Article(id=1198656288650527212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0111, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1675526400000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-05, revisedDate=1679328000000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711529171, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1699718400000, pubDateStr=2023-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711529171, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711529171, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711529171, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656283525087620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3476', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711527949, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711688683, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3270, endPage=3284, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656290529575438, articleId=1198656288650527212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Recent advances of small molecule inhibitors directly targeting HBV, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hepatitis B virus infection is a serious threat to human life and health. The approved anti-HBV drugs including interferons and nucleos(t)ide analogues have serious adverse effect, rebound phenomena after drug withdrawal, and drug resistance. And the cccDNA cannot be completely eliminated by both of them, which is the reason why a complete cure for hepatitis B cannot be achieved. Therefore, developing anti-HBV drugs directly targeting protein or nucleic acid of HBV remains a current public health priority. Based on the analysis of representative literature from the last decade, this article reviews recent developments in small molecule inhibitors directly targeting HBV from a medicinal chemistry perspective.

, correspAuthors=Xin-yong LIU, Peng ZHAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jia-hui ZHOU, Shuo WANG, Dang DING, Xiang-rui XU, Shu-jing XU, Yong HE, Xin-yong LIU, Peng ZHAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656294497387263, articleId=1198656288650527212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=直接靶向HBV的小分子抑制剂研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

乙肝病毒(hepatitis B virus, HBV)感染严重威胁人类的生命健康。现有治疗药物干扰素和核苷(酸)类似物具有不良反应严重、停药后易反弹以及不同程度的耐药性等问题, 并且二者均无法有效清除共价闭合环状DNA (covalently closed circular DNA, cccDNA), 从而导致无法彻底治愈乙肝。因此, 直接针对HBV自身蛋白或核酸的新药研发仍是公共卫生领域的当务之急。本文精选近10年的研究典例, 从药物化学的视角总结了直接靶向HBV小分子抑制剂的前沿进展。

, correspAuthors=刘新泳, 展鹏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘新泳, E-mail: ;
展鹏, E-mail:
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#共同第一作者.

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(B) The X-ray crystal structure of the HBV capsid hexamer bound to HAP_R01 (PDB code: 5WRE). (C) The X-ray crystal structure of the HBV capsid hexamer bound to AT-130 (PDB code: 4G93). (D) The X-ray crystal structure of the HBV capsid hexamer bound to NVR 3-778 (PDB code: 5T2P). 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直接靶向HBV的小分子抑制剂研究进展
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周加慧 # , 王硕 # , 丁当 , 徐祥瑞 , 徐淑静 , 何勇 , 刘新泳 * , 展鹏 *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(11): 3270-3284
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药学学报 | 综述 2023, 58(11): 3270-3284
直接靶向HBV的小分子抑制剂研究进展
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周加慧#, 王硕#, 丁当, 徐祥瑞, 徐淑静, 何勇, 刘新泳* , 展鹏*
作者信息
  • 山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012

通讯作者:

*刘新泳, E-mail: ;
展鹏, E-mail:
Recent advances of small molecule inhibitors directly targeting HBV
Jia-hui ZHOU, Shuo WANG, Dang DING, Xiang-rui XU, Shu-jing XU, Yong HE, Xin-yong LIU* , Peng ZHAN*
Affiliations
  • Key laboratory of Chemical Biology(Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
出版时间: 2023-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0111
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乙肝病毒(hepatitis B virus, HBV)感染严重威胁人类的生命健康。现有治疗药物干扰素和核苷(酸)类似物具有不良反应严重、停药后易反弹以及不同程度的耐药性等问题, 并且二者均无法有效清除共价闭合环状DNA (covalently closed circular DNA, cccDNA), 从而导致无法彻底治愈乙肝。因此, 直接针对HBV自身蛋白或核酸的新药研发仍是公共卫生领域的当务之急。本文精选近10年的研究典例, 从药物化学的视角总结了直接靶向HBV小分子抑制剂的前沿进展。

乙肝病毒  /  抑制剂  /  药物靶标  /  药物化学  /  药物设计

Hepatitis B virus infection is a serious threat to human life and health. The approved anti-HBV drugs including interferons and nucleos(t)ide analogues have serious adverse effect, rebound phenomena after drug withdrawal, and drug resistance. And the cccDNA cannot be completely eliminated by both of them, which is the reason why a complete cure for hepatitis B cannot be achieved. Therefore, developing anti-HBV drugs directly targeting protein or nucleic acid of HBV remains a current public health priority. Based on the analysis of representative literature from the last decade, this article reviews recent developments in small molecule inhibitors directly targeting HBV from a medicinal chemistry perspective.

