Article(id=1198656216634323820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0131, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1675872000000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-09, revisedDate=1683475200000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711512001, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1697040000000, pubDateStr=2023-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711512001, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711512001, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711512001, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656209390764948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='10', pageStart='2835', pageEnd='3150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1697040000000', pubDateStr='2023-10-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711510274, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763711659007, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656833280897539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656833280897540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3032, endPage=3039, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656217364132741, articleId=1198656216634323820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Exploring the material basis of genipin-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The current study explored the hepatotoxicity among closed-ring genipin, open-ring tautomer of genipin and gardenia blue that generated from genipin and amino acid reaction using HepaRG cells to identify the material basis of genipin-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro. The effects of temperature, pH value and different kinds of amino acids on the chemical structure tautomerism between closed-ring and open-ring tautomer of genipin and the production of gardenia blue were investigated firstly, which aimed to explicit the conditions that could distinguish the closed-ring genipin and its open-ring tautomer, and the conditions generating gardenia blue, which were applied to prepare different kinds of gardenia blue; the CCK-8 kit was employed to analyze the hepatotoxicity of closed-ring genipin, open-ring tautomer of genipin and gardenia blue. From the results, it was found that, the structure transformation from close-ring to open-ring of genipin could be inhibited under the condition with acid environment; being essential groups to generate gardenia blue, the primary amino group and the open-ring tautomer of genipin reacting to generate the dihydropyridine ring was probably the key structure of gardenia blue; the structure characteristics existed apparent distinction at the reactive temperature of 37 ℃ and 80 ℃; compared to the culture condition with pH = 7.4, the concentration of genipin with close-ring in culture medium was significantly increased at pH = 5, but the cell viability did not decreased; the cell toxicity of gardenia blue was apparently lower than open-ring tautomer of genipin, and even some kinds of gardenia blue showed growth promoting effect on HepaRG cells. Here, it was suggested potentially that open-ring tautomer of genipin be the important material basis to induce hepatotoxicity, which could provide a cue and lay a foundation for the elucidation of the underlying mechanism of genipin-induced hepatotoxicity.

, authors=null, authorsList=Fan ZHANG, Dong-xia LV, Yu-song DONG, Jia-qi QIN, Guo-xu WANG, Yang LUO, Zhi RAO, Yu-hui WEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yu-hui WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656221432606798, articleId=1198656216634323820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=京尼平所致肝细胞毒性的物质基础研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文通过探究京尼平闭环原型、开环异构体及其与氨基酸结合而成的栀子蓝的HepaRG肝细胞毒性, 阐明京尼平所致肝细胞毒性的物质基础。考察不同温度、pH值及氨基酸对京尼平结构互变及栀子蓝形成的影响, 明确可区分京尼平闭环和开环异构体的条件, 以及栀子蓝形成的条件并制备不同氨基酸类型的栀子蓝冷冻干燥粉末; CCK-8法测定京尼平原型、开环异构体以及不同类型栀子蓝的肝细胞毒性。结果显示, 酸性条件可抑制京尼平由闭环向开环的转化; 伯氨基和京尼平开环结构是生成栀子蓝的必要条件, 且两者最可能形成二氢吡啶环型的栀子蓝; 37与80 ℃合成的栀子蓝存在明显差异; pH = 5的酸性条件与正常培养条件(pH = 7.4) 相比, 京尼平原型浓度显著升高, 但细胞存活率并未明显降低; 栀子蓝的细胞毒性显著低于京尼平开环结构, 甚至部分类型栀子蓝呈现促进细胞生长的作用。研究结果表明, 京尼平开环结构可能是造成肝细胞毒性的重要物质基础, 为今后京尼平肝毒性机制等相关研究奠定了基础并提供了线索。

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*魏玉辉, Tel: 86-931-8356510, E-mail:
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Molar ratio Genipin concentration/μg·mL-1
Arg His Pro Met Gly Phe Lys
1∶1 14.15 ± 1.35 11.09 ± 0.90 45.12 ± 1.31 22.71 ± 1.76 9.87 ± 0.62 21.97 ± 2.72 N.F.
1∶2 N.F. 0.92 ± 0.50 46.92 ± 0.021 13.38 ± 3.23 N.F. 14.27 ± 0.40 N.F.
