Article(id=1198656150926357392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0143, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1676131200000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-12, revisedDate=1685980800000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711496335, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1694448000000, pubDateStr=2023-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711496335, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711496335, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711496335, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656143976399200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='9', pageStart='2541', pageEnd='2834', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1694448000000', pubDateStr='2023-09-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711494677, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763711620095, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656670072144034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656670072144035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2811, endPage=2817, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656151261901726, articleId=1198656150926357392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Preparation of 3D printed metoprolol tartrate chewable tablets and optimization of printing process, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the growing demand of personalized medicine for children, it is especially important to develop medicines for children. In this study, using metoprolol tartrate as model drug, we developed 3D printed chewable tablets suitable for children with automated dosage distribution using semi-solid extruded (SSE) 3D printing technology. Based on the quality by design concept, this study prepared a semi-solid material with good printability using gelatin as the substrate, constructed 3D models and printed tablets with the aid of computer-aided design. The printing parameters were optimized and determined as follows: print temperature of 35-37 ℃, print speed of 25 mm·s-1, fill rate of 15%, and number of outer profile layers of 2. Subsequently, the printing process and the quality uniformity of the tablets were verified, and a linear relationship between the dose and the number of model layers was obtained. Finally, 3D printed chewable tablets were superior in terms of appearance, dose accuracy and compliance compared with traditional split-dose commercially available tablets. In this study, 3D printed metoprolol tartrate chewable tablets with good performance were successfully prepared to address the personalized medication needs of pediatric patients.

, authors=null, authorsList=Shan-shan WANG, Xiao-lu HAN, En LIANG, Cong-hui LI, Chun-yan LIU, Ming-yuan LI, Zeng-ming WANG, Peng YU, Ai-ping ZHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zeng-ming WANG, Peng YU, Ai-ping ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656157494636736, articleId=1198656150926357392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=3D打印酒石酸美托洛尔咀嚼片的制备及打印工艺优化, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着儿童个性化药物需求的不断增长, 开发儿童使用的个性化制剂尤为重要。本研究以酒石酸美托洛尔为模型药, 利用半固体挤出型(semi-solid extruded, SSE) 3D打印技术开发适合儿童的可自动化分剂量的3D打印酒石酸美托洛尔咀嚼片。本研究基于质量源于设计理念, 以明胶为基质制备了打印性良好的半固体材料, 借助计算机辅助设计构造3D模型并进行片剂打印, 对关键打印参数进行考察及优化, 确定了最终的打印工艺参数: 打印温度为35~37 ℃, 打印速度为25 mm·s-1, 填充率为15%, 外轮廓层数为2。随后, 对打印工艺进行验证, 得到了剂量与模型层数之间的线性关系。最后, 与传统分剂量的市售片剂进行对比, 3D打印咀嚼片在外观, 剂量准确度, 顺应性等方面均较优。本研究成功制备了性能良好的3D打印酒石酸美托洛尔咀嚼片, 解决儿童患者的个性化用药需求。

, authors=null, authorsList=王珊珊, 韩晓璐, 梁恩, 李聪慧, 刘春艳, 李明媛, 王增明, 郁彭, 郑爱萍, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王增明, 郁彭, 郑爱萍, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王增明, Tel: 86-10-66874665, E-mail: ;
郁彭, Tel: 86-22-60601268, E-mail: ;
