Article(id=1198656220002350044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0166, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1676390400000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-15, revisedDate=1691596800000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711512803, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1697040000000, pubDateStr=2023-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711512803, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711512803, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711512803, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656209390764948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='10', pageStart='2835', pageEnd='3150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1697040000000', pubDateStr='2023-10-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711510274, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763711659007, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656833280897539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656833280897540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3108, endPage=3115, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656220488889339, articleId=1198656220002350044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Binder jet 3D printing composite bilayer tablet of extended-release printing technology in the study, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the dual needs of analgesia and anti-inflammation in trauma treatment, this study uses acetaminophen and moxifloxacin hydrochloride as active pharmaceutical ingredients and develops a composite bilayer tablet with a dual-phase drug release system by using binder jet 3D printing technology. Due to the complexity of the 3D printing process, there is an interaction between the various parameters. Through the optimization of the process, the relationship between the key process parameters can be determined more intuitively. In this study, the process of extended-release tablets was optimized to maintain the mechanical properties of the tablets while realizing the regulation of release. The full-factor experimental design of three central points 23 was used to analyze the factors that significantly affect the quality attributes of extended-release tablets and the interaction between factors. The optimal extended-release process parameters were obtained by the response optimizer: the inkjet quantity of the printing ink was 10 (about 13.8 pL), the powder thickness was 180 μm, and the running speed was 360 mm·s-1. The in vitro of release of 3D printed composite bilayer tablets showed that the in vitro of release of 3D printed tablets and commercially available tablets conformed to the Ritger-Peppas release model. The results of porosity showed that the immediate-release layer of the preparation has many pores and large pore size, and the dissolution of the immediate release layer within 15 min was greater than 85%. The internal pore size of the extended release layer is large, but it can still release slowly for up to 8 h, the mechanism may be related to the extended release of HPMC gelation. On the basis of verifying the rationality of the design goal of 3D printed composite bilayer tablets, this study also provides a theoretical basis for the preparation of 3D printing complex preparations.

, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-lan GUO, Shan-shan WANG, Xiao-xuan HONG, Xiao-lu HAN, Hui ZHANG, Nan LIU, Zeng-ming WANG, Chun-di HU, Ai-ping ZHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chun-di HU, Ai-ping ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656224246984976, articleId=1198656220002350044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=黏结剂喷射型3D打印复方双层片中的缓释打印工艺研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于创伤救治中镇痛抗炎的双重需求, 本研究以对乙酰氨基酚、盐酸莫西沙星为模型药, 采用黏结剂喷射型3D打印技术开发具有双相释药系统的复方双层片。因3D打印工艺复杂, 各个参数之间存在相互影响, 通过对工艺的优化可以较为直观地确定关键工艺参数之间的关系。本研究通过对缓释层片剂工艺的优化以保持片剂机械性能的同时实现释放的调控, 利用三个中心点23的全因子实验设计, 分析显著影响缓释层片剂质量属性的因子及因子之间的交互作用, 并通过响应优化器获得了最优的缓释工艺参数: 喷墨量为10 (约为13.8 pL), 厚度为180 μm, 运行速度为360 mm·s-1。对3D打印复方双层片进行体外释放研究表明, 3D打印片剂和市售片剂的体外释放均符合Ritger-Peppas释药模型; 孔隙率结果表明该制剂的速释层孔隙多、孔径较大, 可实现速释层在15 min内的溶出度大于85%的要求, 缓释层内部孔径较大, 但仍能持续长达8 h的缓慢释放, 其机制可能与HPMC胶凝化延缓释放有关。本研究在验证3D打印复方双层片设计目标合理性的基础上, 也为3D打印复杂制剂的制备提供了理论依据。

, authors=null, authorsList=郭文兰, 王珊珊, 洪晓轩, 韩晓璐, 张慧, 刘楠, 王增明, 胡春弟, 郑爱萍, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=胡春弟, 郑爱萍, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*胡春弟, E-mail: ;
郑爱萍,Tel: 86-10-66931694, E-mail:
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J Control Release, 2020, 324: 695-727, articleTitle=Hypromellose - a traditional pharmaceutical excipient with modern applications in oral and oromucosal drug delivery, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960253011329314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656220002350044, awardId=82073793, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(82073793), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960242269716655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656220002350044, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960242311659702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656220002350044, companyId=1198960242269716655, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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A: Physical picture of 3D printing of composite bilayer tablet; B: Release curve of 3DP composite bilayers and commercial tablets-tylenol; C: Release curve of 3DP composite bilayers and commercial tablets-Avelox , figureFileSmall=qMpj4sfvjqPEPrbjLiSunQ==, figureFileBig=hLK5MdEVnLF7E1fBlM3SXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960251002257488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656220002350044, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Factor Level
-1 0 1
A Inkjet quantity 8 9 10
B Thickness/μm 0.14 0.17 0.20
C Running speed/mm·s-1 200 280 360
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Factor level of all-factor experiment. Thickness: Single layer thickness