1∶4 N.F. N.F. 39.48 ± 12.08 2.86 ± 0.96 N.F. N.F. N.F.
), ArticleFig(id=1198960267079021504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656216634323820, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The concentration of genipin after genipin reacted with amino acids with different molar ratios. n = 2, x ± s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Molar ratio Genipin concentration/μg·mL-1
Arg His Pro Met Gly Phe Lys
1∶1 14.15 ± 1.35 11.09 ± 0.90 45.12 ± 1.31 22.71 ± 1.76 9.87 ± 0.62 21.97 ± 2.72 N.F.
1∶2 N.F. 0.92 ± 0.50 46.92 ± 0.021 13.38 ± 3.23 N.F. 14.27 ± 0.40 N.F.
1∶4 N.F. N.F. 39.48 ± 12.08 2.86 ± 0.96 N.F. N.F. N.F.
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京尼平所致肝细胞毒性的物质基础研究
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张帆 1 , 吕东霞 2 , 董毓松 2 , 秦佳琪 3 , 王国旭 3 , 骆洋 2 , 饶志 1 , 魏玉辉 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(10): 3032-3039
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药学学报 |研究论文 2023 , 58 (10) : 3032 -3039
京尼平所致肝细胞毒性的物质基础研究
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张帆1, 吕东霞2, 董毓松2, 秦佳琪3, 王国旭3, 骆洋2, 饶志1, 魏玉辉1, *
作者信息
  • 1.兰州大学第一医院, 甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 2.兰州大学第一临床医学院, 甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 3.兰州大学药学院, 甘肃 兰州 730000
通讯作者:
*魏玉辉, Tel: 86-931-8356510, E-mail:
Exploring the material basis of genipin-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro
Fan ZHANG1, Dong-xia LV2, Yu-song DONG2, Jia-qi QIN3, Guo-xu WANG3, Yang LUO2, Zhi RAO1, Yu-hui WEI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 2. The 1st School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 3. School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
出版时间: 2023-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0131
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本文通过探究京尼平闭环原型、开环异构体及其与氨基酸结合而成的栀子蓝的HepaRG肝细胞毒性, 阐明京尼平所致肝细胞毒性的物质基础。考察不同温度、pH值及氨基酸对京尼平结构互变及栀子蓝形成的影响, 明确可区分京尼平闭环和开环异构体的条件, 以及栀子蓝形成的条件并制备不同氨基酸类型的栀子蓝冷冻干燥粉末; CCK-8法测定京尼平原型、开环异构体以及不同类型栀子蓝的肝细胞毒性。结果显示, 酸性条件可抑制京尼平由闭环向开环的转化; 伯氨基和京尼平开环结构是生成栀子蓝的必要条件, 且两者最可能形成二氢吡啶环型的栀子蓝; 37与80 ℃合成的栀子蓝存在明显差异; pH = 5的酸性条件与正常培养条件(pH = 7.4) 相比, 京尼平原型浓度显著升高, 但细胞存活率并未明显降低; 栀子蓝的细胞毒性显著低于京尼平开环结构, 甚至部分类型栀子蓝呈现促进细胞生长的作用。研究结果表明, 京尼平开环结构可能是造成肝细胞毒性的重要物质基础, 为今后京尼平肝毒性机制等相关研究奠定了基础并提供了线索。

京尼平  /  开环异构体  /  栀子蓝  /  肝毒性  /  物质基础

The current study explored the hepatotoxicity among closed-ring genipin, open-ring tautomer of genipin and gardenia blue that generated from genipin and amino acid reaction using HepaRG cells to identify the material basis of genipin-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro. The effects of temperature, pH value and different kinds of amino acids on the chemical structure tautomerism between closed-ring and open-ring tautomer of genipin and the production of gardenia blue were investigated firstly, which aimed to explicit the conditions that could distinguish the closed-ring genipin and its open-ring tautomer, and the conditions generating gardenia blue, which were applied to prepare different kinds of gardenia blue; the CCK-8 kit was employed to analyze the hepatotoxicity of closed-ring genipin, open-ring tautomer of genipin and gardenia blue. From the results, it was found that, the structure transformation from close-ring to open-ring of genipin could be inhibited under the condition with acid environment; being essential groups to generate gardenia blue, the primary amino group and the open-ring tautomer of genipin reacting to generate the dihydropyridine ring was probably the key structure of gardenia blue; the structure characteristics existed apparent distinction at the reactive temperature of 37 ℃ and 80 ℃; compared to the culture condition with pH = 7.4, the concentration of genipin with close-ring in culture medium was significantly increased at pH = 5, but the cell viability did not decreased; the cell toxicity of gardenia blue was apparently lower than open-ring tautomer of genipin, and even some kinds of gardenia blue showed growth promoting effect on HepaRG cells. Here, it was suggested potentially that open-ring tautomer of genipin be the important material basis to induce hepatotoxicity, which could provide a cue and lay a foundation for the elucidation of the underlying mechanism of genipin-induced hepatotoxicity.

