Article(id=1198652608362676335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0096, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1675267200000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-02, revisedDate=1677945600000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763710651721, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1691769600000, pubDateStr=2023-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763710651721, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763710651721, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763710651721, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198652605778985059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='8', pageStart='0', pageEnd='2540', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1691769600000', pubDateStr='2023-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763710651106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763710739504, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2016, endPage=2034, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198652609750990965, articleId=1198652608362676335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=On improving the activity and selectivity of small molecule drugs, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Although small molecule drugs (SMD) are still mainstream for the treatment of diseases, large molecule biologicss of many advantages, pose a challenge to the further discovery and use of SMD. The advantages of SMD are the convenience of oral administration and good patient compliance. However, the challenge with SMD is to integrate the PD, PK, selectivity and safety into a chemical structure. Because of their small size and surface area they often bind to various proteins, and off-target actions can cause adverse reactions. In this sense, selectivity is critical. Based upon target as the core to construct a chemical structure, it is necessary to consider the requirements of all the attributes, but achievement of the full-dimensional optimization is difficult. Modern drug discovery has been greatly enhanced by molecular biology and structural biology, and new strategies and technologies have emerged, which have created many successful medicines. For example, under the guidance of structural biology, covalent binding drugs connect moderate "electrophilic warheads" to the appropriate positions of molecules, and upon binding to their targets the electrophiles are irreversibly linked to the target by covalent bonds. Molecular biology can be directly applied to the development of antibody-coupled drugs (ADC). The antibody (A) acts as a carrier and a guide (for PK), and carries toxic molecules (D) into cancer cells, thus playing a killing role (for PD). The separate pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic entities are coupled (C) by linkers. PROTACs are also bifunctional molecules, which recruit a target protein and ubiquitin ligase E3 to form a ternary complex, which then acts as a catalyst to ubiquitinate the target protein and lead to degradation by the proteasome. In addition, in recent years, the combination of two fixed-dose drugs has improved selectivity, safety, and long-term benefit with many severe diseases, and can be regarded as an innovative strategy of physical combination. This review discusses some successful examples to briefly present the principles from the perspective of medicinal chemistry and therapeutic application.
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小分子药物目前仍是治疗的主流, 特异性治疗的生物药日益显示其优势, 构成了对小分子药物创制和应用的挑战。小分子药物的优势是方便口服, 患者依从性好。构建小分子药物的难点, 是将药效、药代、选择性和安全性都融于化学结构之中。由于尺寸小, 表面积不大, 小分子药物就会对众多蛋白有不同程度的适配性结合, 导致脱靶引起不良反应, 在这个意义上选择性作用是首要的。在以靶标为核心构建和优化分子结构, 又需要全盘顾及各个属性的要求, 往往顾此失彼, 达到全维度的优化实在勉为其难。本世纪的药物创制, 广泛注入了分子生物学和结构生物学元素, 涌现了新的策略和技术, 并获得了成功, 满足了患者的需求。例如共价结合药物, 是在结构生物学指引下, 将适度的“亲电弹头”连接在分子的恰当位置, 在分子互补性的结合中, 加以共价键不可逆锁定。分子生物学直接应用于抗体偶联药物(ADC) 的研制中, 抗体(A) 作为载体和导向(药代), 将毒性分子(D) 传输到癌性细胞内, 发挥杀伤作用(药效)。隔离的药效和药代分子实体靠连接基偶联(C) 成ADC分子。PROTAC也是双功能分子, 招募靶蛋白和泛素连接酶E3, 形成三元复合物, 犹如催化剂, 使靶蛋白发生泛素化, 导致被蛋白酶体降解。此外, 近年来药物固定的配伍应用, 在提高选择性、安全性、长效性和治疗效果方面也有长足进步, 可视作不拘一格的物理合用的创新策略。本文列举一些成功实例, 从药物化学和治疗应用的视角, 简要讨论上述内容。