Hepatitis B virus  /  inhibitor  /  drug target  /  medicinal chemistry  /  drug design
周加慧, 王硕, 丁当, 徐祥瑞, 徐淑静, 何勇, 刘新泳, 展鹏. 直接靶向HBV的小分子抑制剂研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (11) : 3270 -3284 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0111
Jia-hui ZHOU, Shuo WANG, Dang DING, Xiang-rui XU, Shu-jing XU, Yong HE, Xin-yong LIU, Peng ZHAN. Recent advances of small molecule inhibitors directly targeting HBV[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (11) : 3270 -3284 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0111
乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus, HBV) 是一种嗜肝DNA病毒, 包括10种主要的基因型(A~J), 长期感染可引发一系列恶性病症, 如慢性乙型肝炎、肝代谢失常、肝硬化甚至是肝癌[1]。根据世界卫生组织估计, 截止到2019年, 全球有2.96亿人患有慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B, CHB), 累计报告死亡病例高达82万[2]。然而, 目前已上市的小分子抗乙肝药物核苷(酸) 类似物(nucleos(t)ide analogues, NAs) 存在耐药性并且需要长期给药等缺陷[3-5]。因此, 基于新靶标、新机制研发高效抗耐药的HBV抑制剂具有重要意义。
靶向宿主或直接靶向病毒是抗病毒药物研发的主要策略, 但是靶向宿主的抗病毒药物不良反应大, 可能会影响宿主细胞的正常生理活动。而直接靶向病毒的药物选择性强、安全性高, 因此成为抗病毒药物设计的首选策略[6]。鉴于此, 本文综述了近10年文献报道的直接靶向HBV的抑制剂, 主要包括靶向逆转录结构域的DNA聚合酶抑制剂、核心蛋白变构调节剂、核糖核酸酶H抑制剂、表面抗原分泌抑制剂、HBx抑制剂及cccDNA小分子抑制剂[7] (图 1)。
HBV的生命周期包括吸附、侵入、脱壳、修复、转录、翻译、衣壳装配、DNA复制、包膜的形成及释放等步骤(图 2)[8]。首先, HBV可逆、非特异性地与肝细胞表面硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白多糖(heparan sulfate proteoglycans, HSPGs) 结合, 然后病毒表面蛋白的preS1结构域特异性识别并结合牛磺胆酸钠离子转运多肽(sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, NTCP) 进而侵入肝细胞内[9]; 随后, 病毒衣壳被释放至细胞质中, 衣壳内的松弛环状DNA (relaxed circular DNA, rcDNA) 被转运至细胞核; 利用宿主DNA修复机制, rcDNA被修复形成cccDNA (covalently closed circular DNA)。以cccDNA为模板转录成4种RNA, 包括3.5 kb的pgRNA (pregenomic RNA) 和3种亚基因组RNA (2.4 kb的preS1、2.1 kb的preS2和0.7 kb的X RNA)。这些RNA能产生7种蛋白质, 即pgRNA翻译的核心蛋白(HBV core protein, HBc) 和聚合酶(polymerase, pol); precore RNA翻译的分泌型e抗原(HBV e antigen, HBeAg); X RNA翻译的X蛋白(HBV X protein, HBx); preS1 RNA翻译的大乙肝表面抗原(large-HBV surface antigen, L-HBsAg); preS2 RNA翻译的中乙肝表面抗原(middle-HBV surface antigen, M-HBsAg) 和小乙肝表面抗原(small-HBV surface antigen, S-HBsAg)。细胞质中核心蛋白将pgRNA和病毒聚合酶包裹起来, 形成新的病毒衣壳; 在衣壳内, 以pgRNA为模板, 由病毒聚合酶催化逆转录合成第二代病毒DNA; 随后, 成熟的、含有rcDNA的新生HBV衣壳重新进入细胞核被再次利用, 或经过高尔基体修饰后分泌至细胞外[10]