genipin  /  open-ring tautomer  /  gardenia blue  /  hepatotoxicity  /  material basis
张帆, 吕东霞, 董毓松, 秦佳琪, 王国旭, 骆洋, 饶志, 魏玉辉. 京尼平所致肝细胞毒性的物质基础研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (10) : 3032 -3039 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0131
Fan ZHANG, Dong-xia LV, Yu-song DONG, Jia-qi QIN, Guo-xu WANG, Yang LUO, Zhi RAO, Yu-hui WEI. Exploring the material basis of genipin-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (10) : 3032 -3039 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0131
京尼平(genipin, GP, 图 1), 天然产物, 具有丰富多样的药理活性, 主要来源于栀子、杜仲、管花肉苁蓉等常用中药, 是其主要药效成分京尼平苷(geniposide, 图 1) 经肠道β-葡萄糖苷酶的水解产物, 为京尼平苷的苷元部分。研究表明, 京尼平具有抗炎、抗氧化、降糖、降脂、抗抑郁、抗肿瘤和抗菌等多种药理活性, 对胆汁淤积、脂肪肝、胃肠疾病等肝胆消化系统疾病、糖尿病、心血管疾病、抑郁症和阿尔茨海默病等精神系统疾病、类风湿关节炎等骨骼系统疾病以及肿瘤和感染等均有治疗作用[1-4]。此外, 其也常作为天然交联剂, 用于制剂、生物材料等多种生物工程领域[5]。可见, 京尼平应用领域之广泛, 是非常具有研发价值和潜力的天然产物。然而, 近年来研究发现, 京尼平具有明确的肝毒性[6-10], 限制了京尼平甚至相关中药的开发和应用。
京尼平主要是由环戊烷并半缩醛结构的二氢吡喃环构成的环烯醚萜类化合物(结构见图 1), 研究显示半缩醛结构的二氢吡喃环并不稳定, 易开环而形成双醛结构, 是京尼平的互变异构体(图 1)[11]。重要的是, 开环异构体并不稳定, 易被亲核基团攻击而反应, 其中最常见的就是与氨基酸或其残基反应生成蓝色物质, 即栀子蓝(图 1)。栀子蓝是常用的色素和染料, 除工业生产条件外, 生理条件下京尼平进入富含氨基酸或蛋白的生命体时, 栀子蓝随即产生, 是京尼平染蓝肝脏和细胞的主要原因。基于此, 京尼平导致肝毒性的物质基础包括: ①京尼平原型(闭环结构); ②京尼平开环异构体; ③栀子蓝。然而截至目前, 京尼平原型与其开环异构体的肝毒性并未被区分; 再者, 虽有研究表明栀子蓝存在较低的肝细胞毒性, 但相关研究所用栀子蓝为工业条件制备(80 ℃) 或购买的色素级混合体系(栀子蓝色素), 而非于生理条件下生成的栀子蓝[9]。可见, 京尼平原型、开环异构体以及生理条件下产生的不同类型栀子蓝引起的肝毒性尚未清晰, 即京尼平所致肝毒性的物质基础不清, 这不利于京尼平肝毒性机制的阐明以及进一步的开发和应用。
综上所述, 本研究在明确区分京尼平及其开环结构的条件以及制备生理型不同类型栀子蓝粉末的基础上, 以人源性HepaRG肝细胞为研究对象, 阐明京尼平诱导肝细胞毒性的物质基础, 为京尼平肝毒性机制的阐明及其防治对策的发现奠定基础, 对于京尼平及栀子等相关中药的合理使用、研究和开发有重要意义。
细胞株  人源肝细胞HepaRG细胞株购于北京北纳创联生物技术研究院。
主要仪器与设备  Agilent 1260高效液相色谱仪(G1322A在线脱气机、G1312C二元高压泵、G1329B自动进样器、G1316A柱温箱)、Agilent 6460三重四级杆质谱仪、Agilent MassHunter Workstation Qualitative Analysis B.04.00分析软件(美国Agilent公司); TBA-2000FR全自动生化分析仪(东芝医疗系统有限公司); SmartWLI光学显微镜(德国GBS公司); Multiskan FC型酶标仪、311恒温细胞培养箱(美国Thermo公司); LT-224S分析天平(北京赛多利斯公司)。