郑爱萍, Tel: 86-10-66931694, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=DR3uyeoTBifgZBW/TZYSyg==, magXml=dlKTIiYtjp1JIQXYeWr2mQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=3nzyNqMCt0StqKkMBvUCjw==, pdfFileSize=2624090, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=KjupZMXveHWJoJ1+d6oypw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=yEN4kcGi7mTb3XZjjcpYjA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1198960230026539707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656150926357392, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1198960230177534671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656150926357392, authorId=1198960230026539707, language=EN, stringName=Shan-shan WANG, firstName=Shan-shan, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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Product property Objective Foundation
Indication Arrhythmia in children To supplement the inadequate specification of commercially available preparations
Dosage form Chewable tablet To meet the needs of personalized medication for children
Specification 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 mg
Package High density polyethylene fingertip screw cap bottle Need to meet the established validity period
Storage condition According to storage below 30 ℃
CQAs Appearance Blue round tablets To meet the needs of personalized medication for children
Relative substance Any unknown impurity: not more than 0.10%
Total impurities: not more than 0.5%
Ensure the preparation is safe, effective and reliable
Microbial limit Meets Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020
Difference < 5.0%
Assay 90%-110%
Dissolution 15 min > 80% Prevents slow release of drugs when tablets are accidentally swallowed by children
), ArticleFig(id=1198960237391737296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656150926357392, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Quality target product profile (QTPP) and critical quality attributes (CQAs) of 3D printed metoprolol tartrate chewable tablets

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Product property Objective Foundation
Indication Arrhythmia in children To supplement the inadequate specification of commercially available preparations
Dosage form Chewable tablet To meet the needs of personalized medication for children
Specification 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 mg
Package High density polyethylene fingertip screw cap bottle Need to meet the established validity period
Storage condition According to storage below 30 ℃
CQAs Appearance Blue round tablets To meet the needs of personalized medication for children
Relative substance Any unknown impurity: not more than 0.10%
Total impurities: not more than 0.5%
Ensure the preparation is safe, effective and reliable
Microbial limit Meets Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020
Difference < 5.0%
Assay 90%-110%
Dissolution 15 min > 80% Prevents slow release of drugs when tablets are accidentally swallowed by children
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Batch Print temperature/℃ Print speed/mm·s-1 Fill rate/% Outer profile layer
1 33 25 15 2
2 35 25 15 2
3 37 25 15 2
4 39 25 15 2
5 35 15 15 2
6 35 35 15 2
7 35 25 10 2
8 35 25 20 2
9 35 25 15 1
10 35 25 15 3
), ArticleFig(id=1198960237622424040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656150926357392, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Key printing parameters design table

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Batch Print temperature/℃ Print speed/mm·s-1 Fill rate/% Outer profile layer
1 33 25 15 2
2 35 25 15 2
3 37 25 15 2
4 39 25 15 2
5 35 15 15 2
6 35 35 15 2
7 35 25 10 2
8 35 25 20 2
9 35 25 15 1
10 35 25 15 3
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Batch Appearance Appearance comments Average tablet weight Sheet weight difference Disintegration
1 - Unable to print -
2 +++ 875.45 mg ±2.50% 6 min 1 s-6 min 25 s
3 +++ 877.78 mg ±2.18% 6 min12 s-6 min 38 s
4 + 884.55 mg ±4.42% -
