Article(id=1198656214172271573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0165, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1676476800000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-16, revisedDate=1684944000000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711511414, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1697040000000, pubDateStr=2023-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711511414, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711511414, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711511414, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656209390764948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='10', pageStart='2835', pageEnd='3150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1697040000000', pubDateStr='2023-10-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711510274, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763711659007, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656833280897539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656833280897540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3099, endPage=3107, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656214570730474, articleId=1198656214172271573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The effects of natural polysaccharide supramolecular hydrogel on bacteriostatic activity and biofilm clearance of berberine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Taking berberine (BBR) as an example, to study whether the supramolecular hydrogel formed by berberine and lotus root starch (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn; LRS), a natural polysaccharide, affects the inhibition to Staphylococcus aureus and the ability of biofilm clearance. The chemical structure and rheological properties of BBR@LRS gel were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and rheometer. The in vitro release of supramolecular hydrogel was observed at pH = 1.2 and pH = 7.4. Broth dilution method and biofilm clearence experiment were used to observe the bacteriostasis and biofilm clearance respectively. Cytotoxicity test and in vitro hemolysis test were used to evaluate the biosafety preliminarily. The results showed that the LRS polysaccharide hydrogel could encapsulate BBR, and there was an interaction between them. The BBR@LRS gel had good rheological properties and biosafety, and played a role in solubility enhancement and slow release of BBR, which was stronger than BBR in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and clearing biofilm. This study provides reference for the effect of natural polysaccharide supramolecular hydrogels on biological functions of active components of traditional Chinese medicine.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yao-zhi ZHANG, Xue-mei HUANG, Ji-hui LU, Xiao-yu LIN, Lin-ying WU, Hai-min LEI, Peng-long WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hai-min LEI, Peng-long WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656216852430996, articleId=1198656214172271573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=天然多糖超分子水凝胶对黄连素抑菌活性及生物膜清除能力的影响, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文以黄连素(berberine, BBR) 为例, 研究其与藕粉(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, lotus root starch, LRS) 形成的多糖超分子水凝胶抑制金葡菌及生物膜清除能力。通过制备黄连素-藕粉超分子水凝胶(BBR@LRS gel), 运用红外光谱、流变仪对其化学结构和流变学性质表征。观察超分子水凝胶在pH 1.2和pH 7.4的体外释放情况。采用肉汤稀释法和生物膜清除实验分别观察其抑菌和生物膜清除能力。细胞毒性实验及体外溶血实验用于初步评价其生物安全性。结果表明: LRS多糖水凝胶能够包封BBR, 二者之间存在相互作用, 形成的BBR@LRS gel具良好的流变学性质和生物安全性, 并对BBR起到增溶和缓释作用, 较BBR单体抑制金葡菌生长和生物膜清除能力加强。该研究为天然多糖超分子水凝胶影响中药活性成分生物功能研究提供参考。

, authors=null, authorsList=张瑶芝, 黄雪梅, 卢继辉, 林晓钰, 吴林颖, 雷海民, 王鹏龙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=雷海民, 王鹏龙, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*雷海民, E-mail: ;
王鹏龙, E-mail:
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天然多糖超分子水凝胶对黄连素抑菌活性及生物膜清除能力的影响
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张瑶芝 , 黄雪梅 , 卢继辉 , 林晓钰 , 吴林颖 , 雷海民 * , 王鹏龙 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(10): 3099-3107
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药学学报 |研究论文 2023 , 58 (10) : 3099 -3107
天然多糖超分子水凝胶对黄连素抑菌活性及生物膜清除能力的影响
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张瑶芝, 黄雪梅, 卢继辉, 林晓钰, 吴林颖, 雷海民* , 王鹏龙*
作者信息
  • 北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488
通讯作者:
*雷海民, E-mail: ;
王鹏龙, E-mail:
The effects of natural polysaccharide supramolecular hydrogel on bacteriostatic activity and biofilm clearance of berberine
Yao-zhi ZHANG, Xue-mei HUANG, Ji-hui LU, Xiao-yu LIN, Lin-ying WU, Hai-min LEI* , Peng-long WANG*