主要试剂  京尼平(纯度 > 98%, 批号: 22031801, 成都康邦生物科技有限公司); 分化的HepaRG细胞(美国Merck Millipore公司); RPMI-1640培养基(货号: SH30809.01)、0.25%胰酶(货号: SH30042.01)、青霉素-链霉素双抗混合液(货号: SV30010)(美国Hyclone公司); 胎牛血清(美国Serana公司, 货号: S-FEBS-EU-015); SuperKineTM超敏型细胞增殖检测试剂(CCK-8) (武汉Abbkine公司, 批号: ATVE16031); L-精氨酸(批号: 1228W023)、L-组氨酸(批号: 510M022)、L-脯氨酸(批号: 829B021)、L-甲硫氨酸(批号: 910J028)、甘氨酸(批号: 420S061)、L-苯丙氨酸(批号: 621M025) 和L-赖氨酸(批号: 1213M023) 均购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司。
细胞培养  HepaRG细胞复苏后, 接种于细胞培养瓶中, 以含10%胎牛血清、1%青霉素和链霉素双抗的RPMI-1640培养基, 即完全培养基, 置于5% CO2、37 ℃细胞培养箱中贴壁培养, 每2天更换完全培养基1次, 待细胞贴壁生长至培养瓶底表面积的85%~90%时, 胰酶消化后传代及接种。
HPLC/MS/MS测定京尼平含量  色谱条件: 色谱柱: Waters CORTECS-C18 (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 2.7 μm); 流动相: 甲醇∶水=80∶20; 流速: 0.5 mL·min-1; 柱温: 室温; 进样量: 2 μL。质谱条件: 采用电喷雾离子源(ESI), 负离子模式。毛细管电压为4 kV, 干燥器流速为9 L·min-1, 干燥气温为350 ℃, 雾化气压40 psi, 多反应监测模式(MRM)。京尼平的离子通道为m/z 225.2→123.1, 碰撞能(CE) 为33 eV, 碎裂电压为96 V。
京尼平与氨基酸反应生成栀子蓝的影响因素考察
选择精氨酸(arginine, Arg)、组氨酸(histidine, His)、脯氨酸(proline, Pro)、甲硫氨酸(methionine, Met)、甘氨酸(glycine, Gly)、苯丙氨酸(phenylalanine, Phe) 和赖氨酸(lysine, Lys) 7种结构类型不同的氨基酸(图 2) 与京尼平反应, 考察不同氨基酸于不同温度(37和80 ℃)、不同pH条件(2、7.4和12) 以及不同京尼平(1 mmol·L-1) 与氨基酸摩尔比(1∶1、1∶2、1∶4) 对京尼平闭环原型-开环-栀子蓝形成的影响, 揭示生理条件下京尼平与氨基酸的反应模式, 以及区分京尼平闭环原型、开环结构和栀子蓝的具体条件。
不同温度对栀子蓝形成的影响  37 ℃为机体正常生理温度, 80 ℃为工业合成栀子蓝色素的温度, 分别于5 mL含2 mmol·L-1不同氨基酸的PBS溶液(pH = 7.4) 中加入10 μL 500 mmol·L-1京尼平甲醇溶液, 使体系中京尼平的浓度为1 mmol·L-1且与不同氨基酸摩尔浓度比成1∶2, 以仅含1 mmol·L-1京尼平PBS溶液为对照(n = 2), 于37和80 ℃下分别反应12 h。于反应前及后分别取样, 京尼平单用组样本用甲醇稀释50倍, 其他样本稀释20倍, 12 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 取上清于HPLC/MS/MS测定京尼平含量, 考察温度对京尼平和氨基酸反应的影响。