, authors=null, authorsList=郭颖, 郭宗儒, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郭宗儒, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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Binding mode of zanubruyinib and BTK from cocrystal structure , figureFileSmall=AxdBxw5ta1NUxO6Sz0no1A==, figureFileBig=r9mrD9sMy4BXkVU9Qe4bUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960114326668219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652608362676335, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=nBBi5oXIFVr/hzxeWk04Gw==, figureFileBig=kh882dXSyIMiX/1f7PKt7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960114473468874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652608362676335, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption=
Diagrammatic sketch of NS3 protease to hydrolyze a peptide bond , figureFileSmall=nBBi5oXIFVr/hzxeWk04Gw==, figureFileBig=kh882dXSyIMiX/1f7PKt7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960114603492311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652608362676335, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=zfPcVF1DNa2x0AO4oztYJg==, figureFileBig=cskaK0R8vKBQDrZPKuL+aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960114783847399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652608362676335, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption=
Sketch of covalent binding between keto-amide and hydroxy group of serine residue by nucleophilic attacking , figureFileSmall=zfPcVF1DNa2x0AO4oztYJg==, figureFileBig=cskaK0R8vKBQDrZPKuL+aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960114930648049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652608362676335, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=e7VHz47He074OZjHyTQVGA==, figureFileBig=rJx1Ogp+vq63Njtb4J2qIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960115102613507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652608362676335, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption=
Comparison of the KRASG12C binding modes of 34 (a) and 35 (b). The tetrahydroisoquinoline portion of 34 and indole of 35 engages a "cryptic pocket" not exploited by prior inhibitors, which is induced by side chain rotation of H95 and comprises the residues Y96, H95, and Q99 , figureFileSmall=e7VHz47He074OZjHyTQVGA==, figureFileBig=rJx1Ogp+vq63Njtb4J2qIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960115324911631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652608362676335, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=otKxqn8Fj1uAtNjY7qagEQ==, figureFileBig=RGJLSj+q0WHLr3l9pFRCcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960115480100894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652608362676335, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption=
The chrystallography of 37 binding to KRASG12C , figureFileSmall=otKxqn8Fj1uAtNjY7qagEQ==, figureFileBig=RGJLSj+q0WHLr3l9pFRCcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960115626901547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652608362676335, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=SArA4jPizYmdJ+r6Jv79Kw==, figureFileBig=D9o7Ctz7RKwuHNJx8XN/wA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960115756924985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652608362676335, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption=
Binding diagram of R-44 to GDP-KRASG12C , figureFileSmall=SArA4jPizYmdJ+r6Jv79Kw==, figureFileBig=D9o7Ctz7RKwuHNJx8XN/wA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960115970834511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652608362676335, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=nKYmWPoWV/c2mqsLC58dLA==, figureFileBig=PtP51fEoZzQ11+P9Ezub8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960116105052255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652608362676335, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption=