Affiliations
  • School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
出版时间: 2023-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0165
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本文以黄连素(berberine, BBR) 为例, 研究其与藕粉(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, lotus root starch, LRS) 形成的多糖超分子水凝胶抑制金葡菌及生物膜清除能力。通过制备黄连素-藕粉超分子水凝胶(BBR@LRS gel), 运用红外光谱、流变仪对其化学结构和流变学性质表征。观察超分子水凝胶在pH 1.2和pH 7.4的体外释放情况。采用肉汤稀释法和生物膜清除实验分别观察其抑菌和生物膜清除能力。细胞毒性实验及体外溶血实验用于初步评价其生物安全性。结果表明: LRS多糖水凝胶能够包封BBR, 二者之间存在相互作用, 形成的BBR@LRS gel具良好的流变学性质和生物安全性, 并对BBR起到增溶和缓释作用, 较BBR单体抑制金葡菌生长和生物膜清除能力加强。该研究为天然多糖超分子水凝胶影响中药活性成分生物功能研究提供参考。

黄连素  /  天然多糖  /  超分子  /  水凝胶  /  生物活性

Taking berberine (BBR) as an example, to study whether the supramolecular hydrogel formed by berberine and lotus root starch (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn; LRS), a natural polysaccharide, affects the inhibition to Staphylococcus aureus and the ability of biofilm clearance. The chemical structure and rheological properties of BBR@LRS gel were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and rheometer. The in vitro release of supramolecular hydrogel was observed at pH = 1.2 and pH = 7.4. Broth dilution method and biofilm clearence experiment were used to observe the bacteriostasis and biofilm clearance respectively. Cytotoxicity test and in vitro hemolysis test were used to evaluate the biosafety preliminarily. The results showed that the LRS polysaccharide hydrogel could encapsulate BBR, and there was an interaction between them. The BBR@LRS gel had good rheological properties and biosafety, and played a role in solubility enhancement and slow release of BBR, which was stronger than BBR in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and clearing biofilm. This study provides reference for the effect of natural polysaccharide supramolecular hydrogels on biological functions of active components of traditional Chinese medicine.

berberine  /  natural polysaccharide  /  supramolecular  /  hydrogel  /  biological activity
张瑶芝, 黄雪梅, 卢继辉, 林晓钰, 吴林颖, 雷海民, 王鹏龙. 天然多糖超分子水凝胶对黄连素抑菌活性及生物膜清除能力的影响. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (10) : 3099 -3107 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0165