不同pH的影响  酸性条件下京尼平结构可稳定保持在闭环状态[11], 为此考察pH为2 (酸性)、7.4 (生理中性条件) 及12 (碱性) 条件下, 对京尼平和氨基酸反应生成栀子蓝的影响。将PBS溶液用HCl和NaOH分别调节pH为2、7.4和12后, 按5 mL反应体系中京尼平(1 mmol·L-1) 和氨基酸(2 mmol·L-1) 的摩尔比为1∶2于37 ℃反应, 1 mmol·L-1京尼平为对照组。12 h后取样, 甲醇稀释, 其中pH = 2对照组稀释400倍, 其余组稀释200倍; pH = 7.4对照组稀释200倍, 其余组稀释20倍; pH = 12所有组稀释20倍。12 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 取上清HPLC/MS/MS测定京尼平浓度。
各氨基酸不同比例的影响  5 mL的反应体系中以京尼平(1 mmol·L-1) 与各氨基酸的摩尔比分别为1∶1、1∶2和1∶4于37 ℃反应12 h (n = 2), 取样甲醇稀释20倍, 测定京尼平含量。
不同类型栀子蓝冷冻干燥粉末的制备  分别于含Arg、His、Pro、Met、Gly、Phe和Lys 12 mmol·L-1 PBS溶液(pH = 7.4) 20 mL中加入京尼平使其浓度为3 mmol·L-1, 再分别于37和80 ℃反应24 h制备不同类型栀子蓝溶液后, 于-80 ℃冷冻过夜后, 置于冷冻干燥机中制备栀子蓝粉末。对比所获得的栀子蓝粉末的性状, 并用紫外-可见分光光度法(UV-VIS) 测定200~800 nm的吸收光谱特征。
CCK-8法检测细胞存活率  调整对数生长期的每毫升HepaRG细胞数为2×104个, 以每孔100 μL即2×103个/孔的密度接种于96孔板中, 贴壁培养24 h后, 设不含细胞的空白对照组和含有细胞的空白溶剂对照组, 其余各组按给药方案干预一定时间后, 用不含血清的新鲜培养基清洗细胞表层2次, 加入含10% CCK-8试剂的培养基继续于细胞培养箱中反应1~1.5 h, 酶标仪测定450 nm处测定每孔吸光度(A), 计算细胞存活率= [(A实验组-A空白)/(A对照组-A空白)] × 100%, 考察京尼平闭环原型、开环异构体以及不同类型栀子蓝对HepaRG细胞存活率的影响, 以明确京尼平肝细胞毒性的物质基础。
京尼平闭环原型对肝细胞存活率的影响  由实验结果可知, 酸性条件下京尼平可保持在闭环的原型状态且不易与氨基酸结合生成栀子蓝, 同时前期实验确定pH为5的培养条件可明显使京尼平保持在闭环状态且细胞可耐受。因此, 考察pH为5的酸性条件下细胞培养液中京尼平原型含量的变化及其与HepaRG细胞存活率之间的关系, 以明确京尼平开环和闭环异构体的肝细胞毒性。
接种有HepaRG细胞的96孔板分为无细胞空白组、有细胞对照组、pH分别为5的酸性及7.4的正常条件培养基对照组以及分别含200和400 μg‧mL-1京尼平的2种pH培养基组(n = 8)。96孔板于实验前吸去原有培养基, 于每孔中分别加入100 μL相应pH值的完全培养基, 其中所有对照组加入空白溶剂甲醇0.2 μL, 京尼平组分别加入100和200 mg‧mL-1京尼平甲醇溶液0.2 μL, 使培养体系中京尼平的浓度分别为200和400 μg‧mL-1, 于培养箱中分别培养6 h后(依据细胞对pH = 5的条件的耐受程度, 选择培养6 h), 首先, 每组取3孔培养基50 μL, 甲醇稀释20倍, HPLC/MS/MS测定培养基中京尼平含量; 其次, 弃去所有培养基, CCK-8法检测细胞存活率。
不同类型栀子蓝对肝细胞存活率的影响  工业生产栀子蓝的分子质量在3 kDa以上[12], 约为京尼平分子质量(226.23 Da) 的10倍, 因此分别用100 μg‧mL-1京尼平、1 mg‧mL-1京尼平单反应组粉末以及不同类型栀子蓝粉末干预HepaRG细胞12 h, 弃去所有培养基, CCK-8法检测细胞存活率; 同时HPLC-MS/MS测定不同类型栀子蓝中京尼平的残余浓度。
