Article(id=1198656215329895249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0094, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1675180800000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-01, revisedDate=1681660800000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711511690, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1697040000000, pubDateStr=2023-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711511690, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711511689, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711511689, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656209390764948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='10', pageStart='2835', pageEnd='3150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711510274, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711659007, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656833280897539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656833280897540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2979, endPage=2994, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656215728354134, articleId=1198656215329895249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Advances in research on small molecule regulators targeting HBV cccDNA generation and transcription, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) represents a significant global public health challenge. Despite the availability of several approved drugs for hepatitis B treatment, the persistence of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) renders HBV eradication elusive, thereby leading to disease relapse after drug withdrawal. This paper reviews the regulatory mechanisms of cccDNA formation, transcription and replication, and summarizes the research progress of related small molecule regulators from the perspective of medicinal chemistry.

, correspAuthors=Xin-yong LIU, Peng ZHAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiang-rui XU, Yu JIN, Shu-jing XU, Shuo WANG, Yong HE, Xin-yong LIU, Peng ZHAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656221558435931, articleId=1198656215329895249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=靶向HBV cccDNA生成和转录的小分子调控剂研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus, HBV) 对人类生命健康造成严重危害。虽然目前已有多种治疗乙肝的上市药物, 但由于共价闭合环状DNA (covalently closed circular DNA, cccDNA) 的持续存在, 导致出现停药后容易复发的问题, 这也是乙肝难以治愈的根源。本文对cccDNA生成、转录和复制的调控机制进行综述, 并从药物化学的视角对相关小分子调控剂的研究进展进行了总结。

, correspAuthors=刘新泳, 展鹏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘新泳, E-mail: ;
展鹏, E-mail:
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#共同第一作者.

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靶向HBV cccDNA生成和转录的小分子调控剂研究进展
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徐祥瑞 # , 金昱 # , 徐淑静 , 王硕 , 何勇 , 刘新泳 * , 展鹏 *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(10): 2979-2994
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药学学报 | 综述 2023, 58(10): 2979-2994