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Factor Level
-1 0 1
A Inkjet quantity 8 9 10
B Thickness/μm 0.14 0.17 0.20
C Running speed/mm·s-1 200 280 360
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Dependent variable Target
Y1 Hardness Maximization 35-70 N
Y2 Friability Minimization 0-10%
Y3 In vitro release Optimization ——
Y4 Running time Minimization 7-10 min
Y5 Appearance Optimization Regular/rounded
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Respond value of all-factor experiment

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Dependent variable Target
Y1 Hardness Maximization 35-70 N
Y2 Friability Minimization 0-10%
Y3 In vitro release Optimization ——
Y4 Running time Minimization 7-10 min
Y5 Appearance Optimization Regular/rounded
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Number Inkjet quantity Thickness/mm Running speed/mm·s-1
1 10 0.20 200
2 9 0.17 280
3 8 0.14 360
4 8 0.20 360
5 9 0.17 280
6 10 0.14 200
7 10 0.14 360
8 9 0.17 280
9 10 0.20 360
10 8 0.14 200
11 8 0.20 200
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The full factor of operation sequence design

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Number Inkjet quantity Thickness/mm Running speed/mm·s-1
1 10 0.20 200
2 9 0.17 280
3 8 0.14 360
4 8 0.20 360
5 9 0.17 280
6 10 0.14 200
7 10 0.14 360
8 9 0.17 280
9 10 0.20 360
10 8 0.14 200
11 8 0.20 200
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Number Hardness /N Friability /% Running time/min 15 min 1 h 4 h Appearance
Releasing rate/% SD*/% Releasing rate/% SD/% Releasing rate/% SD/%
1.00 41.83 6.63 8.55 21.98 1.04 45.59 4.49 94.45 8.16 4
2.00 35.30 7.99 9.48 35.79 7.83 55.19 8.24 90.87 4.09 3
3.00 24.03 8.95 11.14 34.29 8.50 60.66 4.44 95.49 2.07 2
4.00 20.39 10.67 7.47 35.09 2.35 58.45 2.51 99.68 2.42 1
5.00 34.49 7.23 9.47 24.97 3.19 46.11 8.33 91.08 5.12 3
6.00 65.54 3.70 12.53 12.82 1.65 30.29 5.16 74.27 2.75 4
7.00 64.75 4.59 11.14 16.60 2.50 33.38 3.55 83.45 1.87 4
8.00 35.07 7.67 9.47 30.57 8.37 50.77 7.53 89.97 4.30 3
9.00 40.27 7.07 7.47 30.98 6.26 51.63 5.02 90.16 1.26 4
10.00 23.57 7.24 12.52 20.47 2.36 44.89 9.27 95.44 11.17 2
11.00 20.67 9.38 8.84 29.63 3.56 51.63 4.13 95.29 2.26 1
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Design of experiment (DoE) results under different printing parameters. *Evaluation criteria of appearance: the appearance of tablets is divided into four levels according to their advantages and disadvantages. Score 4: Excellent-tablets had complete rules and good appea-rance; Score 3: Good-tablets were complete, and the local area was slightly irregular but acceptable; Score 2: Poor-tablets were complete but their overall regularity is poor; Score 1: Very poor-tablets were incomplete (such as displacement occurs between layers) or severely irregular shape. SD: Standard deviation

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Number Hardness /N Friability /% Running time/min 15 min 1 h 4 h Appearance