Yao-zhi ZHANG, Xue-mei HUANG, Ji-hui LU, Xiao-yu LIN, Lin-ying WU, Hai-min LEI, Peng-long WANG. The effects of natural polysaccharide supramolecular hydrogel on bacteriostatic activity and biofilm clearance of berberine[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (10) : 3099 -3107 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0165
水凝胶是一种具有亲水基团, 呈三维(3D) 网状结构的高分子材料[1, 2], 可吸收自身重量几十倍甚至几千倍重量的水, 溶胀却不溶解, 仍能保持稳定结构, 具有强大的吸水性与保水性[3], 根据来源可分为天然水凝胶和合成水凝胶。天然水凝胶中多糖类是目前国际递药领域研究的热点, 它主要包括纤维素基、壳聚糖基、淀粉基等[4], 相较其他类型水凝胶常有的优点外, 天然多糖水凝胶还具有良好的生物相容性和生物降解性、安全无毒、成本低廉, 有些甚至具有抗微生物、抗炎、靶向控释给药等特性, 这些天然优势使其可作为包封药物或营养物质的优良载体[5], 如葡聚糖具有良好的生物相容性和抗蛋白吸附性, 还能够活化多种免疫细胞, 诱导细胞因子产生, 有效增强免疫作用, 在细菌感染和创伤治疗方面前景良好; 壳聚糖安全无毒, 可在促创面愈合的同时减轻创面愈合时可能发生的过度炎症和感染等[6]。目前天然多糖超分子水凝胶还处于探索和偶然发现阶段, 本课题组总结国内外关于透明质酸的研究, 发现其超分子水凝胶特性对中药小分子化合物的溶解性、生物利用度、靶向性、适宜剂型等方面均有改善和提高[7], 且研究还发现甘草蛋白这一大分子物质可作为载体间接影响中药小分子药效[8]。基于此前期认识, 启发探究天然多糖这一大分子所形成的超分子水凝胶是否会影响中药小分子的生物功能。藕粉(lotus root starch, LRS) 作为日常淀粉食材, 为葡萄糖分子缩合而成的多聚糖[9], 遇冷水不溶, 加入热水后溶胀, 形成具有黏弹性和机械稳定性的半透明胶体, 具有天然多糖超分子水凝胶的典型特征。
源于中药的诸多明星分子都已被发现具有良好的临床应用前景, 如丹参中的丹参酮、穿心莲中的穿心莲内酯、当归中的阿魏酸等[10-12], 但这些成分溶解性差、半衰期短、稳定性和生物利用度低等缺点限制了其实际临床应用, 为了改善溶解性并更好地应用临床, 既往研究多是将难溶性药物的化学结构进行衍生化或是添加药用辅料, 当前研究发现凝胶系统可很好地实现部分难溶性药物的释放与吸收, 甚至是靶向给药[13]。黄连素又名盐酸小檗碱(berberine, BBR), 主要分布于中药黄连、黄柏、十大功劳等小檗属植物根及树皮中的异喹啉类生物碱[14-17]。现代研究发现其具有抗炎[18-20]、抗肿瘤[21, 22]、降血糖血脂[23-28]及抗胰岛素抵抗[29]等生物活性, 尤其是显著的抗病原微生物活性, 在治疗细菌性胃肠炎、痢疾等消化道疾病方面已有很长的应用历史[28, 30]。BBR水溶性较差, 口服给药生物利用度不超过1%[31], 临床已有盐酸小檗碱片剂应用, 但由于其崩解迅速且“苦寒”之性明显, 常出现腹泻、扰乱肠道菌群等“苦寒败胃”的不良反应。基于此, 本研究引入“药辅合一”遇热形成多糖超分子水凝胶的LRS作为载体, 制备黄连素-藕粉水凝胶(BBR@LRS gel), 以期得到抗菌药效加强且长效缓释的水凝胶。
为此, 本研究制备了BBR@LRS gel, 测定其体外释放、生物安全性和流变学等性质, 并以金葡菌为模型, 观察该水凝胶相较于单体黄连素, 对其抑菌活性及生物膜清除能力的影响, 以期为天然多糖超分子水凝胶影响中药活性成分生物功能研究提供参考。
药品与试剂  黄连素, 成都普瑞法科技有限公司; LRS, 南京同仁堂乐家老铺有限公司; 氯化铜, 天津福晨化学试剂有限公司; 去离子水, 实验室提供; 96孔板及12孔板, 美国Corning公司; 金葡菌(ATCC 6538P), 北京中医药大学生命科学学院; 营养肉汤培养基(NB), 北京索莱宝生物科技有限公司; 3, 3′-[1-(苯氨酰基)-3,4-四氮唑]-二(4-甲氧基-6-硝基) 苯磺酸钠(XTT), 上海源叶生物技术有限公司; 维生素K, 上海阿拉丁试剂有限公司; 丙酮, 北京化工厂; 0.22 μm注射式微孔滤膜, 天津市津腾实验设备有限公司; MDCK细胞, 北京协和细胞资源中心; 二甲基亚砜(DMSO), 北京伊诺凯科技有限公司; 磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)、3-(4, 5-二甲基噻唑-2)-2, 5-二苯基四氮唑溴盐(MTT)、DMEM高糖培养基(Dulbecco's modified eagle medium)、胎牛血清(FBS)、青霉素-链霉素溶液(双抗)、0.25%胰蛋白酶溶液、25 cm2细胞培养瓶均购自北京拜尔迪生物技术有限公司。