靶向HBV cccDNA生成和转录的小分子调控剂研究进展
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徐祥瑞#, 金昱#, 徐淑静, 王硕, 何勇, 刘新泳* , 展鹏*
作者信息
  • 山东大学药学院, 药物化学研究所, 山东 济南 250012

通讯作者:

*刘新泳, E-mail: ;
展鹏, E-mail:
Advances in research on small molecule regulators targeting HBV cccDNA generation and transcription
Xiang-rui XU, Yu JIN, Shu-jing XU, Shuo WANG, Yong HE, Xin-yong LIU* , Peng ZHAN*
Affiliations
  • Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
出版时间: 2023-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0094
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乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus, HBV) 对人类生命健康造成严重危害。虽然目前已有多种治疗乙肝的上市药物, 但由于共价闭合环状DNA (covalently closed circular DNA, cccDNA) 的持续存在, 导致出现停药后容易复发的问题, 这也是乙肝难以治愈的根源。本文对cccDNA生成、转录和复制的调控机制进行综述, 并从药物化学的视角对相关小分子调控剂的研究进展进行了总结。

乙型肝炎病毒  /  共价闭合环状DNA  /  小分子化合物  /  药物化学  /  药物设计

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) represents a significant global public health challenge. Despite the availability of several approved drugs for hepatitis B treatment, the persistence of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) renders HBV eradication elusive, thereby leading to disease relapse after drug withdrawal. This paper reviews the regulatory mechanisms of cccDNA formation, transcription and replication, and summarizes the research progress of related small molecule regulators from the perspective of medicinal chemistry.

hepatitis B virus  /  covalently closed circular DNA  /  small molecule  /  medicinal chemistry  /  drug design
徐祥瑞, 金昱, 徐淑静, 王硕, 何勇, 刘新泳, 展鹏. 靶向HBV cccDNA生成和转录的小分子调控剂研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (10) : 2979 -2994 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0094
Xiang-rui XU, Yu JIN, Shu-jing XU, Shuo WANG, Yong HE, Xin-yong LIU, Peng ZHAN. Advances in research on small molecule regulators targeting HBV cccDNA generation and transcription[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (10) : 2979 -2994 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0094
乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus, HBV) 是一种具有包膜的逆转录双链DNA病毒, 主要通过血液、母婴、破损皮肤和无保护性行为等途径传播。世界卫生组织估计, 截止至2019年全球范围内约有2.96亿人患有慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B, CHB), 部分慢性乙型肝炎患者会逐渐发展为肝硬化、肝功能衰竭和肝癌等。乙型肝炎由于高感染率和它所造成的严重并发症, 目前已成为世界范围内严重的公共卫生问题[1-3]。现有批准上市的抗HBV药物主要是干扰素类药物和核苷(酸) 类似物(nucleos(t)ide analogues, NAs)[4, 5]。然而, 上述两种药物都无法完全清除患者体内的HBV共价闭合环状DNA (covalently closed circular DNA, cccDNA), 从而导致无法完全治愈乙肝。因此, 基于新靶标、新机制的抗HBV药物的研发具有重要意义。
近期, 本课题组对HBV衣壳蛋白、HBV核糖核酸酶H、乙肝表面抗原等新靶标抑制剂的研究进展进行了综述[6, 7]。在此基础上, 本文着重综述了靶向HBV相关蛋白和宿主因子的cccDNA小分子调控剂, 同时围绕目前HBV cccDNA研究领域中所面临的问题进行讨论。
HBV完整的生命周期包括吸附、侵入、脱壳、入核、cccDNA的生成、转录、翻译、衣壳装配和分泌等, 其具体过程如下: ① HBV进入体内后, 经由血液循环系统富集于肝脏, 随后其表面蛋白特异性识别并结合肝细胞表面牛磺胆酸共转运多肽(sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, NTCP) 进而侵入肝细胞内[8]。NTCP是一种多重跨膜转运蛋白, 主要在肝脏中表达, 是HBV感染肝脏的一个重要靶点; ②病毒在细胞质中脱去外壳, 其基因组以自由环状DNA (relaxed-circular DNA, rcDNA) 的形式进入细胞核; ③随后rcDNA转化为cccDNA, 并与宿主和病毒蛋白组装形成一个微染色体结构; ④在RNA聚合酶作用下, 进一步转录生成前基因组RNA (pregenomic RNA, pgRNA) 和3种信使RNA (messenger RNA, mRNA)[9]; ⑤病毒RNA翻译为HBV蛋白; ⑥随后pgRNA和病毒聚合酶与HBV衣壳蛋白组装形成初级病毒衣壳; ⑦ pgRNA在逆转录酶作用下逆转录生成rcDNA; ⑧~⑨至此, 一部分含有HBV基因组的衣壳经过高尔基体和内质网的修饰, 再通过多泡小体(multivesicular body, MVB) 的分泌途径以病毒粒子的形式释放至细胞外; ⑩另一部分成熟的衣壳裂解为乙肝核心抗原(hepatitis B core antigen, HBcAg), 并将rcDNA转移至细胞核中继续扩增cccDNA[10] (图 1)。
