因此原始数据中的大部分信息被包含在前若干个的主成分中, 可以舍弃后面的主成分以降低数据的维度[5]。通常以二维主成分得分图和载荷向量图实现保留主成分的可视化, 以Hotelling's T2、DModX等统计指标来监控生产过程。其中Hotelling's T2表征样本在得分平面的投影至原点的距离, 即主成分空间内的变异; DModX表征样本至得分平面的距离, 即残差空间内的变异。
目前已有研究基于图像技术实现滴丸外型缺陷检测[6]和滴制过程丸重在线检测[7], 但以上两种基于图像的在线检测方法对数据存储和处理速度要求较高。此外目前缺少滴丸滴制过程异常检测与诊断的相关研究。本文在已有在线激光丸重检测工作[8]基础之上, 提出了一种利用液滴宽度数据中的隐藏信息快速发现滴制过程异常的过程监控方法。
银杏是常见药用植物, 干燥银杏叶经现代工艺加工可得提取物, 用于滴丸等剂型的制备[9]。银杏叶滴丸具有活血化瘀、通络止痛、敛肺平喘、化浊降脂的功效[1, 10], 在临床上具有广泛的应用。本文以银杏叶滴丸的滴制过程为例, 考察滴丸滴制过程监控方法的可行性。
药品与试剂  银杏叶提取物(Ginkgo biloba leaf extract, GBE, 批号181207, 浙江康恩贝制药有限公司); 聚乙二醇4000 (polyethylene glycol 4000, PEG 4000, 批号FS 190507142, 辽宁奥克辅料有限公司); 石油醚(批号20200923、20201104, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 二甲基硅油(350Cst, 批号20160901, 江西阿尔法高科药业有限公司)。
仪器设备  电子天平(型号AE 240, 瑞士METTLER TOLEDO公司); 循环浴(型号SY-20, 郑州长城科工贸有限公司); 数显电动搅拌器(型号ES-60M, 常州峥嵘仪器有限公司); 激光测微仪(型号IG-028) 和传感放大器(型号IG-1000) (日本KEYENCE公司); 数据采集卡(型号cDAQ-9171, 美国National Instruments公司); 高精度多功能滴丸机(型号51-C-OIL-02, 北京瑞尔腾普科技有限公司)。
银杏叶滴丸制备流程
药液制备  按照《中华人民共和国药典》 (2020年版) 的银杏叶滴丸原辅料配方比[1], 取比例为4∶11 (w/w) 的银杏叶提取物与聚乙二醇4000, 置于80 ℃油浴中加热至熔融状态后使用电动搅拌器搅拌至均匀, 得到可用于滴制的熔融药液。
滴丸滴制  取130 g上述混合均匀的药液加入滴丸机滴罐, 待滴罐内药液温度稳定在80 ℃, 冷凝液温度梯度稳定在管口25 ℃、进液口15 ℃后, 将滴头阀门开度设为100%, 开始滴制过程。在冷凝液出口收集滴丸后, 经过洗丸、晾丸和筛丸等后续处理即可得到滴丸成品。
实验设计  影响滴丸滴制过程的工艺参数较多, 例如药液温度、药液量、冷凝液温度梯度、药液混合均匀度、药液原辅料比例、滴罐压力、滴头出口形状、滴头出口直径以及滴罐药液是否搅拌等[11]。本文聚焦于药液从滴罐流出至落入冷凝液之间的液滴形成过程, 根据滴丸机的实际操作条件, 选择滴头阀门开度、滴罐药液温度、药液量(即滴罐中药液液位) 这3个工艺参数作为考察因素, 以银杏叶滴丸制备流程中所述的滴制条件为正常工艺条件, 将滴头阀门开度异常减小、药液温度异常降低、药液温度异常升高、药液量异常增加作为4类异常工艺条件, 并使用激光检测器采集正常滴制条件(normal operation condition, NOC) 下的液滴宽度数据以及异常滴制条件(abnormal operation condition, AOC) 下的液滴宽度数据。本文中激光检测器的安装方法、连接方式、安装位置(主要是与滴头的相对位置) 和参数设置等均与之前的研究[8]相同。