5 +++ 870.55 mg ±3.15% 6 min 22 s-6 min 49 s
6 ++ 871.90 mg ±2.31% 6 min 19 s-6 min 39 s
7 ++ 782.23 mg ±3.75% 7 min 1 s-7 min 28 s
8 + 927.22 mg ±2.18% 10 min 22 s-10 min 48 s
9 + 605.70 mg ±5.20% 4 min 43 s-5 min 9 s
10 + 1 095.34 mg ±2.34% 10 min 54 s-11 min 48 s
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Results of the examination of key printing parameters. Appearance is scored on a scale of poor +, medium ++, good +++

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Batch Appearance Appearance comments Average tablet weight Sheet weight difference Disintegration
1 - Unable to print -
2 +++ 875.45 mg ±2.50% 6 min 1 s-6 min 25 s
3 +++ 877.78 mg ±2.18% 6 min12 s-6 min 38 s
4 + 884.55 mg ±4.42% -
5 +++ 870.55 mg ±3.15% 6 min 22 s-6 min 49 s
6 ++ 871.90 mg ±2.31% 6 min 19 s-6 min 39 s
7 ++ 782.23 mg ±3.75% 7 min 1 s-7 min 28 s
8 + 927.22 mg ±2.18% 10 min 22 s-10 min 48 s
9 + 605.70 mg ±5.20% 4 min 43 s-5 min 9 s
10 + 1 095.34 mg ±2.34% 10 min 54 s-11 min 48 s
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3D打印酒石酸美托洛尔咀嚼片的制备及打印工艺优化
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王珊珊 1, 2 , 韩晓璐 2 , 梁恩 2 , 李聪慧 2 , 刘春艳 3 , 李明媛 1 , 王增明 2, * , 郁彭 1, * , 郑爱萍 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(9): 2811-2817
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药学学报 |研究论文 2023 , 58 (9) : 2811 -2817
3D打印酒石酸美托洛尔咀嚼片的制备及打印工艺优化
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王珊珊1, 2, 韩晓璐2, 梁恩2, 李聪慧2, 刘春艳3, 李明媛1, 王增明2, * , 郁彭1, * , 郑爱萍2, *
作者信息
  • 1.天津科技大学生物工程学院, 天津 300457
  • 2.军事科学院军事医学研究院毒物药物研究所, 北京 100850
  • 3.华北理工大学药学院, 河北 唐山 063210
通讯作者:
*王增明, Tel: 86-10-66874665, E-mail: ;
郁彭, Tel: 86-22-60601268, E-mail: ;
郑爱萍, Tel: 86-10-66931694, E-mail:
Preparation of 3D printed metoprolol tartrate chewable tablets and optimization of printing process
Shan-shan WANG1, 2, Xiao-lu HAN2, En LIANG2, Cong-hui LI2, Chun-yan LIU3, Ming-yuan LI1, Zeng-ming WANG2, * , Peng YU1, * , Ai-ping ZHENG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
  • 2. Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
  • 3. College of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210
出版时间: 2023-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0143
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随着儿童个性化药物需求的不断增长, 开发儿童使用的个性化制剂尤为重要。本研究以酒石酸美托洛尔为模型药, 利用半固体挤出型(semi-solid extruded, SSE) 3D打印技术开发适合儿童的可自动化分剂量的3D打印酒石酸美托洛尔咀嚼片。本研究基于质量源于设计理念, 以明胶为基质制备了打印性良好的半固体材料, 借助计算机辅助设计构造3D模型并进行片剂打印, 对关键打印参数进行考察及优化, 确定了最终的打印工艺参数: 打印温度为35~37 ℃, 打印速度为25 mm·s-1, 填充率为15%, 外轮廓层数为2。随后, 对打印工艺进行验证, 得到了剂量与模型层数之间的线性关系。最后, 与传统分剂量的市售片剂进行对比, 3D打印咀嚼片在外观, 剂量准确度, 顺应性等方面均较优。本研究成功制备了性能良好的3D打印酒石酸美托洛尔咀嚼片, 解决儿童患者的个性化用药需求。

3D打印  /  半固体挤出  /  酒石酸美托洛尔  /  质量源于设计  /  个性化剂量

With the growing demand of personalized medicine for children, it is especially important to develop medicines for children. In this study, using metoprolol tartrate as model drug, we developed 3D printed chewable tablets suitable for children with automated dosage distribution using semi-solid extruded (SSE) 3D printing technology. Based on the quality by design concept, this study prepared a semi-solid material with good printability using gelatin as the substrate, constructed 3D models and printed tablets with the aid of computer-aided design. The printing parameters were optimized and determined as follows: print temperature of 35-37 ℃, print speed of 25 mm·s-1, fill rate of 15%, and number of outer profile layers of 2. Subsequently, the printing process and the quality uniformity of the tablets were verified, and a linear relationship between the dose and the number of model layers was obtained. Finally, 3D printed chewable tablets were superior in terms of appearance, dose accuracy and compliance compared with traditional split-dose commercially available tablets. In this study, 3D printed metoprolol tartrate chewable tablets with good performance were successfully prepared to address the personalized medication needs of pediatric patients.