HBV的基因组是一种部分双链环状DNA, 也称为rcDNA[11], 其包括4个重叠的开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORF), 分别为preC/C、preS/S、P和X (图 2)。其中, C区编码乙肝e抗原(hepatitis B envelope antigen, HBeAg) 和HBcAg; S区编码乙肝表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen, HBsAg); P区编码HBV DNA聚合酶; X区编码HBV X蛋白(HBV X protein, HBx)[12]
HBV rcDNA在宿主细胞内可以形成HBV cccDNA。cccDNA是病毒复制和转录的模板, 它以微染色体形式长期稳定存在于肝细胞中, 是一个持久的病毒库[13, 14]。cccDNA具体形成机制如下: ①在宿主因子的作用下去除负链5′端连接的末端蛋白; ②去除正链5′端的RNA残段; ③在聚合酶作用下, 完成rcDNA不完整的正链合成; ④依赖宿主细胞的DNA聚合酶补齐两条链上的缺口, 并进一步折叠、扭曲形成超螺旋结构的cccDNA[15]; ⑤ HBV cccDNA与组蛋白(H2A、H2B、H3、H4和H1) 和非组蛋白(HBc、HBx和宿主因子) 结合, 形成称为HBV cccDNA微染色体的染色质样结构[16] (图 3)。
由于cccDNA在非分裂的人肝细胞中非常稳定, 且不易被清除, 因此它在持续性HBV感染和乙肝复发中发挥重要作用。有效抑制或清除高稳定性遗传物质cccDNA是完全治愈乙肝的关键[17]
近10年来, cccDNA转录机制、表观遗传调控和免疫降解等方面的突破性进展使人们对cccDNA有了更加全面而深刻的认识[18]。研究cccDNA生成和转录等相关机制, 并基于此设计出调控cccDNA的抗病毒药物对于实现乙肝的完全治愈具有重要意义。
HBx蛋白是非结构蛋白, 属于HBV编码的一种小的调节蛋白, 分子质量约为17 kD。HBx有5个重要的结构域: ① N端的负调控区, 与该区域相结合的调控因子可以抑制HBx的活性; ②负调控区附近的高变区; ③损伤DNA结合蛋白1 (DNA damage-binding protein 1, DDB1) 结合区; ④核输出信号区; ⑤ C-末端的转录因子结合区[19] (图 4)。
HBx蛋白在细胞质和细胞核中均有分布, 并在cccDNA微染色体转录调控和肿瘤发生发展等方面发挥重要作用。HBx蛋白可以与某些转录因子、染色质重塑因子相互作用, 并招募相关转录因子转移至cccDNA染色体上, 促进cccDNA转录。真核细胞内的染色体结构维持复合物5/6 (structural maintenance of chromosomes 5/6, SMC5/6) 可以与链状DNA结合, 降低DNA的转录活性, 由于cccDNA与宿主双链DNA结构相似, SMC5/6也能够抑制cccDNA的转录。HBx可以通过与宿主因子DDB1相互作用, 泛素化降解SMC5/6复合物, 从而解除SMC5/6对cccDNA转录的抑制作用[20, 21]。此外, HBx通过激活RAS、C-MYC等多种原癌基因的表达, 诱发细胞癌变, 并通过调节JAK-STAT等信号通路, 促进肿瘤细胞的增殖[22, 23]。鉴于HBx在cccDNA转录和肝癌发生发展中的重要作用, 寻找HBx小分子抑制剂成为抗HBV药物研究的热点。
He等[24]构建出四环素诱导的表达HiBiT-HBx的细胞系SBHX21, 筛选由1 403种上市药物组成的分子库, 发现苯甲酸雌二醇(1, 图 5) 能够在35、55、75 μmol·L-1浓度下以剂量依赖性方式抑制HBx表达, 并且可以降低HBV感染的HepG2细胞中cccDNA的水平。通过Autodock程序对接发现, 苯甲酸雌二醇可以与HBx蛋白的Trp87的吲哚基团和Trp107的羰基分别形成氢键, 占据HBx与DDB1结合的位点, 从而阻止HBx-DDB1复合物的形成。
HBx的H-box结构是与DDB1结合的位点。Ghosh等[25]使用I-TASSER网络服务器, 对HBx蛋白的3D结构进行建模, 并选取具有H-box结构的模型进行动力学模拟优化。通过AutoDock Vina软件虚拟筛选Maybridge库中的14 400种化合物, 发现100种具有高结合力(结合自由能小于-8.8 kcal·mol-1) 的化合物。作者随后构建含绿色荧光蛋白的HepG2细胞模型, 该模型可以通过报告基因沉默的逆转显示荧光, 抑制HBx蛋白可以抑制报告基因沉默的逆转, 减弱荧光强度。基于该细胞模型, 作者对100种化合物进行筛选, 发现IR415 (2, 图 5) 可以有效阻断HBx介导的绿色荧光蛋白表达。随后作者通过表面等离子体共振技术(surface plasmon resonance, SPR) 发现IR415和HBx之间存在较强的相互作用(KD = 2 nmol·L-1)。表明IR415可以与HBx相互作用并干扰其功能。
Sekiba等[26]建立NanoLuc萤光素酶系统(NanoLuc binary technology, NanoBiT), 用于评价HBx与DDB1的结合程度。作者分离NanoBiT亚基, 得到LgBit和SmBit两部分肽段, 并分别与HBx的C端和DDB1的N端结合, 构建出一种荧光高通量筛选体系。随后对817种上市药物进行活性筛选, 发现硝唑尼特(3, 图 5) 可以剂量依赖性地干扰HBx与DDB1结合(HepG2细胞系, EC50 < 10 μmol·L-1, CC50 = 57 μmol·L-1), 并且可以抑制HBx蛋白诱导的SMC5/6降解, 从而抑制HBV cccDNA的转录。
Ma等[27]表达出B基因型和D基因型的GST-HBx融合蛋白, 随后使用表面等离子体共振成像技术(surface plasmon resonance imaging, SPRi) 测定1 018种FDA药物与GST-HBx融合蛋白的结合能力, 发现曲尼司特(4, 图 5) 对两种基因型的HBx蛋白均有很强的结合力(B基因型: KD = 0.184 nmol·L-1; D基因型: KD = 1.35 μmol·L-1)。对其进行细胞水平抗病毒活性评价, 发现曲尼司特可以在10、50、100 μmol·L-1浓度下剂量依赖性地降低HBV感染的人肝细胞中cccDNA水平。