统计学分析  GraphPad Prism 8.2.1软件绘图, 组间比较采用student′s t-text进行检验分析。数据以平均值±标准差(mean ± SD) 表示, P < 0.05表示结果在统计学上具有显著差异。
37 ℃条件, 在无氨基酸的情况下, 京尼平单反应组浓度下降了13.9% (图 3A), 随着不同类型氨基酸的加入, 除无伯氨基的Pro组溶液颜色未变蓝且京尼平含量仅下降20%与京尼平单反应组相近外, 其他组京尼平浓度下降显著(图 3A), 且溶液呈不同程度地变蓝(图 3B), 说明不同氨基酸与京尼平反应生成栀子蓝的程度存在差异, 且伯氨基是与京尼平反应生成栀子蓝的必要条件; 京尼平含量下降程度与溶液变蓝程度成正比, 可直接反映不同氨基酸与京尼平的反应生成栀子蓝的程度(图 3): Lys > Arg > His > Gly > Met > Phe > Pro, 其中具有2个伯氨基的Arg与Lys, 尤其是Lys生成栀子蓝的颜色最深, 反应12 h后, 京尼平均已无法测定, 说明伯氨基越多越有助于栀子蓝的生成。
80 ℃条件与37 ℃时相比, 包括京尼平单反应及其与Pro反应组在内, 所有组均未测到京尼平(结果未显示)。其中, 单反应组和Pro组较37 ℃时溶液颜色发黄(图 3B), 研究表明京尼平存在自聚合反应, 而高温下京尼平自聚合更易发生且聚合程度更高, 这可能是即使在无氨基酸或无伯氨基存在的条件下, 京尼平含量仍显著降低至无法测定的主要原因, 初步说明了37和80 ℃下反应生成的栀子蓝存在差异。与此同时, 除Pro组外, 其他氨基酸与京尼平于80 ℃反应生成的栀子蓝溶液和粉末均较37 ℃时蓝色更深(图 3B), 再次说明两个温度下生成的栀子蓝存有差异。最重要的是, 两个温度下所得0.5 mg‧mL-1栀子蓝粉末水溶液的UV-VIS吸收曲线特征存在差异(图 3C), 明确两个温度下生成的栀子蓝的差别。此外, Pro组在80 ℃的高温下溶液和粉末仍未变蓝, 而是与京尼平单反应组溶液和粉末颜色相似, 均呈淡黄色(图 3B), 再次说明Pro与京尼平不发生反应, 伯氨基是反应生成栀子蓝的必要基团。
pH = 2时, 与京尼平单反应对照组相比, 所有氨基酸组京尼平含量均未明显改变, 且溶液颜色均未变蓝(图 4), 说明酸性条件下京尼平结构保持为闭环原型状态, 不可与氨基酸结合生成栀子蓝, 同时说明京尼平的开环异构体是其与氨基酸或蛋白发生反应而生成栀子蓝的关键, 因此图 1所示第③种反应模式可能并不发生或为次要反应, 而京尼平开环结构与伯氨基形成二氢吡啶环是形成栀子蓝的主要反应模式(图 1所示④)。pH = 7.4时, 与对照组相比, 除Pro组外, 其他氨基酸均使京尼平的浓度显著降低, 且溶液颜色显著变蓝(图 4)。pH = 12时, 包括对照组在内所有组均未测到京尼平, 除Lys组溶液颜色有所变蓝外, 其余组溶液颜色为黄色至棕色, 未变蓝(图 4), 可能是因为pH为12的碱性条件下, 京尼平并未与氨基酸反应生成栀子蓝, 而以自聚合为主。
结果如表 1所示, 除Pro组京尼平浓度无明显改变外, 其余氨基酸组京尼平的含量随氨基酸浓度的升高而显著降低, 即氨基酸比例越高, 与京尼平反应生成栀子蓝越完全。
结果如图 5所示, pH为7.4的正常培养条件下, 京尼平使HepaRG细胞的存活率与对照组(无京尼平) 相比具有非常显著性的降低(P < 0.01), 其中京尼平浓度为200 μg·mL-1时降低至68.84%, 400 μg·mL-1降低至62.48%。然而, 在pH为5的酸性培养条件, 加入京尼平细胞存活率有所降低, 但与相应对照组相比并未呈现明显差异(P > 0.05) (200 μg·mL-1时为90.58%, 400 μg·mL-1降低至89.55%), 且活性明显高于pH为7.4时的细胞存活率(pH为5时含京尼平完全培养基所呈现的蓝色均明显浅于7.4时)。与此同时, 干预6 h后, pH为5的培养基中京尼平原型的浓度显著高于pH = 7.4条件下的浓度, 京尼平干预浓度为200和400 μg·mL-1, pH = 5时, 培养基中京尼平原型的浓度为92.18 ± 1.41和137.13 ± 1.89 μg·mL-1, 分别为pH = 7.4时的37倍(2.47 ± 1.41 μg·mL-1) 和10倍(14.09 ± 1.89 μg·mL-1)。以上实验结果表明, pH为5的酸性条件可显著抑制京尼平由闭环原型结构向开环结构的转变, 且京尼平原型浓度的升高并未造成HepaRG细胞存活率的下降, 说明京尼平原型并不是造成肝细胞毒性的物质基础。