3D printing  /  semi-solid extrusion  /  metoprolol tartrate  /  quality by design  /  personalized dose
王珊珊, 韩晓璐, 梁恩, 李聪慧, 刘春艳, 李明媛, 王增明, 郁彭, 郑爱萍. 3D打印酒石酸美托洛尔咀嚼片的制备及打印工艺优化. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (9) : 2811 -2817 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0143
Shan-shan WANG, Xiao-lu HAN, En LIANG, Cong-hui LI, Chun-yan LIU, Ming-yuan LI, Zeng-ming WANG, Peng YU, Ai-ping ZHENG. Preparation of 3D printed metoprolol tartrate chewable tablets and optimization of printing process[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (9) : 2811 -2817 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0143
心律失常是儿童心血管系统的常见疾病之一, 发病率占5%左右, 且呈逐年上升的趋势, 儿童患者应及时应用抗心律失常药以减少并发症、降低病死率、提高生活质量等[1, 2]。酒石酸美托洛尔为β1受体阻滞剂, 对心脏具有高度选择性, 主要用于治疗心律失常, 也是高血压、心绞痛的首选药物[3], 但目前没有儿童剂型, 需要将药片平均分成5份、10份或更多, 不仅难以保证剂量准确, 还会导致药效降低、不良反应增加及药品浪费[4]。实现儿童个体化用药, 保障临床治疗的安全性及有效性已迫在眉睫[5]
3D打印技术又称增材制造技术, 通过计算机辅助设计三维模型, 再通过特定的成型设备, 将材料逐层打印、层层叠加, 最终把计算机上的蓝图变成实物[6, 7]。其中SSE 3D打印技术是全球范围内较为广泛使用的3D打印技术, 该技术使用的材料无需高温加热, 适用性广, 可以在几秒钟内通过一体成型的工艺制备出3D打印片剂[8, 9]。此外, SSE 3D打印设备小巧灵活, 可根据患者需求现场打印不同口味或者规格需求的制剂, 十分适合医院药房环境使用, 已在国内外应用于临床[10, 11]
本研究使用SSE技术开发了适合儿童的3D打印酒石酸美托洛尔咀嚼片, 对其关键打印工艺进行了考察, 论证了处方工艺用于个性化剂量药物调配的可行性, 并与传统分剂量的市售片剂进行了对比。本研究的3D打印咀嚼片可满足不同儿童患者用药的个性化需求, 充分发挥了3D打印技术在个性化医疗中的优势。
试剂  酒石酸美托洛尔(浙江普洛家园药业有限公司, 批号: 1015-2107001); 酒石酸美托洛尔片(阿斯利康药业中国有限公司, 批号: 1901A32); 甘油(南昌白云药业, 批号: 20210629); 微晶纤维素(日本Asahi kasei公司, 批号: 1863); 果葡糖浆(广东焕发药业有限公司, 批号: 20081001); 蓝色色素(上海柔亚食品添加剂贸易有限公司, 批号: RP16090400); 明胶(大连美仑生物技术有限公司, 批号: M1217A); 所有其他试剂均为色谱纯或分析纯。