聚合酶中的逆转录结构域是在HBV基因组的复制和转录过程中发挥重要作用的一个关键区域, 是开发抗乙肝药物的有效靶标。目前靶向逆转录结构域的抗HBV药物主要是核苷(酸) 类似物, 该类药物有拉米夫定(lamivudine, 3TC, 1, 图 3, 原研公司: GlaxoSmithKline, 1998年美国上市)、阿德福韦酯(adefovir dipivoxil, ADV, 2, Gilead Sciences, 2002年美国上市)、恩替卡韦(entecavir, ETV, 3, Bristol Myers Squibb, 2005年美国上市)、替比夫定(telbivudine, TBV, 4, Novartis Pharma, 2006年美国上市)、富马酸替诺福韦酯(tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, TDF, 5, Gilead Sciences, 2008年美国上市)、富马酸替诺福韦艾拉酚胺(tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, TAF, 6, Gilead Sciences, 2016年美国上市) 和马来酸贝西福韦酯(besifovir dipivoxil maleate, BSV, 7, LG Life Sciences, 2017年韩国上市)。然而, 它们存在肝组织分布不佳、耐受性差和安全低等问题。在肝脏中选择性递送或激活的前药可以一定程度解决此类问题, 例如替诺福韦(tenofovir, TFV) 的前药TAF、tenofovir exalidex (8) 等[11]。此外, 该类药物在长期治疗后会产生不同程度的耐药问题, 如恩替卡韦耐药株L180M、M204V/I等, 影响患者长期用药的效果[12]。因此开发新结构的非核苷类HBV逆转录酶抑制剂具有重要的意义。
由于难以产生大量具有DNA延伸活性的重组聚合酶, 影响了非核苷类HBV聚合酶抑制剂的高通量筛选, 使该类抑制剂研究进展缓慢。Nakajima等[13]通过中通量筛选鉴定出的二苯乙烯衍生物PDM2 (9) 能够与逆转录结构域结合来抑制HBV的复制(EC50 = 14.4 ± 7.7 μmol·L-1)。PDM2对野生型HBV和恩替卡韦耐药的L180M/S202G/M204V突变型HBV均表现出相当的抑制活性(EC50值分别为: 13.3 ± 1.1和16.4 ± 5.4 μmol·L-1)。
HBV核心蛋白通常以二聚体的形式存在, 90或120个同源二聚体核心蛋白通过相互作用形成二十面体衣壳[14]。在衣壳组装过程中, HBV pgRNA和HBV聚合酶被包裹进衣壳形成具有完整功能的核心颗粒, 在其内HBV pgRNA经过逆转录和复制产生rcDNA[15]。此外, 影响核心蛋白的组装不仅能阻断病毒DNA复制, 还能抑制cccDNA的从头合成[16]。因此, 核心蛋白也成为了抗乙肝药物研发的热门靶标。
靶向核心蛋白组装的药物被称为核心蛋白变构调节剂, 也称为衣壳组装调控剂, 按照结构骨架可以分为二氢嘧啶类、芳基丙烯酰胺类、磺酰苯甲酰胺类及其他类[16, 17]
二氢嘧啶类的作用机制是通过加速衣壳组装, 来诱导非衣壳聚合物或核心蛋白多聚体的形成, 从而干扰正常衣壳的形成。Bay 41-4109 (10, 图 4) 属于第一代HAPs类核心蛋白变构调节剂。在稳定转染的HepG2.2.15细胞中显示出显著的抗HBV活性(EC50 = 0.05 μmol·L-1, CC50 = 7 μmol·L-1)。Bay 41-4109在15 mg·kg-1时即对HBV转基因小鼠表现出显著的抗病毒作用[18], 对Alb-uPA/SCID小鼠给药5天后, 可将其HBV DNA降低1 log10 IU·mL-1 [19]。但是Bay 41-4109因在高剂量下诱导大鼠肝脏毒性而终止了进一步的临床开发[20]
第二代的HAPs是在第一代的基础上对C2位和C6位进行结构修饰得到的化合物。将C2位吡啶基以其生物电子等排体噻唑基取代并在C6位引入吗啉环, 得到GLS4 (11, HepG2.2.15细胞系, EC50 = 12 nmol·L-1)[21]。由东阳光公司研发的GLS4不仅在野生型HBV上表现出比阿德福韦酯(HepG2.2.15细胞系, EC50 = 1.011 µmol·L-1) 更好的活性, 对阿德福韦酯耐药株(rtA181T/V, rtN236T) 也表现出一定的抗HBV活性(EC50 = 0.161 µmol·L-1, EC50 = 0.131 µmol·L-1), 该化合物目前处于临床Ⅲa期(CTR20160068)。NVR-010-001-E2 (12, HepG2.2.15细胞系, EC50 = 11 nmol·L-1) 是第二代HAPs的另一代表化合物[22], 2015年, Klumpp等[23]揭示了其与衣壳蛋白的结合模式: 溴氟取代的苯基伸进由Pro25、Asp29、Leu30、Thr33、Trp102、Ile105和Ser106组成的疏水口袋中; 噻唑环伸进由芳香残基Phe23、Trp102、Phe122和Tyr118形成的疏水口袋, 二氢嘧啶环上的氮原子与Trp102的侧链吲哚氨基形成关键氢键; 5位的酯基位于Thr109、Phe110、Thr33和Leu37形成的腔穴顶部; 同时C6位的吗啉环与相邻亚基的Val124、Trp125、Thr128和Pro134形成额外的相互作用(PDB code: 5E0I, 图 5A), 因此, 相较于Bay 41-4109活性有所提高。与第一代相比, 第二代HAPs一般还具有更低的细胞毒性和更高的水溶性。
罗氏公司在第二代HAPs类化合物C6位吗啉环上引入羧基得到的HAP_R10 (13) 是第三代HAPs代表性化合物。与第二代HAPs相比, 其抗病毒活性得到进一步的提高(HepG2.2.15细胞系, EC50 = 3 nmol·L-1), 药代动力学性质和安全性也得到了改善[24]。将C6位吗啉环替换为偕二氟吡咯烷得到HAP_R10的类似物HAP_R01 (14), 该化合物具有与HAP_R10相当的活性(HepG2.2.15细胞系, EC50 = 6.4 nmol·L-1)。并且, Zhou等[25]还揭示了HAP_R01与衣壳蛋白的结合模式: 除了3位氮原子与Trp102侧链氮原子形成氢键外, 羧酸部分可以与Ser141的主链氨基和侧链羟基形成双重氢键作用(PDB code: 5WRE, 图 5B), 这可能是HAP_R01的亲和力和抗病毒活性均有所改善的原因[24]