Asciminib binds to allosteric domain, different from nilotinib which binds to ATP binding site , figureFileSmall=nKYmWPoWV/c2mqsLC58dLA==, figureFileBig=PtP51fEoZzQ11+P9Ezub8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960116268630131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652608362676335, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=voWzM2Lyzl8jGKmXB8IhtA==, figureFileBig=Hppm0dK6Xl6mOZL1UL2jwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960116465762444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652608362676335, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption=
X-ray cocrystal structure of deucravacitinib (65) in TYK2 JH2 , figureFileSmall=voWzM2Lyzl8jGKmXB8IhtA==, figureFileBig=Hppm0dK6Xl6mOZL1UL2jwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960116591591584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652608362676335, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ROMB47xetqc34GsTaKSgfw==, figureFileBig=a8J8Cd7EzmI2xnDw7Rd1Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960116679671982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652608362676335, language=CN, label=Figure 9, caption=
Sketch of step by step mechanism of action of antibody-coupled drugs (ADCs). Circulating ADCs bind to the target antigen forming an ADC-antigen complex (1). Then, the complex is internalized via endocytosis (2). Linker cleavage leads to cytotoxic drug release (3) and elicit anti-tumor effects (4)[28-30] , figureFileSmall=ROMB47xetqc34GsTaKSgfw==, figureFileBig=a8J8Cd7EzmI2xnDw7Rd1Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960116818084030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652608362676335, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=hje0g7lFXOUMRV+/oRS30w==, figureFileBig=SaguALNz2FClWtYj/MM5fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960116931330254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652608362676335, language=CN, label=Figure 10, caption=
Crystallography of Entresto complex. The red dots stand for sodium ion, the green dots water molecules , figureFileSmall=hje0g7lFXOUMRV+/oRS30w==, figureFileBig=SaguALNz2FClWtYj/MM5fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960117065547997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652608362676335, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1198960117212348648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652608362676335, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=
Atropisomer stability and KRASG12C activity as a function of cryptic pocket arene identity and substitution pattern
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), ArticleFig(id=1198960117367537918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652608362676335, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| No. | Generic name | Structure | Company | Target | Indication |
| 52 | Ruxolitinib |  | 2011 Incyte/Novartis | JAK-1/-3 | Myelofibrosis |
| 53 | Tofacitinib |  | 2012 Pfizer | JAK-1/-2 | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| 54 | Baricitinib |  | 2017 Incyte/Lilly | JAK-1/-2 | Rheumatoid arthritis, alopecia |
| 55 | Peficitinib |  | 2018 Astellas | JAK-1/-2/-3, TYK-2 | Ulcerative colitis |
| 56 | Upadacitinib |  | 2019 Abbvie | JAK-1 | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| 57 | Fedratinib |  | 2019 Sanofi/Celgene | JAK-2 | Myelofibrosis |
| 58 | Delgocitinib |  | 2020 Japan Tobacco | JAK | Topical atopic dermatitis |
| 59 | Abrocitinib |  | 2021 Pfizer | JAK-1 | Atopic dermatitis |
), ArticleFig(id=1198960117464006922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652608362676335, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=
The marketed JAK-1/-2/-3 kinase inhibitors
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| No. | Generic name | Structure | Company | Target | Indication |
| 52 | Ruxolitinib |  | 2011 Incyte/Novartis | JAK-1/-3 | Myelofibrosis |
| 53 | Tofacitinib |  | 2012 Pfizer | JAK-1/-2 | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| 54 | Baricitinib |  | 2017 Incyte/Lilly | JAK-1/-2 | Rheumatoid arthritis, alopecia |
| 55 | Peficitinib |  | 2018 Astellas | JAK-1/-2/-3, TYK-2 | Ulcerative colitis |
| 56 | Upadacitinib |  | 2019 Abbvie | JAK-1 | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| 57 | Fedratinib |  | 2019 Sanofi/Celgene | JAK-2 | Myelofibrosis |