仪器  磁力加热搅拌器(德国IKA有限公司, C-MAG-HS4型); 十万分之一电子天平(瑞士梅特勒-托利多有限公司, MS105 Semi-Micro型); FTIR光谱仪(美国布鲁克有限公司, ALPHA Ⅱ型); 多功能酶标仪(芬兰热电科技仪器有限公司, Multiskan GO型); 流变仪(奥地利Anton Paar MCR 302); 紫外-可见吸收光谱仪(日本日立公司, HITACHI UH5300); 恒温CO2培养箱(美国赛默飞世尔科技有限公司, Thermo 3111型); 高压蒸汽灭菌锅(上海博讯实业有限公司, YXQ-LS-75S Ⅱ型); 生物安全柜(上海力康医疗设备有限公司, HFsafe 1200型)。
BBR@LRS水凝胶样品制备  以去离子水配制浓度为16.67、33.33、50、66.67、83.33、100 mg·mL-1的梯度LRS混悬液, 于磁力搅拌器上设置100 ℃、1 000 r·min-1加热搅拌30 min, 待冷却至室温后静置3天, 斜置法观察最小成胶浓度。
将BBR溶于去离子水中制备浓度1~9 mg·mL-1的梯度BBR溶液, 同时设置两组同样浓度梯度的BBR溶液, 其中一组在BBR各浓度溶液中加入一定质量的LRS, 两组在磁力搅拌器上搅拌均匀的同时逐渐升温至100 ℃, 之后以1 000 r·min-1彻底搅拌30 min, 分别形成BBR组及BBR@LRS gel组, 室温静置同等时间, 观察BBR和BBR@LRS gel两组BBR的析出情况。
红外光谱(FTIR) 测定  FTIR法是利用物质在连续红外光照射时, 引起分子振动、转动能级跃迁, 产生红外吸收光谱来表征化学结构和特殊基团。通过比较BBR、LRS、BBR@LRS gel的红外光谱, 解析BBR和LRS间是否相互作用。之后, 在LRS中加入10倍量BBR摩尔浓度的金属离子Cu2+, BBR@LRS gel中分别加入2倍和10倍BBR摩尔浓度的Cu2+, 分析样品在红外光谱上的差异, 进一步通过铜离子加入后, 是否破坏BBR@LRS gel稳定性, 探讨BBR和LRS间的分子间相互作用。BBR样品采用溴化钾压片法, 凝胶样品直接检测, 样品均在扣除空白背景后置傅里叶变换红外光谱仪平台上扫描4 000~400 cm-1内的FTIR谱图。
流变性能测定  取BBR@LRS gel置于流变仪测量板上, 设置间隙为5 mm, 温度为25 ℃。频率扫描: 应变恒定为0.1%, 测定频率范围为0.1~1 Hz; 振幅扫描: 设定频率恒定值为1 Hz, 应变变化范围在0.1%~10%; 温度扫描: 温度范围设定为25~90 ℃。分别得到BBR@LRS gel随应变和频率变化的储能模量(G′) 和损耗模量(G″) 以及在逐步加热过程中的储能模量(G′) 和损耗模量(G″) 与温度之间的关系。
体外释放实验  精密吸取1 mL BBR@LRS gel加入透析袋内, 夹紧袋口, 以19 mL pH 1.2和pH 7.4的PBS分别作为释放介质, 同时以同浓度BBR作为对照, 将透析袋完全没入释放介质液面下并加入转子, 在磁力搅拌器上以37 ℃、300 r·min-1水浴加热搅拌。分别于0.5、1、2、4、6 h时间点吸取透析外液100 μL, 并相应补充等温同pH值PBS 100 μL, 实验重复4次。所取透析样品液用紫外-可见吸收光谱仪测定, 依据公式[32]计算BBR的累计释放率并绘制累计释放曲线。
BBR@LRS水凝胶对金葡菌活性的影响
金葡菌悬液制备  用接种环将细菌母液接种到营养琼脂固体培养基上, 放入37 ℃培养箱培养18 h。挑取纯化后的单个菌落放入经高压蒸汽灭菌锅灭菌后的营养肉汤培养基中, 再于37 ℃恒温振荡培养箱200 r·min-1振荡培养24 h, 涂布计数后用营养肉汤稀释菌液浓度至2.0×106 CFU·mL-1, 放于4 ℃冰箱留待备用。
最小抑菌浓度(MIC) 实验  分别制备BBR、LRS、BBR@LRS gel样品母液, 用营养肉汤培养基稀释至浓度分别为0.075、0.05、0.037 25、0.025 mmol·L-1, 于96孔板每孔加入稀释好的样品液200 μL, 再加入10 μL菌悬液。空白溶剂组仅加入200 μL营养肉汤培养基, 空白菌组在加入200 μL营养肉汤培养基后再加入10 μL菌悬液, 摇匀后置于37 ℃恒温恒湿培养箱中培养12 h, 之后振荡摇匀, 酶标仪600 nm波长下检测吸光度(OD), 实验重复4次。对金葡菌的抑制率依据以下公式进行计算:
抑制率(%) = [1-(OD样品-OD溶剂) / (OD空白菌-OD溶剂)] × 100
最小抑菌浓度(MIC) 为抑制率>80%。
扫描电子显微镜(SEM) 观察细菌形态  取菌悬液置于12孔板中, 加入用营养肉汤稀释浓度至0.05 mmol·L-1的BBR、LRS及含0.05 mmol·L-1 BBR的BBR@LRS, 培养8 h后, 在3 000 r·min-1下离心10 min, 收集细菌。PBS清洗3次后, 加入体积分数为2.5%的戊二醛固定4 h, 再用PBS洗涤3次, 采用梯度浓度乙醇(30%、50%、70%、80%、85%、90%、95%、100%) 分别洗脱, 每次脱水10 min, 滴样, 待充分干燥后喷金, 在SEM下观察BBR、LRS及BBR@LRS干预后的细菌形态学变化。
生物膜清除实验
XTT染液配制  遮光条件下用10 mL PBS溶解5 mg XTT, 使XTT终浓度为0.5 mg·mL-1, 0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤后加入10 μL维生素K (用丙酮溶解维生素K至终浓度为0.4 mmol·L-1) 混匀, 现用现配。