将C6位的吗啉环或偕二氟吡咯烷进一步修饰得到了化合物15 (HepG2.2.15细胞系, EC50 = 4 nmol·L-1, CC50 > 100 μmol·L-1) 和16 (HepG2.2.15细胞系, EC50 = 0.7 nmol·L-1), 二者都具有较低的人肝微粒体清除率(分别为2.9和4.5 mL·min-1·kg-1) 及良好的药代动力学性质[26]
在C6位引入桥环得到了第四代HAPs代表性化合物RO7049389 (RG7907, Linvencorvir, 17), 其不仅具有良好的人肝微粒体清除率(0.8 mL·min-1·kg-1), 也表现出突出的抗病毒活性(HepG2.2.15细胞系, EC50 = 7 nmol·L-1; HepDE19细胞系, CC50 > 100 μmol·L-1)[27]。RO7049389在中国健康受试者中的安全性、耐受性良好, 在中国健康志愿者中的血浆暴露量高于非亚洲型健康自愿者, 这为进一步的临床用药提供了指导[28]。近期公布的数据表明该药物具有较低的CYP3A4酶诱导活性、较高的代谢稳定性、较低的hERG毒性及良好的药代动力学性质[29]。该化合物目前处于临床Ⅱ期试验阶段(CTR20201678)。
此外, 为了对GLS4的溶剂开口区进行探索, 本课题组将GLS4的吗啉环替换为取代的三氮唑得到化合物18 (图 6), 该化合物的抗HBV DNA复制的活性(EC50 = 0.35 ± 0.04 μmol·L-1) 优于阳性对照药物拉米夫定(EC50 = 0.62 μmol·L-1)[30]。同时, 为了改善GLS4的亲水性和药代动力学性质, 2021年, 本课题组保留GLS4的优势片段, 采用骨架跃迁策略将易代谢的吗啉环替换为由氢键供体和受体组成的不同大小的螺环。其中化合物19 (EC50 = 0.20 μmol·L-1, CC50 > 87.03 μmol·L-1) 具有较强的体外抗HBV活性, 优于阳性对照拉米夫定(EC50 = 0.37 μmol·L-1, CC50 > 100 μmol·L-1), 约为GLS4 (EC50 = 0.045 μmol·L-1, CC50 > 99.20 μmol·L-1) 的1/4。对化合物19的物理化学性质进行预测, 结果显示其符合类药五原则, 表明其可能有良好的吸收和渗透性[31]
PPAs类化合物的作用机制与HAPs类不同, 其是通过形成形态正常的不含pgRNA和病毒聚合酶的空衣壳来抑制HBV的复制[32]。AT-61 (20, 图 6) 和AT-130 (21) 是最早的两个芳基丙烯酰胺类衍生物[33, 34]。AT-61在HepAD38细胞系中可以有效抑制HBV DNA的复制(EC50 = 1.9 μmol·L-1), 对其进行系统的构效关系研究后得到化合物AT-130, 抗病毒活性(EC50 = 0.13 μmol·L-1) 是化合物AT-61近15倍[35]。AT-61和AT-130都能很好地抑制野生型HBV和拉米夫定耐药株[36]
2013年Katen等[37]首次报道了AT-130与衣壳蛋白的晶体结构(图 5C, PDB code: 4G93), AT-130处于氨基酸残基Tyr118、Trp102和Pro25形成疏水口袋中, 两个羰基分别与氨基酸残基Trp102吲哚环上氮原子和Ser106侧链羟基氧原子形成氢键, 硝基中氮原子分别与Asp29主链羰基和Thr33侧链羟基形成氢键[38]。这些结合模式为基于靶标的精准药物设计提供了重要信息。
磺酰苯甲酰胺类化合物的作用机制与丙烯酰胺类相同, 其早期代表性化合物是DVR-23 (22), 在多种细胞系中均表现出良好的抗病毒活性(AML12HBV10细胞系, EC50 = 0.3 μmol·L-1; HepDES19细胞系, EC50 = 0.1 μmol·L-1)[39]。诺华公司研发的NVR 3-778是另一代表性化合物(23, HepG2.2.15细胞系, EC50 = 0.4 μmol·L-1, CC50 = 14.5 μmol·L-1), 对多种耐药株(rtA181V/N236T、rtL180M/M204V、rtL180M/M204V/N236T、rtN236T和rtA181V) 均具有抑制作用[40, 41]。NVR 3-778以1.5 mg·kg-1的剂量对狗灌胃后平均Cmax和AUC0-inf值分别为0.56 μg·mL-1和3.50 μg·h·mL-1, 平均口服生物利用度为84.6%[42]。该类药物与HAPs结合在相同的口袋(PDB code: 5T2P, 图 5D), 但结合模式有所不同, 其酰胺中的羰基和氨基分别与Trp102的侧链吲哚上的氨基和Thr128侧链羟基氧原子形成氢键, 且与Phe23、Tyr118和Phe122形成疏水作用。其较低的水溶性和活性阻碍其进一步开发。本课题组以NVR 3-778为先导, 将含有对位羟基的哌啶环替换为间位的苯硼酸并适当延长碳链得到化合物24。在HepDES19细胞系中, 该化合物活性(EC50 = 0.83 ± 0.33 μmol·L-1, CC50 = 19.4 ± 5.0 μmol·L-1) 与先导NVR 3-778 (EC50 = 0.73 ± 0.20 μmol·L-1, CC50 = 23.4 ± 7.0 μmol·L-1) 相当。在pH = 7时, 化合物24的水溶性(328.8 μg·mL-1) 相较于先导化合物(35.8 μg·mL-1) 得到了显著提升[43]。将NVR 3-778做成羧酸酯前药25亦显著改善水溶性[44]。此外, 强生公司研发的JNJ-6379 (26, HepG2.2.15细胞系, EC50 = 0.069 μmol·L-1, EC90 = 0.24 μmol·L-1) 表现出比DVR-23和NVR 3-778更强的体外HBV抑制作用。近期公布的临床Ⅱ期试验数据也表明JNJ-6379与NAs联用时可以显著降低患者体内的HBV DNA和RNA水平[45]