仪器  半固体挤出型3D打印机(英国M3DIMAKER公司, 型号: PrintletsTM 3D printer); 电子分析天平(美国METTLER TOLEDO公司, 型号: ME204); 流变仪(美国TA公司, 型号: HR 10); 智能崩解仪(天津鑫洲科技有限公司, 型号: ZB-ID); 溶出仪(天津市天大天发科技有限公司, 型号: RC806D); 质构仪(上海保圣实业发展有限公司, 型号: TA touch); 扫描电子显微镜(日本日立公司, 型号: S-4800); 高效液相色谱仪(美国赛默飞世尔科技公司, 型号: UltiMate3000)。
产品目标质量概况  根据北京市某儿童医院酒石酸美托洛尔的分剂量需求, 同时结合SSE技术的特点, 确定开发四个规格(2.5、5.0、7.5、10.0 mg) 的3D打印酒石酸美托洛尔咀嚼片, 并结合2~11岁目标儿童特点建立了产品质量概况(quality target product profile, QTPP) 和关键质量属性(critical quality attributes, CQAs), 具体见表 1
半固体材料的制备  将适量的明胶与水先在室温混合使明胶溶胀20 min, 随后放入60 ℃水浴锅中加热20 min使明胶融化。添加适量的微晶纤维素、果葡糖浆、甘油、蓝色色素及1%的酒石酸美托洛尔, 在60 ℃下搅拌均匀, 即得到半固体材料。取部分胶体材料用于流变学表征, 剩余的灌装至20 mL的3D打印专用注射器中, 用注射器柱塞及螺旋盖密封装后, 装入聚酯/铝/聚乙烯袋包装密封保存。
半固体材料的流变学测试  使用流变仪对半固体材料进行流变学分析, 将胶体材料切成薄片, 使用直径为20 mm铝制平行板结构, 在40 ℃下加载样品。测试温度为35 ℃。3D打印过程可以分为3个阶段, 挤出阶段、恢复阶段以及自我支撑阶段, 模拟打印过程中的材料流变性能[12, 13], 程序测试分别为流动扫描: 剪切速率范围为0.1~100 s-1, 记录剪切速率与黏度和剪切应力的对数曲线, 用于确定基于挤出阶段半固体材料的流动行为; 剪切恢复: 记录时间与黏度的变化曲线, 以第3阶段的稳态黏度除第1阶段的稳态黏度得到剪切恢复率, 用以确定恢复阶段半固体材料在经历挤出喷头处高剪切后的触变性。第一阶段(低剪切率0.1 s-1保持180 s), 第二阶段(低剪切率100 s-1保持20 s), 第三阶段(低剪切率0.1 s-1保持180 s); 振幅温度扫描: 温度范围50~25 ℃, 频率为1 Hz, 应变0.1%, 降温速率为-2 ℃·min-1, 记录温度与复数模量G*的变化曲线, 用于确定半固体材料自我支撑阶段的机械强度。
3D打印咀嚼片的制备及打印参数的考察  将装有半固体材料的一次性注射器置于打印机料筒内, 打印温度下预热20 min, 使用Rhino 6.5软件设计圆柱体的模型(直径: 15 mm, 高度: 5 mm), 将模型导出为.stl格式并导入至Repetier Host V 2.2.2打印软件中, 设置好打印参数后切片, 进行3D打印咀嚼片的测试与制备。
为考察关键打印参数对3D打印咀嚼片制备的影响, 分别对打印温度(33~39 ℃)、打印速度(15~35 mm·s-1)、填充率(10%~20%) 及外轮廓数(1~3) 进行考察, 设计不同的打印批次, 检查3D打印咀嚼片的外观, 打印可重复性, 打印精度及崩解时间, 具体见表 2
打印工艺的验证  使用SSE技术制备制剂时, 模型高度需是喷头直径的整数倍, 因此不能直接通过模型体积的变化来实现剂量的灵活调节, 要想实现剂量与模型之间的线性关系, 目前较好的方法是固定模型的直径, 按照喷头直径的整数倍以调整模型的高度, 从而建立模型层数与剂量的相关性。