Releasing rate/% SD*/% Releasing rate/% SD/% Releasing rate/% SD/%
1.00 41.83 6.63 8.55 21.98 1.04 45.59 4.49 94.45 8.16 4
2.00 35.30 7.99 9.48 35.79 7.83 55.19 8.24 90.87 4.09 3
3.00 24.03 8.95 11.14 34.29 8.50 60.66 4.44 95.49 2.07 2
4.00 20.39 10.67 7.47 35.09 2.35 58.45 2.51 99.68 2.42 1
5.00 34.49 7.23 9.47 24.97 3.19 46.11 8.33 91.08 5.12 3
6.00 65.54 3.70 12.53 12.82 1.65 30.29 5.16 74.27 2.75 4
7.00 64.75 4.59 11.14 16.60 2.50 33.38 3.55 83.45 1.87 4
8.00 35.07 7.67 9.47 30.57 8.37 50.77 7.53 89.97 4.30 3
9.00 40.27 7.07 7.47 30.98 6.26 51.63 5.02 90.16 1.26 4
10.00 23.57 7.24 12.52 20.47 2.36 44.89 9.27 95.44 11.17 2
11.00 20.67 9.38 8.84 29.63 3.56 51.63 4.13 95.29 2.26 1
), ArticleFig(id=1198960252201828552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656220002350044, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Mode Tylenol 3D printed composite bilayer tablet
Related ratio (R) Zero-order release 0.48 0.66
First-order release 0.75 0.65
Higuchi 0.71 0.87
Ritger-Peppas 0.9 0.97
Regression equation Zero-order release y = 3.88x+65.24 y = 4.44x+56.91
First-order release y = 88(1-e-4.78t) y = 88.62(1-e-2.64t)
Higuchi y = 14.92x1/2+54.24 y = 18.86x1/2+43.69
Ritger-Peppas y = 72.48x0.14 y = 66.14x0.18
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Release fitting model of printed and commercial tablet. x: Time; y: Cumulative dissolution

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Mode Tylenol 3D printed composite bilayer tablet
Related ratio (R) Zero-order release 0.48 0.66
First-order release 0.75 0.65
Higuchi 0.71 0.87
Ritger-Peppas 0.9 0.97
Regression equation Zero-order release y = 3.88x+65.24 y = 4.44x+56.91
First-order release y = 88(1-e-4.78t) y = 88.62(1-e-2.64t)
Higuchi y = 14.92x1/2+54.24 y = 18.86x1/2+43.69
Ritger-Peppas y = 72.48x0.14 y = 66.14x0.18
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Parameter ER layer IR layer
Average pore diameter/μm 24.830 28.277
Porosity/% 60.59 62.79
Median pore diameter (volume) at 5.66 psia and 0.597 mL·g-1/μm 3.151 34.027
Median pore diameter (area) at 7.40 psia and 0.096 m2·g-1/μm 24.437 30.705
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Pore size parameters of 3D-printed compound double-layer tablets

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Parameter ER layer IR layer
Average pore diameter/μm 24.830 28.277
Porosity/% 60.59 62.79
Median pore diameter (volume) at 5.66 psia and 0.597 mL·g-1/μm 3.151 34.027
Median pore diameter (area) at 7.40 psia and 0.096 m2·g-1/μm 24.437 30.705
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黏结剂喷射型3D打印复方双层片中的缓释打印工艺研究
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郭文兰 1, 2 , 王珊珊 2 , 洪晓轩 2 , 韩晓璐 2 , 张慧 2 , 刘楠 2 , 王增明 2 , 胡春弟 1, * , 郑爱萍 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(10): 3108-3115
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药学学报 |研究论文 2023 , 58 (10) : 3108 -3115
黏结剂喷射型3D打印复方双层片中的缓释打印工艺研究
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郭文兰1, 2, 王珊珊2, 洪晓轩2, 韩晓璐2, 张慧2, 刘楠2, 王增明2, 胡春弟1, * , 郑爱萍2, *
作者信息