Ren等[28]采用MTT法和ELISA法对971个天然化合物进行抗HBV活性筛选, 发现sphondin (5, 图 5) 可以以剂量依赖性方式抑制HBsAg水平(HepG2-NTCP细胞系: EC50 = 13.17 μmol·L-1; PHH细胞系: EC50 = 20.81 μmol·L-1), 进一步实验发现, sphondin可以通过抑制HBx活性进而抑制HBV cccDNA转录, 并在微摩尔范围内降低细胞内HBV RNA水平(EC50 = 6.68~22.48 μmol·L-1)。在人肝嵌合免疫缺陷的uPA小鼠模型中进行抗HBV活性评价, 发现sphondin可以在2.5 mg·kg-1给药剂量下显著降低小鼠体内HBV RNA、HBsAg和HBx水平, 并发现sphondin与恩替卡韦具有协同作用。对其进行机制探究, 发现sphondin可以与HBx结合, 促进26S蛋白酶体介导的HBx降解, 从而减少HBx与cccDNA的结合, 进而抑制cccDNA的转录。
HBV DNA聚合酶在HBV复制过程中发挥重要作用, 它是合成新的DNA链以及对DNA进行修复所必需的酶。在病毒复制过程中, DNA聚合酶主要负责以pgRNA为模板逆转录合成双链DNA。HBV DNA聚合酶一共可以分为4个功能结构区, 包括末端蛋白区(terminal protein, TP)、间隔区(spacer, Sp)、逆转录酶区(reverse transcriptase, RT) 和核糖核酸酶区(ribonuclease H, RNase H) (图 6)[29, 30]。其中, RT结构域是DNA聚合酶的主要功能区, 同时具有DNA聚合酶和逆转录酶的活性。目前, 临床用于治疗慢性HBV感染的NAs药物均是靶向HBV聚合酶RT结构域[31], 通过抑制HBV DNA的合成, 进而阻断HBV的复制过程。靶向DNA聚合酶RT结构域的小分子调控剂依然是目前抗HBV药物研发的重要方向。
目前, NAs是临床治疗慢性HBV感染的标准疗法, 包括拉米夫定(lamivudine, 3TC, 6, 图 7)、替比夫定(telbivudine, TBV, 7)、恩替卡韦(entecavir, ETV, 8)、阿德福韦酯(adefovir dipivoxil, ADF, 9) 和替诺福韦酯(tenofovir disoproxil, TDF, 10)[32, 33]。NAs类药物具有高效可口服, 且耐受性较好的优点, 但也具有疗程长、停药后复发率高且耐药性严重等缺陷, 严重限制了其应用。其中, 耐药性相关的主要突变与HBV DNA聚合酶RT结构域中的氨基酸取代有关, 逆转录酶缺乏校对机制, 因而其复制错误率较高, 因此以RNA为模板形成DNA的过程很容易发生突变。例如3TC的耐药突变为M204I/M204V+L180M, 并且以YVDD变异株(M204V) 最为严重[34, 35]。目前临床使用的NAs尚无法实现乙肝的功能性治愈和完全治愈, 原因在于上述药物都无法有效清除肝细胞中的cccDNA[36, 37]。因此, 研发高效、安全的小分子药物对于清除HBV cccDNA进而完全治愈乙肝至关重要。
Autios Therapeutics公司的科研人员通过前药修饰策略, 对第一代活性位点聚合酶抑制剂核苷酸(ASPIN) 类药物克拉夫定(clevudine, 化合物11, 图 7) 进行结构优化, 最终得到了氨基磷酸酯前药ATI-2173 (化合物12), 该化合物可通过酶促和非酶促反应产生与克拉夫定相同的5′-三磷酸酯。作为一种新型的靶向HBV DNA聚合酶的小分子调控剂, ATI-2173可以有效降低肝内cccDNA水平, 并且在体外具有较强的抗HBV活性, 它在HepG2.2.15细胞系中所测得的EC50值为0.26 μmol·L-1, 在原代人肝细胞(PHH) 中EC50值为1.31 μmol·L-1, 与克拉夫定具有相似的抗病毒活性(克拉夫定: HepG2.2.15细胞系: EC50 = 0.1 μmol·L-1)。此外, ATI-2173的药代动力学性质和安全性明显优于克拉夫定, 它通过降低药物在全身的暴露水平, 消除了克拉夫定所引发的骨骼肌病等不良反应[38, 39]。ATI-2173的临床Ib期试验在摩尔多瓦共和国和乌克兰进行, 属于一项随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验(NCT04248426)[40]
此外, 研究发现ATI-2173与富马酸替诺福韦二吡呋酯(TDF) 联用可以有效抑制病毒复制并降低HBV cccDNA水平, 此外, Ⅱa期临床试验(NCT04847440) 中没有出现病毒反弹和患者ALT骤然升高的情况[41]
HBV RNase H对于病毒复制具有至关重要的作用。在HBV生命周期中, pgRNA在逆转录酶的作用下产生负链DNA并形成RNA: DNA双链杂合体, RNase H主要负责降解双链杂合体中的RNA部分, 从而形成单链负链DNA并以此为模板合成正链DNA, 最终形成HBV rcDNA[7]。研究发现, RNase H水解RNA时需要两个Mg2+的参与, 以及与之螯合的“DEDD”氨基酸残基[42]。抑制HBV RNase H的功能可以阻止RNA的降解, 进而阻止正链DNA的合成, 最终抑制HBV rcDNA的合成及cccDNA的扩增。同时使用NAs及RNase H抑制剂来阻断酶的聚合与水解功能, 有望最大限度地抑制HBV的复制。此外, RNase H抑制剂还能调控HBV cccDNA的水平[43]
HBV与HIV均存在RNase H功能域, 其氨基酸序列有23%的同源性, 都具有两个金属离子和“DEDD”催化基序[42], 因此部分HIV RNase H抑制剂也有可能抑制HBV RNase H功能。但是由于HBV RNase H重组蛋白表达困难, 阻碍了该类抑制剂的高通量筛选。
2017年, Huber等[44]发现具有抗HBV活性的3-羟基嘧啶-2, 4-二酮类HBV RNase H抑制剂。其中, 代表化合物1314 (图 8) 可以有效抑制HBV DNA复制和cccDNA池的扩增, EC50值分别为5.5 ± 0.6和8.0 ± 0.5 μmol·L-1, 且细胞毒性较低(CC50 > 100 μmol·L-1)。