为了验证已确定的打印参数用于剂量调整的准确性, 本研究针对儿童患者对于酒石酸美托洛尔的个性化剂量需求, 设计了两种直径大小的圆柱形模型(涵盖1~5 mg规格的模型直径: 11.5 mm, 涵盖4~12 mg规格的模型直径: 17.5 mm), 模型高度设置为喷头直径0.8 mm的整数倍, 并有序依次的增加(小规格模型: 1~5层, 大规格模型: 2~6层), 记录不同层数模型制备的3D打印咀嚼片的片重, 评价咀嚼片每层质量的均一性, 以及片重对层数的线性拟合结果, 以验证打印工艺参数设置的合理及准确性。
3D打印咀嚼片的表征及与市售片剂的对比
外观  随机选择2.5、5、7.5、10 mg的3D打印酒石酸美托洛尔咀嚼片, 市售酒石酸美托洛尔片(规格: 25 mg) 经掰片后得到的规格约为12.5、10 mg规格的片剂, 以及经过研磨称重后得到的规格约为10 mg的粉末, 比较外观。同时利用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM) 观察3D打印咀嚼片的微观结构, 首先在真空环境下在3D打印咀嚼片(规格: 2.5 mg) 表面喷涂导电的金膜, 在5.0 kV电压下放大25倍进行观察, 评价片剂的内部及显微结构, 并测量丝材宽度。
3D打印咀嚼片质构特性测试  由于本研究的3D打印咀嚼片为胶质咀嚼型, 传统的片剂测量手段, 如硬度、脆碎度检测不适用于该3D打印咀嚼片的性能评估, 而质构仪非常适合具有弹性的咀嚼类产品的评价[14]。因此, 使用质构仪对3D打印咀嚼片进行性能测试, 使用20 kg传感器和钳口探头TA/VB进行全质构测试。测试方法: 将3D打印咀嚼片放置在质构仪检测平台上, 设置以下参数: 使用TPA模式, 下压位移为3 mm, 下压时间为2 s, 测试前速率、测试速率为1 mm·s-1, 测试后速率为2 mm·s-1, 触发力为10 gf, 记录弹性、咀嚼性以及内聚性, 对每个样品进行一式三份的测量, 结果取平均值。
体外溶出  各取6片完整的3D打印咀嚼片(规格: 10 mg)、切块后的3D打印咀嚼片(规格: 10 mg), 以及市售酒石酸美托洛尔片(规格: 25 mg) 进行体外溶出测试, 溶出介质为氯化钠的盐酸溶液(取氯化钠2 g, 加盐酸7 mL, 加水至1 000 mL), 介质体积500 mL, 介质温度37 ± 0.5 ℃, 篮法, 转速100 r·min-1, 取样时间为2.5、5、10、15、20、30 min; 检测方法: 高效液相色谱法, C8柱, 流动相: 乙腈-缓冲盐= 40∶60, 缓冲盐: 1.3 g·L-1十二烷基硫酸钠在0.1% (W/V) 磷酸中, 流速: 1.0 mL·min-1, 柱温: 30 ℃, 检测波长: 223 nm, 进样量: 10 μL。
灌装及包装完成的材料如图 1AB所示, 为均一、无气泡的蓝色半固体材料。该半固体材料是以具备温敏特性的明胶为基质制备的, 对该材料进行温度扫描降温实验, 结果见图 1C, 随着温度的不断降低, 该材料在34 ℃后黏度增长较快, 这为打印温度的选择提供了有价值的参考, 同时该材料较低的打印温度也十分适合药物输送方面的应用[15]。利用流变仪在线性黏弹区内测定材料的流变学性质, 结果表明半固体材料为非牛顿流体, 呈现一种利于3D打印的剪切变稀性质, 如图 1D所示, 随着剪切力的增加表观黏度下降, 在高剪切速率下会将剪切稀化的半固体材料的黏度降低到相对较低的水平, 利于半固体材料从喷嘴挤出的过程。其次, 经喷嘴挤出后的丝材应具备较好的触变性, 避免丝材沉积到平台后的进一步流动, 并且有一定的支撑性, 可支撑下一层丝材的打印沉积[16, 17]。剪切恢复实验就是模拟半固体材料经历喷头的短暂高剪切后材料黏度的恢复性, 结果如图 1E所示, 该批次的半固体材料的剪切恢复率为30%, 说明经喷嘴挤出后的丝材能够快速恢复较大的黏度, 有利于3D打印产品的制备。