  • 1.湖北科技学院药学院, 湖北 咸宁 437100
  • 2.军事科学院军事医学研究院毒物药物研究所, 北京 100850
通讯作者:
*胡春弟, E-mail: ;
郑爱萍,Tel: 86-10-66931694, E-mail:
Binder jet 3D printing composite bilayer tablet of extended-release printing technology in the study
Wen-lan GUO1, 2, Shan-shan WANG2, Xiao-xuan HONG2, Xiao-lu HAN2, Hui ZHANG2, Nan LIU2, Zeng-ming WANG2, Chun-di HU1, * , Ai-ping ZHENG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Pharmacy School, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
  • 2. Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
出版时间: 2023-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0166
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基于创伤救治中镇痛抗炎的双重需求, 本研究以对乙酰氨基酚、盐酸莫西沙星为模型药, 采用黏结剂喷射型3D打印技术开发具有双相释药系统的复方双层片。因3D打印工艺复杂, 各个参数之间存在相互影响, 通过对工艺的优化可以较为直观地确定关键工艺参数之间的关系。本研究通过对缓释层片剂工艺的优化以保持片剂机械性能的同时实现释放的调控, 利用三个中心点23的全因子实验设计, 分析显著影响缓释层片剂质量属性的因子及因子之间的交互作用, 并通过响应优化器获得了最优的缓释工艺参数: 喷墨量为10 (约为13.8 pL), 厚度为180 μm, 运行速度为360 mm·s-1。对3D打印复方双层片进行体外释放研究表明, 3D打印片剂和市售片剂的体外释放均符合Ritger-Peppas释药模型; 孔隙率结果表明该制剂的速释层孔隙多、孔径较大, 可实现速释层在15 min内的溶出度大于85%的要求, 缓释层内部孔径较大, 但仍能持续长达8 h的缓慢释放, 其机制可能与HPMC胶凝化延缓释放有关。本研究在验证3D打印复方双层片设计目标合理性的基础上, 也为3D打印复杂制剂的制备提供了理论依据。

黏结剂喷射3D打印  /  对乙酰氨基酚  /  盐酸莫西沙星  /  全因子实验设计  /  工艺优化  /  释放模型拟合

Based on the dual needs of analgesia and anti-inflammation in trauma treatment, this study uses acetaminophen and moxifloxacin hydrochloride as active pharmaceutical ingredients and develops a composite bilayer tablet with a dual-phase drug release system by using binder jet 3D printing technology. Due to the complexity of the 3D printing process, there is an interaction between the various parameters. Through the optimization of the process, the relationship between the key process parameters can be determined more intuitively. In this study, the process of extended-release tablets was optimized to maintain the mechanical properties of the tablets while realizing the regulation of release. The full-factor experimental design of three central points 23 was used to analyze the factors that significantly affect the quality attributes of extended-release tablets and the interaction between factors. The optimal extended-release process parameters were obtained by the response optimizer: the inkjet quantity of the printing ink was 10 (about 13.8 pL), the powder thickness was 180 μm, and the running speed was 360 mm·s-1. The in vitro of release of 3D printed composite bilayer tablets showed that the in vitro of release of 3D printed tablets and commercially available tablets conformed to the Ritger-Peppas release model. The results of porosity showed that the immediate-release layer of the preparation has many pores and large pore size, and the dissolution of the immediate release layer within 15 min was greater than 85%. The internal pore size of the extended release layer is large, but it can still release slowly for up to 8 h, the mechanism may be related to the extended release of HPMC gelation. On the basis of verifying the rationality of the design goal of 3D printed composite bilayer tablets, this study also provides a theoretical basis for the preparation of 3D printing complex preparations.