使用激光检测器采集液滴宽度数据的过程示意如图 1C所示, 高黏度的药液经滴头流出后黏附于滴头形成液滴并不断生长、拉长; 液滴底部通过检测区域时开始采集到非零值宽度数据; 液滴逐渐下落, 进一步拉伸形成细丝; 细丝逐渐拉长直至断裂, 液滴完全分离, 检测器重新采集到零值宽度数据[12, 13]。在此过程中, 激光检测器采集得到上述液滴形成过程中, 液滴通过距滴头固定垂直距离处时的宽度数据。
所采集的液滴宽度数据的分类如表 1所示, 其中NOC条件下的数据可反映正常工艺条件下的液滴形态, 用于建立PCA模型; AOC条件下的数据可模拟4类异常工艺条件下的液滴形态, 用于验证该模型的过程监控性能。将每一个液滴通过激光检测器检测区域期间对应的宽度数据作为一个样本, 其中NOC条件下有699个样本, 将其中的100个作为验证集, 剩余599个作为训练集。
数据处理与建模方法
监控方法建立与应用流程  本文所提出的银杏叶滴丸滴制过程监控方法建立与应用流程如图 2所示。首先采集正常工艺条件下的液滴宽度数据, 提取相关特征指标以对数据进行压缩, 然后根据特征指标建立PCA模型, 并模拟正常和异常工艺条件下的液滴宽度数据计算得到的特征指标验证PCA模型的性能。验证完成后的模型可用于滴丸滴制过程的在线监控: 实时在线采集滴制过程的液滴宽度数据, 每采集完一个液滴的宽度数据后, 提取该液滴的特征指标, 再使用已完成验证的PCA模型进行过程监测, 若检测出异常, 则触发报警提示信息, 否则进行下一个液滴的检测。
液滴节点选取  激光检测器测得的原始连续数据曲线如图 1A所示(图中展示了4个液滴的数据), 每个液滴通过检测器的检测区域时形成一个脉冲信号, 其余时间均为零值, 因此可将激光检测器测得的连续宽度数据按液滴进行划分, 零值之间的一个完整脉冲信号即一个液滴的宽度数据。对于每一个液滴, 如图 1B所示, 取4个节点并将其划分为3段, 其中A点为液滴底部通过检测区域时刻, B点为液滴宽度最大处通过检测区域时刻, C点为液体开始拉丝时刻, D点为液体断裂时刻。各节点所对应的液滴实际位置如图 1D所示。本文通过Python语言自编脚本选取液滴节点, 各节点的选取方法为: 从上一液滴的脉冲信号结束时刻(宽度数据为零值) 开始向后遍历, 宽度数据出现非零值的时刻为A点, 宽度数据达到最大值的时刻为B点, 宽度数据回归零值的时刻为D点; C点的选取方法为从B点开始向后遍历, 直至第$ i $点满足式1条件, 则将该点选取为C点。
$\frac{{d}_{i}-{d}_{i+N}}{{d}_{i}} < \Delta$
式1中, $ {d}_{i} $为第$ i $点处的液滴宽度, $ {d}_{i+N} $为第$ i $点后$ N $个点处的液滴宽度, $ \mathrm{\Delta } $为判定阈值。对于本文中的银杏叶滴丸, 经过优选确定N = 15, Δ = 0.05。
特征指标提取  对于每个液滴, 其CD段为拉丝阶段, 拉丝造成的液滴宽度波动较大, 易对有效信息的提取造成干扰, 因此仅提取AB段和BC段的特征指标。对于每个液滴的宽度数据, 计算特征指标。本文通过Python语言自编脚本提取液滴特征指标, 各特征指标及其计算方法如表 2所示。需要注意的是, 此处的液滴间隔($ s $) 表示当前液滴A点与上一液滴的A点间相隔的数据点数, 液滴间隔增大(减小), 滴制速度减慢(加快)。
PCA模型建立与验证  本文采用SIMCA软件(版本14.1, 德国Sartorius公司) 建立用于滴丸滴制过程监控的PCA模型。在建模时以NOC下的液滴特征指标为训练集建立PCA模型, 以Hotelling's T2和DModX控制限作为异常检测指标; 再利用该模型预测模拟的NOC和AOC下的样本, 通过观察Hotelling's T2和DModX控制图中样本超出控制限的情况, 判断模型是否通过验证。若模型通过验证则可用于滴丸滴制过程的在线监控。