此外, Yin等[46]于2023年也发现磺酰苯甲酰胺类衍生物27能够在HepAD38细胞中显著抑制HBV复制和低的细胞毒性(EC50 = 0.11 μmol·L-1, CC50 = 85.27 μmol·L-1)。以100 mg·kg-1, 一天两次的剂量对HBV转基因小鼠灌胃给药, 12天后可使血清HBV DNA降低2.42 log IU·mL-1。此外, 还有一些活性较优的磺酰苯甲酰胺类衍生物也被广泛报道[47]
2014年, Yang等[48]报道了从天然产物中发现的一种双噻唑类化合物NZ-4 (28, 图 7), 其抑制HBV复制的EC50为1.33 μmol·L-1; 当浓度为10 μmol·L-1时, 其阻断pgRNA的组装, 并促进空衣壳的产生。2020年, 本课题组以NZ-4先导化合物, 运用生物电子等排策略, 将苄基中的亚甲基替换为氨基得到29, 其具有与NZ-4相当的抗HBV DNA复制活性(EC50 = 2.2 ± 1.1 μmol·L-1)。NZ-4和化合物29与HBV衣壳蛋白相互作用的亲和常数分别为50.6和60.0 μmol·L-1, 这也合理解释了两者的活性差异[49]
AB-506 (30) 作为一种靶向HBV核心蛋白的小分子调节剂, 它在体外(HepAD38细胞系, EC50 = 0.077 μmol·L-1, CC50 > 25 μmol·L-1) 和体内(HBV小鼠模型, 血清HBV DNA降低3.0 log10 IU·mL-1) 均能显著抑制HBV复制[50]。并且, 其可以阻断cccDNA的生成, 抑制病毒RNA、HBsAg和HBeAg产生(EC50 = 0.64~1.92 nmol·L-1), 但因肝毒性而终止临床开发[51]
Assembly Biosciences公司开发的ABI-H0731 (31) 可以促进空衣壳的产生, 抑制病毒DNA的复制(HepAD38细胞系, EC50 = 0.37 μmol·L-1; 原代人肝细胞系(primary human hepatocytes, PHHs), EC50 = 0.15 μmol·L-1)[52], 目前处于临床Ⅱ期试验阶段(NCT04454567)。
近期, 由Assembly bioscience公司的开发的ABI-4334 (结构未公布) 是一种新型的HBV核心蛋白变构调节剂, 其作用机制是促进空衣壳的形成及阻止cccDNA的生成[53, 54]。2022年末, 该公司披露了另一新型核心蛋白变构调节剂ABI-H2158 (32) 的临床前数据。ABI-H2158通过阻断pgRNA的包装来抑制HBV的复制(HepAD38细胞系, EC50 = 22 nmol·L-1; HepG2-NTCP细胞系, EC50 = 27 nmol·L-1; PHH细胞系, EC50 = 41 nmol·L-1), 并且对HBV的各种基因型均有显著抑制作用(EC50 = 7.1~22 nmol·L-1)。另外, ABI-H2158在HepG2-NTCP细胞系中通过提前破坏及分解衣壳蛋白, 阻断HBV感染初期cccDNA的形成(EC50 ≈ 200 nmol·L-1)。这些数据表明ABI-H2158能在HBV复制过程的早期和晚期具有双重的作用机制[55]。但遗憾的是该药在临床Ⅱ期试验(NCT04398134) 因肝脏毒性而终止了开发。
有报道称核心蛋白在细胞核中可以通过表观遗传学机制影响病毒DNA[56]。但是, 近期夏宇尘课题组利用一系列细胞和小鼠模型发现HBV核心蛋白并不参与病毒微染色体cccDNA的转录调控[57], 更精确的机制还有待进一步研究。
HBx (HBV X protein) 是一种具有多种生理活性的蛋白[58], 其通过多种方式参与cccDNA的转录过程。HBx可以与宿主蛋白损伤特异性DNA结合蛋白1 (damaged DNA binding protein 1, DDB1) 结合[59, 60], 组装成一个HBx-DDB1-CUL4-ROC1E3连接酶复合体。该复合体可以靶向Smc5/6 (structural maintenance of chromosome 5/6), 而Smc5/6能阻止病毒转录。因此, 若HBx复合体靶向Smc5/6并使其泛素化降解, 则可以增强病毒cccDNA转录[61]。另外, HBx还可以通过多种途径参与肝癌的形成以及发展[62]。因此, HBx以及HBx与宿主蛋白的相互作用是抗HBV药物研发的重要靶标。
2019年Sekiba等[63]通过高通量筛选发现硝唑尼特(nitazoxanide, NTZ, 33, 图 8) 可以抑制HBx-DDB1的相互作用。NTZ是一种FDA批准的用于治疗原虫性肠炎的噻唑类药物, 临床上具有良好的安全性。其可以通过抑制HBx蛋白诱导的Smc5/6的降解, 进而抑制HBV DNA转录和相关蛋白的产生。荧光素酶实验证明NTZ以剂量依赖的方式抑制HBx-DDB1的相互作用(HepG2细胞系, IC50 < 10 μmol·L-1, CC50 = 57 μmol·L-1)。然而NTZ的抗HBV活性较弱, 还需进行后续的结构优化。