对影响3D打印咀嚼片质量的关键打印参数(打印温度、打印速度、填充率、外轮廓数) 进行考察, 以咀嚼片外观、打印重复性、精密度及崩解时间作为考察指标, 考察结果如表 3所示。首先, 打印温度的考察结果表明, 打印温度为33 ℃时, 打印材料流动性不足, 供料不足, 严重影响咀嚼片外观及片重, 而打印温度为39 ℃时, 丝材的流动性过强, 导致咀嚼片表面模糊, 影响其内部的网状结构, 最终确定打印温度范围为35~37 ℃, 这和半固体材料的流变行为一致。当确定好打印温度后, 对适合该材料的打印速度区间进行考察, 结果发现当打印速度在15~35 mm·s-1时, 打印结果都较好, 但速度较大时, 3D打印咀嚼片的精密度略微下降, 打印速度不影响咀嚼片的崩解时间, 同时考虑到打印的效率, 最终定打印速度为25 mm·s-1。对3D打印制剂来说, 可通过调节填充率从而改变制剂内部的致密度, 从而影响崩解或溶出, 如表 3所示, 当3D打印咀嚼片的填充率为10%或15%时, 崩解时限接近, 且10%填充率咀嚼片的精密度一般, 而当填充率达到20%, 咀嚼片的结构十分致密, 崩解时限也增长到了10 min, 因此, 最终选择15%的填充率。外轮廓层数会直接影响3D打印咀嚼片结构的坚固性及崩解时限, 如表 3所示, 1层外轮廓层数咀嚼片的成形性较差, 而3层外轮廓层数咀嚼片的崩解时限较长, 最终选择外轮廓层数为2。
为了验证打印工艺参数的合理性及适用性, 对大小两种直径的圆柱形模型分别开展片重与层数的相关性实验, 线性拟合及打印结果如图 2所示, 得到片重(y) 与模型层数(x) 的回归方程: ①小规格: y = 100.79x - 7.931 (r = 0.999 9); ②大规格: y = 187.96x + 29.543 4 (r = 0.999 6), 线性拟合结果均较好。说明在一定的层数范围内, 片剂每层重量较为一致, 其中小规格模型的每层片重约为100 mg, 即每层剂量为1 mg, 大规格模型的每层剂量为2 mg, 这验证了已确定的打印工艺与半固体材料之间的高度适配, 即通过适当调整模型的直径或层数可得到准确目标剂量的片剂, 从而满足医院环境下调配个性化剂量药物的需求。
图 3A为儿童剂量需求的3D打印酒石酸美托洛尔咀嚼片及掰片或研磨后的市售片剂, 其中3D打印咀嚼片可通过调整模型的形状大小, 制备儿童友好的个性化剂量的制剂, 图中的3D打印咀嚼片有胶囊型、花朵型、心型和小熊型, 可以很大程度提高儿童患者服药的顺应性。图 3B~E展示了3D打印咀嚼片的内外部结构, 从SEM图中可以清楚地观察到丝材粗细均匀, 以90°交叉的层层叠加的内部填充方式整齐排列。丝材保持直径为0.8 mm, 与喷嘴直径一致, 说明材料经喷嘴挤出后无明显膨胀收缩的现象, 通过3D打印技术可制备精准剂量的药品。
市售酒石酸美托洛尔片剂的最小规格为25 mg, 如图 3A所示, 若按照片剂的刻痕掰片, 其规格可达到12.5 mg, 而10 mg或更小规格的片剂只能通过部分剪切或者研磨片剂成粉末以实现, 这也是目前医院药品的分剂量现状, 存在剂量不准, 口感差, 患者顺应性差等问题, 远远不能满足儿童患者的需求, 难以实现精准医疗的目标。
咀嚼片的质感特性及口感等各方面的性能对儿童患者的可接受度发挥着主要的作用, 而全质构测试正是模仿了咬合、咀嚼以及残余阶段的过程[18, 19]。对3D打印酒石酸美托洛尔咀嚼片进行质构测试, 通过质构特性的检测得到与感官评价相关的参数, 控制3D打印咀嚼片的质量。得到的质构特性结果如下: 硬度为2.814 N、弹性值为0.763、咀嚼性为0.921 N, 内聚性为0.429。其中, 硬度表征压迫咀嚼片所需的力, 弹性值表征咀嚼所需的能量, 咀嚼性是指3D打印咀嚼片咀嚼达到适合吞咽程度的时间长度, 内聚性是指内部颗粒之间的黏附力程度[20]