对“NOC/Train”数据集的数据进行节点选取、特征指标提取得到一系列特征指标, 建立PCA模型并选取前4个主成分, 此时R2为0.851, 即模型可以解释85.1%的总变异。正常滴制条件样本的Hotelling's T2、DModX控制图如图 3AB所示。若采用95%置信度下Hotelling's T2、DModX的阈值作为异常的警戒限, 误报率均高于2%; 若采用99%置信度下Hotelling's T2、DModX的阈值作为异常的警戒限, 误报率分别为0.33%和2.17%。
PCA模型建立完成后, 以AOC条件和NOC条件下的样本对模型的异常检测性能进行验证。得到的Hotelling's T2控制图和DModX控制图如图 3CD所示, 分别以95%和99%置信限为异常检测指标, 各数据集上的误报率或漏报率如表 3所示。若采用DModX控制限作为异常检测指标, 各AOC条件下的样本漏报率均为0, 但NOC条件下的样本误报率较高; 若采用Hotelling's T2控制限作为异常检测指标, NOC条件下的样本误报率较低, 但药液量异常增加条件下的样本漏报率较高。因此在实际生产中, 企业应当根据自身需求, 选择合适的统计量作为过程监控指标, 若更关注误报率, 则应选择99%置信度下的Hotelling's T2控制限, 若更关注漏报率, 则应选择99%置信度下的DModX控制限。
Hotelling's T2、DModX指标仅可用于判断滴制过程是否发生异常, 不能用于辨析引起异常的原因。而主成分得分图可以将各异常情况下的样本投影至二维空间, 可以直观地反映各异常样本之间的关系, 因此可以通过考察验证集内样本的主成分得分分布, 诊断异常发生的原因。验证集样本的各得分图如图 4所示, 在图 4A中得分图的第1/2主成分空间上, NOC样本与AOC样本没有分离, 且AOC中的大部分样分布在Hotelling's T2置信限内, 故在第1/2主成分空间上无法对各个异常进行分类。在图 4B~E中, 不同AOC条件下的样本可以一定程度上分离开, 但仍存在较大的重合范围, 即异常分类效果仍欠佳。而在图 4F中的第3/4主成分空间上, NOC样本基本落在Hotelling's T2置信限内, 4类AOC条件下的样本基本落在置信限外且能较好地分离: 滴头阀门开度异常减小条件下的样本均分布在第1/2象限分界处, 且除1个样本落在99%置信限内, 其余样本都落在置信限外; 药液温度异常降低条件下的样本均分布在第2象限内靠近第3象限处, 所有样本都落在置信限外; 药液温度异常升高条件下的样本均分布在第1象限内, 所有样本都落在置信限外; 药液量异常增加条件下的样本贯穿第1/3/4象限, 且少量样本落在置信限内, 该异常条件下的样本相较于其他条件较为分散。因此通过观察第3/4主成分空间的得分图, 可以较为准确地对各AOC条件下的样本进行分类, 实现异常诊断的目的。
在主成分得分图的基础上, 采用K近邻(K-nearest neighbor, KNN) 算法实现异常自动诊断。KNN算法是较为简单和成熟的机器学习算法, 该算法的思想是, 若一个样本在特征空间中的K个最邻近样本大多数属于某一类, 则该样本也被判断为属于该类[14]。将AOC内各异常条件下的样本按4∶1的数量比随机划分为训练集与验证集, 分别用于KNN模型的建立与验证。各数据集的样本数量、KNN模型在各数据集上的错误分类数及错误率如表 4所示。KNN模型能对阀门开度异常和药液温度异常实现较为准确的诊断, 而对药液量异常的诊断有一定错误率。造成药液量异常诊断错误可能的原因是在得分图的第3/4主成分空间上, 药液量异常条件下的样本较为分散, 部分样本靠近正常样本和药液温度偏高异常条件下的样本。
为更深入地了解根据主成分得分图进行异常诊断的原理, 剖析第3/4主成分的构成细节, 其载荷图如图 5所示。$ w $$ s $$ {d}_{\mathrm{B}} $在载荷向量P[3] 中的权重绝对值较大, $ {d}_{\mathrm{B}} $在载荷向量P[4] 中的权重绝对值较大。因此, $ w $$ s $$ {d}_{\mathrm{B}} $这3个特征指标对于滴制过程的异常诊断具有重要意义。