考察1 mg·mL-1生理温度(37 ℃) 下获得的栀子蓝粉末溶液干预HepaRG细胞12 h后的细胞存活率发现(图 6): 与100 μg·mL-1京尼平及1 mg·mL-1京尼平单反应粉末干预组相比, 不同栀子蓝粉末干预组肝细胞存活率显著升高甚至部分栀子蓝(Arg、His、Met和Gly型) 还呈现出促进肝细胞生长的作用(图 6), 具体为: Arg > Met ≈ Gly ≈ His > Pro > Phe > Lys。Lys型栀子蓝细胞存活率有所降低的原因可能与Lys更易与京尼平开环结构生成栀子蓝, 虽均为1 mg·mL-1的干预浓度, 但纯度和实际浓度可能高于其他类型栀子蓝, 而并非其自身的毒性所致。京尼平单反应和Pro型栀子蓝造成肝细胞毒性低于100 μg·mL-1京尼平组, 与京尼平自聚合造成京尼平含量显著低于100 μg·mL-1京尼平纯品干预时的浓度有关。可见, 正常生理条件下生成的栀子蓝不是导致HepaRG细胞毒性的主要成分。
京尼平药理活性多样, 药效作用明确, 应用领域广泛, 但肝毒性限制了其应用和开发[2, 3, 13]。京尼平存在闭环和开环互变异构体, 且进入体内易与氨基酸或蛋白上的氨基酸残基反应生成栀子蓝(图 1), 这使得京尼平所致肝毒性的物质基础尚不明确。为此, 本研究以保有原代肝细胞特征的人源性HepaRG细胞为研究对象, 明确京尼平致肝毒性的物质基础, 为今后京尼平的开发和应用提供依据。
本研究在考察京尼平与氨基酸生成栀子蓝的影响因素及其条件时, 首先明确了京尼平与氨基酸反应的具体模式。实验结果表明, 京尼平闭环原型结构并不与氨基酸结合生成栀子蓝, 京尼平开环异构体与伯氨基是生成栀子蓝的必要条件, 且伯氨基越多反应越易进行, 也更完全。与此同时, 研究结果显示9位羰基并不是反应结合位点, 再结合目前相关研究结果[12, 14], 确定京尼平与氨基酸或蛋白的反应主要以形成更为稳定的二氢吡啶环类结构为主, 即图 1④所示结合模式。在此基础上, 实验结果亦显示京尼平存在自聚合的反应, 这与其他相关研究结果表明京尼平与氨基酸形成栀子蓝时, 京尼平分子戊环上5位烷基和7位羟甲基可发生自聚合一致, 进一步完善了京尼平与氨基酸或蛋白发生反应生成栀子蓝及交联的模式和机制(图 7)。另外, 此研究结果提示, 在酸性条件下, 京尼平可维持在其闭环原型结构(图 4), 且HepaRG细胞可耐受pH为5的培养条件, 这为区分京尼平闭环和开环异构体的肝细胞毒性、明确毒性物质基础提供了可能。
本研究进一步考察了pH为5的酸性条件下京尼平不同干预浓度对HepaRG细胞存活率的影响及其与正常pH条件(7.4) 的差别, 结果显示: pH为5时京尼平原型浓度显著高于7.4时, 但HepaRG的细胞存活率并未如7.4时显著降低, 说明京尼平的闭环原型结构并不是造成肝细胞毒性的主要物质基础。同时, 实验考察了生理条件下生成的不同类型栀子蓝粉末的肝细胞毒性。现有关栀子蓝肝细胞毒性的研究, 主要采用工业条件下生产的栀子蓝色素, 即为高温条件下(60~80 ℃) 以京尼平和谷氨酸钠(味精) 等氨基酸制备而得的栀子蓝色素[9, 15, 16], 而研究发现, 因京尼平自身为天然的交联剂, 在反应形成栀子蓝时, 反应条件和程度的不同造成交联聚合程度存在明显差异, 从而导致生成的栀子蓝组成和纯度存在显著差异[12]。本研究确实发现, 37 ℃的生理温度下与80 ℃工业温度下产生的栀子蓝从颜色、京尼平的残余量、反应程度及UV-VIS吸收光谱吸收特征上均呈现明显差异(图 3)。为此, 本实验选择考察37 ℃温度下获得的栀子蓝粉末的肝细胞毒性, 以更贴近京尼平进入体内产生毒性的实际条件。实验结果显示, 生理温度所获得的栀子蓝并未呈现肝细胞毒性, 甚至部分类型栀子蓝还呈现出促进HepaRG细胞生长的作用(图 6), 说明栀子蓝亦不是京尼平造成肝细胞毒性的原因。综上可见, 京尼平开环异构体可能是导致肝细胞毒性的重要物质基础。然而, 由于京尼平开环异构体的不稳定性, 难获得纯品, 有关开环结构的肝毒性确证实验存在一定难度, 也是本研究存在的局限性, 有待后续设计方案进一步验证。