酒石酸美托洛尔为生物药剂学分类系统(biopharmaceutics classification system, BCS) I类, 是一种高水溶性的药物, 对比3D打印咀嚼片及市售片剂的溶出(图 4), 其中3D打印咀嚼片为本研究的最大规格10 mg, 市售片剂使用的是市面上的最小规格25 mg, 3D打印咀嚼片和市售片剂在15 min的溶出度均≥85%, 均为快速溶出, 溶出行为相似, 其中3D打印咀嚼片无论是否切块, 在10 min均能达到100%的释放, 这和3D打印咀嚼片内部的网状支撑结构有关, 即使儿童在服用咀嚼片的过程中误吞, 也不会造成药物释放缓慢。
与传统制药工艺相比, 3D打印技术应用于药物制剂制备时具备特有的优势, 可根据患者需求制备特殊尺寸、形状或内部结构的制剂, 满足特殊人群的药物需求, 为实现个性化医疗提供技术支持。本研究使用SSE 3D打印技术, 以酒石酸美托洛尔为模型药, 旨在开发适合儿童用药需求的低剂量个性化制剂。
首先, 为保证3D打印药物的安全性及有效性, 本研究遵循质量源于设计理念, 结合了目标儿童及3D打印技术的特点, 确定了3D打印酒石酸美托洛尔咀嚼片的QTPP和CQAs, 形成产品开发设计的础。基于SSE 3D打印技术的原理, 对影响3D打印咀嚼片性能的关键打印参数, 如打印温度、打印速度、填充率、外轮廓数进行考察, 获得与半固体材料性质相匹配的打印参数值。随后对工艺参数进行验证, 在固定模型直径的前提下, 拟合模型层数与片重的线性相关性, 结果较好。最后, 与传统分剂量的市售片剂进行对比, 3D打印酒石酸美托洛尔咀嚼片在各方面均更优, 为儿童个性化剂量调控奠定了基础。
SSE 3D打印技术具备灵活制造及小批量定制的优点, 是目前较适合医院环境的分剂量技术手段, 相信在未来相关法规及技术指导原则的不断完善下, 3D打印技术将助力个性化医疗的发展。
作者贡献: 王珊珊、韩晓璐具体完成撰写任务; 梁恩完成文献检索和筛选; 李聪慧完成了实验的设计与操作; 刘春燕、李明媛共同完成实验数据的分析; 郁彭对文章撰写的内容进行了审校与把关; 王增明、郑爱萍确定文章方向及内容组成。
利益冲突: 无利益冲突。
  • 北京市自然科学基金资助项目(L202043)
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2023年第58卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0143
  • 接收时间:2023-02-12
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-12
  • 修回日期:2023-06-06
基金
北京市自然科学基金资助项目(L202043)
作者信息
    1.天津科技大学生物工程学院, 天津 300457
    2.军事科学院军事医学研究院毒物药物研究所, 北京 100850
    3.华北理工大学药学院, 河北 唐山 063210

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*王增明, Tel: 86-10-66874665, E-mail: ;
郁彭, Tel: 86-22-60601268, E-mail: ;
郑爱萍, Tel: 86-10-66931694, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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