binder jet 3D printing  /  acetaminophen  /  moxifloxacin hydrochloride  /  full factor experimental design  /  process optimization  /  release model fitting
郭文兰, 王珊珊, 洪晓轩, 韩晓璐, 张慧, 刘楠, 王增明, 胡春弟, 郑爱萍. 黏结剂喷射型3D打印复方双层片中的缓释打印工艺研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (10) : 3108 -3115 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0166
Wen-lan GUO, Shan-shan WANG, Xiao-xuan HONG, Xiao-lu HAN, Hui ZHANG, Nan LIU, Zeng-ming WANG, Chun-di HU, Ai-ping ZHENG. Binder jet 3D printing composite bilayer tablet of extended-release printing technology in the study[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (10) : 3108 -3115 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0166
伤口感染是战创伤中晚期发病和死亡的重要原因[1], 合理的镇痛抗炎处理是创伤救治中的一项不可忽视的内容。国际市场上镇痛药有10多个品种, 其中对乙酰氨基酚缓释片是世界上最常见的止痛药之一, 它提供非镇静的适度止痛效果, 既不会导致感觉减退, 也不会导致血小板功能减退[2]; 盐酸莫西沙星则是一种广谱抗生素, 可在创伤后避免伤口感染[3]。在美军的战伤救治中, 轻度疼痛伤员通常采取对乙酰氨基酚缓释片及盐酸莫西沙星片进行联合治疗[4-6], 而目前临床上针对创伤镇痛的复方制剂较少, 因此开发一种包含镇痛及抗炎药物的双相释药系统复方制剂具有较好的临床价值。
3D打印技术又称增材制造, 是一种在计算机软件控制下, 通过逐层沉积、层层叠加的方式来构建3D打印产品的技术[7, 8], 已被广泛应用于汽车、建筑、航空航天、医学等诸多领域。其中, 黏结剂喷射型3D打印技术(binder jet 3D printing, BJ-3DP) 是应用较为广泛的一种3D打印技术, 与传统制造工艺相比, BJ-3DP已显示出在创建个性化剂型的潜力, 即具有精准的调控液滴能力、允许高载药量、灵活的剂量及释放行为调整等, 十分适合高载药量的复方双层片的制备[9, 10]
本研究通过BJ-3DP技术制备一种具有双相释药系统的复方双层片, 该双层片包括含对乙酰氨基酚和盐酸莫西沙星的速释层以及含对乙酰氨基酚的缓释层, 能快速缓解创伤疼痛及炎症, 并有持久镇痛的效果, 减少服药次数, 从而改善患者用药依从性。使用BJ-3DP制备的片剂的机械性能通常较差, 如何确保制剂机械性能和释放性能的协调也是需要重点解决的问题[11-13], 且3D打印技术制备片剂是一个相当复杂的过程, 通过对工艺参数的优化可以较为直观地确定关键工艺参数之间的关系, 更好地指导3D打印制剂的开发。因此, 本研究使用全析因实验设计, 对双层片中主要影响片剂机械性能的缓释层打印工艺进行优化, 并得到了较好机械性能的双层片, 双层片中的速释层在15 min溶出85%以上, 而缓释层可持续释放8 h; 结合微观表征测试, 解决复杂结构3D打印制剂制备过程中的技术难点, 为3D打印复杂制剂的开发提供理论支撑。
药品与试剂  对乙酰氨基酚(湖北鑫鸣泰化学有限公司, 批号: 20220213); 盐酸莫西沙星(江苏天一时制药有限公司, 批号: C040-190103); 羟丙甲基纤维素(hypromellose, HPMC, 美国Ashland公司, 批号: 0001897168); 聚乙烯吡咯烷酮[polyvinylpyrrolidone, PVP, 巴斯夫(中国) 有限公司, 批号: 6010879377]; 乳糖(广州市天润药业有限公司, 批号: L101842318); 麦芽糖醇(上海福田药业有限公司, 批号: 221042704); 胶态二氧化硅(Aerosil 200, 德国赢创工业集团, 批号: 157062916); 甘油(南昌白云药业有限公司, 批号: 20180708); 泰诺® (Tylenol, 上海强生制药有限公司, 批号: 210609626); 拜富乐® (Avelox, 德国拜耳公司, 批号: BJ66235); 其余试剂均为分析纯, 实验用水为蒸馏水。
仪器  药物3D打印机(自研设备); 电子分析天平(XS105, 德国梅特勒); 料斗混合机(HSD 15, 浙江迦南科技股份有限公司); 片剂四用测定仪(SY-2D, 上海黄海药检仪器有限公司); 溶出测定仪(RC1207DP, 天津市天大天发科技有限公司); 扫描电镜(S-4800, 日本日立公司); 高性能全自动压汞仪(MicroActive AutoPore V 960, 美国麦克公司)。
粉体处方  缓释层粉体处方包括主药对乙酰氨基酚、缓释骨架材料HPMC、填充剂乳糖、黏合剂PVP及助流剂胶态二氧化硅; 速释层粉体处方包括主药对乙酰氨基酚和盐酸莫西沙星、填充剂麦芽糖醇、黏合剂PVP及助流剂胶态二氧化硅。原料药过100目筛, 其余辅料过120目筛, 按处方比例用混合料斗混合机分别对缓释及速释粉体进行混合。
打印液处方  缓释打印液组成为40%乙醇溶液(V/V, 基础有机溶剂) 含0.2% PVP (W/W, 黏合剂) 以及2%甘油(W/W, 增塑剂); 速释打印液组成为40%异丙醇溶液(V/V, 基础有机溶剂) 含0.1% PVP (W/W, 黏合剂) 以及4%甘油(W/W, 增塑剂)。
片剂模型的设计和打印  本实验采用自研药物3D打印机(图 1A) 进行3D打印片剂的制备。首先使用Rhino 6设计模型文件, 如图 1B所示, 其下层为速释层(对乙酰氨基酚规格325 mg, 盐酸莫西沙星规格200 mg), 上层为缓释层(对乙酰氨基酚规格325 mg); 设计的模型文件输出为STL (stereolithography) 格式, 将模型文件加载到3D打印机软件中进行切片, 最终将切片信息发送到打印机, 设置好打印参数后, 进行片剂的打印。