临床上患者长期服用栀子后, 会看到非常明显的蓝色染色, 尤其在皮肤厚度很薄的眼周, 表现为栀子蓝眼圈[17], 提示京尼平开环结构在体内与氨基酸或蛋白上氨基酸残基结合广泛, 并推测其造成肝毒性的可能机制包括(图 7): ①耗竭肝脏游离氨基酸或栀子蓝蓄积; ②造成蛋白翻译过程异常或功能蛋白结构受损; ③对乙酰氨基酚型的肝损伤机制, 因对乙酰氨基酚造成肝损伤的主要物质基础是其形成的酮式中间体结构[18, 19], 与京尼平中间开环体相似; ④损伤线粒体膜或功能蛋白, 因研究发现京尼平可造成氧化应激损伤[6, 20-22]等。具体毒性机制有待进一步研究。
综上所示, 本研究在明确生理温度下京尼平与氨基酸反应模式的基础上, 在HepaRG人源性细胞水平阐明了京尼平导致的肝毒性与其原型及与氨基酸结合形成的栀子蓝无关, 其开环中间体可能是造成肝毒性的重要物质基础, 并分析了可能的毒性机制, 为今后京尼平肝毒性机制等研究奠定了基础并提供了线索。
作者贡献: 魏玉辉和张帆进行实验设计; 张帆、吕东霞、董毓松、秦佳琪、王国旭和骆洋为实验主要实施者; 饶志进行了HPLC/MS/MS方法建立和分析; 张帆进行了数据收集、分析及文章撰写; 魏玉辉对论文进行了修改。所有作者对文章均有贡献。
利益冲突: 无利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82174067)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82004080)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81960646)
  • 兰州大学2022年国家级大学生创新创业推荐项目资助(202210730179)
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2023年第58卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0131
  • 接收时间:2023-02-09
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-09
  • 修回日期:2023-05-08
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82174067)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82004080)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81960646)
兰州大学2022年国家级大学生创新创业推荐项目资助(202210730179)
作者信息
    1.兰州大学第一医院, 甘肃 兰州 730000
    2.兰州大学第一临床医学院, 甘肃 兰州 730000
    3.兰州大学药学院, 甘肃 兰州 730000

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*魏玉辉, Tel: 86-931-8356510, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Number of
genus
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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