Edwards等[45-47]开发了一种HBV RNase H抑制剂筛选体系。他们发现的100多种RNase H抑制剂主要分为以下3种类型: α-羟基托酚酮(α-HT)、N-羟基异喹啉(HID) 和N-羟基吡啶二酮(HPD), 上述化合物均可以通过抑制HBV RNase H活性进而阻断细胞内病毒复制。为了进一步提高RNase H抑制剂的活性, 该课题组通过结构优化发现了3种HID类HBV抑制剂(EC50 = 2.4~3.8 μmol·L-1), 9种HPD类HBV抑制剂(EC50 = 0.11~4.0 μmol·L-1)。其中, HPD化合物A23 (化合物15) 最为突出(HepDES19细胞系: EC50 = 0.11 ± 0.01 μmol·L-1, CC50 = 33 ± 8 μmol·L-1)。其次是HPD化合物A22 (化合物16) 和A24 (化合物17, 图 8), EC50值分别为0.32 ± 0.2和0.29 ± 0.1 μmol·L-1。进一步研究发现上述3种化合物均可以阻断正链DNA的合成, 进而阻止cccDNA池的扩增。
2021年, Chauhan等[48]在HBV感染的HepDES19细胞中测试了α-HT化合物110 (化合物18, 图 8) 对于cccDNA的抑制作用。首先, 该课题组通过Hirt法提取分离染色体外DNA, 随后用T5外切酶处理分离的DNA并用苯酚-氯仿提取, 最后通过荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR) 测定cccDNA的含量。结果表明, 化合物18可以抑制cccDNA的积累(EC50 = 0.29 μmol·L-1)。此外, 与对照组相比, 化合物18在5 μmol·L-1时对cccDNA的抑制率为99%, 在0.5 μmol·L-1时的抑制率为98%。但是, 它具有一定的细胞毒性(HepG2-NTCP-12细胞系: CC50 = 42.5 μmol·L-1)。
根据HBV基因型不同, HBV核心蛋白(HBV core protein, HBc) 由183至185个氨基酸组成, 通常以二聚体的形式存在, 90或120个二聚体可以通过疏水作用形成HBV衣壳蛋白。HBc不仅是一种结构蛋白, 而且在HBV生命周期中的多个关键环节发挥重要作用, 包括rcDNA的入核、cccDNA染色体的形成以及病毒粒子组装和DNA复制等[49]。由于HBc的多功能性, 逐渐成为研发抗HBV药物的重要靶标。
以HBc为靶标的小分子主要通过靶向衣壳组装过程发挥作用, 因此被称为HBV衣壳组装调控剂(capsid assembly modulator, CAM) 或核心蛋白变构调节剂, 根据其作用机制的不同, CAM可分为两类: CAM-Ⅰ类和CAM-Ⅱ类。CAM-Ⅰ类可以干扰病毒衣壳的正常装配, 诱导核心蛋白错误组装成为非衣壳结构聚合物, 并且可以促进核心蛋白的降解; CAM-Ⅱ类可以加速衣壳组装, 并诱导核心蛋白组装形成不含有pgRNA和DNA聚合酶的空衣壳[6]。由于衣壳组装调控剂可以破坏或干扰HBV衣壳组装的过程, 从而抑制HBV复制。因此, 衣壳组装调控剂是一种有前途的抗HBV药物。
根据化合物母核结构的不同, 衣壳组装调控剂可分为丙烯酰胺类、磺酰苯甲酰胺类和二氢嘧啶类等, 前期本课题组针对HBV组装调控剂也进行了部分总结[6]
2015年, Wang等[50]报道一个哒嗪酮类新型HBV衣壳组装调控剂19 (图 9), 在体内外均具有良好的抗病毒活性(EC50 = 1.90 μmol·L-1)。通过研究其作用机制, 发现化合物19通过干扰衣壳的组装, 并诱导不包含基因组的空衣壳产生, 发挥抑制HBV复制的作用。2020年, 该课题组在前期研究的基础上, 通过引入苯环和氰基封闭代谢位点, 设计一系列酞嗪酮类衣壳抑制剂, 其中化合物20具有更强的活性及更低的毒性(EC50 = 0.014 μmol·L-1, CC50 > 100 μmol·L-1), 此外化合物20通过在侧链末端引入羟基, 改善了该类化合物的口服生物利用度(F = 60.40%)。该课题组还在重组AAV-HBV病毒转导的小鼠模型上验证了化合物20的抗HBV作用, 在50和150 mg·kg-1给药剂量下均可以下调血浆中HBV DNA水平[51]
2020年, Na等[52]研究NVR 3-778 (21, 图 9) 的共晶结果, 分析其作用力, 通过分子杂交的策略设计合成一系列磺酰苯甲酰胺类化合物, 其中引入氨基得到的化合物22, 表现出良好的抗HBV活性(EC50 = 0.04 μmol·L-1), 优于先导化合物NVR 3-778 (EC50 = 0.36 μmol·L-1)。在大鼠体内药代动力学实验中, 22具有良好的口服生物利用度以及较长的半衰期(p.o.: F = 80.19%, T1/2 = 3.44 h)。化合物22的发现为磺酰苯甲酰胺类化合物的设计提供新的思路。
2020年, Wang等[53]在磺酰苯甲酰胺类HBV衣壳组装调控剂的基础上, 利用构象限制策略, 设计并合成一系列吡唑并吡啶基磺酰胺类化合物, 其中化合物23 (图 9) 具有良好的抗HBV活性以及较低的细胞毒性(HepG2.2.15细胞系: EC50 = 3.50 ± 1.20 nmol·L-1; HepG2细胞系: CC50 > 100 μmol·L-1), 体外机制研究表明, 该系列化合物可以加速衣壳组装, 形成不含有pgRNA的空衣壳。但是该化合物由于其刚性结构, 导致溶解度差(水中溶解度低于检测限)。随后, 该课题组针对化合物23进行修饰, 通过引入氨基酸和成盐的方式合成前药24 (图 9), 提升了化合物的溶解度(pH = 7: 8.13 mg·mL-1), 以及小鼠体内的生物利用度(p.o. 100 mg·kg-1: F = 87.60%; p.o. 200 mg·kg-1: F = 132%)。
2021年, Amblard等[54]在对磺酰苯甲酰胺类化合物进行结构修饰时, 发现一个具有吡咯草酰胺骨架的衣壳组装调控剂GLP-26 (25, 图 9), 表现出较强的抗病毒活性(HepAD38细胞系: EC50 = 3.0 ± 2.0 nmol·L-1; HepG2细胞系: CC50 > 100 μmol·L-1)。抗HBV作用机制研究发现GLP-26可以通过诱导衣壳蛋白组装成小而畸形的颗粒, 影响衣壳组装, 从而下调HBeAg水平。
2021年, Kim等[55]通过衣壳组装测定法对其In-house化合物库进行筛选, 得到一个有潜在抑制活性的化合物26 (EC50 > 10 μmol·L-1, 图 9)。在保留嘧啶母环的基础上, 对其多个位点进行修饰, 得到32个化合物, 其中化合物27的活性显著提高(EC50 = 0.18 μmol·L-1), 但是存在一定的细胞毒性(CC50 = 19.8 μmol·L-1)。在小鼠体内联合使用27与TDF, 可以加速血清中HBV DNA的清除。机制实验表明, 27可以通过抑制HBV衣壳组装来抑制含有HBV DNA颗粒的分泌。
2021年, Yamasaki等[56]为了寻找全新结构的HBV抑制剂, 使用HBV103-AdV系统筛选了一个含有37 603种小分子的化合物库, 得到苯乙酮4-硝基苯腙类HBV抑制剂28 (ANPH, 图 10), 其EC50值为0.83 μmol·L-1 (HepG2.2.15细胞系)。机制研究表明, ANPH是一类促进衣壳快速组装的CAM, 可以诱导HBV空衣壳的形成。但是由于ANPH溶解度差, 且在体内产生毒性代谢产物, 影响了其进一步研发。