首先使用铺粉辊将粉体材料平铺于打印平台上, 然后打印头按照计算机设计好的路径以精确的速度, 将打印液喷射到粉床上, 打印液仅在设计模型的横截面上固化粉末, 剩余的粉末用于支撑, 该过程逐层重复, 直到打印完成。下层为速释层, 待速释层(immediate-release layer, IR layer) 打印完毕后, 更换缓释粉体及打印液, 设置参数后, 完成后续的缓释层(extended-release layer, ER layer) 的打印, 待打印完毕后, 将片剂干燥以除去有机溶剂和多余的水, 使用喷枪去除多余的粉末并收集片剂以提高产品质量。
全析因实验设计  根据单因素考察结果, 打印液喷墨量(以下简称喷墨量)、厚度及运行速度对片剂的质量具有十分重要的影响。当喷墨量过高(11) 时会导致打印过程中粉末床首层凸起, 片剂底部发生位移; 喷墨量过低(5、6) 则无法实现有效黏结, 故设定高水平为10, 低水平为7。厚度较小时可以增加粉体的黏合效果但易造成打印液过度渗透导致片剂较差的平整度, 同时影响打印效率; 而厚度过大则打印液无法完全渗透将影响粉体黏结效果, 从而导致较差的片剂机械性能; 厚度为0.14~0.20 mm时, 片剂的外观及机械性能均较好。运行速度在200~360 mm·s-1内进行打印, 除了对打印效率产生影响外, 均能实现片剂的有效黏结。结合以上单因素实验筛选, 在软件Minitab® 21.1创建实验设计(design of experiment, DoE), 拟定了最佳实验次数, 以喷墨量(A)、厚度(B)、运行速度(C) 这3个因素作为自变量, 以硬度(Y1)、脆碎度(Y2)、释放度(Y3)、运行时间(Y4)、外观(Y5) 为响应值, 采用三因素两水平三个中心点的实验设计, 对缓释层片剂进行了11项实验。
目前, 官方并未对3D打印的口服剂型的机械性能做出具体规定, 但硬度、脆碎度等已被用于评估不同3D打印技术制备的片剂的质量, Karalia等[12]列出了BJ-3DP技术中片剂机械性能参数, 除特殊结构(中空模型) 外, 大部分片剂硬度在35 N以上, 脆碎度约在10%以下, 结合本实验对片剂机械性能的要求, 将目标范围设计为硬度35~70 N, 脆碎度0~10%, 此范围下可满足3D打印片剂机械性能的要求。同时, 将片剂外观按优劣分为4个级别打分, 在2~4分内, 片剂的外观完整, 在可接受范围内。且该缓释片的体外释放须与参比制剂Tylenol相似, 在满足片剂具有较好片剂机械性能、外观及一定释放度的同时, 尽量提高片剂打印效率, 运行时间在7~10 min内可满足片剂打印过程对打印效率的要求。
通过响应优化器获得了最优的缓释工艺参数, 以研究各个参数之间的相互作用。筛选和优化阶段实验的工艺参数设置见表 12, 运行序设计见表 3
全析因实验设计评价
外观  取10片, 目视观察, 片剂完整光洁, 无层间位移及缺损。
硬度与脆碎度  使用片剂四用测定仪对缓释层片剂的硬度及脆碎度进行测定。硬度: 分别测量6片, 其结果取平均值; 脆碎度: 设定转速25 r·min-1, 运行4 min, 测量10片。
体外释放  按照溶出度与释放度测定法(美国药典[14]Ⅱ型装置), 以模拟胃液(不加酶, 取2.0 g氯化钠, 加7.0 mL盐酸和水溶解至1 L, 即得, 该溶液的pH值应为1.2) 900 mL为溶出介质, 转速50 r·min-1, 取样时间5、10、15、30 min及1、2、4、8、12 h进行取样, 0.45 μm微孔滤膜滤过, 使用高效液相进行测定, 测定6片, 取平均值。色谱条件如下: 对乙酰氨基酚[15]: C18柱, 流动相: 甲醇-水= 20∶80, 柱温20 ℃, 流速1.0 mL·min-1, 检测波长243 nm, 进样量5 μL, 运行时间10 min; 盐酸莫西沙星[16]: C18柱, 流动相: 甲醇-四丁基硫酸氢铵盐溶液(取四丁基硫酸氢铵0.50 g, 磷酸二氢钾1.0 g, 加水1 L溶解, 用磷酸调节pH值至2.5) = 30∶70, 柱温35 ℃, 流速1.0 mL·min-1, 检测波长293 nm, 进样量10 μL, 运行时间15 min。
运行时间  测定不同打印参数下, 片剂打印过程所用时间。
3D打印双层片的评价及表征
体外释放模型拟合  使用体外释放拟合模型对3D打印的复方双层片剂的体外释放进行释放动力学模型拟合(包括零级、一级、Higuchi及Ritger-Peppas释放动力学拟合)。
孔隙率  使用高性能全自动压汞仪分别测定3D打印双层片速释层和缓释层的孔隙率, 并记录孔径分布、平均孔径以及孔隙率(%)。
根据实验设计方案在不同参数下打印制剂, 并对制剂进行相应的质量检测, 结果见表 4
图 2中Pareto图显示, A、B、AB (喷墨量和厚度) 两者之间的交互是影响缓释层片剂硬度的显著因子。A与缓释层硬度呈正相关, B与缓释层硬度呈负相关。
主效应P值为0.000 < 0.05, 显示模型总体是有效的, 且没有明显的失拟和弯曲趋势。回归拟合系数R-sq 99.37%与R-sq (调整) 98.41%相差不大且接近1, 标准差(S) 仅为2.00, 模型拟合较好。以未编码单位表示的回归方程: 硬度/N = -341.8 + 46.07A + 1 356B + 0.045 6C - 173.5AB - 0.003 95AC - 0.079BC。
图 3中Pareto图显示, 在α = 0.05时, A、B、C均为脆碎度的显著影响因子, 且它们之间没有相互交互作用。B、C与片剂脆碎度成正比, A与片剂脆碎度成反比。
主效应P值为0.001 < 0.05, 显示模型总体是有效的, 且没有明显的失拟和弯曲趋势。回归拟合系数R-sq 98.59%与R-sq (调整) 96.48%相差不大且接近1, 标准差(S) 仅为0.37, 模型拟合较好。以未编码单位表示的回归方程: 脆碎度/% =16.09 - 2.149A - 6.8B + 0.038 0C + 6.46AB - 0.002 61AC - 0.045 3BC。
A、B、C三因素对于片剂在15 min时的释放度的影响并不显著, 根据图 4的模型Pareto图分析, A、B是影响片剂在1、4 h时的释放度的显著影响因素, P值分别为0.050、0.038, 且对片剂在1、4 h的释放度影响没有交互作用。随A的减少和B的增加, 片剂各时间点的释放度明显增加, 以未编码单位表示的回归方程分别表示各时间点释放度的回归方程为: 1 h释放度/% =186 - 21.5A - 841B + 0.292C + 120.8AB - 0.021 0AC - 0.313BC, 4 h释放度/% = 238.7 - 21.82A - 595B + 0.089C + 95.2AB + 0.000 7AC - 0.475BC。
图 5中Pareto图可知, B、C是影响片剂打印运行时间的显著因子。B、C与片剂运行时间呈负相关。将A固定为9, 打印用时随B、C的增加而减小。根据前述结果, 将C确定为360 mm·s-1, 具有较高的打印效率, 同时能够满足打印质量要求。
分析评估回归的显著性: 主效应P值为0.002 < 0.05, 显示模型总的效果是有效的。以未编码单位表示的回归方程为: 运行时间/min = 23.03 + 0.055A - 55.9B - 0.014 9C - 1.25AB + 0.000 44AC + 0.016 7BC。