| 58 | Delgocitinib |  | 2020 Japan Tobacco | JAK | Topical atopic dermatitis |
| 59 | Abrocitinib |  | 2021 Pfizer | JAK-1 | Atopic dermatitis |
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| No. | Name | Antibody | Linker | Payload | DAR | Target | Indication |
| 66 | Gemtuzumab ozogamicin | Anti-CD33 IgG4 |  |  | 2-3 | CD33 | AML |
| 67 | Brentuximab vedotin | Anti-CD30 IgG1 |  |  | 4 | CD30 | Hodgkin's lymphoma, ALCL |
| 68 | Trastuzumab emtansine | Anti-HER2 IgG1 |  |  | 3.5 | HER2 | Breast cancer |
| 69 | Inotuzumabozogamicin | Anti-CD22 IgG4 |  |  | 6 | CD22 | Lymphocytic leukemia |
| 70 | Polatuzumab vedotin | Anti-CD79b |  |  | 3.8 | CD79 | Large B-cell lymphoma |
| 71 | Enfortumab vedotin | Anti-Actin4 IgG1 |  |  | 3.8 | Nectin-4 | Urothelial carcinoma |
| 72 | Trastuzumab deruxtecan | Anti-HER2 |  |  | 7.8 | HER2 | Breast cancer |
| 73 | Sacituzumab govitecan | Anti-Trop2 IgG1 |  |  | 7.6 | TROP-2 recepter | Breast cancer |
| 74 | Belantamab mafodotin | Anti-BCMA IgG1 |  |  | 4 | BCMA | Multiple myeloma |
| 75 | Loncastuximab tesitine | Anti-FD19 IgG1 |  |  | ? | CD-19 | Recurrent refractory large B-cell lymphoma |
| 76 | Tisotumab vedotin | Anti-CD142 |  |  | 4.1 | Tissue factor | |
| 77 | Mirvetuximab soravtansine | Anti-FAα IgG1 |  |  | 4 | Folic acid receptor α (FRα) | FRα(+) epithelial ovarian carcinoma |
), ArticleFig(id=1198960117724053799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652608362676335, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=
List of ADC and compositions approved by FDA. DAR: Drug-antibody ratio
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| No. | Name | Antibody | Linker | Payload | DAR | Target | Indication |
| 66 | Gemtuzumab ozogamicin | Anti-CD33 IgG4 |  |  | 2-3 | CD33 | AML |
| 67 | Brentuximab vedotin | Anti-CD30 IgG1 |  |  | 4 | CD30 | Hodgkin's lymphoma, ALCL |
| 68 | Trastuzumab emtansine | Anti-HER2 IgG1 |  |  | 3.5 | HER2 | Breast cancer |
| 69 | Inotuzumabozogamicin | Anti-CD22 IgG4 |  |  | 6 | CD22 | Lymphocytic leukemia |
| 70 | Polatuzumab vedotin | Anti-CD79b |  |  | 3.8 | CD79 | Large B-cell lymphoma |
| 71 | Enfortumab vedotin | Anti-Actin4 IgG1 |  |  | 3.8 | Nectin-4 | Urothelial carcinoma |
| 72 | Trastuzumab deruxtecan | Anti-HER2 |  |  | 7.8 | HER2 | Breast cancer |
| 73 | Sacituzumab govitecan | Anti-Trop2 IgG1 |  |  | 7.6 | TROP-2 recepter | Breast cancer |
| 74 | Belantamab mafodotin | Anti-BCMA IgG1 |  |  | 4 | BCMA | Multiple myeloma |
| 75 | Loncastuximab tesitine | Anti-FD19 IgG1 |  |  | ? | CD-19 | Recurrent refractory large B-cell lymphoma |
| 76 | Tisotumab vedotin | Anti-CD142 |  |  | 4.1 | Tissue factor | |
| 77 | Mirvetuximab soravtansine | Anti-FAα IgG1 |  |  | 4 | Folic acid receptor α (FRα) | FRα(+) epithelial ovarian carcinoma |
), ArticleFig(id=1198960117828911409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652608362676335, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| No. | Name/code No. | Target | Indication | Company | Phase |
| 78 | ARV471 | ER | ER+/HER2-breast cancer | Pfizer/Arvinas | Ⅱ |
| 79 | Bavdegalutamide ARV110 | AR | Castration-resistant prostate cancer | Arvinas | Ⅱ |
| 80 | AVR766 | AR | Castration-resistant prostate cancer | Arvinas | Ⅰ/Ⅱ |
| 81 | RNK05047 | BRD4 | Solid tumor and lymphoma | Ranok | Ⅰ/Ⅱ |
| 82 | CFT8634 | BRD9 | Synovial sarcoma and SMARCB1 deletion solid tumor | C4 Therapeutics | Ⅰ/Ⅱ |
| 83 | CG001419 | Trk | Lung cancer and pancarcinoma | Cullgen | Ⅰ/Ⅱ |
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The list of PROTACs under clinical study at phase Ⅱ or Ⅰ/Ⅱ
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| No. | Name/code No. | Target | Indication | Company | Phase |
| 78 | ARV471 | ER | ER+/HER2-breast cancer | Pfizer/Arvinas | Ⅱ |
| 79 | Bavdegalutamide ARV110 | AR | Castration-resistant prostate cancer | Arvinas | Ⅱ |
| 80 | AVR766 | AR | Castration-resistant prostate cancer | Arvinas | Ⅰ/Ⅱ |
| 81 | RNK05047 | BRD4 | Solid tumor and lymphoma | Ranok | Ⅰ/Ⅱ |
| 82 | CFT8634 | BRD9 | Synovial sarcoma and SMARCB1 deletion solid tumor | C4 Therapeutics | Ⅰ/Ⅱ |
| 83 | CG001419 | Trk | Lung cancer and pancarcinoma | Cullgen | Ⅰ/Ⅱ |
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