2022年, Li等[57]在对磺酰胺类衣壳组装调控剂研究的基础上, 通过官能团替换、骨架跃迁等策略, 设计合成一系列稠合杂环酰胺类化合物, 其中哌嗪并咪唑化合物SHR5133 (29, 图 10) 表现出很强的抑制HBV DNA复制的活性(HepG2.2.15细胞系: EC50 = 0.026 μmol·L-1) 及较低的细胞毒性(HepG2细胞系: CC50 > 100 μmol·L-1)。
2022年, Liu等[58]以NVR 3-778和BA-38017 (30, 图 10) 为先导化合物, 采用药效团融合策略设计并合成了一系列二氢苯并二噁英类化合物, 其中化合物31表现出良好的抗病毒活性和中等的细胞毒性(EC50 = 0.50 μmol·L-1, CC50 = 48.16 μmol·L-1), 活性优于先导化合物BA-38017 (EC50 = 1.94 μmol·L-1, CC50 > 100 μmol·L-1), 值得进一步研究。
2022年, Yang等[59]通过细胞水平的抗病毒活性测试, 发现N-磺酰基哌啶-3-甲酰胺类化合物32 (图 10) 可以有效抑制HBV DNA的复制(EC50 = 0.11 μmol·L-1), 并且在10 μmol·L-1浓度下抑制HBV衣壳的形成, 但是其毒性较强(CC50 = 14.8 μmol·L-1)。经进一步结构修饰得到化合物3334, 具有更好的抗病毒活性以及较低的细胞毒性(33: HepAD38细胞系: EC50 = 0.056 μmol·L-1, CC50 > 100 μmol·L-1; 34: HepAD38细胞系: EC50 = 0.11 μmol·L-1, CC50 = 85.27 μmol·L-1)。此外, 化合物34对A~D型HBV表现出良好的广谱抗病毒活性(EC50 = 0.12 ~ 0.24 μmol·L-1)。机制研究表明, 该系列化合物属于CAM-Ⅱ类化合物, 可以通过加速衣壳组装, 形成不含有pgRNA的空衣壳[60]
GLS4 (35, 图 10) 具有较强的HBV抑制活性(EC50 = 0.012 μmol·L-1), 但是其水溶性和药代动力学性质较差, 临床试验中将其以甲磺酸盐的形式使用[61]。2021年, 本课题组为了改善GLS4的成药性, 以GLS4为先导化合物, 使用骨架跃迁的策略, 通过在溶剂开口区引入螺环片段, 设计一系列二氢嘧啶类螺环系列化合物。其中发现化合物36 (图 10) 在HepDES19细胞系中表现出良好的抗HBV活性以及较低的细胞毒性(EC50 = 0.20 μmol·L-1, CC50 > 87.03 μmol·L-1), 表明GLS4在溶剂开口区具有一定的改造空间[62]。2022年, 本课题组以NVR 3-778为先导化合物, 采用基于结构的修饰策略, 通过引入硼酸基团, 得到一个与NVR 3-778活性相当的化合物37 (HepDES19细胞系: NVR 3-778: EC50 = 0.73 μmol·L-1; 化合物37: EC50 = 0.83 μmol·L-1), 其水溶性与NVR 3-778相比有显著提升: (pH = 7: NVR 3-778: 35.8 μg·mL-1; 化合物37: 328.8 μg·mL-1)。机制研究表明, 化合物37与NVR 3-778类似, 通过加速衣壳组装, 导致空衣壳的产生, 从而抑制HBV复制[63]
已有研究表明, 大多数衣壳组装调控剂可以有效降低HBV DNA的水平, 但是对HBeAg和HBsAg影响不大。有实验报道, 在衣壳组装调控剂与NAs联用时, 多数治疗方案显示出优于单独使用NAs的效果, 这表明衣壳组装调控剂与NAs联合使用有利于加快下调体内HBV DNA水平[55]
目前, 除了上述几种靶向HBV相关蛋白的cccDNA调控剂, 还存在一些其他类型的cccDNA小分子调控剂。这些调控剂也是cccDNA研究领域的热点, 同时它们为抗HBV药物的研发提供了新的方向。
2012年, Cai等[64]通过使用新型cccDNA检测方法, 将HBeAg作为cccDNA的替代性标志物, 筛选了一个由85 000种化合物组成的in-house化合物库, 最终发现了两种二取代磺酰胺类化合物, 分别命名为CCC-0975 (化合物38, 图 11) 和CCC-0346 (化合物39), 它们均可以显著降低细胞中HBV cccDNA的水平, EC50值分别为10和3 μmol·L-1。机制研究表明, 这两种化合物不是直接抑制rcDNA的产生, 而是通过抑制rcDNA去蛋白化, 进而抑制rcDNA形成cccDNA, 最终降低细胞中cccDNA的水平。然而, 鉴于cccDNA形成和代谢过程中的许多细节尚不清楚, 该类化合物的确切作用靶点尚未阐明。此外, 细胞生长实验表明CCC-0975的细胞毒性较低(CC50 > 50 μmol·L-1), 而CCC-0346的细胞毒性较强(CC50 = 2.57 μmol·L-1)。
2022年, Wang等[65]利用感染HBV的PHHs细胞系对846 000个小分子化合物进行高通量筛选, 得到4 107个苗头化合物, 随后科研人员依次评估了这些化合物对cccDNA水平的影响, 最终得到一种cccDNA降解剂ccc_R08 (化合物40, 图 11)。研究结果表明, ccc_R08对细胞外HBsAg和HBeAg、细胞内外病毒DNA和细胞外RNA均具有一定的抑制作用(EC50 = 0.2~5 μmol·L-1), 同时它还能够以剂量依赖性方式显著降低细胞中cccDNA水平, 而对线粒体DNA没有明显影响, 且ccc_R08在PHHs及多个增殖细胞系中无严重的细胞毒性。此外, Chen等[66]通过高通量筛选发现氧杂蒽酮类HBV抑制剂, 对该母核的结构修饰得到一个具有较好活性及溶解性的化合物41 (HepDes19细胞系: EC50 = 0.58 μmol·L-1; 冻干溶解度(lyophilization solubility assay, LYSA) > 425 μg·mL-1)。细胞水平抗HBV活性结果表明, 化合物41可以在50 μmol·L-1浓度下有效降低cccDNA水平。在HBV circle小鼠模型中, 化合物41在300 mg·kg-1给药浓度下可以显著下调血清中HBsAg、HBeAg以及肝内cccDNA的水平。
2016年, Liu等[67]通过筛选来自中草药的化合物库, 发现了3种单宁能够抑制HBeAg的产生, 分别为安石榴甙(punicalagin, 化合物42, 图 11)、安石榴磷(punicalin, 化合物43) 和老鹳草素(geraniin, 化合物44)。这3种化合物均以剂量依赖性方式显著下调HBeAg和cccDNA水平, 然而, 病毒DNA的复制水平并没有发生显著改变。随后, 该课题组通过细胞水平cccDNA的积累和稳定性试验, 发现这3种化合物不仅可以抑制cccDNA的产生, 还可以促进已存在cccDNA的降解。综上所述, 3种单宁通过防止cccDNA形成和促进cccDNA降解的双重机制来下调cccDNA的水平。