图 6中Pareto图可知, A、B是影响片剂外观的显著因子, 且两者之间存在一定的交互作用。A与片剂外观成正比, B与片剂的外观成反比, 这说明B越小, A越大, 可以明显改善片剂的外观。
分析评估回归的显著性: 主效应P值为0.001 < 0.05, 显示模型总的效果是有效的, 回归拟合系数R-sq 99.00%与R-sq (调整) 97.50%相差不大且接近1, 以未编码单位表示的回归方程为: 外观= 5.73 - 0.167A - 83.3B + 8.33AB。
上述结果表明, 喷墨量、厚度对硬度、脆碎度及1、4 h释放度的影响是显著的, 虽然运行速度只对片剂脆碎度有显著影响, 但是考虑到本研究打印的为双层制剂, 在对片剂的机械性能影响较小的情况下, 需尽量提高运行速度, 以防止片剂在打印过程中, 因运行速度过慢而导致的打印液快速挥发而干涸, 致使速释层与缓释层之间无法实现有效的黏结。因此, 为了能更好地确定符合制剂目标要求的设计空间, 首先确定运行速度为360 mm·s-1。在此条件下建立缓释层片剂的设计空间(图 7), 根据喷墨量、厚度对硬度、脆碎度、释放度、外观、运行时间等的等值曲线叠加图, 得出缓释片剂的设计空间, 白色区域显示了实际操作空间的最佳设计范围。为了具有更加稳定的打印效果, 使用响应优化器, 进一步实现目标的最优化, 优化结果为: 喷墨量为10, 厚度为180 μm, 运行速度为360 mm·s-1
使用上述确定的缓释工艺参数进行3D打印复方双层片的制备, 该片剂为圆形双层片剂, 包含浅黄色速释层和白色缓释层(图 8A)。对其体外释放/溶出进行研究, 结果表明, 以Tylenol为参比制剂, 对乙酰氨基酚的体外释放的相似因子(f2) 为60.6, 且持续释放达8 h (图 8B), 以Avelox作为参比制剂, 盐酸莫西沙星在15 min内溶出85 %以上(图 8C), 由此表明, 3D打印不同规格的复方双层片实现了与市售片剂(tylenol与avelox) 相似的释放/溶出行为。
为考察片剂的体外释放机制, 对对乙酰氨基酚的体外释放模型进行拟合, 拟合时相关系数R最大的为最佳拟合结果, 由表 5可看出3D打印片剂和市售片剂的体外释放均符合Ritger-Peppas释药模型; Ritger-Peppas拟合方程中k值小于0.45, 可以看出药物的释放机制以Fick's扩散为主, 当其暴露于水性介质时, HPMC遇水后形成凝胶层, 且随着片剂与水接触面积增大及接触时间延长, 凝胶层的厚度增大, 从而阻止药物释放。
采用高性能全自动压汞仪分别对3D打印复方双层片的孔径率进行测定(表 6), 可以看出, 虽然速释层和缓释层的孔隙率较为相似, 但速释层的平均孔径以及中值孔径等比缓释层大。
与传统制造技术相比, BJ-3DP技术具有快速成形、高灵活性、精准剂量控制、药物释放稳定、药片制造过程简单等潜在优势, 可通过选择不同高分子材料、改变粉体及打印液处方、调节打印参数以及模型的设计来准确控制药物的释放速率及剂量, 十分适合复杂制剂的开发[7, 13]
本研究制备了双相释药系统的复方双层片, 对缓释层部分的工艺参数进行了系统研究, 在单因素考察的基础上, 通过DoE确立缓释层片剂的关键工艺参数的设计空间, 并使用响应优化器获得了最优缓释工艺参数。运行速度是影响片剂打印的运行时间及脆碎度的显著影响因素, 运行速度过快会使黏合剂溶液可能无法从上一打印层中得到适当蒸发, 导致打印过程中会产生较高的表面粗糙度以及较高的脆碎度[17]; 运行速度过慢则会导致打印液快速挥发而干涸, 从而使速释层与缓释层之间无法实现有效的黏结, 因此, 最终确认运行速度为360 mm·s-1。喷墨量和厚度是影响片剂机械性能及释放度的关键因素, 且两者之间存在一定的交互作用, 较大的喷墨量和较小的厚度会使片剂层与层之间的连接更为紧密, 进而增加了片剂的机械强度, 减慢片剂的释放速率, 但可能会造成打印液的过度渗透, 导致片剂外观较差, 因此二者需协同考虑, 最终确定喷墨量为10 (约为13.8 pL)、厚度为180 μm。最后, 对双层片进行评价及表征, 从孔隙率测试结果可看出速释层的内部孔隙多、孔径较大, 较高的孔径有助于水分快速渗透, 通过毛细通道进入片剂内部实现速释层药物的迅速溶出; 而缓释层孔隙较大, 但仍能维持长达8 h的缓慢释放, 其机制可能与缓释层中HPMC的胶凝化延缓释放有关[18, 19]。对双层片中对乙酰氨基酚的体外释放进行研究, 表明3D打印片剂和市售片剂的体外释放均符合Ritger-Peppas释药模型, 且其释放机制为Fick's扩散, 当其暴露于水性介质时, HPMC骨架材料吸水后快速溶胀且在制剂表面形成凝胶层, 药物通过凝胶层不断扩散, 实现片剂的缓控释释放[20], 从而满足创伤镇痛患者对抗炎镇痛的需求。
BJ-3DP技术从制备上突破了传统技术的局限性, 促进各种具有特殊微观结构、组成和释药特征的新剂型的出现, 在药剂学领域具有广阔应用前景。
本研究通过对打印工艺的全析因实验设计, 使得制备的工艺参数趋于最优化, 显著改善了片剂的机械性能的同时, 实现了对片剂体外释放行为的调控, 为个性化制剂的开发提供依据。
作者贡献: 郭文兰、王珊珊具体完成撰写任务; 洪晓轩完成文献检索和筛选; 韩晓璐完成了实验的设计与操作; 张慧、刘楠共同完成实验数据的分析; 王增明对文章撰写的内容进行了审校与把关; 胡春弟、郑爱萍确定文章方向及内容组成。
利益冲突: 文章内容不涉及相关利益冲突, 未涉及任何厂家及相关经济组织直接或间接的经济或利益的赞助。内容不涉及泄密, 无与他人课题或专利技术的争执, 无一稿两投, 无作者署名争议。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82073793)
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2023年第58卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0166
  • 接收时间:2023-02-15
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-15
  • 修回日期:2023-08-10
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(82073793)
作者信息
    1.湖北科技学院药学院, 湖北 咸宁 437100
    2.军事科学院军事医学研究院毒物药物研究所, 北京 100850

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*胡春弟, E-mail: ;
郑爱萍,Tel: 86-10-66931694, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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