生物膜清除实验  96孔板每孔加入200 μL菌悬液, 37 ℃恒温恒湿培养24 h, 吸出原培养基, 可在孔底部看到均匀“白膜”即为细菌生物膜。采用对倍稀释法, 在孔外用营养肉汤培养基逐倍稀释样品母液浓度至0.5、0.25、0.125、0.062 5 mmol·L-1后在不破坏生物膜的情况下小心加入至96孔板的孔内, 每孔200 μL, 对照组加入200 μL营养肉汤培养基, 继续于37 ℃恒温恒湿培养箱培养24 h。吸出上清液, 用PBS小心清洗3次, 每孔加入100 μL XTT染液, 在黑暗条件下于37 ℃孵育2 h, 后于酶标仪490 nm波长下测定OD值。以营养肉汤培养基为空白溶剂组, 以营养肉汤培养基加菌为空白菌组, 实验重复3次。对金葡菌生物膜的清除率依据以下公式进行计算: 清除率(%) = [1-(OD样品-OD溶剂) / (OD空白菌-OD溶剂)] × 100。
BBR@LRS水凝胶生物安全性初步评价
细胞毒性实验  MTT染液配制: 遮光条件下用50 mL PBS溶解250 mg MTT, 用0.22 μm滤膜过滤使MTT终浓度为5 mg·mL-1, 遮光保存于4 ℃冰箱备用。
细胞培养基配制  以DMEM高糖基础培养基89%、FBS 10%、双抗1%的配比配制细胞培养基, 摇匀后封口置4 ℃冰箱备用。
细胞毒性实验  在96孔板加入100 μL MDCK细胞使细胞数为3 000个/孔, 铺板后置于5% CO2、37 ℃恒温培养箱使贴壁生长, 培养24 h后分别加入100 μL用细胞培养基稀释母液得到的给药浓度样品, 使孔内样品浓度范围为BBR 3.125~12.5 μmol·L-1, LRS 1.953 125~7.812 5 μg·mL-1, BBR、LRS、BBR@LRS样品干扰处理48 h。空白溶剂组仅加入200 μL细胞培养基, 正常组是在100 μL贴壁细胞孔内再加入100 μL细胞培养基。经处理后, 避光条件下向96孔板中的MDCK细胞加入20 μL MTT, 放37 ℃培养箱黑暗中继续孵育4 h。随后弃去上清液, 向孔内加入150 μL DMSO以溶解活细胞与MTT作用后产生的蓝紫色结晶甲臜, 在酶标仪490 nm波长处测定OD值, 以间接反映活细胞存活量, 实验重复4次。依据以下公式计算细胞存活率: 细胞存活率(%) = (OD样品 - OD溶剂) / (OD正常 - OD溶剂) × 100。
体外溶血实验  使用新鲜大鼠血液来测定样品的溶血情况。大鼠麻醉后用肝素钠真空管腹主动脉取血, 以1 000 r·min-1的转速离心15 min收集血液中的红细胞, 用PBS清洗并1 000 r·min-1离心红细胞10 min, 反复3次。随后将离心得到的红细胞用PBS配成2.0%的储备液备用。BBR及BBR@LRS样品用PBS制成BBR浓度为1、0.5、0.25、0.125 mmol·L-1, 取1 mL样品液与100 μL红细胞储备液混匀后于37 ℃培养箱孵育4 h。随后3 000 r·min-1离心15 min, 取上清液加入96孔板于酶标仪570 nm波长处测定OD值。以去离子水与红细胞储备液孵育后的上清液为阳性对照组即溶血率100%, 以PBS与红细胞储备液孵育后的上清液为阴性对照组即溶血率0%, 实验重复4次。依据以下公式计算样品的溶血率:
溶血率(%) = (OD给药组 - OD阴性组) / (OD阳性组 - OD阴性组) × 100
统计学分析  使用IBM SPSS Statistics 20软件通过t检验进行各组间差异比较, 数据以$\bar{x}$ ± s表示进行统计分析。
不同浓度LRS在去离子水中加热成胶斜放后凝胶状态见图 1, 可看出LRS水凝胶的最小成胶浓度为83.33 mg·mL-1, 低于此浓度, 凝胶具流动性, 凝固性略差; 高于此浓度, 能形成固定状态的凝胶, 凝胶逐渐浑浊不透明。确定LRS水凝胶最小成胶浓度可为后续实验浓度选择提供依据。
静置相同时间后, 随着BBR浓度从1~9 mg·mL-1逐渐升高, 如图 2A可见BBR组析出量越来越多, 体现了其在水中溶解度低的特点, 且可看出BBR最小析出浓度为3 mg·mL-1, 而图 2B可看出BBR@LRS gel组在凝胶表面最小析出浓度为4 mg·mL-1, 在水凝胶内部直至浓度9 mg·mL-1时才有所析出。分析结果表明, LRS水凝胶对BBR具有增溶作用, 这与多糖超分子水凝胶可作为水溶性差药物的分散载体报道一致[33]
观察并测定4 000~400 cm-1扫描范围内各样品红外吸收, 分析结果(图 3) 可看出: 图 3A可见BBR出现1 504 cm-1 (芳环骨架振动强吸收峰)、1 103 cm-1 (异喹啉环C-N伸缩振动吸收峰)、1 034 cm-1 (脂肪醚C-O伸缩振动吸收峰) 等特征吸收峰; 与LRS水凝胶比较, BBR参与成胶形成BBR@LRS gel后, BBR的多数吸收峰消失, 且其2 926 cm-1波长处的C-H伸缩振动峰红移至2 930 cm-1处, 表明LRS水凝胶包合BBR的同时又与其相互作用。通过加入铜离子的竞争性络合作用, 进一步观察BBR与LRS的相互作用。如图 3BC所示, LRS水凝胶中加入10倍BBR摩尔浓度Cu2+即LRS-10Cu2+, 体系呈均一凝胶状(图 3C④), 与LRS谱图相比, 在3 000 cm-1左右出现明显宽峰, 表明LRS与Cu2+之间产生了相互作用, 且是一个可稳定存在的凝胶体系。结果发现在BBR@LRS gel体系基础上引入Cu2+后, 加入2倍量Cu2+即形成BBR@LRS-2Cu2+体系, 其红外谱图与BBR@LRS gel类似, 且表现出BBR的2 926 cm-1特征吸收峰, 但破坏了BBR@LRS原本均一的凝胶状态(图 3C③), 在西林瓶底部明显析出少量BBR黄色针状结晶(图 3C⑤), 表明少量Cu2+的加入对BBR与LRS结合有影响。当加入10倍量Cu2+即形成BBR@LRS-10Cu2+, 体系则析出大量BBR (图 3C⑥), 此时的红外谱图与LRS-10Cu2+体系红外谱图类似, 即Cu2+的加入可破坏BBR与LRS形成的稳定水凝胶体系。