由于仅依靠病毒自身无法表达其生命周期所需的所有蛋白, 在HBV cccDNA形成过程中需要多种宿主因子的参与, 比如: DNA聚合酶K (DNA polymerase K, POLK)、DNA聚合酶L (POLL)、DNA聚合酶H (POLH) 和DNA连接酶(DNA ligase, LIG) 1/3等[68]。因此, 抑制相关宿主因子理论上可以阻止rcDNA生成cccDNA。
宿主因子——瓣状核酸内切酶1 (flapendonuclease 1, FEN1) 是一种金属核酸酶, 主要参与DNA复制过程中冈崎片段的成熟和5′瓣状(5′-flap) 的切除。2019年, Kitamura等[69]发现FEN1可以促进HBV DNA复制, 具体机制可能是作用于HBV rcDNA到cccDNA的结构修复及转化阶段。在形成cccDNA过程中, FEN1发挥间隔依赖核酸内切酶活性, 将HBV rcDNA结构中两端各约9 nt的冗余序列所形成的发夹结构(即假“Y”结构) 进行剪切修复, 并在聚合酶和连接酶作用下形成完整的闭合环状结构, 最终形成cccDNA。2022年, 北京英飞智药科技有限公司报道了一类环状N-羟基酰亚胺类FEN1抑制剂。其中, 化合物44 (图 12) 的FEN1抑制活性较强, IC50值为0.087 μmol·L-1。同时, 它能够在细胞水平抑制HBeAg、HBsAg和HBV总DNA的产生, EC50值分别为37.89、38.77和21.08 μmol·L-1, 化合物44还能显著抑制cccDNA的形成且细胞毒性较小(CC50 > 100 μmol·L-1)[70]。总之, 此类环状N-羟基酰亚胺类化合物值得进一步研究。
2016年, Qi等[71]通过靶向遗传筛选(targeted genetic screening) 来探索与HBV cccDNA形成相关的DNA聚合酶(POL), 结果表明POLK、POLL和POLH在HBV感染肝细胞过程中均可促进cccDNA的生成, 虽然具体作用机制尚未完全明确, 但发现POLK在促进cccDNA生成过程中发挥着更为关键的作用。
2017年, Long等[72]筛选了107个细胞DNA修复基因, 并发现LIG1/3在cccDNA形成过程中发挥着关键作用。该课题组通过机制实验验证DNA连接酶抑制剂或LIG1/3的功能性敲除都将显著减少cccDNA的产生。此外, 该课题组发现LIG4在双链线性DNA (double stranded linear DNA, dsl DNA) 形成cccDNA过程中发挥至关重要的作用。
综上所述, 目前报道的研究成果揭示了HBV利用FEN1、宿主DNA聚合酶和DNA连接酶来促进cccDNA形成的相关途径, 为新型抗HBV药物的研究提供了信息。
HBV cccDNA的转录水平受微染色体表观修饰影响, 并且与宿主转录因子密切相关。cccDNA上结合着许多组蛋白和非组蛋白成分, 通过对组蛋白进行乙酰化修饰和甲基化修饰都可能会激活或抑制cccDNA的转录(图 13)。组蛋白H3和H4的甲基化或去乙酰化可以抑制HBV的复制, 相反, cccDNA结合乙酰化的组蛋白H4可以维持HBV的复制[73, 74]。但目前缺乏相关药物在HBV动物模型上的研究。
HBV基因组上的转录调节元件包括4个启动子和2个增强子: preC启动子起始3.5 kb的pgRNA转录; preS1启动子起始2.4 kb的preS1 RNA转录; preS2/S启动子起始2.1 kb的preS2/S RNA的转录; X启动子起始0.7 kb的HBx RNA的转录; 增强子Ⅰ (enhancer Ⅰ, Enh Ⅰ) 位于X启动子上游, 调控X启动子活性; 增强子Ⅱ (EnhⅡ) 位于preC启动子上游部分, 调节preS1和core启动子的活性。在cccDNA的转录过程中需要多种宿主转录因子的参与, 通过转录因子与启动子或增强子的结合可以调控转录的发生(图 13)[75, 76]。因此, 可以通过调控宿主转录因子活性抑制cccDNA的转录, 从而抑制HBV的复制。
维甲酸X受体(retionoid X receptor, RXR) 通常以异源二聚体的形式结合在DNA的增强子EnhⅠ和EnhⅡ上。该类复合物被证明可增强HepG2-NTCP细胞和其他模型(如原代Tupaia肝细胞) 中HBV复制。通过定量PCR测定, 敲除RXRα基因或下调RXRα的表达可降低HBV感染并下调cccDNA水平, 表明可以通过调控RXR活性来抑制HBV cccDNA转录[77]
视黄酸受体(retinoic acid receptor, RAR) 在细胞核内通常与RXR结合, 形成RAR: RXR异源二聚体。该异源二聚体通过与preS1和core启动子结合, 调控cccDNA的转录。Nkongolo等[78]发现Am80 (tamibarotene, 化合物45, 图 14) 在PHH细胞和HepaRG-NTCP细胞中均可以下调HBeAg水平(PHH细胞系: EC50 = 4.4 nmol·L-1; HepaRG-NTCP细胞系: EC50 = 0.8 nmol·L-1)。机制研究表明, Am80可以通过激活RAR, 特异性地抑制cccDNA转录。
法尼醇X受体(farnesoid X receptor, FXR) 是一种由胆汁酸激活的受体, 在肝脏组织中高表达, 可以与RXRα结合形成异源二聚体, 识别并结合在HBV增强子EnhⅡ和核心启动子上, 从而调控HBV转录[79]。东阳光药业有限公司研发的FXR激动剂HEC96719 (化合物46, 图 14) 在体内外均表现出抗HBV活性, 在PHH细胞系中显著降低HBeAg和HBV RNA的水平(HBeAg: EC50 = 1 nmol·L-1; HBV RNA: EC50 < 1 nmol·L-1)。在AAV/HBV小鼠上, HEC96719在0.5和2 mg·kg-1给药浓度下可以剂量依赖性地抑制HBV的复制[80]
肝脏X受体(liver X receptors, LXR) 在肝脏内参与调节脂质和胆固醇的代谢。2020年, Zeng等[81]发现LXR激动剂T0901317 (化合物47) 和GW3965 (化合物48, 图 14) 均可以在0.3、3、30 μmol·L-1浓度下剂量依赖性地抑制PHH细胞系中HBV基因的转录, 以及下调HBV相关抗原和DNA的水平, 但是cccDNA含量没有明显降低, 表明LXR激动剂通过抑制乙肝病毒基因转录而不是下调cccDNA水平来抑制HBV复制。
目前多种核受体因子激动剂以其他适应症进入临床批准或正在进行临床试验, 表明该类化合物具有良好的安全性。FXR激动剂vonafexor (化合物49, 图 14) 与干扰素Peg-IFN联合治疗乙肝已进入Ⅱa期临床试验阶段(NCT04365933), 表现出良好的协同作用, 说明宿主转录相关因子是治疗HBV的潜在靶点, 该联合用药为乙肝治疗提供了新思路[82]