2022年Ma等[64]利用表面等离子体共振成像(surface plasmon resonance imaging, SPRi) 测定上市药物与HBx的结合能力, 发现抗过敏药曲尼司特(tranilast, 34) 与HBx具有高亲和力(KD = 1.35 μmol·L-1)。使用HepG2.2.15.7细胞系对tranilast进行抗HBV活性评价, 结果表明阳性对照药entecavir在10 μmol·L-1浓度下将HBV DNA降低至10%以内, 但是却并不能影响HBsAg水平, 而tranilast可以在同等浓度下同时降低两者的含量。但tranilast是否通过抑制HBx与DDB1相互作用来抑制HBV仍然有待验证。
2022年He等[65]运用高通量筛选发现雌二醇能剂量依赖性地降低HBeAg、HBsAg、HBV pgRNA和HBV DNA的含量。他们还利用同源模建的方法构建了HBx蛋白模型, 并将分子与HBx进行分子对接模拟, 其结果显示苯甲酸雌二醇(estradiol benzoate, 35) 中羰基氧和羟基氢分别与Trp87吲哚环上的氢原子及Trp107主链羰基氧形成氢键。
黄爱龙课题组利用构建的HiBiT-HBx系统筛选出两种HBx抑制剂, 双香豆素(dicoumarol, 36) 和雷帕霉素(rapamycin, 37)。2021年筛选的双香豆素是一种NQO1抑制剂, 通过促进HBx的降解来阻断cccDNA转录(EC50 = 10 μmol·L-1), 但不影响HBsAg、HBc和HBV聚合酶表达的含量[66]。2022年筛选的雷帕霉素通过泛素-蛋白酶体系统促进HBx蛋白的降解, 从而降低HBx蛋白的含量。并且雷帕霉素能够降低HBV感染细胞中的HBV RNA、DNA的含量及抑制cccDNA的转录水平[67]。用5 μmol·L-1雷帕霉素处理HepG2-NTCP细胞系, 6天后HBV总RNA和3.5 kb RNA水平分别下降46%和49%, 核心DNA减少58%, HBV总RNA/cccDNA和3.5 kb RNA/cccDNA比值分别降低46%和39.8%, 这些参数均能指示cccDNA转录水平。CHB的功能性治愈是指在血清中检查不到HBsAg和HBV DNA[61, 68]。以上数据表明雷帕霉素可以作为CHB功能性治愈的潜在候选药物[67]
核糖核酸酶H (ribonuclease H, RNase H) 属于非序列特异性核糖核酸内切酶, 在病毒的复制过程中发挥重要作用。当pgRNA被逆转录成负链DNA后, pgRNA被HBV RNase H降解。RNase H通常在活性位点有两个Mg2+离子, 通过亲核进攻激活水分子从而分解RNA[69]。抑制RNase H的活性将使负链DNA延伸过早停止, 导致病毒衣壳内大量积累RNA: DNA异源双链, 并阻止病毒正链DNA的合成[70]。因此, RNase H是抗乙肝药物研发非常有前景的靶标。
然而, 基于该靶标的药物设计仍存在一些挑战。首先, RNase H难以作为功能性重组酶表达, 限制了高通量筛选技术在相关抑制剂筛选中的应用。其次, 抑制RNase H的直接作用是阻止病毒正链DNA的产生, 但是大量负链DNA的截断导致在检测HBV DNA的产生时筛选分析的背景较高[71, 72]。因此, 目前主要采用基于重组HBV RNase H的低通量筛选技术对该靶标的化合物进行活性评价[71]。目前处于临床前的抑制剂包括α-羟基托酚酮(α-hydroxytropolones, α-HTs)、N-羟基异喹啉二酮(N-hydroxyisoquinolinedione, HID) 和N-羟基吡啶二酮(N-hydroxy pyridinediones, HPD) 等。
2013年, Hu等[70]发现HIV RNase H抑制剂β-侧柏酚(β-thujaplicinol, 38, 图 9A) (IC50 = 0.2~0.3 μmol·L-1) 也具有抗HBV活性(HepDES19细胞系, EC50 = 1.0 μmol·L-1, CC50 = 25 μmol·L-1), 其抑制HBV D和H基因型RNase H的IC50分别为5.9和2.3 μmol·L-1β-侧柏酚对两种病毒活性差异较大的原因可能与酶的同源性较低相关。在筛选一系列托酚酮类化合物后确定α-羟基托酚酮(α-hydroxytropolones, α-HTs) 可以作为抗HBV的骨架[73], 进一步结构改造发现了两个活性较好的化合物#110 (39, 图 9A, HepDES19细胞系, EC50 = 0.34 μmol·L-1, CC50 = 32 μmol·L-1) 和#106 (40, 图 9A, HepDES19细胞系, EC50 = 2.7 μmol·L-1, CC50 = 38 μmol·L-1), 并确证环庚三烯铜中的三氧原子是活性所必需的基团(图 9B)。但是这些化合物对人RNase H1也具有抑制作用, 并具有一定的细胞毒性。
Lomonosova等[74]α-HTs母核R1、R2、R3位置进行修饰后活性没有得到提高, 但细胞毒性显著降低, 如化合物41 (HepDES19细胞系, EC50 = 0.6 μmol·L-1, CC50 = 100 μmol·L-1)。Li等[75]建立以Ty3 RNase H为模板的HBV RNase H的分子模型, 并在化合物39的基础上对甲基酮进行修饰得到一系列酰胺化合物, 将化合物与RNase H模型进行对接, 对接结果显示化合物上的三氧原子可以螯合模拟活性位点的两个Mn2+离子。
2014年Cai等[76]通过低通量筛选得到一个活性较弱的HBV RNase H抑制剂N-羟基异喹啉二酮(HID, 42, IC50 = 28.1 μmol·L-1, EC50 = 4.2 μmol·L-1)。Edwards等[77]筛选39个HID类似物, 其中两个活性最好的化合物是N-羟基吡啶二酮(HPD) 类化合物Sun B8155 (43, HepDES19细胞系, EC50 = 0.69 μmol·L-1, CC50 = 15 μmol·L-1, SI (CC50/EC50) = 22) 和HID类衍生物VS42 (44, EC50 = 1.4 μmol·L-1, CC50 = 99 μmol·L-1, SI = 71)。