制备银杏叶滴丸的混合药液为高黏度非牛顿流体[8], 非牛顿流体在滴落过程会产生长细丝, 该细丝的宽度会随时间呈指数衰减, 衰减速度由液体性质决定[15-17], 因此不同的液体性质会造成液滴形态的变化。在本文中, 不同的异常工艺条件造成液体性质的变化, 进而导致液滴形态发生改变。
各液滴特征对4类异常的贡献图如图 6所示, 可以发现$ {d}_{\mathrm{B}} $$ w $$ s $是贡献度最高的特征。当阀门开度异常减小时, 液滴在B点处的宽度($ {d}_{\mathrm{B}} $), 即最大宽度明显变大, 且相邻液滴的间隔($ s $) 明显增大, 即滴速明显变慢; 造成该现象可能的原因是阀门开度大幅减小导致药液对滴头的黏附力增强, 克服黏附力需要的药液重力明显增大。当药液温度异常偏低时, AC段的半峰宽($ w $) 明显变大, 且相邻液滴的间隔明显增大, 即滴速明显变慢; 造成该现象可能的原因是药液温度降低导致黏度变大, 药液流速变慢导致滴速变慢, 且液滴下落速度变慢, 使得激光检测器测得的液滴宽度曲线趋于扁平, 即AC段的半峰宽变大。当药液温度异常偏高时, 液滴在B点处的宽度, 即最大宽度明显变大, AC段的半峰宽明显变小, 且相邻液滴的间隔明显增大, 即滴速明显变快; 造成该现象可能的原因是温度升高导致药液黏度变低, 进而导致药液流动加快, 滴速加快, 液滴下落速度加快, 使得激光检测器测得的液滴宽度曲线趋于高耸, 即AC段的半峰宽变小。当药液量异常增加时, 液滴在B点处的宽度, 即最大宽度明显变小, 且相邻液滴的间隔明显减小, 即滴速明显变快; 造成该现象可能的原因是药液量增加导致对滴罐底部药液的压力增大, 流动加快, 滴速加快。
本文提出了一种基于激光检测技术和多变量数据分析技术的滴丸滴制过程监控方法, 并以银杏叶滴丸的滴制过程为例考察了该方法的可行性。该方法对激光检测器测得的液滴下落过程中的宽度数据进行节点选取、特征提取、PCA模型, 并以4种异常滴制条件下的样本验证模型的过程监控能力, 同时通过主成分得分图结合K近邻算法对4种异常进行分类和诊断。结果表明该模型对于阀门开度异常减小、药液温度异常偏低或偏高、药液量异常增加4类工艺条件异常有较强的检测和诊断能力。综上所述, 本文提出的滴丸滴制过程监控方法可以检测并诊断滴丸滴制过程中的异常条件, 对滴丸的工业生产具有一定的参考价值。
作者贡献: 陈杭负责实验工作、数据处理及文章撰写、修改; 张胜负责数据处理指导、写作指导及文章修改; 瞿海斌负责选题、思路提出、实验指导与文章修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家中医药管理局“组分中药与智能制药多学科交叉创新团队”项目(ZYYCXTD-D-2020002)
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2023年第58卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0202
  • 接收时间:2023-02-20
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-20
  • 修回日期:2023-04-20
基金
国家中医药管理局“组分中药与智能制药多学科交叉创新团队”项目(ZYYCXTD-D-2020002)
作者信息
    1.浙江大学药学院药物信息学研究所, 浙江 杭州 310058
    2.组分中药国家重点实验室浙江大学交叉创新中心, 浙江 杭州 310058

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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