目前, HBV cccDNA的研究领域仍面临很多挑战, 具体主要包括以下几方面: ①虽然现在已有多种HBV动物模型, 包括灵长类动物感染人乙肝(HHBV) 模型[83]、鸭乙肝病毒(DHBV) 模型[84-86]、土拨鼠肝炎病毒(WHV) 模型[87]和小鼠模型[88]等。但是由于HBV感染具有严格的宿主特异性[89], 导致目前仍然缺乏理想的动物模型。比如, 在建立HBV感染的小鼠模型中遇到的病毒无法侵入肝细胞以及无法生成cccDNA等诸多障碍, 这些障碍的主要原因在于HBV侵入肝细胞需要人源NTCP, 而HBV无法与鼠源NTCP进行结合。此外, 小鼠肝细胞内可能缺乏cccDNA形成所需要的宿主因子。②目前缺乏可靠的cccDNA细胞模型。理想的HBV感染的细胞模型不仅需要具有与HBV自然感染相似的复制机制, 而且需要维持较长的感染时间, 并且可以稳定地进行连续传代。目前发现PHH与HepaRG等特定细胞对HBV敏感, 但由于PHH分化过程很长, 较难获取, 而HepaRG细胞可能缺少稳定敏感性, 导致缺乏良好的细胞模型, 这不利于深入研究HBV生命周期。③ HBV DNA的修复途径仍不完全明确。如rcDNA生成cccDNA时经过的中间体途径以及参与这些生化过程所需要的宿主因子目前尚未完全阐明。研究显示, 当部分宿主因子被敲除或抑制时, cccDNA仍可以继续生成, 只是在细胞内的水平有所下降[90]。这些结果似乎表明, cccDNA的生成存在多种途径, 并且在宿主细胞内可能存在可以替代的宿主因子。此外, 目前对于cccDNA的研究大多数是在人肝癌细胞中的HepG2和Huh7细胞系中进行, 但是肿瘤细胞的基因复制与正常细胞相比有显著差别。例如, 肿瘤细胞可以进行无限增殖, 原因在于肿瘤细胞的端粒酶会在复制过程中不断修复磨损的端粒; 然而正常细胞进行DNA复制时, 端粒酶却不会发挥作用, 这给研究cccDNA在正常细胞内的生成造成了影响[91]。④现阶段由于缺乏高敏感性的cccDNA检测方法, 因此无法准确识别rcDNA池并且无法对cccDNA进行定量分析[18], 目前多以HBeAg的水平替代cccDNA转录水平。此外, 临床上也不具备能够准确指示肝细胞内cccDNA活性的血清标志物。⑤表观遗传治疗药物可以沉默cccDNA的转录过程, 因此有望成为一种有效的抗HBV新策略。但目前尚未完全阐明如何筛选得到低毒性、高选择性的表观遗传药物。此外, 基因编辑技术可以有效清除细胞内cccDNA, 但目前迫切需要克服脱靶效应并发现安全可靠的体内给药途径。
HBV严重威胁人类生命健康, 是导致肝硬化和肝癌的主要因素, 已成为世界范围内严重的公共卫生问题[1, 2]。目前的临床药物只能控制HBsAg转为阴性, 但停药后仍有复阳的可能。研究证明, cccDNA在肝细胞中持久存在是导致HBV无法根治的主要原因。因此, 研究可以抑制或清除cccDNA的药物对于实现乙肝的完全治愈具有至关重要的作用。
随着对于cccDNA生成、转录和复制机制研究的不断深入, 陆续有多个抗HBV药物靶标及其抑制剂被报道。本文着重总结了已报道的靶向HBV cccDNA生成、转录和复制的小分子调控剂。按照作用靶点不同, 可分为靶向病毒相关蛋白和靶向宿主相关蛋白的小分子化合物。
靶向病毒相关蛋白的小分子调控剂分为HBx调控剂、DNA聚合酶抑制剂、衣壳组装调控剂等。其中, HBV衣壳组装调控剂研究较多。随着高通量筛选技术的发展, 多种新母核的衣壳组装调控剂从化合物库中被相继筛选出来, 并表现出潜在的抗HBV活性[50, 55, 56]。针对已报道的CAM, 科研人员通过采用分子杂合、药效团融合、生物电子等排和骨架跃迁等经典药物设计策略对其进行结构修饰, 丰富了同类型骨架的构效关系, 并发现一系列具有更高活性或更好成药性的化合物[51-54, 57-63]。此外, 鉴于HBx和RNase H在DNA转录和复制中的关键作用, 这两类新靶点抑制剂的开发可能是清除cccDNA的新思路。科研人员通过虚拟筛选和SPR技术对化合物库进行筛选, 报道了多种可以抑制HBx活性的小分子, 为药物开发提供了苗头化合物[24-28]。但是, HBx结构生物学信息的缺失严重限制了HBx调控剂的合理设计。此外, 相关课题组采取“药物再利用”策略, 评价HIV RNase H抑制剂的抗HBV活性, 并发现了一系列具有显著抗HBV活性的N-羟基异喹啉和N-羟基吡啶二酮化合物[45, 46]
由于病毒自身无法表达生命周期中所需的全部蛋白, 导致HBV cccDNA在形成和转录过程中需要依赖多种宿主因子。因此, 通过调控HBV复制所需要的相关宿主因子活性, 可以干扰cccDNA微染色体的形成或转录过程。目前FXR激动剂vonafexor已进入Ⅱa期临床试验阶段, 并表现出抗HBV活性。但由于这些因子在宿主细胞的正常生理过程中也发挥作用, 平衡相应因子调控剂的抗病毒效应和不良反应是该类化合物研究中需要重点关注的问题。
前已述及, 单一用药存在易产生耐药性或临床药效弱等问题。与治疗艾滋病的鸡尾酒疗法类似, 随着多种不同机制药物的研发, 联合用药会成为临床上功能性治愈乙肝的重要途径。
作者贡献: 展鹏对论文进行整体的构思和修改; 徐祥瑞和金昱负责全文的撰写; 徐淑静、王硕和何勇对论文进行修改; 刘新泳对论文进行整体的指导。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82173677)
  • 山东省杰出青年基金(ZR2020JQ31)
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2023年第58卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0094
  • 接收时间:2023-02-01
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-01
  • 修回日期:2023-04-17
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(82173677)
山东省杰出青年基金(ZR2020JQ31)
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    山东大学药学院, 药物化学研究所, 山东 济南 250012

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*刘新泳, E-mail: ;
展鹏, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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