为进一步提高抗病毒活性以及降低毒性, Edwards等[78]对HID和HPD进行一系列结构改造。结果显示7个新的HIDs活性并没有提高, 而9个新的HPDs与初始的苗头化合物相比活性和选择性均有很大提升。其中, A24 (45) 的SI为352, 这比Sun B8155 (43) 提高约16倍; A23 (46, EC50 = 0.11 μmol·L-1, SI = 300) 活性最高, 这表明HPD骨架可能比HID骨架要更具有优势。构效关系(图 9C) 表明A环中的第一个氮原子和三个氧原子基团是活性所必需的; A环和B环之间连接的第二个氮原子以及B环均不利于活性; 6和7位添加C环也不利于活性; 4位的羰基以连接大的疏水基团活性为佳, 而连接烷基全部丧失活性。这些构效关系为进一步的药物设计提供了重要信息。
总之, 目前已有的HBV RNase H抑制剂含有较多的羟基, 存在极性较强、透膜性差、水溶性差及抗病毒活性弱的问题[73], 鉴于HBV RNase H的结构生物学研究滞后, 给基于结构的合理药物设计带来困难。因此加快HBV RNase H结构生物学研究并研发成药性好、抗病毒活性强的新型HBV RNase H抑制剂是重要的研究方向。
乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg) 在HBV感染的发病过程中起着重要的作用, 例如, HBsAg水平与肝内cccDNA水平相关[79, 80], HBsAg的持续产生预示着细胞内HBV转录和翻译的主模板cccDNA处于高转录水平状态。此外, 在治疗结束时, HBsAg水平下降超过1个对数或HBsAg浓度小于等于10 IU·mL-1的患者, 3年后HBsAg阴转率较高[81]。这表明靶向HBsAg对CHB的功能性治愈都有重要意义[80]
2007年, Dougherty等[82]通过高通量筛选发现四氢四唑嘧啶类化合物HBF-0259 (47, 图 10), 以剂量依赖的方式特异性靶向HepG2.2.15细胞系(EC50 = 11.3 μmol·L-1, CC50 > 50 μmol·L-1) 和HepDE19细胞系(EC50 = 1.5 μmol·L-1, CC50 > 50 μmol·L-1) 中所有形式的HBsAg。机制研究表明, HBF-0259并不影响病毒DNA合成和HBeAg分泌。基于HBF-0259的取代基修饰得到三唑并嘧啶类化合物PBHBV-2-15 (48, HepG2.2.15细胞系, EC50 = 1.4 μmol·L-1, SI ≥ 36)[83], 活性较HBF-0259提高近8倍。在急性毒性实验(CL57BL/6小鼠, i.v.) 和亚急性毒性实验(HBV转基因小鼠/品系1.3.32, p.o., q.d.) 中化合物48均表现可接受的毒性, 且在雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠口服生物利用度可达42% ± 16%。
BM601 (49) 是基于ELISA定量检测HBsAg的高通量筛选得到的一种苯并咪唑衍生物。BM601抑制体外HBsAg分泌和HBV病毒颗粒形成(HepG2.2.15细胞系, EC50 = 1.5 μmol·L-1和EC50 = 0.6 μmol·L-1, CC50 = 24.5 μmol·L-1)。但并不对HBV DNA复制、转录和衣壳形成产生影响。免疫荧光分析BM601可能通过干扰表面蛋白在反式高尔基体的聚集来抑制病毒粒子和HBsAg的分泌[84]
50是一种胞苷衍生物, 有显著的HBV抗原分泌抑制活性[HepG2.2.15细胞系, EC50 (HBsAg) = 9 nmol·L-1, EC50 (HBeAg) = 0.25 μmol·L-1] 和抑制DNA复制活性(胞内EC50 = 0.099 μmol·L-1; 胞外EC50 < 0.01 μmol·L-1)[85]。且该化合物在1 250 μmol·L-1仍无细胞毒性。然而, 化合物50是否直接抑制HBsAg的分泌还有待进一步的机制验证[85]
HBV cccDNA在感染的肝细胞内持续稳定存在, 并且是病毒转录和蛋白质合成的主模板, 尽管数量少, 但由于其在HBV生命周期中的核心作用以及超长的半衰期, 使其成为CHB的罪魁祸首和慢性感染极难清除的主导因素[8]。清除cccDNA将意味着完全治愈乙型肝炎。因此, 靶向cccDNA是乙肝彻底治愈的新靶点。
Cai等[86]利用HBeAg作为cccDNA的替代生物标志物, 通过高通量筛选发现2个双取代磺胺类化合物CCC-0975 (51, 图 11) 和CCC-0346 (52), 两者能在低微摩范围内(HepDE19细胞系, EC50 = 10 μmol·L-1; EC50 = 3 μmol·L-1) 抑制从rcDNA去除共价连接的聚合酶进而抑制cccDNA的产生; 此外, CCC-0975还能够减少原代鸭肝细胞中DHBV cccDNA的生物合成。这是首次发现小分子能靶向cccDNA生成, 然而这种磺胺类似物的作用机制尚未被阐明。
Liu等[87]从中草药化合物库中筛选出3种水解单宁酸punicalagin (53)、punicalin (54) 和geraniin (55)。这些可水解单宁酸通过阻止cccDNA形成和促进cccDNA降解的双重机制来抑制HBV cccDNA的产生。