据以上现象及谱图结果分析: 铜离子的加入可竞争性争夺BBR与LRS水凝胶结合位点, 且铜离子的竞争力大于BBR, 随着浓度升高, 竞争力增强, 从侧面进一步印证了BBR与LRS水凝胶间存在相互作用。
流变学参数是评价水凝胶性质的重要手段, 如图 4所示, G′反映凝胶的类固体的性质, G″反映凝胶的类液体的性质。在0.1~1 Hz整个测试范围内, 如图 4A即使在较低频率下, 水凝胶的G′始终大于G″, 表现出明显的弹性特征, 且与频率无关, 表明BBR@LRS gel具有良好的弹性行为。同时, 如图 4B对水凝胶进行振荡应力扫描, 剪切应力从0.1加大到10, BBR@LRS水凝胶的G′均高于G″, 水凝胶的网络结构始终未被破坏, 表明BBR@LRS水凝胶具良好的机械强度。为了验证水凝胶内部凝胶变化行为, 通过流变仪检测了BBR@LRS水凝胶黏弹性参数随温度的变化, 由图 4C可看到, 从室温25 ℃向90 ℃逐渐升温过程中, G′始终大于G″, 表明BBR@LRS gel并没有因为升温转变成溶液态, 而是始终保持着稳定的凝胶状态, 热稳定性良好。
从以上指标确证了BBR@LRS gel具有良好的机械稳定性、黏弹性及热稳定性, 良好的胶体性质对BBR具有持久稳定助溶作用的同时, 也为后续缓慢、稳定的药物释放性质及增强的生物活性提供了依据。
缓释是水凝胶作为药用载体的重要性质之一。如图 5所示, 无论是在pH 1.2还是pH 7.4条件下, 在0.5 h内, 单体BBR均在释放介质中以最快速度释放并达到平衡。在pH 1.2介质中(图 5A), 可看出BBR@LRS gel较单体BBR释放趋势类似, 但具有一定的缓释效果; 在pH 7.4介质中(图 5B) 经0.5 h, 单体BBR基本完全释放达到释放平衡, 累计释放率达到83% (SD = 0.99), 包封在水凝胶中的BBR, 0.5 h累计释放率不到20% (SD = 0.99), 在4~6 h才达到释放平衡, 结果表明BBR@LRS gel能够实现BBR缓释。
采用肉汤稀释法得到的BBR、LRS和BBR@LRS gel的抑制率如图 6A所示。LRS水凝胶对金葡菌几乎无抑菌活性, BBR的MIC为0.075 mmol·L-1, BBR@LRS gel的MIC为0.05 mmol·L-1。结果显示: 在LRS水凝胶抑菌能力很弱的情况下, 发挥抑菌能力的主体为BBR, 而BBR@LRS gel的抑菌活性强于BBR, 具体表现为: 在浓度0.05 mmol·L-1时, BBR对金葡菌的抑制率为74.10%, BBR@LRS gel的抑制率则可达91.57%。此浓度下平板涂布如图 6B所示, BBR@LRS gel组菌落数较BBR组明显减少。
BBR@LRS gel具有更好抑菌活性, 分析原因可能是LRS与BBR相互作用形成水凝胶在增加BBR溶解度的同时, 缓释特性使其抑菌效果更加持久, 达到长效、强效的作用。
为了确证抗菌活性差异, 进一步采用SEM观察了BBR、LRS及BBR@LRS水凝胶干预金葡菌后的效果。如图 7A所示, 未处理的正常细菌形状规则均匀, 菌体类球形, 表面光滑且饱满; 图 7B为LRS处理后的菌体, 形态同正常对照组差别不大, 印证了其抑菌作用弱的特点; 而0.05 mmol·L-1 BBR干预后的细菌(图 7C) 形态表面皱褶, 仍维持着规则的球形, 对细菌形态有一定影响; 图 7D所示, 同0.05 mmol·L-1 BBR的BBR@LRS水凝胶处理后, 细菌表面皱缩较BBR更加严重。
依据所测抑菌活性情况, 可知此多糖本身抑菌能力弱, BBR为抑菌主体, 而BBR@LRS较BBR有更好抑菌活性, 结合前期流变学显示的水凝胶良好的机械稳定性和黏弹性性质及体外释放实验表现的缓释长效特性, 推测BBR@LRS水凝胶抑菌作用增强的原因可能是由于天然多糖水凝胶优良的黏弹性有利于其与金葡菌结合, 进而增大BBR与菌的接触面积, 并缓释释放BBR, 使细菌表面的BBR浓度升高, 最终造成BBR@LRS gel较BBR强的抑菌效果。
多重耐药性的出现使细菌感染成为当前公共卫生和经济的一大威胁, 而细菌生物膜的形成是细菌耐药的主要原因之一[34]。为此本研究采用XTT法测定BBR和BBR@LRS gel清除金葡菌生物膜的能力。如图 8A所示, BBR@LRS gel与BBR均表现出显著的生物膜清除能力, 且BBR@LRS gel的清除效果要强于BBR。具体表现为0.062 5 mmol·L-1时, BBR的生物膜清除率为1.46%, 同浓度下的BBR@LRS gel的清除率达8.17%; 0.5 mmol·L-1时, BBR的清除率为79.84%, 而BBR@LRS gel达90.06%。XTT染色颜色越深表明细菌增殖越多越快。如图 8B所示观察在0.5 mmol·L-1浓度下XTT染色情况, 可看出相比于正常细菌组, BBR与BBR@LRS gel组均对金葡菌生物膜有清除作用, 且BBR@LRS gel清除效果更强, 与清除率实验数据趋势一致。