罗氏公司发明的吡咯并[2,3-b]吡嗪化合物56在降低cccDNA水平方面特别有效[PHH细胞系, EC50 (HBeAg) = 0.39 μmol·L-1, EC50 (cccDNA) = 6.76 μmol·L-1], 且对4种HBV基因型A至D均表现出有效的cccDNA抑制活性[88]
Wang等[89]采用基于HBV感染原代人肝细胞的表型筛选发现了新型cccDNA抑制剂ccc_R08 (57)。在HBV circle小鼠模型中, ccc_R08能剂量依赖性地抑制胞外HBsAg、胞外HBeAg和DNA以及胞内病毒DNA和RNA, EC50值在0.2至5 μmol·L-1之间。这是一种首创的口服cccDNA抑制剂, 具有重要开发前景。
目前直接靶向于cccDNA从而抑制HBV复制的小分子化合物十分有限, 且很多的具体作用机制仍然有待验证。从rcDNA到cccDNA的过程中, 需要结合组蛋白(H2A、H2B、H3、H4和H1) 及非组蛋白(HBcAg、HBx和宿主因子), 理论上干扰任何一个蛋白都会使cccDNA的形成降低[90]。然而, cccDNA动力学和基础生物学机制尚不清楚, 因此发现能够消除或者沉默cccDNA的小分子治疗药物是一项巨大的挑战[8]
HBV感染导致的CHB严重影响人们的生命健康安全, 是全球范围内的一类重大疾病。然而, 有关CHB的研究进展比较缓慢, 相关治疗主要依赖于作用机制单一的NAs药物, 并且需要终身服药。IFNs作为治疗CHB的另一类药物也因严重的不良反应而导致使用人群受限。因此, 迫切需要研发新靶标、新机制的HBV抑制剂。
本文分别从靶向逆转录结构域的DNA聚合酶抑制剂、CpAMs、HBx抑制剂、RNase H抑制剂、HBsAg分泌抑制剂和靶向cccDNA的小分子6个方面综述了近年来直接靶向HBV小分子的研究进展。其中, CpAMs是进入临床研究种类最多的一类HBV抑制剂。科研人员针对已有的CpAMs, 通过采用生物电子等排、骨架跃迁、构象限制和前药修饰等药物化学策略来提高其活性、代谢稳定性及成药性等特征。例如, 应用生物电子等排策略得到的GLS4, 目前处于临床Ⅲa期试验阶段, 有望成为上市的CpAMs类抗乙肝药物。此外, 结构生物学的发展也为基于靶标结构的精准药物设计提供了合理依据, 从而使科研人员可以更有针对性地设计出活性更高并且抗耐药突变的药物[91, 92]
然而, HBx和HBV RNase H的结构生物学发展缓慢, 限制药物化学领域研究人员基于靶标的合理药物设计。同样受到限制还有靶向cccDNA的小分子, cccDNA检测的灵敏度低是阻碍其发展的主要原因之一。未来仍然需要X-ray晶体衍射、cryo-EM、CADD和AI等多种技术在本领域更广泛的应用。
自NTCP作为HBV/HDV的进入受体被发现[93], 直接靶向宿主的药物也成为研究的热点之一。其中基于L-HBsAg中preS1的结构进行合理药物设计研发的多肽类药物myrcludex-B, 目前处于临床Ⅱ期试验阶段(治疗丙肝已经在欧洲上市)[94], 其通过直接靶向NTCP抑制HBV感染, 能够在远低于阻断胆盐转运所需的浓度下抑制HBV进入肝细胞。但阻碍NTCP对胆汁酸的摄取仍然是目前靶向NTCP的小分子药物亟需解决的问题[95]。此外, 增强宿主固有免疫或诱导HBV特异性适应性免疫应答也有助于控制和清除HBV持续性感染。RIG-I激动剂、STING激动剂及TLR激动剂等模式识别受体激动剂是增强固有免疫的主要策略, 目前已有多种药物在临床前实验中表现出良好的治疗效果并进入临床试验阶段[96, 97]
现有的NAs和IFNs远不能满足临床需求。随着HBV的新靶点和新结构药物的迅速发展, 相信将会发现活性更高且成药性更好的抗乙肝药物。更多的乙肝治疗药物及联合用药方案也将为控制HBV感染, 实现患者的功能性治愈甚至彻底治愈提供可能。
作者贡献: 周加慧、王硕负责查阅文献和文章初稿的撰写; 丁当、徐祥瑞、徐淑静和何勇负责查阅文献和修改文章; 刘新泳、展鹏负责构思文章框架, 指导文章撰写、修改并最后定稿。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82173677)
  • 山东省杰出青年基金(ZR2020JQ31)
  • 山东省重大科技创新工程项目(2019JZZY021011)
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2023年第58卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0111
  • 接收时间:2023-02-05
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-05
  • 修回日期:2023-03-21
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(82173677)
山东省杰出青年基金(ZR2020JQ31)
山东省重大科技创新工程项目(2019JZZY021011)
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    山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012

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*刘新泳, E-mail: ;
展鹏, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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