生物安全性评价是超分子水凝胶的重要研究内容, 当前制备的高分子材料可能出现潜在的细胞毒性或溶血等不良反应, 为此本研究采用体外细胞和溶血评价天然多糖超分子水凝胶的安全性。
使用犬肾上皮细胞(MDCK) 来评估BBR、LRS和BBR@LRS gel的细胞毒性。在孵育MDCK细胞48 h后(图 9A), 3.125、6.25及12.5 μmol·L-1的BBR、BBR@LRS及不同浓度的LRS样品均对细胞的抑制率低于20%, 说明样品均无明显细胞毒性。溶血实验如图 9BC表明, BBR及BBR@LRS gel均无明显的溶血特性。即使其浓度高达1 mmol·L-1, 即20倍MIC, BBR@LRS gel的溶血率依旧低于国际公认标准5%[35]
在过去很长一段时间, 人们研究中药都是聚焦于其中结构明确、作用机制清晰的小分子类结构, 将中药起效的原因更多归因于这些小分子化合物, 而对中药所含的多糖、蛋白质等大分子物质研究较少, 认为它们是无效物质, 直到近年来人们才逐渐发现这些大分子物质在中药发挥药效过程中起着必不可少的作用, 如中药淫羊藿中的淫羊藿苷和宝藿苷Ⅰ具良好抗骨质疏松及治疗心血管系统疾病作用, 但溶解度低导致了其生物利用度低, 而与这两种成分共存的多糖类作为功能组分可提高这两种有效组分的溶解度, 并相互协同增强疗效[36]
多糖是生活中最常见的, 来自植物、动物、藻类等多种生物体, 如淀粉、纤维素、壳聚糖、海藻酸盐等。在所有这些天然多糖中有一类多糖可通过分子间交联形成超分子水凝胶, 如藕粉、葛根粉等, 这类天然多糖在遇热水后可溶胀形成结构稳定的超分子水凝胶。本研究以藕粉这一众所周知、具有超分子水凝胶性质的天然多糖食材为载体, 以明星分子黄连素为模型药物, 所制备的BBR@LRS水凝胶可均匀包载黄连素并提高其水溶性; 红外光谱研究发现多糖水凝胶与黄连素存在相互作用; 流变学检测发现所形成的水凝胶具良好的黏弹性、机械强度及温度稳定性; 在pH 1.2及pH 7.4两种不同pH值释放介质中模拟体外释放发现所制备水凝胶具很好的缓释作用, 可长效发挥作用; 对常见致病菌金葡菌进行抑菌及生物膜清除实验, 发现与黄连素单体相比(MIC = 0.075 mmol·L-1), 所制备的水凝胶抑菌活性更好(MIC = 0.05 mmol·L-1), 生物膜清除能力也更强; 作为药食同源的常用营养保健品藕粉与黄连素形成的水凝胶在细胞毒性及体外溶血实验中也表明其生物安全性良好。黄连素目前的临床应用有片剂, 常出现“苦寒败胃”不良反应, 且需多种药用辅料, 用药食同源藕粉水凝胶包载黄连素并用于给药, 或可缓释长效治疗常见的细菌感染性腹泻, 为黄连素口服给药提供新思路, 为难溶性药物更好应用于临床提供借鉴意义。
作者贡献: 张瑶芝完成实验内容及论文撰写工作; 黄雪梅指导论文修改; 卢继辉、林晓钰和吴林颖辅助完成部分实验内容; 雷海民提供实验平台支撑; 王鹏龙设计方案、提供研究经费并指导论文的撰写和修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82073974)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82274072)
  • 北京市科技新星计划(Z201100006820026)
  • 中央高校基金科研业务项目(2022-XJ-KYQD-008)
  • 中央高校基金科研业务项目(BUCM-2019-JCRC002)
  • 国家级高层次青年人才支持计划
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2023年第58卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0165
  • 接收时间:2023-02-16
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-16
  • 修回日期:2023-05-25
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82073974)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82274072)
北京市科技新星计划(Z201100006820026)
中央高校基金科研业务项目(2022-XJ-KYQD-008)
中央高校基金科研业务项目(BUCM-2019-JCRC002)
国家级高层次青年人才支持计划
作者信息
    北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488

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*雷海民, E-mail: ;
王鹏龙, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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